Power Electronics 1-2015bjr

06/11/2015
Industrial Electrical Engineering

Electronics Engineering Polytechnic of Surabaya
POWER ELECTRONICS
Presented by:
Moh. Zaenal Efendi (ZEN)
zenefendi@gmail.com
PENS JOSS
1
PART-1
INTRODUCTION TO POWER ELECTRONICS

SINGLE PHASE UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIER
THREE PHASE UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIER
SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
THREE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
SINGLE PHASE AC-AC VOLTAGE
CONTROLLER
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Generally:
Electronics: Solid State Electronics Devices and
their Driving Circuits.
Power: Static and Dynamic Requirements for
Generation, Conversion and Transmission of
Power.
Control: The Steady State and Dynamic Stability
of the Closed Loop system.
POWER ELECTRONICS may be defined as the

application of Solid State Electronics for the
Control and conversion of Power.
3
Definition of Power Electronics
DEFINITION:
To convert, or to process and control the flow
of electric power by supplying voltages and
currents in a form that is optimally suited for
user loads.
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Detailed Block Diagram of Power

Electronics System
Power proc. stage
Pre-stage
Filter
&
Rectify
Form of
electrical
energy
PE Circuit
Mostly
unregulate
d dc
voltage
Mostly ac line
voltage (single
or three phase)
Filter
&
Rectify
Output
Load
Form of elec. or
mechan. energy
Electrical
Mechanical
Could generate
undesirable
waveforms
Switch
Drives
Input
Post stage
Control
Circuit
Electrical Variable
Feedback
Mechanical Variable
Feedback
Interface between
control and power
circuits
Process feedback
signals and decide
on control
Applications
Static applications
involves non-rotating or moving mechanical
components.
Examples:
DC Power supply
Un-interruptible power supply, Power generation
and transmission
(HVDC), Electroplating, Welding, Heating,
Cooling, Electronic ballast
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Applications
Drive applications
contains
moving or rotating components such

as motors.
Examples:
Electric trains, Electric vehicles, Air-conditioning
System, Pumps, Compressor,
Conveyer Belt (Factory automation).
Other Applications
Electroplating, Welding
Photovoltaic Systems.
Heating, cooling
eV (fuel cell, Solar)
Wind-electric systems.
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12VDC/220VAC
Power Inverter
12V/100W
Solar Panel
Charge Controller
12V Battery
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Power Electronics Converters

AC to DC: RECTIFIER
DC to DC: CHOPPER
DC to AC: INVERTER
AC to AC: CYCLOCONVERTER
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Types Of Power Conversion
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Superconducting Magnet Energy Storage System
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FUEL CELL DRIVER
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Power Electronics
AC TO DC CONVERSION (RECTIFIER)
Re-edited by : ZEN (ELIN-PENS)

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Overview
Single-phase, half wave

rectifier
Uncontrolled
R load
R-L load
R-C load
Free wheeling diode
Controlled
Single-phase, full wave

rectifier
R load
R-L load,
Continuous and
discontinuous current
mode
controlled
Three-phase rectifier
uncontrolled
controlled
21
Rectifiers
DEFINITION: Converting AC (from mains

or other AC source) to DC power by using
power diodes or by controlling the firing
angles of thyristors/controllable switches.
Basic block diagram
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Rectifiers
Input can be single or multi-phase (e.g. 3phase).
Output can be made fixed or variable
Applications:
DC
welder, DC motor drive, Battery charger,

DC power supply, HVDC
23
Root-Mean-Squares (RMS)
(.) 2
1
2
. dt
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Root Mean Squares of f

1
Step 2:
2
( f ) 2 dt
Step 1:
Step 3:
1
2
(f)
2
2
(
f
)
d t
0
Concept of RMS
v2
Square root of the

average of v2
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Average of v2
t
v
Average
of v=0
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Performance parameters
Po ( dc ) Vo ( dc ) I o ( dc)
DC Output Power:
AC Output Power: Po ( ac ) Vo ( rms ) I o ( rms )
Effiency:
Form Factor :
FF
Ripple Factor :
RF
Po ( dc )
Po ( ac )
Vo ( rms )
Vo ( dc )
Vac
;
Vo ( dc )
Vac Vo2( rms ) Vo2( dc )

2
Vo ( rms )
1 FF 2 1
RF
Vo ( dc )
27
Transformer Ratio: a
Vs ( primer )
Vs ( sekunder
Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF):

TUF
Po (dc )
Vs ( rms) I s ( rms)
Crest Factor:
CF
Vo (dc ) / R
Vs ( rms) Vo ( rms) / R
Vo (dc )
Vs ( rms) Vo (rms)
I s ( peak )
I s ( rms )
Power Factor :
2
Vo ( rms ) / R
Vo (rms ) / R
Vo ( rms )
P
pf
S V s ( rms ) I s ( rms ) V s ( rms ) Vo ( rms ) / R V s ( rms )

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Single-Phase Uncontrolled
Half-Wave Rectifier
Resistor Load
Considering the diode is ideal, the voltage at Rload during forward biased is the positive cycle
of voltage source, while for negative biased, the
voltage is zero.
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Resistor Load
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Output Voltage
T
Given Voltage Source , vs (t ) Vs sin( t ),
Vavg Vo(dc)
" DC " output voltage ,

