27.

GAMMA-RAY WELL-LOG CHARACTERISTICS, LEG 961

J. M. Coleman, Louisiana State University
R. Constans, Chevron U.S.A. Inc
and
A. H. Bouma, Gulf Research and Development Co.2

ABSTRACT

Gamma-ray well-log traces from six sites on the Mississippi Fan visited during Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP)
Leg 96 were processed by Chevron's NFLECT program3 to provide data on grain-size trends and bedding thickness, in
addition to the common evaluation of lithologies of missed cored sections.
The midfan channel sites (621 and 622) and the lower fan channel site (623) contain the highest percentage of gamma-ray NFLECT-calculated "sand." Site 623 contains the highest percentage of gamma-ray NFLECT "silt" of all sites,
and the lower fan overbank site (624), the highest percentage of "clay." The lower fan distal site (615) contains less than
10% gamma-ray NFLECT sand but is very high in silt.

INTRODUCTION
During DSDP Leg 96, open-hole logging runs were
made using Schlumberger wireline sondes at six sites (615,
620, 621, 622, 623, and 624) on the Mississippi Fan. In
addition, Site 616 was logged through the drill pipe with
a combined formation density/compensated neutron/
gamma-ray tool. The site locations and types of logs run
are shown in Figure 1. The data recorded from these
runs fill in missing information between the recovered
core data and aid in the interpretation of the sedimentary sequences deposited in the youngest fan lobe of the
Mississippi Fan.
The theoretical principles and applications of the various logging tools used on this leg are summarized in
Schlumberger log interpretation manuals (Schlumberger, 1972, 1974). Factors affecting log responses and the
fundamentals of log evaluation are also presented by Asquith and Gibson (1982) and Helander (1983).
The configuration of the drilling operations on the
Glomar Challenger and the unconsolidated nature of the
shallow sediments penetrated presented a rather hostile
environment for wireline electric logging. Only small-diameter logging tools could be employed because the absence of a drilling riser system mandated that all tools
be lowered through drill pipe into open hole. Use of seawater as a drilling fluid rather than a mud system also
contributed to the less than optimum logging conditions.
Large washout zones and bridging of the borehole by
soft sediments hampered logging operations and raised
questions as to the validity of some of the density and
porosity measurements. Details of the logging operations,
Bouma, A. H., Coleman, J. M., Meyer, A. W., et al., Init. Repts. DSDP, 96: Washington (U.S. Govt. Printing Office).
2
Addresses: (Coleman) Coastal Studies Institute, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge,
LA 70803; (Constans) Chevron USA Inc., 935 Gravier St., New Orleans, LA 70112; (Bouma,
present address) Chevron Oil Field Research Co., P.O. Box 36506, Houston, TX 77236.
3
Chevron's NFLECT program was specifically designed for another well-log trace, but
has been adapted to gamma-ray traces for this study. The technical justification for such adaptation to gamma-ray traces has not been worked out completely and may pose questions in
thin-bed corrections.

24 -

Figure 1. Location of Mississippi Fan sites drilled on DSDP Leg 96

with indications of the types of well logs run. C = caliper log, D
= formation density log, G = gamma-ray log, I = dual-induction
lateral log, N = compensated neutron log, S = long-spaced sonic
log.

hole conditions encountered, and tool failures at each of

the logged sites can be found in the operations section
of the site summaries (this volume).
The porosity values calculated from the density tools
generally range from 50 to 60%. Although these values
appear to be in agreement with the porosity values calculated from physical-property studies (see Bryant, Wetzel, Taylor, and Sweet, this volume) and the measured
porosities from sedimentologic studies of core slabs (see
Coleman, Bouma, et al., this volume), the reliability of
the log porosity data is questionable because of the large
547

