Main String String String System: Public Class Public Static Void New Out

1.
class Basics1 {
2. public static void main(String[] args) {}
3. }
4. class Basics2 {
5. protected static void main(String[] args) {}
6. }
7. class Basics3 {
8. private static void main(String[] args) {}
9. }
What is the result of attempting to compile each of the three class declarations
Section 12.1.4 of the Java Language Specification states the

following, "The method main must be declared public, static,
and void. It must accept a single argument that is an array of
Strings." The rule is not enforced by the compiler, but should
instead be enforced by the Java Virtual Machine. However,
not every JVM enforces the rule. Even so, for the purposed
Run time error at
of the SCJP exam, the main method should be declared as
line 5. Run time
stated in the Java Language Specification. Note: the Java
error at line 8.
Language Specification provides the option to disallow the
declaration of more than one class in a single source code file
if more than one of the classes in the file is referred to by
code that exists outside of the file. The restriction is stated as
an option and not a requirement. This option is not enforced
by any compiler that I have tested.
How to determine the upper bound of a single dimensional array ?
Following example helps to determine the upper bound of a two dimensional
array with the use of arrayname.length.
public class Main {
public static void main(String args[]) {
String[] data = new String[2];
System.out.println("Size of the array is : " + data.length);
}
}
Result:
The above code sample will produce the following result.
Size of the array is: 2
How to determine the upper bound of a two dimensional array ?

Following example helps to determine the upper bound of a two dimensional
array with the use of arrayname.length.
public class Main {
public static void main(String args[]) {
String[][] data = new String[2][5];
System.out.println("Dimension 1: " + data.length);
System.out.println("Dimension 2: " + data[0].length);
}
}
Result:
Dimension 1: 2
Dimension 2: 5
class B {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] a1[] = {{1,2},{3,4,5},{6,7,8,9}};
int []a2[] = {{1,2},{3,4,5},{6,7,8,9}};
int a3[][] = {{1,2},{3,4,5},{6,7,8,9}};
System.out.print(a1[0][1]+","+a2[1][2]+","+a3[2][3]);
}
}
What is the result of attempting to compile and run the above program?
Prints: 2,5,9
Arrays a1, a2 and a3 are all arrays where each element is an array of primitives
of type int. The size of each of the 3 primitive int arrays are different. The size
of the first is 2, the second is 3, and the third is 4. The declarations of a1, a2,
and a3 are different in terms of the position of the square brackets, but the result
of each is the same.
How to write an array of strings to the output console ?
Following example demonstrates writing elements of an array to the output
console through looping.
public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args){
String[] greeting = new String[3];
greeting[0] = "This is the greeting";
greeting[1] = "for all the readers from";
greeting[2] = "Java Source .";
for (int i = 0; i < greeting.length; i++){
System.out.println(greeting[i]);
}
}
}
Result:
This is the greeting
For all the readers From
Java source .
Java.util.Arrays Class
Introduction
The java.util.Arrays class contains a static factory that allows arrays to be
viewed as lists.Following are the important points about Arrays:
This class contains various methods for manipulating arrays (such as

sorting and searching).
The methods in this class throw a NullPointerException if the specified

array reference is null.
Class declaration
Following is the declaration for java.util.Arrays class:
public class Arrays
extends Object
Class methods
S.N
Method & Description
.
1
static <T> List<T> asList(T... a)

This method returns a fixed-size list backed by the
specified array.
static int binarySearch(byte[] a, byte key)

This method searches the specified array of bytes for
the specified value using the binary search
algorithm.
static int binarySearch(byte[] a, int fromIndex, int

toIndex, byte key)
This method searches a range of the specified array
of bytes for the specified value using the binary
search algorithm.
static int binarySearch(char[] a, char key)

This method searches the specified array of chars for
algorithm.
static int binarySearch(char[] a, int fromIndex, int

toIndex, char key)
of chars for the specified value using the binary

search algorithm.
6
static int binarySearch(double[] a, double key)

