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Introduction
Golden Hills
Situated at Cameron Highlands, Golden
Hills is an English-inspired commercial
and residential project by LBS Bina
Group Berhad. The site is strategically
located in between two well-developed
centres, Tanah Rata and Brinchang.
Designed with nature and modernity in
harmony, Golden Hills is destined to be
the centre of commercial attraction in
Cameron Highlands. The expected date
of completion is April 2016.
byJiilian
Location Plan
TABLE OF CONTENT
1
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SITE AND SAFETY
2 - 9
3. EXTERNAL WORK
10 - 19
4. FOUNDATION
20 - 24
5. SUPER STRUCTURE
1 . FLOORING SYSTEM
II . FORMWORK, REINFORCEMENT, SCAFFOLDING
III . WALL
IV .STAIRCASE
25
31
41
50
56 - 60
7. ROOF
30
40
49
55
61 - 73
8. SUMMARY
74
9. REFERENCE
75
Site
and
Safety
The Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) and other government agencies
have regulations that lay down the legal requirements to ensure the safety and health of not
only the workers at the place of work but also the public. It is applied to all place of work in
building operation and work
of engineering construction activity in Malaysia covered by the Occupational
Safety And Health Act 1994 (Act 514), the Factories And Machinery Act 1967 (Act 139), and all
the regulations made there under.
Safety Equipment
Everyone that entering the construction site are required to wear safety equipment to
reduce the risk of getting injuries.
Site
and Safety
SAFETY EQUIPMENT & SIGNBOARD
Signboard
Signboards are placed all the place around the construction site to provide the information
and reminder to people around.
Safety helmet
Safety boot
Safety helmets made of thermoplastics, help to protect people's head from falling
object from the top. The safety helmet might not be able to fully protect a person's
head but it does reduce the injury on that individual. Safety helmets come in different
colours to indicate the roles of individuals that accessing the site. Yellow and blue are
commonly worn by workers of the site, white by architects, engineers or visitors and
red is by safety agent.
Site
and Safety
CONSTRUCTION SITE OFFICE
AND WAREHOUSE
By Wong Teng Chun
Warehouse
Site
and Safety
HOARDING , COVERING,
WHEEL WASHING & SCAFFOLDING
By Wong Teng Chun
Wheel Washing
Hoarding
Trucks or any vehicles that are going out of the construction site are required to undergo washing to
ensure the public road to be clean and not polluted by the dirt and dust from the construction site. There
is a place where its lowered ground for vehicles to wash itself and this system is called drive-through
system. The vehicles are drive forward and backward repeatedly washing the wheels until clean before
moving to the public road.
Covering
Scaffolding
Scaffolding provides a temporary barrier
that prevent workers from falling off
accidentally. It also act as temporary
supporting for the materials and rubbish
chute for easier way to dispose rubbish and
as well as walk way.
Any unused materials that are placed on the site are being covered to prevent rainwater and direct sunlight from
reaching it which could damage and distrub the materials properties.
Plants
and Machinery
BACKHOE-LOADER, FORKLIFT &
TELESCOPING-BOOM TRUCK MOUNTED
MOBILE CRANES
By Wong Teng Chun
Backhoe-loader
backhoe
stick
cab
Forklift
tractor
loader
Used in digging shallow excavations and trenches, general grading, lifting loads, loading and carry light building materials around
the site. The backhoe bucket can be replaced with others such as
breaker, grapple, auger or stump grinder
bucket
Stabilizer legs
Telescoping-boom
Truck Mounted Mobile
Cranes
Also called mobile crane, is used in lifting and transporting materials around the site by hanging it on the hook. It can lift loads up to
5 storey height. Its function can be changed by changing the hook
into another equipment such as demolition ball, clamshell bucket
or dragline.
main boom
tip (head)
Forklift is used to lift and transport building materials around the site. It is found
near warehouse. It is said to be dangerous and to be handle carefully as the lifting
of the materials increases the height of centre of gravity together with the speed
when transporting causing it to be unstable.
Mast assembly
Hydraulic
Hose
Hose
Keepers
Tilt Cylinder
hook
boom
Operator
cab
main hoist
truck cab
Gauges
Overhead
Guard
Fork
6
Driving
Wheels
Steering
Wheels
Plants
Truck
and Machinery
TRUCK, CONCRETE MIXER TRANSPORT
TRUCK, CEMENT MIXER & EXCAVATOR
By Wong Teng Chun
Cement Mixer
A device used to mix the cement,
aggregate and water to form concrete.
The cement mixer is portable and can be
found at the site as it helps for the workers
to apply the concrete before it hardens.