J. M. COLEMAN, R. CONSTANS, A. H. BOUMA

variations in the log curves. Therefore, density and porosity characteristics from the logs will not be discussed
in this chapter.
The gamma-ray log was used as the primary lithology
log because of the lack of a diagnostic signature recorded
on the spontaneous potential log (SP). The gamma-ray
tool is a device that consists of a scintillation-type detector that measures natural background gamma-ray emissions. These emissions are usually caused by decay of
potassium, thorium, and uranium salts present in sands
and shales. Shales, particularly marine shales, have a
greater gamma-ray emission level than sandstones, limestones, and dolomites (Helander, 1983). This difference
makes the gamma-ray tool useful for distinguishing shales
from nonshales. Slight variations in the diameter of the
borehole do not appreciably affect the gamma-ray response, but large washout zones may cause a slight decrease in the gamma-ray count. Caution must be employed, therefore, when using the gamma-ray log as a
lithologic indicator in extremely washed out boreholes.
The caved-in zones identified from the caliper log appear to correlate with sandy cored intervals in the Mississippi Fan sites logged with the gamma-ray tool. The
lowering of gamma-ray counts in these zones by borehole conditions serves principally as positive reinforcement of the interpretation of a sandy lithology.
Gamma-ray logging through drill pipe can reduce the
gamma-ray radioactivity by as much as 30%. Although
a log with good diagnostic character was recorded through
drill pipe at Site 616, the reduced values are not readily
comparable with the sites logged in open hole. Therefore, Site 616 logging results are not discussed here.
METHODS
The gamma-ray data were processed utilizing one of Chevron Geosciences' computer well-log applications. The purpose of this particular program (NFLECT) is to develop a trace that sharply defines bed
boundaries and reflects a truer value of the static spontaneous potential (SP) independent of layering effects. This is done by measuring
the amount and rate of change on the trace and by specifying thresholds that cause the trace to be reset to some specified value if those
thresholds are exceeded.
The computer processing of the gamma-ray data was executed in
the following manner: Data from the field tapes were transferred to
disks accessible by an IBM mainframe computer. The data were recorded on tape in feet and had to be converted to meters. The integrity
of these data was checked by playing back the digits and matching
them to the logs. After removing baseline drift, the gamma-ray trace
was "smoothed" using a 3-ft. running average window to filter out
high-frequency information that is noise and not related to bedding
sequence. The values of this trace were then inverted to simulate the
response of an SP trace. The NFLECT program was run over this
trace to produce the "squared" gamma-ray NFLECT trace. Beds that
are not significant in a statistical sense are suppressed by the choice of
suitable parameters. The same parameters were used at all sites to insure consistent interpretations.
A typical section of traces generated with these procedures is displayed in Figure 2. The inflection trace was used with liberal limits to
predict relative lithology. Gamma-ray values greater than 70 API indicate coarse sediments; values less than 20 API indicate fine sediments.
The broad range of values that falls between these limits is considered
either intermediate or mixed.
The NFLECT program was used to classify the log response into
the three categories described above on a 0.2-m interval, and thus log
thickness could be obtained for each category in the hole. This capability permits evaluation of the bedding-thickness variation in a vertical sense. In addition, the program sums up the categories over 10-m

548

50

100

100

50

J Coarse sediments (NFLECT values >70)

[Z-ZTZTJ Mixed sediments (NFLECT values 7 0 - 2 0 )

~\ Fine sediments (NFLECT values <20)

Figure 2. Key to gamma-ray and gamma-ray NFLECT curves.
range, allowing an evaluation of the vertical change in grain-size distribution. The gamma logs also allow an evaluation of the sharpness
of the bedding planes and shape of the intervals. These characteristics
of each logged hole are discussed later.

NFLECT ZONES AND LITHOLOGIC

INTERPRETATIONS

The gamma-ray NFLECT values were compared to

core photographs and descriptions and to various sedimentological analyses that were conducted by shore-based
scientists to obtain a better understanding of the relationship between the NFLECT values and the sedimentology of the deposits at each site. It must be remembered, however, that the logged intervals do not represent the entire cored interval because of surface pipe and
occasional inability of the logging tool to penetrate to
the bottom of the open hole. It is, therefore, often difficult to correlate core recovery depth precisely with logging depth. For this reason, only core samples that fell
into large intervals of continuous NFLECT data were
used to determine the characteristics of the gamma-ray
response.
NFLECT Values > 70 API (coarse sediments)

The average of 18 samples recovered from intervals in

this NFLECT category contain 65% sand, 30% silt, and
5% clay. One sample contained 95% sand, 5% silt, and
0% clay, the average grain size being in the medium sand
range. The finest grained samples generally consist of
35% sand, 55% silt, and 10% clay. These grain size
and mineralogical results indicate that sediments in this
NFLECT category consist of relatively clean sands containing scattered redeposited organics and mica.
On the core photographs and X-ray radiographs the
sands appear massive and display little or no internal
structure. It has proven impossible, however, to determine whether this lack of internal structure is a result of
the coring disturbance or natural. A crude size grading