Vo Vave V DC
Vo
Vm sin( t ) dt
2 0
Vo(dc)
Vm
0.318Vm
Vo(dc)
Vo(dc)
Vo(dc)
Vo(dc)
Vo(dc)
1
v(t)dt
T 0
1
Vm Sin t dt 0 dt
2 0
Vm
2
Vm
2
Vm
2
Vm
2
Vm
Cos t 0
Cos - (-Cos 0)
((1) (1)
2
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RMS OUTPUT VOLTAGE

Vo ( rms )
1
2
V
0
Vo ( rms )
sin(t d (t )
2
Vm
2
2 1 cos 2 d (t )
0
Vo ( rms )
Vm
1
t sin 2t
4
2
Vo ( rms )
Vm
4
Vo ( rms )
Vm
4
Vo ( rms )
1
1
sin 2 0 sin 0
2
2
Vm
2
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Half-wave with R-C load
In some applications in which a constant output

is desirable, a series inductor is replaced by a
parallel capacitor.
The purpose of capacitor is to

reduce the variation in the
output voltage, making it
more like dc.
The resistance may
represent an external load,
while the capacitor is a filter
of rectifier circuit.
33
Assume the capacitor is

uncharged, and as source
positively increased, diode is
forward biased
Capacitor is charged to Vm as input

voltage reaches its positive peak at t
= /2.
As diode is on, the output voltage is
the same as source voltage, and
capacitor charges.
As source decreases after t = /2, the capacitor discharges into load
resistor. As diode is reversed biased, the load is isolated from source,
and the output voltage (capacitive charge) decaying exponentially with
time constant RC.
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The effectiveness of capacitor filter is
determined by the variation in output
voltage, or expressed as maximum and
minimum output voltage, which is peakto-peak ripple voltage.
35
Half-wave with R-C load (Ripple Voltage)
The ripple can be approximated as:
2 Vm
Vo Vm

RC fRC
The average output voltage:

V
Vo(dc) Vm o
2
The ripple factor
RF
Vac
;
Vdc
where: Vac
Vo
; Vdc Vo(dc)
2 2
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Assuming ideal diodes
, one diode pair on

| Vm sin t |
v0 (t )
(t ) /(RC )
, diodes off
Vm sin e
the angle where the diodes become reverse biased,

which is the same as for
and is
the half-wave rectifier
t 2
Tan 1 ( RC ) Tan 1 ( RC )
Vm sin e ( ) /(RC ) Vm sin(2 )

(sin )e ( 2 ) /(RC ) sin 0
=
Peak-to-peak
solved
numerically for
variation (ripple)
Vo Vm | Vm sin( 2 ) | Vm (1 sin )
In
practical circuits
minimal
where
RC

( 2 ) /( RC )
2 2
Vm e 2 /(RC )
Vo Vm Vm e /(RC ) Vm 1 e /(RC )

2
Vm 1 1
RC
2 Vm
Vm
RC fRC
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t 2
output voltage occurs at
v0 ( 2 ) Vm e
Taylor Theory
ex 1
x x 2 x3
...
1 2 3
2f
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Battery Charger
To supply a dc source
from an ac source
The diode will remain

off as long as the
voltage of ac source is
less than dc voltage.
Diode starts to conduct

at t=. Given by,
39
For Vs>E, diode D conducts. The angle whwn the diode

starts conducting can be found from condition:
Vm sin = E
and
= arcsin(E/Vm)
Diode will be tirned off when Vs<E, at = -

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The average charging current:
I dc
1 Vm sin t E
d (t )
2
R
I dc
1
2 Vm cos 2 E E
2R
The rms battery current:
2
I rms
1 Vm sin t E
d (t )
2
R
I rms
1
2R 2
Vm2
V2
E 2 2 m sin 2 4Vm E cos
2
I rms I rms
Eficiency:
Pdc
2
; Pdc E I dc ; PR I rms
R
Pdc PR
41
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

The
objective of full wave rectifier is to

produce a voltage or current which is purely
dc or has some specified dc component.
While the purpose of full wave rectifier is
basically the same as that of half-wave
rectifier, full wave rectifier have some
fundamental advantages.
The output of the full wave rectifier has
inherently less ripple than half wave rectifier.
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FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Can
be as
Bridge rectifier
Center-tapped transformer
Center-tapped
rectifier requires
center-tap transformer. Bridge
does not.
Bridge Rectifier
Center
tap requires only two

diodes, compared to four for
bridge. Hence, per half-cycle only
one diode volt-drop is
experienced. Conduction losses is
half of bridge.
Center-tapped
Transformer Rectifier
43
The dc component of the output voltage is the

average value, and load current is simply
the resistor voltage divided by resistance.
1
2 Vm
V
sin
(
t
)
d
(
t
)
m
0
Vo ( dc ) 2 Vm
R
R
Vo ( dc )
I o ( dc)
44
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Bridge waveforms
45
Center-tapped
waveforms
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Full-wave with R-C load (Ripple Voltage)
Ripple can be
approximated as:
Vm
Vo Vm

