4.15.MP75 CVL 015 STRL Des Criteria

450-550MW Combined Cycle Power Plant
and 8 MIGD SWRO Plant
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
450-550MW COMBINED CYCLE POWER

PLANT AND 8 MIGD SWRO PLANT
MP75/CVL/015
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MP75/CVL/015
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Page 1 of 27

1.0
INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 4
2.0
CODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS ............................................................. 4
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Codes and Standards .................................................................................................. 4

Documents and Specifications ..................................................................................... 5
References .................................................................................................................. 6
Regulatory Requirements and Authorities .................................................................... 6
3.0
SITE CONDITIONS ..................................................................................................... 6
4.0
DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES ..................................................................................... 7
4.1
4.2
4.3
General ....................................................................................................................... 7
Pre-Assembly .............................................................................................................. 7
Calculations ................................................................................................................. 7
5.0
DESIGN DATA ............................................................................................................ 8
6.0
DESIGN LOADS ......................................................................................................... 8
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.3.1.
6.3.2.
6.3.3.
6.4
6.4.1.
6.4.2.
6.4.3.
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.8.1.
6.8.2.
6.8.3.
7.0
7.1
7.2
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.2.1.
8.2.2.
8.2.3.
8.2.4.
8.2.5.
8.2.6.
8.2.7.
8.2.8.
8.3
8.3.1.
8.3.2.
8.3.3.
8.3.4.
8.3.5.
MP75/CVL/015
General ....................................................................................................................... 8
Dead Loads ................................................................................................................. 9
Live Loads ................................................................................................................... 9
Facilities and Buildings ................................................................................................ 9
Retaining Walls.......................................................................................................... 10
Slabs on Ground and Trafficable Culverts .................................................................. 10
Equipment loads ........................................................................................................ 10
General ..................................................................................................................... 10
Impact and Dynamic Loads........................................................................................ 11
Vibration Loads.......................................................................................................... 11
Wind Loads ............................................................................................................... 12
Earthquake Loads...................................................................................................... 12
Temperature Effects .................................................................................................. 12
Combined Loads ....................................................................................................... 13
Loading Combinations ............................................................................................... 13
Construction Loads .................................................................................................... 13
Lifting Loads .............................................................................................................. 13
SERVICEABILITY ..................................................................................................... 13
Acceptable Deflections .............................................................................................. 13
Slenderness Ratios for Steelwork .............................................................................. 15
DESIGN OF INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS ...................................................................... 15
Earthworks ................................................................................................................ 15
Foundations............................................................................................................... 15
General ..................................................................................................................... 15
Footings .................................................................................................................... 15
Holding Down Bolts ................................................................................................... 16
Shear Keys ................................................................................................................ 16
Piers / Piles ............................................................................................................... 16
Raft Slabs .................................................................................................................. 16
Machine foundations.................................................................................................. 17
Tank Bases ............................................................................................................... 17
Concrete Structures ................................................................................................... 17
General ..................................................................................................................... 17
Materials.................................................................................................................... 18
Concrete cover for reinforcement ............................................................................... 18
Slabs on Grade.......................................................................................................... 19
Earth Retaining Structures ......................................................................................... 19
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8.3.6.
8.3.7.
8.3.8.
8.3.9.
8.3.10.
8.4
8.4.1.
8.4.2.
8.4.3.
8.4.4.
8.4.5.
8.4.6.
8.4.7.
8.4.8.
8.4.9.
8.4.10.
8.4.11.
8.4.12.
8.4.13.
8.5
8.6
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.2.1.
9.2.2.
9.2.3.
9.2.4.
9.2.5.
9.2.6.
9.2.7.
MP75/CVL/015
Bases to Pumps and Rotating Equipment .................................................................. 19