This method searches the specified array of doubles
for the specified value using the binary search
algorithm.
static int binarySearch(double[] a, int fromIndex, int

toIndex, double key)
of doubles for the specified value using the binary
search algorithm.
static int binarySearch(float[] a, float key)

This method searches the specified array of floats for
algorithm.
static int binarySearch(float[] a, int fromIndex, int

toIndex, float key)
of floats for the specified value using the binary
search algorithm.
10
static int binarySearch(int[] a, int key)

This method searches the specified array of ints for
algorithm.
11
static int binarySearch(int[] a, int fromIndex, int

toIndex, int key)
of ints for the specified value using the binary search
algorithm.
12
static int binarySearch(long[] a, int fromIndex, int

toIndex, long key)
of longs for the specified value using the binary
search algorithm.
13
static int binarySearch(long[] a, long key)

This method searches the specified array of longs for
algorithm.
14
static int binarySearch(Object[] a, int fromIndex, int
toIndex, Object key)

for the specified object using the binary search
algorithm.
15
static int binarySearch(Object[] a, Object key)

This method searches the specified array for the
specified object using the binary search algorithm.
16
static int binarySearch(short[] a, int fromIndex, int

toIndex, short key)
of shorts for the specified value using the binary
search algorithm.
17
static int binarySearch(short[] a, short key)

This method searches the specified array of shorts
for the specified value using the binary search
algorithm.
18
static <T> int binarySearch(T[] a, int fromIndex, int

toIndex, T key, Comparator<? super T> c)
for the specified object using the binary search
algorithm.
19
static <T> int binarySearch(T[] a, T key,

Comparator<? super T> c)
This method searches the specified array for the
specified object using the binary search algorithm.
20
static boolean[] copyOf(boolean[] original, int

newLength)
This method copies the specified array, truncating or
padding with false (if necessary) so the copy has the
specified length.
21
static byte[] copyOf(byte[] original, int newLength)

padding with zeros (if necessary) so the copy has the
specified length.
22
static char[] copyOf(char[] original, int newLength)

padding with null characters (if necessary) so the
copy has the specified length.
23
static double[] copyOf(double[] original, int
newLength)
specified length.
24
static float[] copyOf(float[] original, int newLength)

specified length.
25
static int[] copyOf(int[] original, int newLength)

specified length.
26
static long[] copyOf(long[] original, int newLength)

specified length.
27
static short[] copyOf(short[] original, int

newLength)
specified length.
28
static <T> T[] copyOf(T[] original, int newLength)

padding with nulls (if necessary) so the copy has the
specified length.
29
static <T,U> T[] copyOf(U[] original, int

newLength, Class<? extends T[]> newType)
padding with nulls (if necessary) so the copy has the
specified length.
30
static boolean[] copyOfRange(boolean[] original, int

from, int to)
This method copies the specified range of the
specified array into a new array.
31
static byte[] copyOfRange(byte[] original, int from,

int to)
32
static char[] copyOfRange(char[] original, int from,
int to)
33
static double[] copyOfRange(double[] original, int

from, int to)
34
static float[] copyOfRange(float[] original, int from,

int to)
35
static int[] copyOfRange(int[] original, int from, int

to)
36
static long[] copyOfRange(long[] original, int from,

int to)
37
static short[] copyOfRange(short[] original, int from,

int to)
38
static <T> T[] copyOfRange(T[] original, int from,

int to)
39
static <T,U> T[] copyOfRange(U[] original, int

from, int to, Class<? extends T[]> newType)
40
static boolean deepEquals(Object[] a1, Object[] a2)

This method returns true if the two specified arrays
are deeply equal to one another.
41
static int deepHashCode(Object[] a)

This method returns a hash code based on the "deep
contents" of the specified array.
42
static String deepToString(Object[] a)
This method returns a string representation of the