RC 2 fRC
the average output voltage:

V
Vo(dc) Vm o
2
The ripple factor:
RF
Vac
;
Vdc
where: Vac
Vo
; Vdc Vo(dc)
2 2
47
Fullwave Rectifier Battery Charger
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Key waveforms
49
The average charging current:
I dc
2 Vm sin t E
d (t )
2
R
2
2 Vm cos 2 E E
2R
1
2 Vm cos 2 E E
I dc
R
I dc
The rms battery current:
I rms
2 Vm sin t E
d (t )
2
R
2
I rms
2 Vm2
V2
2R 2 2
2
2
I rms
1
R 2
Vm2
V2
2
2
2
I rms I rms
Eficiency:
by ZEN-15
Pdc
2
; Pdc E I dc ; PR I rms
R
Pdc PR
50
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Edited by : M. Zaenal Efendi

51

Three phase rectifiers are commonly used in industry to
produce a dc voltage and current for large loads high
power levels output power in excess of 4 kW for a
220/380 AC system. They have several advantages to
offer compared with the single-phase diode rectifiers.
These include:
Lower output voltage ripple
No triple harmonics in a three-wire configuration
As already mentioned higher power handling capability
for a given supply-side voltage and current.
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Review on three phase voltage and current
Star connection
Vline VL L 3 VL N 3 V ph
I line I L I ph
53
Review on three phase voltage and current
Delta connection
Vline VL L VL N V ph
I line I L 3 I ph
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Delta-Star Transformer
55
Delta-Delta Transformer
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POWER IN THREE PHASE SYSTEM
ACTIVE/TRUE POWER in LOAD

P 3 VL N I L Cos
P 3 VL L I L Cos
3 VL2 N
P
R
3 V ph2
P
R
57
REACTIVE POWER in LOAD

Q 3 VL N I L Sin
Q 3 VL L I L Sin
Q
Q
3 VL2 N
X
3 V ph2
X
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APPARENT POWER in LOAD

S 3 VL N I L
S 3 VL L I L
3 VL2 N
S
Z
3 V ph2
S
Z
59
3 Phase Half-wave Rectifier

This rectifier may be considered as 3
single phase halfwave rectifiers and can
be considered as a half-wave type. The kth diode will conduct during the period
when the voltage of k-th phase is higher
than other phases. The conduction period
of each diode is 2/3.
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Input and output voltage of 3 phase Half-wave Rectifier
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The average output voltage of 3 phase halfwave rectifier
Vo ( dc )
Vo ( dc )
Vm ( L N )
2 / 3
Vm ( L N )
2 / 3
cos t dt
sin t
Vm ( L N )

sin sin
2 / 3
3
3
V
m ( L N ) 2 sin
2 / 3
3
Vo ( dc )
Vo ( dc )
sin
Vo ( dc ) Vm ( L N )
3
63
The average output voltage of 3 phase halfwave rectifier
3
/3
sin
Vo ( dc ) Vm ( L N )
Vm ( L N )
Vo ( dc )
Vo ( dc )
Vo ( dc )
3
2
/3
3 3 Vs ,max( L N )
2
0.8274 Vs (max)( L N )
Vo ( dc ) 1.17 Vs ( rms )( L N )
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The rms output voltage of 3 phase halfwave rectifier
Vo ( rms )
2 /3 2
Vm cos 2 t d (t )
2 / 3 0
3 1
2
Vo ( rms ) Vm ( L N ) sin
3
2 3 2
Vo ( rms ) 0.841 Vs (max)( L N )
Vo ( rms ) 1.189 Vs ( rms )( L N )
65
The rms output current of 3 phase halfwave rectifier
I o ( rms )
Vo ( rms )
R
The rms input current of 3 phase halfwave rectifier
I s ( rms )
by ZEN-15
I o ( rms )
Vo ( rms )
3
3R
1.189 Vs ( rms )( L N )
3 R
0.687 Vs ( rms )( L N )
R
66
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DC Output Power:
Po ( dc ) Vo ( dc ) I o ( dc)
AC Output Power: Po ( ac ) Vo ( rms ) I o ( rms )
Effiency:
Form Factor :
FF
Ripple Factor :
RF
Po ( dc )
Po ( ac )
Vo ( rms )
Vo ( dc )
Vac
;
Vo ( dc )
Vac Vo2( rms ) Vo2( dc )

2
Vo ( rms )
1 FF 2 1
RF
Vo ( dc )
67
Power Factor
PF
PF
Po ( ac )
S
Vo2( rms) / R
3 Vs ,rms( L N ) I s ( rms )
where:
Vs ,rms ( L N )
I s ( rms )
Vs , max(L N )
2
I o ( rms )
3
Vo ( rms )
3R
1.189Vs ,rms ( L N )
3R
0.687 Vs ,rms ( L N )
R
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Transformer Utilization Factor