Excavator
Hydraulic
Pile Driver
A transportation vehicles that transport readily mixed concrete in a large quantities to the
construction site. During the transportation, the drum of the truck rotates continuously
to prevent the cement from hardening and maintaining in liquid form with a spiral blade
build inside the drum. When the truck pouring the cement, the drum rotates in opposite
directions to force the cement flows out from the drum.
drum
arm cylinder
arm
bucket
cylinder
side cutter
bucket
boom
boom cylinder
cab
muffler counterweight
It is a device that is
used to drive piles
into the ground to
provide foundation
support for the
buildings. The weight
is raised by hydraulics
to the highest point
and then released and
smashes on the pile to
drive into the ground.
Plants
and Machinery
TRACTOR, BULLDOZER & ROAD ROLLERS
By Wong Teng Chun
Tractor
Bulldozer
Road Rollers
Road roller also sometimes called a roller
compactor or roller. The function of this vehicle
is to compact the ground with its large and
heavy metal tires at the front of the vehicle.
It is very useful as it reduces the time of the
construction and the labour costs for land
flattening. Roller also can be used in landfills,
road construction and agriculture.
This vehicle is equipped with a substantial metal plate at the front and is
used to push a large quantities of soil, sand or rock during construction.
Bulldozer also equipped with continuous track instead of tires which allows
the vehicles to go through uneven ground easily.
hydraulic cylinder
roller drum
pushing beam
blade
Power Trovel
Plants
and Machinery
POWER TROVEL, BAR BENDING MACHINE,
WATER PUMP & AIR COMPRESSOR
By Wong Teng Chun
Water Pump
Water pump is used to suck out
the water in the construction site,
preventing in flooding and channel
it outside the site. The flow of
water pump can be reversed by
turning the fan of the motor in
opposite direction.
Air Compressor
This devices convert power into kinetics energy by compressing and pressuring
air and release it in a quick burst. Air compressor is used filling tires and supply a
moderate amount of air pressure for tools and equipment such as jackhammers.
External Work
By Ling Yuan Ming
EXTERNAL WORKS
10
External Work
EARTHWORK
Earthwork are engineering works. They are created through the moving and processing part of the
earths surfaces which includes soil and rock. Theses soil and rock may be trasnfered to another
location. Most earthwork involves machine excavation and backfillling.
SETTLING OUT
Settling out involves marking out the site to indicate foundation trenches are to be dug as
well as the position of the walls on the oncrete foundation. Wooden profiles are firmly placed
into the ground, on which strings can be fixed, the position of which can be transferred to the
ground to indicate the trench and wall positions.
Once the profiles are in, the string lines for the outer edge of the trench are checked to
ensure that the diagonals are equal - showing that the house will be built square. If the
diagonals are not equal, then reposition some profiles and check again.
11
External Work
SITE LAYOUT
3 storey semidetached townhouse
Double storey
townhouse
Commercial/
Villa/Hotel
SITE OFFICE
Located on an empty land that will future developed not
far from the main road.
Site office buildings are fundamental for smooth running operation. The site office keeps all data,
documents and information about every construction method, specifications of materials and work
progresses. Every visitor to the site have to report to the construction office to obtain permission. It can be
either permanent or portable; usually portable and made from a container.
Bungalow Lots
Shop Apartment
Shop Apartment
12
External Work
SITE LAYOUT
SITE OFFICE
TOILET
LABOUR RELATION
Rows of temporary accommodation were built by and for the foreign workers. These workers live nomadically and stays on every
construction site they go to. In Cameron Highlands, their temporary staying place/shelter is made of plywood and zincalume roof too. The
shelter are slightly raised from the ground to prevent flooding and water entry whenever heavy rain hits.
13
External Work
Pipes from each house or building will flow to a sewer main. Repeatedly, a vertical pipe will run
up from the main to the surface where it is covered by a manhole cover. Manholes are present
to allow access to the main for maintenance purposes.
PROCESS
Note that
manhole covers
are circular,
arent square
or rectangle so
that the cover
will not have
the chance
to fall into the
main.
From there, the sewer mains will flow into sequentially larger pipes until they arrive at the
wastewater treatment plant. The type of pipe used in sewage is Vitrified Clay Pipe (VCP). VCP
is used as it has resistance to almost all domestic waste, particularly sulfuric acid by hydrogen
sulfide (a common component in sewage). A sewer system is completely gravity-powered. In
order for gravity to do its job, the wastewater plant are usually located on lower grounds.
Once the water reaches the plant, it will go through several stages of treatment. The first stage
is known as a primary treatment where it allows the solids to settle out of the water and the scum
to rise. The system will then collect the solids for disposal, usually in a landfill or an incinerator.
The second stage, secondary treatment is carried out to remove organic materials and nutrient.