"deep contents" of the specified array.
43
static boolean equals(boolean[] a, boolean[] a2)

of booleans are equal to one another.
44
static boolean equals(byte[] a, byte[] a2)

of bytes are equal to one another.
45
static boolean equals(char[] a, char[] a2)

of chars are equal to one another.
46
static boolean equals(double[] a, double[] a2)

of doubles are equal to one another.
47
static boolean equals(float[] a, float[] a2)

of floats are equal to one another.
48
static boolean equals(int[] a, int[] a2)

of ints are equal to one another.
49
static boolean equals(long[] a, long[] a2)

of longs are equal to one another.
50
static boolean equals(Object[] a, Object[] a2)

of Objects are equal to one another.
51
static boolean equals(short[] a, short[] a2)

of shorts are equal to one another.
52
static void fill(boolean[] a, boolean val)

This method assigns the specified boolean value to
each element of the specified array of booleans.
53
static void fill(boolean[] a, int fromIndex, int

toIndex, boolean val)
This method assigns the specified boolean value to
each element of the specified range of the specified
array of booleans.
54
static void fill(byte[] a, byte val)
This method assigns the specified byte value to each

element of the specified array of bytes.
55
static void fill(byte[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,

byte val)
This method assigns the specified byte value to each
element of the specified range of the specified array
of bytes.
56
static void fill(char[] a, char val)

This method assigns the specified char value to each
element of the specified array of chars.
57
static void fill(char[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,

char val)
This method assigns the specified char value to each
of chars.
58
static void fill(double[] a, double val)

This method assigns the specified double value to
each element of the specified array of doubles.
59
static void fill(double[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,

double val)
This method assigns the specified double value to
each element of the specified range of the specified
array of doubles.
60
static void fill(float[] a, float val)

This method assigns the specified float value to each
element of the specified array of floats.
61
static void fill(float[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,

float val)
This method assigns the specified float value to each
of floats.
62
static void fill(int[] a, int val)

This method assigns the specified int value to each
element of the specified array of ints.
63
static void fill(int[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex, int

val)
This method assigns the specified int value to each
of ints.
64
static void fill(long[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,

long val)
This method assigns the specified long value to each
of longs.
65
static void fill(long[] a, long val)

This method assigns the specified long value to each
element of the specified array of longs.
66
static void fill(Object[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,

Object val)
This method assigns the specified Object reference
to each element of the specified range of the
specified array of Objects.
67
static void fill(Object[] a, Object val)

This method assigns the specified Object reference
to each element of the specified array of Objects.
68
static void fill(short[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,

short val)
This method assigns the specified short value to each
of shorts.
69
static void fill(short[] a, short val)

This method assigns the specified short value to each
element of the specified array of shorts.
70
static int hashCode(boolean[] a)

This method returns a hash code based on the
contents of the specified array.
71
static int hashCode(byte[] a)

72
static int hashCode(char[] a)

73
static int hashCode(double[] a)

74
static int hashCode(float[] a)


75
static int hashCode(int[] a)

76
static int hashCode(long[] a)

77
static int hashCode(Object[] a)

78
static int hashCode(short[] a)

79
static void sort(byte[] a)

This method sorts the specified array of bytes into
ascending numerical order.
80
static void sort(byte[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex)

This method sorts the specified range of the
specified array of bytes into ascending numerical
order.
81
static void sort(char[] a)

This method sorts the specified array of chars into
82
static void sort(char[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex)

specified array of chars into ascending numerical
order.
83
static void sort(double[] a)

This method sorts the specified array of doubles into
84
static void sort(double[] a, int fromIndex, int

toIndex)
specified array of doubles into ascending numerical
order.
85
static void sort(float[] a)

This method sorts the specified array of floats into
86
static void sort(float[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex)

specified array of floats into ascending numerical
order.
87
static void sort(int[] a)

This method sorts the specified array of ints into
88
static void sort(int[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex)

specified array of ints into ascending numerical
order.
89
static void sort(long[] a)

This method sorts the specified array of longs into
90
static void sort(long[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex)

specified array of longs into ascending numerical
order.
91
static void sort(Object[] a)

This method sorts the specified array of objects into
ascending order, according to the natural ordering of
its elements.
92
static void sort(Object[] a, int fromIndex, int

toIndex)
specified array of objects into ascending order,
according to the natural ordering of its elements.
93
static void sort(short[] a)