TUF
Po ( dc)
VA
Vo2( dc) / R
3 Vs ,rms( L N ) I s ( rms)
where:
Vs ,rms ( L N )
I s ( rms )
Vs , max( L N )
I o ( rms )
3
Vo ( rms )
3R
1.189 Vs ,rms ( L N )
3R
0.687 Vs ,rms ( L N )
R
69
Example
The 3 phase halfwave rectifier is operated
from 380 V 50 Hz supply at secondary side
and the load resistance is R=20 . If the
source inductance is negligible,
Determine
(a) Rectification efficiency,
(b) Form factor
(c) Ripple factor
(d) Power Factor
(e) TUF
70
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Solution :
VS , rms( L N )
Vo ( dc )
380
219.63V 220V , Vs ,max, ( L N ) 220 * 2 311.1 V
3
3 3 Vs , max
0.827 Vs , max
2
Vo ( rms ) 0.8407 Vs ,max
Po ( dc)
Po ( ac)
FF
Vo ( rms)
Vo ( dc )
Vo ( dc) I o ( dc)
Vo ( rms ) I o ( rms )
I dc
3 3 Vs ,max 0.827 Vs ,max
2 R
R
I ( o ) rms
0.8407 Vs ,max
R
96.767 %
101.657 %
Vo2( rms ) Vo2( dc )

Vo2( rms )
Vac
RF
1 FF 2 1 18.28 %
Vdc
Vo ( dc )
Vo2( dc )
71
3-phase Full-wave rectifiers

3-phase bridge rectifier is very common in high-power
applications. This is a full-wave rectifier. It can operate
with or without a transformer and gives 6-pulse ripple on
the output voltage.
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Two series diode are always conducting (one feeds into

the circuit, the other forms the return path). The diodes
are numbered in order of conduction and each diode
conducts for 120o. The conduction sequence for diodes is
D1D2; D2D3; D3D4; D4D5; D5D6 and D6D1. The pair of
diodes which are connected between that pair of supply
lines having the highest amount of line-line voltage will
conduct.
Vlineline 3V ph
There are 6 combinations of VL-L. Considering one period

of the source to be 360o, a transition of the highest lineline voltage must take place 360o/6=60o.
Because of six transition that occur for each period of the
source voltage, the circuit is called A SIX-PULSE
RECTIFIER
73
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Input and output voltage of 3 phase Full-wave Rectifier
75
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3 phase full-wave average voltage

Considers only one of the six segments. Obtain its average
over 60 degres
Vo ( dc)
1
/3
2 / 3
m ,L L
/3
3Vm, L L
sin t d t
cos t 2/ 3/ 3
3
Vm , L L
0.955Vm , L L
77
3 phase full-wave average voltage

Vo ( dc ) 2 Vdc ( half wave )
2
2 / 6
/6
m,L N
cos t d t
3 3
Vm , L N
1.654 Vm , L N or
3
Vm , L L
0.955Vm , L L
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3 phase full-wave rms output voltage

/6
Vo( rms )
2
Vm2,L N cos 2 t d t
2 / 6 0
3 9 3
1.6554 Vm ,L N
Vm, L N
2 4
3 9 3
0.95575 Vm ,L L

3
2 4
Vm ,L L
3 phase full-wave rms output current
I o ( rms )
Vo ( rms )
Efficiency of 3 phase full-wave rectifier
Po ( dc )
Vo2( dc )
R
; Po ( ac )
Vo2( rms )
R
Po( dc )
Po( ac )
79
Power Factor
PF
Po ( ac )
S
Vo2( rms ) / R
3Vs , rms ( L N ) I s
or
Vo2( rms ) / R
3 Vs ,rms ( L L ) I s ,rms
I s ( rms )
where:
Vs , rms( L N )
Vm ( L N )
2
and
Vs , rms( L L )
8 /6 2
2
I m cos t d (t )
2 1
2
I s ( rms ) I m sin
2
6 2
I s ( rms ) 0.7804 I m ;
Vm ( L L )
2
where :
Im
Im
by ZEN-15
3 Vm ( L N )
R
; or
Vm ( L L )
R
80
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Transformer Utilization Factor

TUF
Po ( dc )
VA
Vo2( dc ) / R
3Vs , rms ( L N ) I s
or
Vo2( dc ) / R
3 Vs ,rms ( L L) I s ,rms
I s ( rms )
where:
Vs , rms( L N )
Vm ( L N )
2
and
Vs , rms( L L )
8 /6 2
2
I m cos t d (t )
2 1
2
I s ( rms ) I m sin
2
6 2
I s ( rms ) 0.7804 I m ;
Vm ( L L )
2
where :
Im
Im
3 Vm ( L N )
R
; or
Vm ( L L )
R
81
Example
The 3 phase full-wave rectifier is operated
from 380 V; 50 Hz supply and the load
resistance is R=20 . Determine
(a) The efficiency,
(b) Form factor
(c) Ripple factor
(d) Power factor
(e) TUF
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Solution :
Vo ( dc ) 0.955Vm, L L 513.14 V
I o ( dc )
Vo ( dc )
R
25.66 A
Vo ( rms ) 0.95575 Vm , L L 513.544 V

I o( rms )
Po( dc )
Po( ac )
RF
Vo( rms )
R
25.68 A
Vo ( dc ) I o ( dc )
Vo( rms) I o ( rms)
99.83 %
FF
Vo ( rms)
Vo ( dc)
100.08 %
Vo2( rms ) Vo2( dc )

V2
Vac
o (2rms ) 1 FF 2 1 4 %
Vdc
Vo ( dc )
Vo ( dc )
83
Homework
1.
A three phase halfwave rectifier is supplied by 380V-rms, 50Hz.

