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H 0 ( z ) = n = h0[n]z n
The filter H 0 ( z ) is assumed to be an IIR
filter without any loss of generality
5
p
6
M
Copyright 2001, S. K. Mitra
n
H k ( z ) = n = hk [n]z = n = h 0[n] zWM ,
0 k M 1
n
e
[
n
]
z
n =0 l
n
h
[
l
+
nM
]
z
,
n =0 0
0 l M 1
H k ( z) =
=
13
M 1
k
WM
2 k
WM
E0 ( z M )
z 1E ( z M )
.... WM( M 1) k ] 2 1 M
z E2 ( z )
..
.
( M 1)
EM 1 ( z M )
z
0 k M 1
14
1
1
1 ...
1
H0 ( z)
1
M
1
2
( M 1)
...
1
W
W
W
(
)
z
E
z
H ( z)
M
M
M
1
4
2 ( M 1)
H 1 ( z ) = 1 W 2
2
M
...
W
W
M
M
z
E
(
z
)
2
M
2
.
.
.
.
.
..
.. .. ...
..
..
..
.
H M 1 ( z )
( M 1)
2 ( M 1)...
( M 1) 2
1 WM
WM
WM
M
z ( M 1) E
(
z
)
M 1
MD
16
17
18
19
H 0( z )
z 1E ( z M )
H 1( z )
1
= 1 D H2 ( z)
2
M
z E2 ( z )
.
..
..
H M 1 ( z )
( M 1)
M
EM 1 ( z )
z
Nyquist Filtrs
Under certain conditions, a lowpass filter
can be designed to have a number of zerovalued coefficients
When used as interpolation filters these
filters preserve the nonzero samples of the
up-sampler output at the interpolator output
Moreover, due to the presence of these
zero-valued coefficients, these filters are
computationally more efficient than other
lowpass filters of same order
21
Lth-Band Filters
These filters, called the Nyquist filters or
Lth-band filters, are often used in single-rate
and multi-rate signal processing
Consider the factor-of-L interpolator shown
below
x[n ]
xu [n]
H (z)
y[n ]
Lth-Band Filters
If H(z) is realized in the L-band polyphase
form, then we have
L 1 i
H ( z ) = i =0 z Ei ( z L )
Assume that the k-th polyphase component
of H(z) is a constant, i.e., Ek ( z ) = :
H ( z ) = E0 ( z L ) + z 1E1 ( z L ) + ... + z ( k 1) Ek 1 ( z L )
+ z ( k +1) Ek +1 ( z L ) + ... + z ( L 1) EL 1 ( z L )
23
Lth-Band Filters
Then we can express Y(z) as
Y ( z ) = z k X ( z L ) +
As a result,
L 1
l E ( z L ) X ( z L )
z
l =0
lk
y[ Ln + k ] = x[ n]
Lth-Band Filters
25
h[Ln] =
0, otherwise Copyright 2001, S. K. Mitra
Lth-Band Filters
Figure below shows a typical impulse
response of a third-band filter (L = 3)
Lth-Band Filters
If the 0-th polyphase component of H(z) is a
constant, i.e., E0 ( z ) = then it can be shown
that
L 1
k ) = L = 1 (assuming = 1/L)
H
(
zW
k =0
L
Since the frequency response of H ( zWLk ) is
the shifted version H (e j ( 2 k / L ) ) of H (e j) ,
the sum of all of these L uniformly shifted
versions of H (e j) add up to a constant
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Half-Band Filters
An Lth-band filter for L = 2 is called a halfband filter
The transfer function of a half-band filter is
thus given by
H ( z ) = + z 1E1 ( z 2 )
with its impulse response satisfying
,
n=0
h[2n] =
0, otherwise
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Half-Band Filters
The condition
H ( z ) = + z 1E1 ( z 2 )
reduces to
H ( z ) + H ( z ) = 1 (assuming = 0.5)
If H(z) has real coefficients, then
H (e j ) = H (e j ( ) )
Hence
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H (e j ) + H (e j ( ) ) = 1
Copyright 2001, S. K. Mitra
Half-Band Filters
H (e j ( / 2) ) and H (e j ( / 2+ ) ) add up
to 1 for all
Or, in other words, H (e j) exhibits a
symmetry with respect to the half-band
frequency /2, hence the name half-band
filter
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Half-Band Filters
Figure below illustrates this symmetry for a
half-band lowpass filter for which passband
and stopband ripples are equal, i.e., p = s
and passband and stopband edges are
symmetric with respect to /2, i.e., p + s =
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Half-Band Filters
Attractive property: About 50% of the
coefficients of h[n] are zero
This reduces the number of multiplications
required in its implementation significantly
For example, if N = 101, an arbitrary Type 1
FIR transfer function requires about 50
multipliers, whereas, a Type 1 half-band
filter requires only about 25 multipliers
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Half-Band Filters
An FIR half-band filter can be designed
with linear phase
However, there is a constraint on its length
Consider a zero-phase half-band FIR filter
for which h[n] = * h[ n] , with | | = 1
Let the highest nonzero coefficient be h[R]
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Half-Band Filters
Then R is odd as a result of the condition
,
n=0
h[2n] =
0, otherwise
Therefore R = 2K+1 for some integer K
Thus the length of h[n] is restricted to be of
the form 2R+1 = 4K+3 [unless H(z) is a
constant]
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Design of Linear-Phase
Lth-Band Filters
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Design of Linear-Phase
Lth-Band Filters
Now, the impulse response of an ideal Lthband lowpass filter with a cutoff at c = / L
is given by
sin( n / L)
hLP [n] =
, n
n
It can be seen from the above that
hLP [n] = 0 for n = L, 2 L, ...
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Design of Linear-Phase
Lth-Band Filters
Hence, the coefficient condition of the Lthband filter
,
n=0
h[Ln] =
0, otherwise
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is indeed satisfied
Hence, an Lth-band FIR filter can be
designed by applying a suitable window
w[n] to hLP [n]
Copyright 2001, S. K. Mitra
Design of Linear-Phase
Lth-Band Filters
There are many other candidates for Lthband FIR filters
Program 10_8 can be used to design an Lthband FIR filter using the windowed Fourier
series approach
The program employs the Hamming
window
However, other windows can also be used
38
Design of Linear-Phase
Lth-Band Filters
Figure below shows the gain response of a
half-band filter of length-23 designed using
Program 10_8
0
Gain, dB
-20
-40
-60
-80
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
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Design of Linear-Phase
Lth-Band Filters
The filter coefficients are given by
h[ 11] = h[11] = 0.002315; h[ 10] = h[10] = 0;
h[ 9] = h[9] = 0.005412; h[ 8] = h[8] = 0;
h[ 7 ] = h[ 7 ] = 0.001586; h[ 6] = h[ 6] = 0;
h[ 5] = h[5] = 0.003584; h[ 4] = h[ 4] = 0;
h[ 3] = h[3] = 0.089258; h[ 2] = h[ 2] = 0;
h[ 1] = h[1] = 0.3122379; h[ 0] = 0.5;
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