Air and is pumped into large aeration tanks mixing wastewater and sludge that stimulates the
growth of oxygen-using bacteria. These beneficial bacteria will consume the organic materials and
produce heavier particles that will settle later on. The wastewater passes through the bubbling
tanks in three to six hours. This secondary treatment will remove 90% of all solids and organic
materials.
The third and last treatment before discharging the effluent is the tertiary treatment. This
treatment uses chemicals to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from the water. Chlorine is added
too to kill bacteria. The water is then discharged into nearby river.
14
WATER RETICULATION
Multiple construction developers are carrying out their own projects in that and its neighbouring area. Due to the massive
construction in that area, the Government has requested the developer to have their own water tank to supply water to the
inner residential than relying on the existing water tank outside.
External Work
By Ling Yuan Ming
There are a few types of water tank, overhead, underground and rest on ground. In Cameron Highlands, the water tank
belongs to the one that rests on the ground. This is due to its aesthetical view of its surrounding and also the design of the
construction. Situated on a hill, the height is sufficient and perfect.
This temporary water tank gets water supply from the main pipe. It is to supply the foreign workers with clean source of water
to carry out daily activities such as drinking, cooking, showering and also for construction purposes. This water tank is built
much earlier before the permanent water tank is built and will be demolished at the end of the project.
15
External Work
WATER RETICULATION
WATER PUMP STATION
16
External Work
WALL STRUCTURE
The type of wall used in the detention basin is Gabion Wall. It
is a type of retaining wall that is made up of stacked stone-filled
gabions tied together with wire.
Gabions are usually stacked backwards, stepped back with the
slop and not arranged vertically.
A detention basin differs from a retention basin as it does not have a permanent pool of water. The basic function of this detention
basin is allowing large flows of water to enter but limits the outflow by having a small opening at a lowest point of the structure.
17
External Work
STREETLIGHTS
Streetlights belongs to one of the final
installments in a construction work,
therefore theyre not erected yet in the
construction but some are available on
the road outside, linking the main road
and the construction site.
Underground wiring
18
External Work
Before
After
It usually takes approximately three to four years to fully grow a laecaena seed, until its big enough to protect the hillside.
In Cameron Highlands, these seed is planted on the hillside behind the three storeys semi-detached.
19
Foundation.
20
Foundation
Reinforce Concrete Pile
by Evelyn Sinugroho
Piling Process
Piles shall be positioned as indicated on the approved pile location drawings. Pilings shall be located not more than twelve (12)
inches from design location on the Pile Location Drawing, unless
approved otherwise by the contractors design Engineer. Remove
any encountered obstructions, or add/relocate pile and adjacent
piles as required by the pile layout designer.
21
Foundation
Reinforce Concrete Pile
by Evelyn Sinugroho
PileMaterialandProduction
Precast concrete piles : commonly manufactured in square and ranging from about 250 mm to about 450 mm,
with a maximum section length of up to about 20 m.
The piles are hammered in one by one until it reaches a certain depth or until it reaches
the bed rock. Each pile has a length of the of 20 metres, if needed extension, another pile
will be added on top of it. The excess length of the pile will be cut off, then a pile cap will
be set on top of it.
They are made of concrete, yams, threads, filaments or the like having a basis of a thermoplastic material
CAPACITY OF PILE
The maximum allowable structural working load (Safe
Working Load) of the pile is calculated in accordance with
BS 8004.
22
Reinforced
Foundation
Concrete Pile
by Evelyn Sinugroho
Column
Floor Slab
Crushed Stones
Expansion
joint
Pile Cap
Placing the Re-bar inside the frame work before pouring in the cement. The materials used are long
twisted steel bars between piles held in shape by thinner tie wires.
Pile
Pile Cap
2. Setting up Framework
Once the steel mat is laid, timber is attached around the perimeter to contain the wet concrete
mixture.
The concrete contains an aggregate of small rocks and cement. Once poured, The concrete is
stirred to remove any air pockets that might weaken the structure when set. The concrete undergoes
an exothermic chemical change as it hardens and this produce a lot of heat.
Reinforce Bar N2
Reinforce Bar N1
Mud Slab
Pile
N1
N2/N3
23
Reinforced
Column Load
Foundation
Concrete Pile
by Evelyn Sinugroho
Thikness
:3
Reinforced Concrete
Grade
Pile Foundation
Elevation
Thickness :6
Thickness may vary from
column load
Pile Section
Concrete
Steel Shoe
or
Rock Shoe
24
Flooring System
25
Flooring System
Material & details
by
Masoud Ramedani
Rebar
Cement/Concrete
Braces
Welded Wires
26
Flooring System
Different floor systems
by
Masoud Ramedani
There are 3 different type of floor system , concrete , wood/timber & steel
Wood/Timber floor system
The wood or timber floor system , usually use in the framing , as an example for the roof and most of the time for top parts they use wood or timber
,
Wood floor system is easier to use , and at the same time is it faster as well , can also connect them in a faster way with simple tools
Here are some examples to show the connection of the wood floor systems and Wood framing method.