The primary and secondary of input transformer are connected
delta-wye and has turns ratio of n=3:1. The load is a 100 ohm.
Determine:
a. The average load current; b. The rms load current;
c. The rms source current; d. The power factor; e. Efficiency;
f. Form factor; g. Ripple factor; h. TUF
2.
A three phase fullwave rectifier is supplied by 380V-rms, 50Hz.

The primary and secondary of input transformer are connected
delta-delta and has turns ratio of n=3:1. The load is a 100 ohm.
Determine :
a. The average load current; b. The rms load current;
c. The rms source current; d. The power factor; e. Efficiency;
f. Form factor; g. Ripple factor; h. TUF
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Power Electronics
SINGLE PHASE CONTROLLED
AC TO DC RECTIFIER
Presented by : M. Zaenal Efendi

85
Block Diagram
+
AC
Input
Voltage
Line
Commutated
Converter
DC Output
V0(dc)
-
Type of input: Fixed voltage, fixed frequency ac

power supply.
Type of output: Variable dc output voltage
Type of commutation: Natural / AC line commutation

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Applications of
Phase Controlled Rectifiers
DC motor control in steel mills, paper and textile mills

employing dc motor drives.
AC fed traction system using dc traction motor.
Electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical processes.
Magnet power supplies.
Portable hand tool drives.
87
Classification of Phase
Controlled Rectifiers
Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers.
Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers.
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Single Phase Half-Wave Thyristor

Converter with a Resistive Load
89
The Controlled Half-wave Rectifier
Previously discussed are classified as uncontrolled

rectifiers.
Once the source and load parameters are established,

the dc level of the output and power transferred to the
load are fixed quantities.
A way to control the output is to use SCR instead of

diode. Two condition must be met before SCR can
conduct:
The SCR must be forward biased (VSCR>0)
Current must be applied to the gate of SCR
90
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Controlled, Half-wave R load

A gate signal is applied at t = , where is
the delay/firing angle.
91
Average load Voltage (D.C. Voltage)

DC Voltage
Maximum average (dc) o/p

voltage is obtained when 0
and the maximum dc output voltage
V
Vdc max Vdm m 1 cos0 ; cos 0 1
2
V
Vdc max Vdm m
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Control Characteristic
VO(dc)
Vdm
0.6Vdm
0.2 V dm
0
60
120
180
Trigger angle in degrees
93
Root Mean Square Values

The RMS output voltage is given by
1 2 2
VO RMS
vO .d t
2 0
Output voltage vO Vm sin t ; for t to

1
VO RMS
1
2
Vm2 sin 2 t.d t
2
94
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Root Mean Square Values
Average power absorbed by resistor,
Note: for = 0 VRMS = 0.5 Vm
P I 2 rms R
V 2 rms
R
where , V o , rms
RMS Current
For a resistive load VRMS = IRMS R
1
[V m sin( t )] 2 d ( t )
2 0
Vm
2
sin( 2 )
2
95
Performance Parameters
Pdc
Vm2
4 R
(1 cos ) 2
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Example 1
Design a circuit to produce an average voltage of
40V across 100 load resistor from a 120Vrms 50 Hz
ac source. Determine the power absorbed by the
resistor, efficiency, FF, RF and the power factor.
To obtain Vo=25% of Vdm, determine firing angle, FF,

RF, pF and TUF
97
Example 1 (Cont)
Solution
In such that to achieved 40V
average voltage, the delay angle
must be
Vs
[1 cos ]
2
120 2
40
[1 cos ]
2
61.2o 1.07 rad
Vo
Vo , rms
Vm
sin( 2 )
1
2
120 2
1 .07 sin 2 (1.07 )
1
2
75 .6V
by ZEN-15
P
pf
V 2 rms 75.62
57.1W
R
100
57.1
0.63
75.6
(120)
100
If an uncontrolled diode is used,

the average voltage would be
Vo
Vs
2 (120)
54V
That means, some reducing

average resistor to the design must
be made. A series resistor or
inductor could be added to an
uncontrolled rectifier, while
controlled rectifier has advantage
of not altering the load or
introducing the losses
98
49
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SINGLE PHASE:
FULL WAVE BRIDGE CONTROLLED
RECTIFIER
There are 2 types of FW Bridge Controlled Rectifiers:
1. Fully Controlled Bridge Converter
(Full Converter)
2. Half Controlled Bridge Converter
(Semi-Converter)
99
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled

Rectifier With R Load
100
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101
DC Output Voltage
VO dc Vdc
1
vO .d t
t0
VO dc Vdc
VO dc Vdc
1
Vm sin t.d t