GAMMA-RAY WELL-LOG CHARACTERISTICS

is apparent in some cores; in a few instances, radiographs

indicate small-scale cross-laminations in finer grained layers within the overall sandy unit. The sands also contain
a few very thin clay laminations (generally less than a
few centimeters thick, although one sand had a clay layer 8 cm thick). Another sample, displaying thin silty clay
laminations alternating with graded sand layers, was tilted at an angle of 20.
Porosity measurements within these NFLECT values
were rare, but values of 29 and 35.4% were recorded in
two samples from shipboard measurements. Roberts and
Thayer (1985) indicate that, in measurements on 50 thin
sections of which only 20 fell within this NFLECT interval, porosity ranges from 20 to 35%. Estimates based
on the size and sorting indicate that an additional 26
samples have porosities that range from 30 to 49% (Thayer
et al., this volume). These samples were moderately well
to well sorted. The massive nature of the sands, the relatively high porosities, moderately well to well sorting,
and lack of substantial clay content are probably characteristic of this NFLECT interval.
NFLECT Values 70 to 20 API (mixed sediments)
The 70 to 20 NFLECT interval represents those sediments that fall between the finer grained clays and the
coarser sands. As expected, a wide variation in properties was found. Textural averages of samples from this
interval are 23% sand, 51% silt, and 26% clay. Sand
content ranges as high as 69% and as low as 3%; clay
values range from 1 to 67%. This unit is composed primarily of alternating thin sands and clays with abundant finely laminated silts. Thin, graded laminae, only a
few millimeters to a few centimeters thick, are the most
common structures. The sand laminations rarely exceed
15 cm in thickness, whereas the silt layers commonly
range up to 20-25 cm thick. Mica and redeposited woody
organic material are common in the silt and fine-sand
units (see site chapters, this volume). Thin-section analyses by Roberts and Thayer (1985) show that the sands
range from fine to very fine in grain size, are moderately
well sorted, and have porosities that range from 25 to
41% and permeabilities that range from 0.5 to 8.0 darcies. Thus, this NFLECT interval represents the siltier
thin-bedded sediments.
NFLECT Values <20 API (fine sediments)
The < 20 NFLECT unit represents the finest grained
sediments present in the recovered cores. Average textural values, based on 22 samples, are 2% sand, 45% silt,
and 53% clay. Sand content ranges as high as 10%, but
many samples contained no sand-sized particles. Clay
content ranges from a high of 80% to a low of 40%.
The samples display one of two major types of stratification: either extremely thin-laminated silts and clays or
relatively thick-bedded (40 to 80 cm) clays. Disturbed
structures such as microfracturing and thin convolute
laminations are very common within this unit.
Although the NFLECT values do not necessarily correlate specifically with grain-size intervals, NFLECT values greater than 70 represent the well-sorted coarser sequences and, for convenience, these deposits are referred

to as "sands." NFLECT values less than 20 represent

the finest-grained sediments, and they are referred to as
"clays." Sediments with NFLECT values ranging from
70 to 20 are referred to as "silts."
NFLECT CHARACTERISTICS
Sites 621 and 622
Holes 621 and 622 were drilled in the midfan channel, Hole 621 in the thalweg of the channel and Hole
622 on the inside concave or "point bar" side of the
channel (Site 621 and 622 chapters, this volume). Figure 3
illustrates typical gamma-ray log responses of the sediments in these two holes. The uppermost sediments were
not logged because of pipe in the hole, and thus the finer-grained "passive fill" of the channel is not well represented. The overall log response at both sites shows a
fining-upward sequence, with gamma counts ranging from
a high of 90 API units (NFLECT value of 10) near the
top of the holes to a low of 30 API units (NFLECT value of 70) near the bottom. Most of the coarser-grained
intervals exhibit a blocky shape, with sharp bases and
sharp tops. Most of the sands are both underlain and
overlain by clays.
Figure 4 illustrates the bedding-thickness variation for
each NFLECT interval at Site 621. With one exception
at 90 m sub-bottom, the "sand" beds thin upward, especially when combined with the uppermost unlogged
intervals (Fig. 4A). Sand beds average 1.44 m in thickness (standard deviation 0.4). The silt beds do not show
any particular trend and average 2.26 m in thickness
with a standard deviation (SD) of 1.54 (Fig. 4B). Near
the top of the hole there is some indication that packages of thickening-upward sequences exist, each package 12 to 15 m thick. The clay intervals thicken upward
from the base of the hole to a sub-bottom depth of 140
m and then thin upward to the top of the hole (Fig. 4C).
Clay beds average 2.05 m in thickness, with a standard
deviation of 1.29.
Grain-size trends at Site 621 were averaged over 10-m
increments (Fig. 5). Within the logged interval, no apparent trend is present within the sand- or silt-sized units.
However, it must be remembered that the uppermost finegrained unit at the top of the borehole was not logged.
Clay percentages show a persistent increase uphole to
124 m sub-bottom and then a rather dramatic decrease
to the top of the logged interval.
Figures 6 and 7 illustrate generally the same bed thickness and textural characteristics for Site 622 as were observed at Site 621, except that the vertical variations in
grain size are not quite as apparent. Sand beds average
1.13 m in thickness (SD 0.29), silt and clay beds 1.90 m
(SD 1.29) and 1.44 m (SD 0.64), respectively.
Site 620
Hole 620 was drilled approximately 18 km east of the
midfan channel and generally contains sediments that
were deposited in an overbank environment (see Site 620
chapter, this volume; Fig. 1). The gamma-ray log response
is shown in Figure 8, and analysis of the log indicates
that it is generally a silt-rich sequence, containing only