Carpet
Steel
Bracket
Plywood
Filling
Felt
Wood Beams
27
Flooring System
Construction Method
by
First of all they make a Foundation , after that building the platform framing.
Joists, studs, rafters and plates are the members that are used to construct
platform framing.
After that the sand blinding and the minimum of 100mm concrete will be poured in
to the platform.
Masoud Ramedani
Girder
Steel Bracket
Reinforced
Concrete
Stone
Rebar
Steel Column
Concrete
Slab
Steel Deck
Wood
Beams
Filler Beams
28
Flooring System
by
Concrete Floors
For the concrete floor system method , there
are two types , either they mix the concrete
at the site or they just bring the mixed and
ready concrete it and pour it , they mix the
cement and sand and other mixtures , they
pour into the platform that they made
before in the site.
After they made it clear and straight surface ,
than the drying process will start. They also
have to cover it , so the rain or dust wont
affect on the quality of the job.
Concrete Floor
-Applied on area which frequently
exposed to water
-More durable smooth concrete.
Parallel Grooved
Concrete Floor
-NonSlip and highly wear resistant.
-Applied on parking lot
-Applied on ramp
Masoud Ramedani
Cement Flooring
Cement floors will be used in some
other special places as ground
levels that they want to put other
materials at the top of it as
ceramics or tiles.
In this type of flooring they pour
some sand or stones first and after
that they put cement on it and wait
for the drying process and after
that they finish it with putting some
tiles or ceramics at the top.
Ceramic tiles
5cm thickness
of cement
Cement
Stone or Sand
29
Flooring System
by
Masoud Ramedani
Abundance
Cheap
Familiar
construction
technique
Strength
Durability
Wood/Timber
Disadvantages
Low in tensile
strength
Need reinforcement
Loses the shape in
different temperature
Advantages
Disadvantages
Fast
Light
Quickly
assembled
High fire
resistance
rating
Expensive
Only 3times can
be used
Heavy
Steel
Advantages
Lighter than
timber
Stronger
Easier to join
Recyclable
Disadvantages
Hard to find
Rare material
Expensive material
30
Formwork, Reinforcement,
and
Scaffolding.
31
Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING
Type of formwork.
The formwork appication we've found on our site are woodform work and metal (aluminium) formwork. this is an application of system
formwork
32
Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
FORM LINER,
material for linning the inside face of a form specially selected to impart a smooth or patterned finish to
the concrete surface
RELEASE AGENT,
BULKHEAD
SCAFFOLDING
finishing effects
BRACING
WOOD STUDS,
SPREADER
WALER
YOKE
33
Formwork member:
BRACE
Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING
SHUTTER
SOLDIIERS
NAILED TO SIDE SHUTTER
BATTEN
Snap ties
34
Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
Formwork member:
SCAFFOLDING
STUD PIN
INSTALLATION:
STRIPPING TOOL
OTHER APPLICATION
FORMWORK ARE USED TO CONSTRUCT SOME DIFFERENT FORM FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES.
IN THIS CASE, FORMWORK ARE APPLIED IN ORDER
TO
CONSTRUCT A PILE CAP.
35
inareinforcedconcrete,steelbars/rebarsresisttensileforcesandshear
whileconcreteresistscompressionforce.thereare2typesofrebar:plain
ordeformed.deformationimprovethebondbetweensteelandconcrete.
Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING
IT IS TIES TO A COLUMN TO
SUPPORT BEAM AND SLAB. IT IS
ALSO USED TO EXTEND
OVERLAP VERTICAL BAR EXTEND
DOWN INTO FOOTIG OR PILE CAP
FAR ENOUGH TO DEVELOP
ADEQUATE LENGTH FOR
ANCHORAGE.
LATERAL TIES
PILE CAP
COLUMN
FINAL PRODUCT THAT HAS BEEN
BEND INTO SPECIFICATION.
36
Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING
37
Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING
LGITH SCAFFOLDING
38
Formwork, Reinforcement,
& Scaffolding
Scaffolding member:
SCAFFOLDING
JET BASE
IT HAS
ADJUSTABKE
LEVELING
FEATURE WHICH
ALLOW THE
WORKER TO
ADJUST DESIRED
HEIGHT. A PIN IS
SET INTO THE
HOLE OF INNER
TUBE, THEN
SLIDING THE
SCREW POSITION
TO CERTAIN
LEVEL..