Liquid Retaining Structures ........................................................................................ 20
Suspended Floor Slabs.............................................................................................. 20
Crack Control ............................................................................................................ 20
One-Way Shear ......................................................................................................... 20
Steelwork .................................................................................................................. 20
General ..................................................................................................................... 20
Materials and Preferred Steel Sections ...................................................................... 21
Bolting ....................................................................................................................... 21
Welding ..................................................................................................................... 21
Bracing ...................................................................................................................... 21
Corrosion Protection .................................................................................................. 22
Flooring ..................................................................................................................... 22
Stairs, Walkways and Landings ................................................................................. 22
Handrails and Kick-Plates .......................................................................................... 23
Ladders ..................................................................................................................... 23
Crane Runway Beams and Monorails ........................................................................ 23
Grouting of Baseplates .............................................................................................. 24
Purlins and Girts ........................................................................................................ 25
Cladding .................................................................................................................... 25
Concrete Masonry ..................................................................................................... 25
DESIGN OF FACILITIES ........................................................................................... 25
Tanks and Vessels .................................................................................................... 25
Pipe Racks ................................................................................................................ 25
Vertical Loads ............................................................................................................ 26
Transverse Loads ...................................................................................................... 26
Longitudinal Loads..................................................................................................... 26
Longitudinal Beams ................................................................................................... 27
Intermediate beams at tier levels................................................................................ 27
Transverse restraint guides........................................................................................ 27
Cable Trays ............................................................................................................... 27
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1.0
INTRODUCTION
This design criteria defines the general and technical requirements for the structural design
of buildings, structures and foundations for the Project No. D15002 (450-550 MW
Combined Cycle Power Plant and 8 MIGD SWRO Plant at the DUBAL Jebel Ali Site, Dubai,
UAE).
All design shall be in accordance with this Design Criteria, the Specifications and the
Standards and References set out in Section 2 and shall comply with the owners Safety
Guidelines. Alternative documents shall only be adopted with the owners approval.
2.0
CODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS

All design, work performed and materials furnished under this design criteria shall comply
with the latest issues (unless otherwise specified), addenda and supplements of all relevant
standards, regulations, codes and statutory requirements in the United Arab Emirates.
In the event of inconsistencies between standards, the more stringent requirements shall
be applied.
The following are the principal standards, codes, guidelines and references that shall be
used for the structural design.
Refer to Chapter 35 of the IBC (2009) for a list of all Standards referenced throughout the
IBC.
2.1
Codes and Standards

ASCE 7-05
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other

Structures
ASCE 37-02
Design Loads on Structures During Construction
AISC 360-05
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
AISC 341-05
Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings
AISC Design Guide 27 2005
Structural Stainless Steel
ACI 318M-08
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete

and Commentary
ACI 530-08
Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures
ANSI/AWC NDS 2012
National Design Specification for Wood Construction
AA ADM 2010
Aluminium Design Manual 2010, Aluminium Association
AISI S100-07
North American Specification for the Design of ColdFormed Steel Structural Members, American Iron and
Steel Institute
BS4449:2005
Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable

reinforcing steel. Bar, coil and decoiled product
MP75/CVL/015
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BS 5395-1:2010
Stairs - Part 1: Code of practice for the design of stairs

with straight flights and winders
BS EN 1990:2002
Eurocode: Basis of structural design
EN 1991-1-4:2005
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-4: General

actions Wind actions
EN 1991-3:2006
Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 3: Actions

induced by cranes and machinery
EN 1992-1-1:2004
Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures Part 1-1:

General rules and rules for buildings
EN 1992-3:2006
Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures Part 3:

Liquid retaining and containment structures
EN 1993-6:2007
Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures Part 6: Crane

supporting structures
EN 197-1:2011
Cement. Composition, specifications and conformity

criteria for common cements
EN 10080:2005
Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable

reinforcing steel. General
Refer to the technical specifications below for a list of relevant materials standards.
Alternative design codes may only be used with approval from the Company.
Any conflicts between approved codes shall be brought to the engineers attention for
resolution.
2.2
Documents and Specifications

The following documents shall also be complied with: MP75/CVL/020
Design Criteria - Civil
MP75/CVL/021
Specification Insulated Aluminium Cladding
MP75/CVL/022
Specification Non insulated cladding
MP75/CVL/001
Specification - Building Works
Volume 2A, Section 10
Specification - Site Data
MP75/CVL/018
Specification - Earthwork, Trenching and Backfill
MP75/CVL/006
Specification - Earthwork, Structural Excavation and

Backfill
MP75/CVL/004
Specification - Concrete Supply
MP75/CVL/005
Specification - Concrete Works
MP75/CVL/012
Specification - Supply, Installation & Testing of Piling
MP75/CVL/015
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2.3
MP75/CVL/013
Specification - Precast Concrete Elements
MP75/CVL/003
Specification - Concrete Block Masonry
MP75/MEC/011
Specification - Painting and Galvanizing
MP75/CVL/016
Specification
Fabrication
MP75/CVL/017
Specification - Structural Steelwork Erection Work
Volume 2A, Section 9
Civil Specification
Structural
Steelwork
Supply
and
References
AISC Steel Construction Manual, 13th Edition (or later)
AWS D1.1/D1.1M:2004 Structural Welding Code Steel
AWS D1.8/D1.8M:2009 Structural Welding Code Seismic Supplement
API 650-2008 Welded Tanks for Oil Storage
Guide to Industrial Floors and Pavements by Cement Concrete and Aggregates