549

J. M. COLEMAN, R. CONSTANS, A. H. BOUMA

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Figure 3. Gamma-ray and gamma-ray NFLECT curves for (A) upper and (B) lower parts of Sites 621 and 622. Key to lithology symbols is given
in Figure 2. Depths in this figure, and in all other figures in this chapter, are in meters below seafloor converted from PDR depths originally
recorded on logs.

550

GAMMA-RAY WELL-LOG CHARACTERISTICS

Hole 621

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Figure 3 (continued).

551

J. M. COLEMAN, R. CONSTANS, A. H. BOUMA

8.0

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219

Figure 4. Bed-thickness trends of (A) sand (NFLECT >70 API), (B)

silt (NFLECT 70-20 API), and (C) clay (NFLECT <20 API) at
Site 621.

209

109
159
Sub-bottom depth (m)

Figure 6. Bed thickness trends of (A) sand (NFLECT >70 API), (B)
silt (NFLECT 70-20 API), and (C) clay (NFLECT <20 API) at
Site 622.
100

100-

90

90-

80

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Figure 5. Sand-silt-clay percentages averaged over 10-m increments at

Site 621.

552

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94

114

134

154

174

194

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Sub-bottom depth (m)

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Figure 7. Sand-silt-clay percentages averaged over 10-m increments at

Site 622.

GAMMA-RAY WELL-LOG CHARACTERISTICS

Hole 620

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Figure 8. Gamma-ray and gamma-ray NFLECT curves for Site 620. Key to lithology symbols is given in Figure 2.

553

J. M. COLEMAN, R. CONSTANS, A. H. BOUMA

thin sand and clay intervals. Bedding thicknesses in all

three NFLECT intervals show no trends (Fig. 9). The
sand beds average 0.98 m in thickness (SD 0.30), clay
beds average 1.46 m (SD 0.62); the thickest beds are silt,
averaging 2.83 m (SD 1.54). In a general sense, the silt
beds appear thickest near the top of the borehole. Grainsize trends illustrate that the silt percentage increases upward and that most of the sand is located near the bottom of the hole (Fig. 10).

100
908070
to

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Site 623
Hole 623 was drilled in the lower fan in a channeloverbank complex (Fig. 1; see Site 623 chapter, this volume). In this region of the lower fan, only a single small
channel appears to be active at any one time, and adjacent to it numerous abandoned channels are present (Low-

100

t"r
197
147
Sub-bottom depth (m)

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Figure 10. Sand-silt-clay percentages averaged over 10-m increments

at Site 620.

er Fan Introduction and Summary, this volume). Thin

packages of sand tend to be overlain by silt and then
clay, each package being 15 to 20 m thick (Fig. 11). The
sands are all underlain by clays and are capped by rather
thick-bedded silts. The sand beds average 1.48 m in thickness (SD 0.47); the silt beds show a high variability in
thickness, averaging 2.71 m, but have a standard deviation of 3.52 (Fig. 12). Clay beds are thinner, averaging
only 1.25 m in thickness, and show a low standard deviation (0.49). Grain-size percentages averaged at 10-m intervals show the fining-upward packages that are characteristic of these sediments (Fig. 13).
Site 624
Site 624 is located west of Site 623 in an area removed
from the channel-overbank complex (Fig. 1; Site 624
chapter, this volume). This site displays the finest grained
sediments of all the wells logged, containing only 1.4 m
of net sand, 31.6 m of net silt, and 92.0 m of net clay
over the logged interval of 125 m. Figure 11 illustrates
an example of the gamma-ray response at Site 624; note
that, with the exception of the single thin sand, the response is extremely spiked , indicative of alternating silt
and clay layers. The thick-bedded nature of the layering
is illustrated by Figure 14; the average silt layer is 3.49 m
thick (SD 3.08) and the average clay layer is 9.51 m thick
(SD 9.94). The grain-size trend appears to fine upward
to a sub-bottom depth of 102 m; above that level, a slight
coarsening-upward trend is suggested (Fig. 15).