HEAD
IT HAS A CLAMP
OR BRACE FOR
STRENGTHENING OR HOLDING METAL
BAR TO ENABLE WALKING
BOARD CAN
LAY ON A EVEN
SURFACE.
INNER TUBE
HEAD
IT HAS A CLAMP
OR BRACE FOR
STRENGTHENING
OR HOLDING METAL BAR.
IN THIS CASE IT
ACT AS A BASE TO
ACCOMODATE THE
SITUATION.
JOINT PIN
CROSS BRACE
TWO DIAGONAL
SUPPORT PLACED
IN A X SHAPED
MANNER THAT
CONNECT VERTICAL FRAME TO
EACH OTHER..
39
FALSEWORK
THE TEMPORARY FRAMWORK FOR SUPPORTING A STRUCTURE UNDER CONSTRUCTION THAT IS NOT YET CAPABLE OF SUPPORTING ITSELF. IN THIS CASE, SCAFFOLDING ARE USED AS SUPPORTING MEMBER. THE SCAFFOLDING WILL BE REMOVE ONCE THE STRUCTURE HAS
GAIN ENOUGH STREGHT TO SELF-SUPPORT.
40
Wall System.
41
Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
Function of walls:
1. To support vertical load
2. Exteriior wall, able to withstand horizontal wind loading.
3. Serve as shear walls and transfer
lateral win and seismic forces to the
ground foundation..
retaining wall
concrete wall
mansory wall
42
Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
2nd step
Nailed to side shutter
3rd step
Erect formwork
BEAM,
OVERHAND CENTILEVER,
SLAB.
4th step
5th step
Formwork is removed
6th step
43
Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
1ST STEP
4TH STEP
2ND STEP
5TH STEP
FORMWORK IS REMOVED
3RD STEP
6TH STEP
ERECT FORMWORK
44
Clay brick.
Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
Mansory at at top
level.
Running bond.
Rowlock.
45
Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
Cement or Mortar
Dowel Bars
It is fixed to reinforce
concrete wall about
every 4 course
brickwall.
46
Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
4th stage
1st stage
2nd stage
5th stage
3rd stage
47
Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
Corner beading
Act as a reinforce
exterior angles of
plasterwork. Flexible
corner beads may be
bent for curve edges.
In this case the edge
of this wall has used
F-reveal at the corner.
In this photograph,
a F-reveal also
has been applied
to the column for
plasterwork.
Concrete beading
also been use at a
curve arc.
48
Super Structure
WALL SYSTEM
Process of Plasterwork:
Substrate surface preparation
shall provide a clean and sound
surface with a finish profile of a
CSP-1 to 4 as per ICRI Technical
Guidlines.
Pre-soak to provide saturated
surface dry (SSD) substrate
condition before apply coating
material.
49
Staircase
50
Superstructure
Stairs
by
Terminology
Step: The step is composed of the tread and riser.
Tread: The part of the stairway which is stepped on.
Riser: The vertical portion between each tread on the stair.
Nosing: An edge part of the tread that protrudes over the riser beneath.
Bullnose: Where stairs are open on one or both sides, the first step above the lower
floor may be
wider than the other steps and rounded.
Stringer: The structural member that supports the treads and rises.
Winders: Winders are steps that are narrower on one side than the other. They are
used to change the direction of the stairs without landings.
Trim: Normally applied where walls meet floors and often underneath treads to hide the
reveal where the tread and riser meet/
Handrail: The angled member for handholding, as distinguished from the vertical
balusters which hold it up for stairs that are open on one side.
Guardrail: Required to protect the open glazed sides of stairways, ramps, porches, and
unenclosed floor and roof openings.
Gooseneck: The vertical handrail that joins a stopped handrail to a higher handrail on
the balcony or landing.
Landing: A platform between flights of the stairs or at the termination of a flight of stairs.
51
Straight-Run Stair
- A straight-run stair extends from
one level to another, absence of
turns or winders
- Building codes generally limit the
vertical rise between landings to
12 (3660).
Half-Turn Stair
- A half-turn stair turns 180 or
through two right-angles at the
intervening landing
- A half-turn stair is more compact
than a single straight-run stair
- The two fights connected by the
landing may be equal or unequal,
depending on the desired
proportion of the stairway opening.
Quarter-Turn Stair
- A quarter-turn or L-shaped stair
makes a right angled turn in the path
of travel
- The two flights connected by an
intervening landing may be equal or
unequal, depending on the desired
proportion of the stairway opening
Winding Stair
- A winding stair is any stairway
constructed with winders, as a circular
or spiral stair.
- Winders can be hazardous since they
offer little foothold at their interior
corners. Building codes generally
restrict the use of winders to private
stairs within individual dwelling units.