This method sorts the specified array of shorts into
94
static void sort(short[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex)

specified array of shorts into ascending numerical
order.
95
static <T> void sort(T[] a, Comparator<? super T>

c)
This method sorts the specified array of objects
according to the order induced by the specified
comparator.
96
static <T> void sort(T[] a, int fromIndex, int toIndex,

Comparator<? super T> c)
specified array of objects according to the order
induced by the specified comparator.
97
static String toString(boolean[] a)

contents of the specified array of boolean.
98
static String toString(byte[] a)

contents of the specified array of bytes.
99
static String toString(char[] a)

contents of the specified array of chars.
static String toString(double[] a)

100 This method returns a string representation of the
contents of the specified array of doubles.
static String toString(float[] a)
contents of the specified array of floats.
static String toString(int[] a)
contents of the specified array of ints.
static String toString(long[] a)
contents of the specified array of longs.
static String toString(Object[] a)
contents of the specified array of ints.
static String toString(short[] a)
contents of the specified array of shorts.
Methods inherited
This class inherits methods from the following classes:
java.util.Object
How to extend an array after initialisation?

Following example shows how to extend an array after initialization by
creating an new array.
public class Main {
String[] names = new String[] { "A", "B", "C" };
String[] extended = new String[5];
extended[3] = "D";
extended[4] = "E";
System.arraycopy(names, 0, extended, 0, names.length);
for (String str : extended){
System.out.println(str);
}
}
}
Result:
A
B
C
D
E
How to remove an element of array?

Following example shows how to remove an element from array.
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Main {

ArrayList objArray = new ArrayList();
objArray.clear();
objArray.add(0,"0th element");
objArray.add(1,"1st element");
objArray.add(2,"2nd element");
System.out.println("Array before removing an element"+objArray);
objArray.remove(1);
objArray.remove("0th element");
System.out.println("Array after removing an element"+objArray);
}
}
Result:
Array before removing an element[0th element, 1st element, 2nd element]
Array after removing an element[2nd element]
A sample example to present the inheritance in Java is shown below:
Animal.java:
01 public class Animal {
02 public Animal() {
03
System.out.println("A new animal has been created!");
04 }
05
06 public void sleep() {
07
System.out.println("An animal sleeps...");
08 }
09
10 public void eat() {
11
System.out.println("An animal eats...");
12 }
13 }
Bird.java:
01 public class Bird extends Animal {
02 public Bird() {
03
super();
04
System.out.println("A new bird has been created!");
05 }
06
07 @Override
09
System.out.println("A bird sleeps...");
10 }
11
12 @Override
14
System.out.println("A bird eats...");
15 }
16 }
Dog.java:
01 public class Dog extends Animal {
02 public Dog() {
03
super();
04
System.out.println("A new dog has been created!");
05 }
06
07 @Override
09
System.out.println("A dog sleeps...");
10 }
11
12 @Override
14
System.out.println("A dog eats...");
15 }
16 }
MainClass.java:
01 public class MainClass {
02 public static void main(String[] args) {
03
Animal animal = new Animal();
04
Bird bird = new Bird();
05
Dog dog = new Dog();
06
07
System.out.println();
08
09
animal.sleep();
10
animal.eat();
11
12
bird.sleep();
13
bird.eat();
14
15
dog.sleep();
16
dog.eat();
17 }
18 }
In this example we created three distinct classes, Animal, Dog and Bird.
Both Dog and Bird classes extend the Animalclass and thus, they inherit its
members and methods. Moreover, as we can see below, each class overrides the
methods of Animal and thus, both the Dog and Bird classes redefine the
functionality of Animals methods.
A sample execution is shown below:
A new animal has been created!
A new bird has been created!
A new dog has been created!
An animal sleeps...
An animal eats...
A bird sleeps...
A bird eats...
A dog sleeps...
A dog eats...
Default Value of Data Types in Java :
Data Type
Default Value (for fields)
byte
short
int
long
0L
float
0.0f
double
0.0d
char
u0000
String (or any object)
null
boolean
false
Live Example : Default value of Data Type