Vm
cos t
Vm
cos cos ; cos 1
V
Vdc m 1 cos
VO dc Vdc
VO dc
102
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RMS Output Voltage
Vo ( rms )
1
Vm sin(t 2 d (t )

Vo ( rms )
Vm
2 1 cos 2 d (t )
1
t sin 2t
2
1
1
sin 2 sin 2
2
2
Vo ( rms )
Vm
2
Vo ( rms )
Vm
2
Vo( rms ) Vm
1
1 sin 2 1 sin 2
2
2
2
1
Vo( rms ) Vm
2 2
Vo( rms ) Vm
sin 2 sin 2
1 sin 2
sin 2
Vs ( rms ) 1
2 2
4
2
103
Power Electronics
THREE PHASE CONTROLLED
AC TO DC RECTIFIER
Presented by : M. Zaenal Efendi

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3 Phase Controlled Rectifiers
Operate from 3 phase ac supply voltage.
They provide higher dc output voltage.
Higher dc output power.
Higher output voltage ripple frequency.
Filtering requirements are simplified for smoothing out

load voltage and load current.
Extensively used in high power variable speed industrial

dc drives.
Three single phase half-wave converters can be

connected together to form a three phase half-wave
converter.
105
105
Vector Diagram of 3
Phase Supply Voltages
106
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3-pulse (Half Wave) Controlled Rectifier

With Resistive Load
107
Waveformes
V bn
V an
V cn
=0
=0
Vs
0
30
60
90
120
150
180 210
240
270
300 330
360
390
420
For R- Loads the current waveform is similar

to the voltage waveforms.
The FWD has no effect for small values of .
V bn
V an
For >30 the FWD sets the load voltage at 0
V cn
0
=15
=15
leading to higher DC output voltage.
V0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180 210
240
270
300 330
360
390
420
108
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Waveforms for different

V bn
Van
Vcn
=300
V0
0
0
30
60
90
120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
V bn
Van
Vcn
=600
V0
30
60
90
=300
120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390 420
=600
t
109
Average Voltage (DC Voltage) >30
T1 is triggered at t 300
6
T1 conducts from 300 to 1800 ;

vO van Vm sin t
5
T2 is triggered at t
1500
6
T2 conducts from 1500 to 3000 ;

vO vbn Vm sin t 1200
110
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Average Voltage (DC Voltage)

0
180
3
Vdc vO.d t
2 300
vO van Vm sint; for t 300 to 1800

0
180
3
Vdc Vm sint.d t
2 300
180
3Vm
Vdc
sin t.d t
2 300
111
DC Output Voltage of 3-pulse (Half Wave) Controlled Rectifier
With Resistive Load
Vo ( dc )
Vo ( dc )
Vo ( dc )
180 o
3Vm ( L N )
cos t 30o
2
3Vm ( L N )
cos 180 o cos( 30o )

2
3Vm ( L N )
1 cos( 30 o )
2
112
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RMS Output Voltage of 3-pulse (HWR) Controlled Rectifier
With Resistive Load
Vo ( rms )
3
2
Vm2( L N ) sin 2 (t )d (t )
1
5
Vo ( rms ) 3 Vm ( L N )
sin 60o 2
24 4 8
113
The RMS input current of Half Wave Controlled Rectifier
I s ( rms )
I o ( rms )
3
Vo ( rms )
3R
So, we can calculate the power factor dan TUF of Half

Wave Controlled Rectifier
PF
PF
Po ( ac )
TUF
S
Vo2( rms ) / R
3 Vs ,rms ( L N ) I s ( rms )
Po ( dc)
VA
Vo2( dc ) / R
3 Vs , rms( L N ) I s ( rms)
114
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Three Phase Full Converter

(Full Wave Controlled Rectifier)
3 Phase Fully Controlled Full Wave Bridge

Converter.
Known as a 6-pulse converter.
Used in industrial applications up to 120kW

output power.
Two quadrant operation is possible.

115
115
Circuit Layout
116
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Circuit of Three Phase Full Converter
117
Waveforms
=0
118
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Waveforms
= 30
119
Operation of the circuit
The thyristors are triggered at an interval of / 3.
The frequency of output ripple voltage is 6fS.
T1 is triggered at t = (/6 + ), T6 is already conducting

when T1 is turned ON.
During the interval (/6 + ) to (/2 + ), T1 and T6 conduct

together & the output load voltage is equal to vab = (van
vbn)
120
120
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Operation of the circuit
T2 is triggered at t = (/2 + ), T6 turns off naturally as it

is reverse biased as soon as T2 is triggered.
During the interval (/2 + ) to (5/6 + ), T1 and T2

conduct together & the output load voltage vO = vac = (van
vcn)
Thyristors are numbered in the order in which they are

triggered.
The thyristor triggering sequence is 12, 23, 34, 45, 56,

61, 12, 23, 34,
121
Sequence of Gate Pulses of Thyristor
122
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Table of the thyristor pair in conduction at any instant.
123
Three phase line voltages
The corresponding line-to-line

supply voltages are
vRY vab van vbn 3Vm sin t

6
vYB vbc vbn vcn 3Vm sin t

2
vBR vca vcn van 3Vm sin t

2
124
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DC output voltage
The output load voltage consists of 6 voltage pulses

over a period of 2 radians, Hence the average output
voltage is calculated as
VO dc Vdc
6
2
vO .d t ;
vO vab 3Vm sin t