52
Pic 1
Pic 2
53
Measurements
The rise height or rise of each step is measured from the top of the first tread to the next.
The tread depth of a step is measured from the edge of the nosing to the vertical riser.
The going of a step is measured from the edge of the nosing to the edge of nosing in plan view.
The total run or total going of the stairs is the horizontal distance from the first riser to the last
riser.
Total Run = (No. Risers - 1) x Unit Run
The total rise of the stairs is the height between floors (or landings) that the flight of stairs is
spanning. If there are N steps, the total rise equals N times the rise of each step.
The slope or pitch of the stairs is the ratio between the rise and the going (not the tread depth,
due to the nosing).
Headroom is the height above the nosing of a tread to the ceiling above it.
Pic 1
Wood
They have poor resistance to fire and only used for small residential buildings. They are light-weight and the
timber used should be free from fungal decay or insect attack. The wood should be well treated before use.
In-Situ Reinforced Concrete (Pic 2))
It is usually designed as an inclined, one way reinforced slab with steps formed on its upper surface. It acts
as a simple beam if the stair is constructed after the floor beam or wall supports. If it is cast with the beam
or slab supports, it is designed as a continuous beam. Concrete stairs require careful analysis of load,
span, and support conditions.
Steel
Pre-engineered and prefabricated steel stairs are available. They require regular maintenance in the form of
painting to protect from corrosion. Mostly used for spiral stairs and made up of mild steel or cast iron.
54
Pic 2
Standard Requirements:
Stairway design is strictly regulated by the building code. The
dimensions of the stairway are subjected to the requirements approved
by the Department of Standards Malaysia.
Risers and Treads
- Tread depth: 11 (280) minimum
- Riser height: 4 (100) minimum; 7 (180) maximum
- Uniform riser and tread dimensions are required to prevent slipping
- More than 16 risers per flight are not encouraged
- Open risers are not permitted
Stairway Width
- The occupant load determines the required width of an exit stairway.
- 44 (1120) minimum clear width; 36 (915) minimum for stairways
serving an occupant load of 49 or less
Landings
- Landings should be at least as wide as the stairway width and have
minimal length of 44 (1120) measured in the direction of travel.
Landings in dwelling units may have a minimum length of 36 (915).
- When door is fully open, the door must not intrude into required width
by more than 7 (180).
Handrails
- Required on both sides of the stair. The building code allows
exceptions for stairs in individual dwelling units, stairways less than 44
(1120) wide and stairs having less than four risers.
- 34 to 38 (865 to 965) height above the leading edge of the stair
treads or nosings.
- Should be continuous without any obstruction
- One handrail should extend at least 12 (305) plus one tread width
beyond the bottom riser. The ends should return smoothly to a wall or
walking surface, or continue to the handrail of an adjacent stair flight.
If there is a door at the landing, the door should swing in the direction
of egress and door swing must not reduce the landing to less than one
half of its required width. - When door is fully open, the door must not
intrude into required width by more than 7 (180).
Detailed Analysis
- The stairs have full landing
- Closed risers
- Absence of skirting
- Treads width meets the standard requirements.
- Risers height meets the standard requirements.
- Landings and stairs have equal width
- Single handrail as permitted in dwelling units
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Door
and
Window
56
Door and doorways are the connection between two or more spaces
which is provide access from outside to inside. There are variety
types and style of doors that followed by different function.
For the installation, there will be some criteria that need to be
considered, size, strength and durability, apperance, weather
proofing, material, finishing and head of opening.
Door
Door
DOOR
and
Window
by Julia Shenjaya
2. Sliding door
2. The wood door frame
visually appealing, because
of the natural appearane and
provide excellent insulation.
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Door
DOOR
and
Window
by Julia Shenjaya
Lintel
Door cramps or
Door frame tie
2. Next step is installing the wall by
stacking bricks and there will be a door
cramps between one level of brick
stacking that used to tie the internal and
external wall to door leaf. On the top of
doorframe also have a lintel to support
the weight of the bricks on top of the
doorframe. The lintel that used in the
site construction is concrete lintel.
The lockset
Door strike
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The Finishing door
Window is the other opening after a door. Windows need to be aesthetically acceptable by Door and Window
WINDOW
the design of the building and environment. Installation of windows need to follow the
minimum requirement, to ensure the function. Windows are designed with such requirement by Julia Shenjaya
to resist wind loading,providing the natural lighting, ventilation, type and size of glazing
and the vision contact from inside to outside.
Window
2. Casement window
1. Head is the uppermost member of door frame
2. Jamb: either two side members of door frame
3. Exterior casing: Not always used.
4. Rough opening : Space require at he top,
sides,and bottom for levelling window unit.
5. Casing trim: Finishing trim work around window
opening.
