RESEARCH DESIGN

The differences between cross sectional research design and Pre and Post research
design.
At this time, a lot of research studies that have been done by humans . conducted a
study is the essence of a human being has been since the days of our ancestors to
survive . Therefore we can now enjoy a wide range of knowledge that they pass on
to their grandchildren to continue to develop the science is to get a higher quality of
life .
Along with the rapid development of the times today , as well as the study
specifically on the research itself .
Therefore on this time we will discuss about the research. What is the research? If
you ask different people usually you will find the different answers . However,
although different still have the same purpose .
In the opinion of yoseph 1979 study is the art and science for an answer of the
problem . Due to the arts and scientific research will also provide spaces that would
accommodate the differences of what is meant by research .
Understanding Research by Kerlinger (1986 ) is a discovery process that has the
characteristics of a systematic , controlled , empirical , and based on theories and
hypotheses or answer while . Some characteristics of the study deliberately
emphasized by Kerlinger that research activity is different from other professional
activities . Different research activities pertaining to the duties of journalists who
usually cover and report the news based on facts . Their work has not said the study
, because it does not include other characteristics that support so that it can be said
the results of the research , which is based on the characteristics of existing and
relevant theory and conducted intensive and controlled in its execution .

http://ridwanaz.com/umum/bahasa/pengertian-penelitian-definisi-penelitian-adalah/,
pengertian penelitian definisi penelitian, Ridwan AZ, tahun 2012,Jakarta
Indonesia, diakses pada hari senin 01 Januari 2016 pada pukul 16.30 WIB.

So it can be concluded that research is an art and science to make discoveries that
have the characteristics of a systematic , controlled , empirical and based on
theories and hypotheses for an answer of a problem .
After we can understand the meaning of the research itself now we can move on
the next stage is to analyze and determine the difference of a research design.
Before we know the meaning of cross sectional research design and Pre and Post
research design better then we must to clear about research design it self.
According the Wikipedia website A research design is the document of the study. The design
of a study defines the study type (descriptive, correlational, semi-experimental, experimental, review,
meta-analytic) and sub-type (e.g., descriptive-longitudinal case study), research
question, hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, experimental design, and data
collection methods and a statistical analysis plan. And finaly Research design is the framework that
has been created to seek answers to research questions.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_design access at Tuesday 29 December
2015 on 11.25 WIB.

The other opinions about research design is In general, there are two main forms of
research design: exploratory research design and conclusive research design.
Conclusive research design is familiar known as quantitative research approach,
while exploratory is known as qualitative research.
Exploratory research design has the main purpose to explore or to obtain a new or
deeper understanding of a particular issue . It is not feasible to examine the
relationship between the observed variables , because variables in exploratory
research generally has not been determined . And , in exploratory research typically
use a more flexible variable and using structured questions in the tool
measurement.
From the purposes of exploratory research as I have explained before, you might
think that exploratory research design is no different with qualitative research. You
are not wrong. When we are talking about the research design we use the term of
exploratory research, but when we discuss research approach you can consider
qualitative research to describe any attempts to explore something. We can
consider them as the same method because both of they are aimed to explore a
deeper understanding about particular material by using unstructured questions. In
general, there are two procedures for collecting data in this research design, directly
and indirectly. The direct method means that the researcher directly meets the
respondents, letting the respondents know his/her identity as interviewer and
collecting data from them. This direct method includes face-to-face interview and
focus group discussion. Then, the indirect method is conducted by disguising your
identity because if the respondents know that you are a researcher who are
observing them, some of them may manipulate their answers.
In contrast with exploratory research design, conclusive research uses more formal
and structured questions to test the correlation between variables or to test the
truth from underpinning hypothesis. In conclusive research design we will be
required to use some quantitative calculations.

Conclusive research design is divided to causal research and descriptive research.

1. Causal Research
It is used to prove that there is a relationship between observed variables.
Commonly, there are two purposes of causal research. First, it helps researcher to
figure out the nature of that relationship which factor becomes the cause and
the effect. Second, researcher can use this design to observe respondents even
they who have never experienced the phenomena being researched by
conducting an experiment.
2. Descriptive Research
Descriptive research is a type of research design which main purpose is to describe phenomena.
Basic assumption in this research design is the researchers have already figured out the problem,
they are able to define the observed variables, and they can classify the population being measured
.