6.0-

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192

292

Sub-bottom depth (m)

Figure 9. Bed thickness trends of (A) sand (NFLECT >70 API), (B)
silt (NFLECT 70-20 API), and (C) clay (NFLECT <20 API) at
Site 620.

554

Site 615
Hole 615 was the deepest hole drilled on Leg 96 and
was located on the lower fan near the termination of the
channel at its distal end (Fig. 1). Two fan lobes were encountered at the site (see Site 615 chapter, this volume).
At a sub-bottom depth of 242 m, a prominent seismic
horizon occurs that separates these two fan lobes; it is
also at this point that an increase in planktonic and benthic fauna occurs, probably related to a period of lower
sedimentation rates. Figure 16 illustrates the gamma-ray
log response for parts of this borehole. The lower fan
lobe shows a thinning-upward trend in the sand layers

GAMMA-RAY WELL-LOG CHARACTERISTICS

Hole 623

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Figure 11. Gamma-ray and gamma-ray NFLECT curves for Sites 623 and 624. Key to lithology symbols is given in Figure 2.

555

J. M. COLEMAN, R. CONSTANS, A. H. BOUMA

100

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Figure 13. Sand-silt-clay percentages averaged over 10-m increments

at Site 623.

10.0-

g30.0m

20.0103

123

143
163
Sub-bottom depth (m)

183

Figure 12. Bed thickness trends of (A) sand (NFLECT >70 API), (B)
silt (NFLECT 70-20 API), and (C) clay (NFLECT <20 API) at
Site 623.

10.0-

556

v\ !

_ '"li!
077

(Fig. 17A) and alternating packages of thickening-upward silt beds, each package being from 20 to 50 m thick
(Fig. 17B). The clay layers tend to show a crude thickening-upward trend, especially when evaluated o n the thicker beds (Figure 17C). The sand beds average 1.27 m thick
(SD 0.43), the silt beds average 2.77 m thick (SD 1.90),
and the clay beds average 1.57 m thick (SD 0.82). Figure
18A shows the grain-size trend, a n d the fining-upward
trend is apparent.
The upper lobe, from the seafloor t o a sub-bottom
depth of 242 m, contains less sand a n d overall is thicker bedded t h a n the underlying fan lobe. T h e sand layers
show little or no trend (Fig. 19A); the silt layers are quite
thick and do not appear to display any trend (Fig. 19B),
and the same is true of the clay layers (Fig. 19C). T h e

\
,

97

117

137
157
Sub-bottom depth (m)

177

197

Figure 14. Bed thickness trends of (A) silt (NFLECT 70-20 API), and
(B) clay (NFLECT <20 API) at Site 624.
sand beds average 1.03 m in thickness (SD 0.09), the silt
beds average 3.40 m (SD 2.88), and the clay layers average 1.72 m (SD 2.21). A general fining-upward trend is
suggested by the grain-size distribution (Fig. 19B), especially if the upper unlogged part of the borehole is examined.
The gamma-log response in this hole indicates that
the sands are both underlain and overlain primarily by
clays. The clay layers overlying the sands then grade upward into laminated silts, then into thinly laminated clays.
This pattern is present in both fan lobes.

GAMMA-RAY WELL-LOG CHARACTERISTICS

can be characterized primarily as a silt- and clay-rich sequence. The lower fan overbank site (Site 624) contains
the highest percentage of clay and virtually no sand. The
lower fan site (Site 615), at the distal ends of the channel
system, contains less than 10% sand, but a very high
percentage of silt.

100
90
80
70> 6 0 CO

Iu 50-

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

S. 4030
20100

82
GUZlSand

102
EZDSilt

122
142
162
Sub-bottom depth (m)

182

202

ESJClay

Figure 15. Sand-silt-clay percentages averaged over 10-m increments

at Site 624.