6
125
125
DC Output Voltage of FULL WAVE Controlled Rectifier

With Resistive Load
Vo ( dc )
3 2

3 Vm ( L N ) sin(t ) d (t )
6
6
Vo ( dc )
3 3 Vm ( L N )
cos( )
or
Vo ( dc )
3Vm ( L L )
cos( )
The maximum dc voltage is given by
Vo ( dc ) max
by ZEN-15
3 3Vm ( L N )
3Vm ( L L )
126
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RMS Output Voltage of Full Wave Controlled Rectifier

With Resistive Load
Vo ( rms )
3 2
3 Vm2( L N ) sin 2 (t ) d (t )
6
6
1 3 3
Vo ( rms ) 3 Vm ( L N )
cos 2
2 4
or
1 3 3
Vo ( rms ) Vm ( L L )
cos 2
2 4
127
127
128
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The RMS input current of Full Wave Controlled Rectifier
I s ( rms )
4
I o ( rms )
6
So, we can calculate the power factor dan TUF of

Full Wave Controlled Rectifier
PF
Po ( ac)
TUF
S
Vo2( rms ) / R
3Vs ,rms ( L N ) I s
or
Vo2( rms ) / R
3 Vs ,rms ( L L ) I s,rms
Po ( dc )
VA
Vo2( dc ) / R
3V s , rms ( L N ) I s
or
Vo2( dc ) / R
3 V s , rms ( L L ) I s , rms
129
Power Electronics
AC-AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER
RE-EDITED BY ZEN
ELIN
130
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AC Voltage Controller
(RMS Voltage Controllers)
V0(RMS)
AC
Input
Voltage
fs
Vs
fs
AC
Voltage
Controller
Variable AC
RMS O/P Voltage
fS
131
131Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
Applications
Lighting / Illumination control in ac power circuits.

Induction heating.
Industrial heating & Domestic heating.
Transformer tap changing (on load transformer
tap changing).
Speed control of induction motors (single phase
and poly phase ac induction motor control).
AC magnet controls.
132
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Principle of AC Phase Control

Single Phase Full Wave AC Voltage Controller
133
Single Phase Full Wave

AC Voltage Controller using Triac
134
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135
The principle of operation for a single-phase ac voltage

controller using phase control is similar to the controlled
half-wave rectifier.
An analysis identical to that done for the controlled halfwave rectifier can be done on a half cycle for the voltage
controller. Then, by symmetry, the result can be
extrapolated to describe the operation for the entire period.
Some basic observations about cycloconverters are as
follows:
The SCRs cannot conduct simultaneously.
The load voltage is the same as the source voltage when either SCR is
on.
The load voltage is zero when both SCRs are off.
136
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Equations
Input supply voltage
vS Vm sin t 2VS sin t
Output voltage across the load resistor
vO vL Vm sin t ;
for t to & t to 2
137
Thyristor T1 is triggered at t
T2 is triggered at t
Output load current
v
V sin t
iO O m
I m sin t ;
RL
RL
for t to & t to 2
138
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To Derive an Expression for

the RMS Value of Output Voltage
The RMS value of output voltage
2
O RMS
2
L RMS
2
L
d t
For a FW ac voltage controller, we can see that two

half cycles of o/p voltage w.f. are symmetrical & o/p
pulse time period is radians. We can also calculate
the RMS o/p voltage by using the expression
139
VL2 RMS
2
L RMS
1
Vm 2 sin 2 t d t
0
1
2
2
v
L d t ;
0
vL vO Vm sin t ;
For t to & t to 2
140
by ZEN-15
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Hence VL2 RMS
1
2
2
V
sin
t
d
V
sin
t
d
m
m
2

2
2 2
2
2
V
sin
t
.
d
V
sin
t
.
d
Vm 2 1 cos 2 t
1 cos 2 t
2
2
2

141
2
2
Vm2
cos2
t
.
d
cos2
t
.
d
2 2
V2
m t
4
2
sin2t sin2t
2
2
2
m
V
4
1
1
sin2 sin2 sin4 sin2

2
2
V2
1
1
m 2 0 sin2 0 sin2
4
2
2
142
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Vm 2
4
Vm 2
4
Vm 2
sin 2 sin 2
2
2
sin 2 sin 2 2
2
2
2
sin 2 1
2 2 2 sin 2 .cos 2 cos 2 .sin 2

sin 2 0 & cos 2 1;
143
Therefore,
2
L RMS
VL2 RMS
Vm 2
sin 2 sin 2
2
2
Vm 2
2 sin 2
4
Vm 2
2 2 sin 2
4
144
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Taking the square root, we get

