Complex Variable

Analytic Function

Theory

Analytic Function :

If a single valued functions w = f (z) id defined and

differentiable at each point of a domain D then it is called analytic
function or regular or holomorphic function of z in the domain D.

What is domain..?
The set of values of the independent variable(s) for which a
function or relation is defined. Typically, this is the set of xvalues that give rise to real y-values.
Note: Usually domain means domain of definition, but
sometimes domain refers to a restricted domain.

A function is a said to be analytic at a point if it has a

derivative at that point and in some neighbourhood of that point.

If a function ceases to be analytic function at a point of the

domain then that point is called as a singular point.

Complex Variable

Analytic Function

Theory

Cauchy Riemann Equations In Cartesian Co-ordinates

Theorem: The necessary and sufficient conditions for a

continuous one valued function.
w = f (z) = u (x, y) + iv (x, y)

For a function to be an analytic function in a region R is

(i)

and

(i.e. = & = )

These conditions are known as Cauchy Riemann Equations or

briefly known as C R Equations.

Proof: (a) The Conditions are necessary

Let w = f (z) = u (x, y) + iv (x, y) be an analytic function at
every point of a region R.
Then

exists uniquely at every point of R

Let x and y be the increment in x, y. Let u, v, w be the

corresponding increments in u, v, w respectively.
Now,
f (z) =
=

( + ) ()

( + ) + ( + ) ( + )

Complex Variable

Analytic Function

Theory

= { + }

As w = f (z) is analytic in R, the above limit exists

independent of the path along which z 0. Since z = x + iy, the
limit is independent of the path along which x 0 and y0.

Q (z + z)

P (z)

i.e.

First consider the path (QP P) first parallel to the x-axis

z 0 such that x = 0 and z = iy and then y 0.

f (z) = ( + )
=

+ i

. ( i )

Now let z 0 along the path (QP P) first parallel

to the y-axis i.e. z 0 such that x = 0 z = iy and then y 0.

f (z) = ( + )

f (z) = . +

[=
3

= ]

Complex Variable

Analytic Function

=-

Theory

. ( ii )

For existence of f (z) (i) and (ii) must be equal

From (i) and (ii) we get,

= -

Equating real and imaginary part

and

=-

This proves that for a function to be analytic, the Cauchy Riemann

are necessary.

Proof: (b) The conditions are sufficient

Let f (z) = u (x, y) + iv (x, y) be a single valued functions
possessing continuous partial derivative

, , , at every

point in the region R satisfying the conditions

=-

we have to show that f (z) exists at every point of R.

By Taylors theorem for functions of two variables,
omitting the second and higher degree terms in x and y, we get,

Complex Variable

Analytic Function

Theory

f (z + z) = u(x + x, y + y) + iv(x + x, y + y)

= [u(x, y) + (

)] + i [v(x, y) + (

= [u(x, y) + i v(x, y)] + ( +

= f (z) + ( +

)]

) + ( + )

) + ( + )

f (z + z) - f (z) = ( +

) + ( + )

Using The C R equations ( in the second term)

f (z + z) - f (z) = ( +

= ( +
=(
=(

) + (

) + (

+
+

[ = ]

[ x + iy = z]

= + i

f (z) =

) z

+ )

) ( + )

( + ) ()

Hence, f (z) exists as

( + ) ()

exist.

f (z) is analytic.
The condition are sufficient.
5

+ i