SUMMARY
The well logs provide essential data in evaluation of
the missing cored sections. Processed by the NFLECT
program, they provide additional data on grain-size trends
and bedding thickness in each logged hole. Figure 20
summarizes the sand-silt-clay percentages of each site.
The channel sites in the midfan (Sites 621 and 622) and
the lower fan channel site (Site 623) contain the highest
percentages of sand. Of these three channel sites, Site
623 contains the highest percentage of sand. Site 623
contains the highest silt content and the least clay. The
midfan overbank site (Site 620) contains some sand, but

Appreciation is extended to Chevron USA, Inc., and Chevron Geosciences for providing the resources, both "hard" and "soft," for preparation of this study and for permission to publish the gamma-ray
NFLECT displays. We acknowledge Phillip Sand Hansell IPs assistance in providing interpretive computer-processed log displays and his
help with the many details of the operation of the Chevron Rapid Well
Log System. A draft version of this manuscript was reviewed by E. G.
Wermund and R. Moiola.
REFERENCES
Asquith, G., and Gibson, C , 1982. Basic Well Log Analysis for Geologists: Tulsa (American Association of Petroleum Geologists).
Helander, D. B., 1983. Fundamentals of Formation Evaluation: Tulsa
(Oil and Gas Consultants International Publications).
Roberts, H. H., and Thayer, P. L., 1985. Sedimentology of major depositional environments encountered in DSDP Log 96 borings. In
Bouma, A. H., Normark, W. R., and Barnes, N. E. (Eds.), Submarine Fans and Related Turbidite Systems: New York (SpringerVerlag), pp. 331-339.
Schlumberger, 1972. Log Interpretation Manual/Principles (Vol. I):
New York (Schlumberger Limited).
, 1974. Log Interpretation Manual/Applications (Vol. II):
New York (Schlumberger Limited).
Date of Initial Receipt: 2 May 1985
Date of Acceptance: 5 July 1985

557

J. M. COLEMAN, R. CONSTANS, A. H. BOUMA

A

Hole615
0

G a m m a r a

i n n

10Q

Hole615
_ Gamma-ray smooth

100
82-

3amma-ray NFLECT

Gamma ray

100 '

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Figure 16. Gamma-ray and gamma-ray NFLECT curves for (A) upper and (B) lower parts of Site 615. Key to lithology symbols is given in Figure 2.

558

GAMMA-RAY WELI^LOG CHARACTERISTICS

B
0

Hole 615

Gamma ra y

Gcimma-ray smooth

10 0 -

100

1Cn

10 n

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: T171-

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)
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322

Hole 615

Ga mma-ray NFLECT

f
312-

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rZIi

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Figure 16 (continued).

559

J. M. COLEMAN, R. CONSTANS, A. H. BOUMA

100
908070S. 6 0 - :

1 50o

40-

CL

3010.0-

10L) 11 jJi jJi j ii ;J i ,-JI j i i ,-.n , J i jiv, ii , J i \i i ,-i> , it-, 11 , II, it-, '| | | L i | L i

247

297

347

397

447

|L

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497

100

5.0-

90 70

'.

S) 60 -

1 50
!

I 40

!
1

30
20

3.0-

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2.01.0-

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i
1 ij

1
1

I-IIII

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fi<

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S. PM?

1*1

10
0

11
1 - i1

332
432
Sub-bottom depth (m)

Figure 17. Bed thickness trends of (A) sand (NFLECT >70 API), (B)
silt (NFLECT 70-20 API), and (C) clay (NFLECT <20 API) at
the Site 615 lower fan lobe.

560

-,

.;

.;

f-

57

GUDSand

107

d3Silt

157
Sub-bottom depth (m)

207

ESI Clay

Figure 18. Sand-silt-clay percentages averaged over 10-m increments

for Site 615. (A) lower fan lobe, (B) upper fan lobe.

o232

c
4.0-

.-

80 -

GAMMA-RAY WELL-LOG CHARACTERISTICS

100

o.u -

621

FZZI Sand

4.0*<

622
E 3 Silt

620

623

624

615

EZZ3 Clay

Figure 20. Total sand-silt-clay percentages for Leg 96 sites.

3.02.01.0-

fc

ft

IJ \
]/

ra

'i

ft.

072

122
172
Sub-bottom depth (m)

222

Figure 19. Bed thickness trends of (A) sand (NFLECT > 7 0 API), (B)
silt (NFLECT 70-20 API), and (C) clay (NFLECT < 2 0 API) at
Site 615, upper fan lobe.

561