6. Sash: movable framework which panes of glass
are set.
7. Glazing: sheet of glass set in the sashes of window
and offer little resistance to heat flow.
8. Sills: collect the rainwater which has run down the
face of the window and shed it clear of the wall bellow.
59
Door
WINDOW
and
Window
by Julia Shenjaya
A concrete lintel
A timber
3. Do the checking of the sub frame before combining the sub frame to the window frame. After that
do the plastering on the wall. The sub frame can be
cleaned of any dust and debris.
Aluminium wrap by
Vinyl
60
Roof
61
Roof
LAYOUT PLAN
LAYOUT PLAN
R.C.
Slab
Shed Roof
Void
62
Roof
Gable Roof
Straight slope falling from ridge to eave, creating a
peak or triangle on the side or front facade. The
inclination can't exceeding 30 degrees.
Shed Roof
Type Of Truss
Triple Howe
Sloping Flat
63
Roof
Metal Deck
Reflecting sun and heat to protect dwelling from damaging ray and
weathering.
Aluminum Foil
Rock Wool
Steel Rafter
Aluminum Foil
Rock Wool
Aluminum Foil
PE (Polyethylene)
Kraft Paper
Reinforcing Glass Fibre
Aluminum Foil
Made by multi layer radiant barrier of low
emissivity and It will stop as much as
97% of radiant heat transfer.
Sisalation
Insulated
Made from stone wool which are fire
resistance, excellent acoustics and thermal
control, durable in lifetime , sustainable
materials and reduce waste.
Uninsulated
64
Roof
INSTALLATION PROCESS
Installation Process
Flat Roof
Pitched Roof
65
Roof
ROOF TERMINOLOGY
Roof Terminology
Ridge
Gable
Valley Rafter
Common Rafter
Soffits
Jack Rafter
Fascia
Valley Rafter
Ridge
Pipe
Gable
Hip Rafter
Common Rafter
Jack Rafter
Verge
Fascia hangs down below the bottom line of roof tiles. Soffit is the
horizontal surface that fit the gap between the bottom of the
fascia and the wall for ventilation.
Eaves
66
Roof
TRUSS TERMINOLOGY
by lim choon wah
Truss Terminology
Apex
Top Chord
Purlins
Collar Ties
Posts
Webs
Bottom Chord
Top Chord
Apex
Collar Ties
Purlins
Nail Plate
Posts
Webs
Wall Plate
RC Wall
Bottom Chord
Normal Span
Brandering
Splice
Overhang
67
Roof
Joint
JOINT
Steel Rafter
Aluminum Hollow
Rectangular Bar
Power Tools
Purlins
Aluminum Hat
Channel
Aluminum C
Channel
Aluminum
Channel
Aluminum Z
Channel
Hammer Drill
Screw
Steel Brackets
L- Shaped of steel
brackets.
Square steel
brackets.
To show the joint between steel brackets and screw to hold the aluminum channel and
onto the masonry bricks.
Tapping
range up to
10ga mean
0.25cm for
aluminum
thickness.
A screw
tapping
through the
aluminum
channel.
Properly driven
Driven straight,
good penetration
and compressed
firmly against the
surface.
Improperly driven
Driven misaligned, overdriven,
and under driven which could
contribute to leakage and poor
engagement.
68
Roof
Connection
CONNECTION
Internal Support
Connection
Apex Connection
Posts
L-Brackets
Bottom Chord
Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm
Apex Plate
Top Chord
King Posts
R.C. Beams
Bottom ChordX
Section X - X
End Connection
Top Chord
Brick Wall
L-Brackets
Upper
Beam/
Brick
Wall
Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm
SelfDrilling
Screw
Posts
L-Brackets
Brick Wall
Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm
L-Brackets
Posts
L-Brackets
Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm
Posts
Bolt Penetrate In
Min. 50mm
Bottom Chord
R.C. Beams
Bottom Chord
Bottom Chord
R.C. Beams
69
Roof
Bracing
Purlin Bracing
BRACING
Purlin which bolted above the top chord to limiting
any bending movement and the spans for each is
700mm.
Top Chord
Web Bracing
W
Top Chord
Purlin
Bracing
Top Chord
Section W - W
Purlin
Bracing
Side View
Plan View
Web Bracing
Posts
Collar Tie
Bottom Chord
Front View
Post Bracing
Vertical sway bracing must be required
between the top and bottom chords of adjacent
trusses to provide resistance against lateral
Z
wind and seismic forces.