Sample Program that will illustrate Default Value Stored in Each Primitive Data
Type Variable
public class DefaultValue {
static boolean bool;
static byte by;
static char ch;
static double d;
static float f;
static int i;
static long l;
static short sh;
static String str;
System.out.println("Bool :" + bool);
System.out.println("Byte :" + by);
System.out.println("Character:" + ch);
System.out.println("Double :" + d);
System.out.println("Float :" + f);
System.out.println("Integer :" + i);
System.out.println("Long :" + l);

System.out.println("Short :" + sh);
System.out.println("String :" + str);
}
}
Output :
[46860]
Bool :false
Byte :0
Character:
Double :0.0
Float :0.0
Integer :0
Long :0
Short :0
String :null

Main String String String System: Public Class Public Static Void New Out

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Main String String String System: Public Class Public Static Void New Out

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

1.

Section 12.1.4 of the Java Language Specification states the

How to determine the upper bound of a two dimensional array ?

This class contains various methods for manipulating arrays (such as

The methods in this class throw a NullPointerException if the specified

static <T> List<T> asList(T... a)

static int binarySearch(byte[] a, byte key)

static int binarySearch(byte[] a, int fromIndex, int

static int binarySearch(char[] a, char key)

static int binarySearch(char[] a, int fromIndex, int

of chars for the specified value using the binary

static int binarySearch(double[] a, double key)

static int binarySearch(double[] a, int fromIndex, int

static int binarySearch(float[] a, float key)

static int binarySearch(float[] a, int fromIndex, int

static int binarySearch(int[] a, int key)

static int binarySearch(int[] a, int fromIndex, int

static int binarySearch(long[] a, int fromIndex, int

static int binarySearch(long[] a, long key)

static int binarySearch(Object[] a, int fromIndex, int

toIndex, Object key)

static int binarySearch(Object[] a, Object key)

static int binarySearch(short[] a, int fromIndex, int

static int binarySearch(short[] a, short key)

static <T> int binarySearch(T[] a, int fromIndex, int

static <T> int binarySearch(T[] a, T key,

static boolean[] copyOf(boolean[] original, int

static byte[] copyOf(byte[] original, int newLength)

static char[] copyOf(char[] original, int newLength)

static double[] copyOf(double[] original, int

static float[] copyOf(float[] original, int newLength)

static int[] copyOf(int[] original, int newLength)

static long[] copyOf(long[] original, int newLength)

static short[] copyOf(short[] original, int

static <T> T[] copyOf(T[] original, int newLength)

static <T,U> T[] copyOf(U[] original, int

static boolean[] copyOfRange(boolean[] original, int

static byte[] copyOfRange(byte[] original, int from,

static char[] copyOfRange(char[] original, int from,

static double[] copyOfRange(double[] original, int

static float[] copyOfRange(float[] original, int from,

static int[] copyOfRange(int[] original, int from, int

static long[] copyOfRange(long[] original, int from,

static short[] copyOfRange(short[] original, int from,

static <T> T[] copyOfRange(T[] original, int from,

static <T,U> T[] copyOfRange(U[] original, int

static boolean deepEquals(Object[] a1, Object[] a2)

static int deepHashCode(Object[] a)

static String deepToString(Object[] a)

This method returns a string representation of the

static boolean equals(boolean[] a, boolean[] a2)

static boolean equals(byte[] a, byte[] a2)

static boolean equals(char[] a, char[] a2)

static boolean equals(double[] a, double[] a2)

static boolean equals(float[] a, float[] a2)

static boolean equals(int[] a, int[] a2)

static boolean equals(long[] a, long[] a2)

static boolean equals(Object[] a, Object[] a2)

static boolean equals(short[] a, short[] a2)

static void fill(boolean[] a, boolean val)

static void fill(boolean[] a, int fromIndex, int

static void fill(byte[] a, byte val)

This method assigns the specified byte value to each