Based on how data are collected from respondents, descriptive research is split to:
a. Cross-sectional research

It is a descriptive research design where data is taken only once in a given time.
Data can be taken from a group of respondents (single cross-sectional design), and
can also be taken from several different groups of respondent (multiple crosssectional design).
Characteristics of Cross - Sectional Research
Cross - sectional study conducted more than a longitudinal study , because it is
simpler and cheaper . In a cross-sectional study , the researchers only observed
phenomena at one point in time. In the research that is exploratory , descriptive , or
an explanatory , cross - sectional study was able to explain.
the relationship of one variable to another variable in the population studied ,
tested the applicability of a model or hypothesis formulation and the degree of
difference between the sampling group at one particular point in time . However,
cross - sectional studies do not have the ability to explain the dynamics of changing
conditions or the relationship of the population is observed in different time
periods , as well as dynamic variables that affect it.

https://www.google.co.id/url?
sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjqk-72aDKAhWMI44KHVrDDsAQFggjMAE&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdimensi.petra.ac.id%2Findex.php%2Fars
%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F16457%2F16449&usg=AFQjCNEgRnzZTOMxWGgTYeaXQMDqQTYBEA
CROSS-SECTIONAL VS LONGITUDINAL: PILIHAN RANCANGAN WAKTU DALAM PENELITIAN
PERUMAHAN PERMUKIMAN, Alis nurdini, tahun 2006, bandung Indonesia. Diakses pada tanggal
11/1/2016 pukul 11.56 WIB
Another opinion says that the Cross - sectional research is a research to study the
dynamics of the correlation between risk factors with effects, with the approach of
observation or the collection of data at a time at a time ( point time approach) That
is, each of the research subjects were observed only once and measurements are
made of the status of a character or a variable subject during the examination . This
does not mean that all research subjects were observed at the same time . The
purpose of this study was to observe the relationship between risk factors with the

result that occurred in the form of a specific disease or health condition at the same
time , asked the problem ( due to ) as well as causes ( risk factors ) .
According to another opinion regarding the cross-sectional study ( cross-sectional )
is designed epidemiological studies of disease and exposure mepelajari relationship
( factors research ) by observing the status of exposure and disease simultaneously
in individuals of a single population , at one time or a certain period .
In a cross sectional study design , researchers get the data frequency and character
of the disease , and exposure factors and study in a population at a given moment .
So that the resulting data is not the prevalence of incidents . The purpose of crosssectional study was to obtain a picture of the pattern of the disease and its
determinants in the target population .
Broadly speaking, the cross-sectional design of the study are as follows .

The Advantage of cross-sectional study :

a. Easy to implement ,
b . Simple and economical in terms of time and cost.
c . Can be obtained quickly
d . At the same time can be collected variables are many , both variables and
the effect of risk variables .
e . The goal is simply to describe the distribution of diseases associated with
exposure factors research .
f . Cross-sectional study does not force subjects expected to experience adverse
factors .
g . The possibility of the subject "drop out" small .
h . Not many ethical constraints .
i. Can be used as a basis for further research

While the weakness of cross-sectional study:

a. Required a large research subjects. Making it difficult to conduct exploration,
because there may be too few study subjects in one group;

b. Improper cross-sectional study was used to analyze the causal relationship

between exposure and disease.
c. Use prevalence data, not the incidence causing cross-sectional study results
mencermminkan not the only aspect of the etiology of the disease but also
aspects of the disease survivalitas. If the data used is the prevalence and
there has been a selective survival, the frequency of the disease were
observed to be greater than the frequency of the disease should be
measured. Conversely, if the data of the prevalence of selective mortality has
occurred, then frrekuensi disease were observed to be less than the frequency
of the disease should be measured.
d. Difficult to establish a causal mechanism
e. Unable to monitor changes associated with the passage of time; making it
less appropriate for studying diseases with a short period of illness
f. Conclusion weakest correlation compared to control or cohort case
g. Does not accurately describe the progression of the disease.
h. Not valid for predicting a trend.
i. Conclusion correlation with the risk factor factor weakest effect.

http://diannaputri.blogspot.co.id/p/blog-page_220.html pengantar kesehatan

masyarakat, Diana Putri rahayu, tahun 2015. Jakarta Indonesia, Diakses pada
tanggal 11/1/2016 pukul 11.46 WIB.

b. Longitudinal research

In this design, data are captured during a certain time interval from the same group
of respondents. This research aims to see whether there are changes in the
behavior of the respondents for a period of time. For example, researchers want to
know how consumer of an airline will behave during the holiday season.
The major limitation of longitudinal research is it is difficult to maintain the level of
data consistency along the time interval because some factors may affect the
respondents such as death, respondents were out of the deal, and the limited ability
of the company to provide research facilities for long periods of time.

After we know when its cross-sectional study to learn what is meant by Pre and Post
research design.
Quasi-experimental research is research experiments conducted on one group
called the experimental group with no comparison group or the control group .
Design research is one group pre test - post test design , the experimental study
conducted on a group share a single course are selected at random and tests
stability and clarity of the state of the group before being treated. Design study one
group pre test and post test design is measured using pre-test were performed

before treatment and post- tests were conducted after deberi treatment for each
series of learning.
Thus the results of treatment can be determined more accurately . To eliminate the
bias of the research results , the pre-test and post-test will be carried out each
series of learning .

Pre Test

Treatment

Post Tes

T1

T2

T1 : Preliminary tests carried out before treatment is given.

X : Treatment or learning
T2 : The final test after being given treatment.
Pretest-posttest designs are the preferred method to compare participant groups
and measure the degree of change occurring as a result of treatments or
interventions.