Post
Bracing
Post
Bracing
Bottom Chord
Section Y - Y
Y
Bottom Chord
Bracing
Side View
Collar Tie
Collar Tie
Plan View
Side View
Z
Section Z - Z
Front View
70
Roof
Mechanical Services
Ventilate pipe
Electrical
Upper R.C. Beam
The electrical
wires were
applied into
the PVC
casing and
tied with
aluminum wire
between the
bottom chord
or R.C. Beam
Ventilation Pipe is
an extension of the
waste that runs up
through the roof to
the exterior for
venting of exhaust
gases and to
maintain
atmospheric
pressure in the
waste system.
PVC Casing
Aluminum Wire
L-Bracket
Vent
Flashing
Ceiling
Roof
Rafter
Water Tank
Wall
Ceiling
Workers
The ceiling panels were supported by the
bottom chord and the concrete beams by
hanging with suspension rod.
Steel
Beams
Suspension
Rod Bracket
Suspension
Rod
Suspension
Clip
Ceiling
Panels
71
Roof
Flashing
FLASHING
Ridge Flashing
Screw
Ridge
Metal deck
Closure
Silicone
Pipe Flashing
-Flexible, weather resistant EPDM
rubber or silicone
-Aluminum base is flexible to
conform to any panel profile
-Grey EPDM is ozone and
ultraviolet resistance
-Appropriate pipe size diameter
listed on flashing to assure proper
fit
Material
Installation Process
Fastener
Sealant Tube
Ventilate
Pipe
Edge Flashing
Properties
-Grey TPE
3) Mold the
flexible base to
the panel
contours
Installation Process
Material
1) Apply
the
sealant
along the
corner
Applications.
2) Apply sealant to
the bottom of the
base to seal up
4) Than
apply
heat to
seal
edges
2) Apply
splice tape
on the
dekstrip
5) Install
the
fasteners
on the top
& bottom
edge
3) Than
put
another
dekstip
over the
tape
6) Apply
additional
sealant on
both
fastened
edges
72
Roof
Gutter System
GUTTER SYSTEM
Metal Decks
Drop Outlet
End
Gutter
Joiner
Corner
Purlins
Elbow
Hanger
Gutter
Leading the
rain water from
metal decks to
it.
Connector
Downspout
Downspout Clip
Gutter
135 Internal
Angle
R.C.
Beam
Stop Ends
Fascia
PVC Downspout
Joint Connector
Gutter
90 Internal Angle
Soffit
Fascia Bracket
Scupper
Internal Drain
Potential leakage area at
drain same like scupper
73
Summary
by
We had the opportunity to communicate with different kinds of people who were involved in the construction of the site, such as the
contractor, the engineer and the construction workers. We first approached all aspects of this project with curiosity so that we have a fair
understanding of the topics that were involved. Then, we picked a specific topic each and asked questions while sharing the knowledge
with the rest of our teammates, in hopes that the discussions that follow through will provide a learning opportunity for everyone. We
approached this project as a team so at the end, each of us is able to gain knowledge of how other parts of the buildings are constructed.
We would also like to express our gratitude to LBS Bina Group Bhd for the site visit permission, the site
personnel for being patient with us .and lastly our tutor, AR Chin Tuck Heng for guiding us on the right path.
74
Referencing
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Asaff, S. (n.d.). Installing Glass Blocks in a Window Frame. Retrieved October 29, 2014,
from http://homeguides.sfgate.com/installing-glass-blocks-window-frame-59657.html
Ching, F.D.K. (2012) A visual dictionary of architecture (2nd ed). New Jersey & Canada:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc Hoboken.
Ching, F.D.K.. (2008). Building Construction Illustrated (4th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley
& Sons.
Chicken Wire Mesh. (2014, May 1). Retrieved October 18, 2014, f
rom http://www.indiamart.com/chandratradingcompany/chicken-wire-mesh.html
Chudley, R., & Greeno, R. (2004). Building construction handbook (5th ed., p. 721). London: Routledge.
Designing the Roof. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2014, from http://www.homebuilding.co.uk/design/choosing-products/roofing/designingthe-roof
Flashings. (n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2014, from http://stratco.com.au/products/flashings/types/flashings/flashings.asp
Metal Roof Solutions. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 19, 2014, from http://www.trusttrs.com/metalroofing.html
Rockwool Twin Roll Loft Insulation. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 14, 2014, from
http://www.insulationshop.co/rockwool_twin_roll_loft_insulation_200mm.html
Sealants. (2013, January 1). Retrieved October 16, 2014, from http://trianglefastener.com/brands/sealants.asp
TH-TRUSS System. (2014, January 1). Retrieved October 22, 2014, from http://www.thunghing.com.my/metal-roof-truss-system.php
What Kind of Trusses to Use for Different Roof & Ceiling Shapes. (2014, October 5). Retrieved October 22, 2014,
from http://cortezcolorado.net/what-kind-of-trusses-to-use-for-different-roof-ceiling-shapes/
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