Vm
VL RMS
2
Vm
VL RMS
2 2 sin 2
2 2
Vm
VL RMS
2 2 sin 2
1
2 2 sin 2
2
145
VL RMS
VL RMS
Vm
2
Vm
2
1
2
1
sin 2
VL RMS Vi RMS
VL RMS V S

sin 2
2 2
1
sin 2
1
sin 2

2
146
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M axim um R M S voltage w ill be applied

to the load w hen 0, in that case the
full sine w ave appears across the load.
R M S load voltage w ill be the same as
the R M S supply voltage
Vm
2
W hen is increased th e R M S load
voltage decreases.
147
VL RMS
0
VL RMS
Vm
Vm
VL RMS
0
Vm 1
sin 2 0
2
2
1
0
2
2
2
Vi RMS VS
148
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Control Characteristic of Single Phase FW AC

Voltage Controller With Resistive Load
1
sin 2

2
V
Where VS m RMS value of
2
input supply voltage
VO RMS VS
149
150
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VO(RMS)
VS
0.6VS
0.2 VS
0
60
120
180
Trigger angle in degrees

151
Need for Isolation

G1
Gate
Trigger
Pulse
Generator
K1
G2
K2
Pulse Transformer
Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
by ZEN-15
152
152
76
06/11/2015
Problems in AC
Voltage Controllers
Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao, E&C Dept., MSRIT
153
A single phase full wave controller has an

input voltage of 120 V (RMS) and a load
resistance of 6 ohm. The firing angle of
thyristor is 90o. Find
RMS output voltage
Power output
Input power factor
If the output power decreases to 20%
of the maximum power, determine :
firing angle and Vo
154
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90 0 , V S 120 V ,
R 6
2
R M S V alue of O utput V oltage
1
sin 2
VO V S
2

1
2
1
sin 180
V O 120
2
2

V O 84.85 V olts
1
2
155
RMS Output Current

VO 84.85
14.14 A
R
6
Load Power PO I O2 R
IO
PO 14.14 6 1200 watts

I/P Current is same as Load Current
I S I O 14.14 Amps
Input Supply Volt-Amp
VS I S 120 14.14 1696.8 VA
156
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Question
220 V and 2.2 kW heater is fed by a
phase AC chopper which is connected
AC grid.
a) Calculate the resistance of the heater
b) For =90, find load voltage and power
c) To obtain the output volatge 15
maximum voltage, determine the
angle.
by ZEN-15
single
220 V
% of
delay
79
06/11/2015
Find the RMS and average current flowing through the

heater shown in figure. The delay angle of both the
SCRs is 450.
io
SCR1
+
1-
220V
ac
SCR2
1 kW, 220V
heater
159
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Muh. H. Rashid, Power Electronics, Circuit, Devices and

Applications, Prentice Hall, 1993
Daniel W. Hart, Introduction to Power Electronics, Prentice
Hall, 1997
William Shepherd, Power Converter Circuits, Taylor&Francis,
2004
Mohd Shawal Jadin, Hand-out of Power Electronics
Yasser. G. Hegazy, Hand-out of Power Electronics
M. Madhusudhan Rao, , Hand-out of Power Electronics
Univ of Central Florida, Hand-out of Power Electronics
160
by ZEN-15
80

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06/11/2015

Industrial Electrical Engineering

INTRODUCTION TO POWER ELECTRONICS

POWER ELECTRONICS may be defined as the

Definition of Power Electronics

Detailed Block Diagram of Power

moving or rotating components such

eV (fuel cell, Solar)

Power Electronics Converters

Types Of Power Conversion

Superconducting Magnet Energy Storage System

FUEL CELL DRIVER

Re-edited by : ZEN (ELIN-PENS)

Single-phase, half wave

Single-phase, full wave

DEFINITION: Converting AC (from mains

Basic block diagram

Input can be single or multi-phase (e.g. 3phase).

Output can be made fixed or variable

welder, DC motor drive, Battery charger,

Root Mean Squares of f

Square root of the

AC Output Power: Po ( ac ) Vo ( rms ) I o ( rms )

Vac Vo2( rms ) Vo2( dc )

Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF):

S V s ( rms ) I s ( rms ) V s ( rms ) Vo ( rms ) / R V s ( rms )

Given Voltage Source , vs (t ) Vs sin( t ),

" DC " output voltage ,

RMS OUTPUT VOLTAGE

Half-wave with R-C load

In some applications in which a constant output

The purpose of capacitor is to

Half-wave with R-C load

Assume the capacitor is

Capacitor is charged to Vm as input

Half-wave with R-C load

Half-wave with R-C load (Ripple Voltage)

The ripple can be approximated as:

The average output voltage:

Assuming ideal diodes

, one diode pair on

the angle where the diodes become reverse biased,

the half-wave rectifier

Vm sin e ( ) /(RC ) Vm sin(2 )

output voltage occurs at

The diode will remain

Diode starts to conduct

For Vs>E, diode D conducts. The angle whwn the diode

Diode will be tirned off when Vs<E, at = -

The average charging current:

The rms battery current:

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

objective of full wave rectifier is to

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

tap requires only two

The dc component of the output voltage is the

Full-wave with R-C load (Ripple Voltage)

the average output voltage:

The ripple factor:

Fullwave Rectifier Battery Charger

The average charging current:

The rms battery current:

THREE PHASE UNCONTROLLED RECTIFIER

Edited by : M. Zaenal Efendi