Australia
Guide to the Construction of Reinforced Concrete in the Arabian Peninsula,

CIRIA Publication C577
ACI 351.3R-04 Foundations for Dynamic Equipment
CP2012-1:1974 Foundations for Machinery
Design of Structures and Foundations for Vibrating Machines by Arya, ONeill and
Pincus
2.4
Regulatory Requirements and Authorities

All design, materials, workmanship and practises shall be in accordance with the local
agencies that have jurisdiction over the project.
Relevant regulatory requirements on the project includes but not limited to the followings:
3.0
International Building Code (IBC), 2009
Seismic design Code for Dubai by Dubai Municipality
All relevant UAE Workplace Health and Safety Acts
All relevant UAE Hazardous Substances Regulations
All relevant UAE Environmental Protection Acts
UAE Fire and Life Safety Code of Practice, 2011
UAE Civil Aviation Regulations
SITE CONDITIONS
General site information and climatic data are included in Volume 2A, Section 10 Site
Data.
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4.0
DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES
4.1
General
The Contractor organizations design & lead engineers shall become familiar with the
functions and operating conditions of the plant such as the movement of materials and
liquids, rotating masses, out of balance forces, temperature changes, impact forces,
spillage loads, and build up of scale.
The design engineer shall ascertain, in conjunction with the lead engineer and in
consultation with the process, mechanical, and electrical engineers, the loads created by
plant, equipment, operational conditions, and stacked materials during construction for
each facility.
All design input shall be authorised by the lead engineer prior to application.
Structures supporting plant and equipment should be designed with consideration for the
proposed function and the economical fabrication and erection of the structures.
Constructability and access for maintenance shall be considered. The bracing at ground
level should be kept to a minimum so that easy access is provided for maintenance and
operations.
All calculations and drawings shall be documented in SI units and the English language.
4.2
Pre-Assembly
Prefabricated, shop welded and pre-assembled steelwork is an option as opposed to field
bolted steelwork. Similarly, precast concrete is an option as opposed to in-situ reinforced
concrete. The design engineer shall co-ordinate with the lead engineer in determining
where prefabrication and pre-casting is to be adopted.
The sequence of construction, installation of mechanical equipment and road transport and
lifting limitations shall be considered in the design process and these should be agreed with
the Pre-Assembly and Construction teams prior to a final design being completed.
4.3
Calculations
All design calculations shall be completed on A4 size project calculation sheets in
accordance with project procedures. All other design data shall be on A4 sized sheets,
reducing A3s etc. as necessary.
The basis and assumptions for the design together with all basic data and design
information and sources of unusual formulae shall be recorded with the calculations. The
calculations shall include a general arrangement of the facility and any sketches prepared.
Calculations together with the data and sketches shall be consecutively numbered, given a
title incorporating the specific facility number for the area, signed, dated and provided with a
project standard cover sheet. The cover sheet shall incorporate the title of the facility and
contain a brief index to the calculations. Each set of calculations shall be logged in to a
master index kept by the lead engineer so that it can be presented to any authority or its
delegate for approval.
All calculations and drawings shall be independently checked.
The following minimum requirements shall be satisfied.
Project calculation cover sheet, fully lled in and signed accordingly.
Index to show major sections and page numbers.
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A detailed introduction explaining the circumstances and basis for design and
the path chosen.
A summary of the design output.
Sketches that tie in calculations and member location.
Copies of all inputs such as general arrangements, vendor data, geotech info,
data sheets, faxes , emails etc. Wherever possible these should be scanned
or copied as part of the calculations and not just referenced.
Ensure all electronic calculations and any other engineering package output is self
explanatory and easily followed without needing the software for interpretation.
All structural analysis software calculations to include the following:

1. Graphics hard copy frames, sections and each load case.
2. Graphics hard copy of governing frame deflection.
3. Graphics hard copy of critical M, V, N diagrams where ever practical.
4. Graphics hard copy of primary load cases in particular wind, wherever practical.
5. Copy of all load case and combination titles.
6. Copy of all load case combinations.
7. Copy of all footing reactions for all load cases.
8. List all structural analysis software les and description.
5.0
Add an appendix for hard copy attachments, make the calculation a stand-alone
document where ever possible by attaching the nal IFC drawings to the
calculations.
Ensure there is a HOLDS list; all HOLDS should be cleared prior to nal check and
approval.
Ensure each page is numbered and contains the calculation number.
DESIGN DATA
For general design data related to temperature, humidity, rainfall and tide heights, refer to
Specification Site Conditions.
Buildings and other structures are generally occupancy category II in accordance with the
IBC Table 1604.5. Facilities shall be occupancy category IV where listed as an essential
facility in Table 1604.5.
6.0
DESIGN LOADS
6.1
General
The loads used in the design shall be in accordance with the loads given in this criteria, the
specific loadings as established for each item of equipment, and ASCE 7-05 Minimum
Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. The minimum or maximum dead loads
shall be combined in conjunction with other loads, so as to produce the most severe
combinations of load imposed on the structure.
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The layout and design criteria for all equipment supported on the structure shall be
obtained in writing from the mechanical engineer before design commences.
The design engineer, in consultation with the lead engineer, shall determine the loads
imposed by electrical cables and services pipes.
6.2
Dead Loads
Dead loads shall be determined using ASCE 7-05.
Dead load shall be considered in two categories:
Dead loads unable to be removed from the structures.
Superimposed dead loads
Superimposed dead loads shall be considered as the weight of all materials forming loads
on the structure that are not structural elements and which are likely to vary or be removed
during operation or construction of the structure.
Superimposed loads may include:
Operating material loads
Piping contents.
A variable portion of electrical cabling load
Lining to tanks / vessels / launders that may be permanently removed
Scale formation to tanks / vessels / launders / pipework
The design engineer shall assess the possibility of the removal of these dead loads, which
will result in the most severe combination of stresses in the structure.
6.3
6.3.1.
Live Loads
Facilities and Buildings
Except where specific equipment loads produce more severe loads, minimum floor vertical
live loads shall be as the following table:
Area
Uniformly
Distributed Load
Concentrated Load
(kN)
(kPa)
Offices (excl. file rooms, etc.)
3.0
2.7
General plant area elevated

floors
5.0
4.5
Walkway, stairs and landings in

buildings
4.8
(100 psf)
4.5
Walkway, stairs and platforms in

access structures
2.5
2.0
Conveyor gallery walkway,

individual walkway span
2.5
2.0
MP75/CVL/015
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Area
Uniformly
Distributed Load
Concentrated Load
(kN)
(kPa)
Conveyor gallery walkway for
truss design
1.2 kN/m
Control room floors
10.0
Motor rooms, fan rooms
5.0
4.5
Letdown areas and truck aisles
10.0
To be determined for specific

location
0.6 to 1.0
IBC
1607.11.2.1
4.5
Roof live load
These loads are to be verified for the specific area and facility. The structural members are
to be designed for the load pattern (either uniformly distributed or concentrated), which has
the most adverse effect on the supporting member. Generally the concentrated loads in the
above table will be applied to short members that support only a small area of floor.
Stair treads shall be designed for a concentrated vertical load of 1.34 kN (300 lb) in
accordance with the IBC.
Handrails shall be designed for a load of 0.36 kN/m (25 lb/ft) applied in any direction to the
top rail and also 0.89 kN (200 lb) concentrated load applied in any direction (not applied at
the same time).
6.3.2.
Retaining Walls
All retaining walls shall be designed for the actual surcharges applied.
Surcharge loads shall not be less than the following:
6.3.3.
Minimum vertical surcharge 10 kPa
Normal road traffic
22 kPa (where the distance from the face of the wall

to the edge of a road is within half the height of the
wall)
Abnormal axle loads:
Specific analysis of load distribution
Slabs on Ground and Trafficable Culverts

Vehicle loads from highway registered vehicles shall be as per Design Criteria Civil.
For areas not to be trafficable by highway registered vehicles, and areas to be trafficable by
non-highway registered vehicles, the design axle loads or other point loads shall be
decided appropriately by the design/lead engineer.
6.4
6.4.1.
Equipment loads
General
Layout and design criteria for the support of equipment items, together with Certified Seller
drawings, shall be provided by the relevant discipline engineer. Equipment reactions shall
MP75/CVL/015
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be supplied by the Seller and shall indicate all possible loading combinations, dynamic
effects and allowable deflections of supporting structures.
6.4.2.
Impact and Dynamic Loads

The static load of equipment shall be multiplied by the following factors to allow for impact:
Reciprocating machinery, crushers and pumps
3.0*
Rotating machinery
2.0*
Mobile equipment
1.2
Fork lifts
1.6
Hangers supporting floors and balconies
1.35
Carry and return idlers at loading points
2.0
Carry and return idlers elsewhere
1.1
* These values shall be used for preliminary design only. Actual certified dynamic load
values nominated by the equipment Seller shall be used in the final design.
6.4.3.
Vibration Loads
Certified Seller drawings giving design parameters and operating frequencies shall be
obtained from the manufacturer for each piece of equipment. The dynamic effect on the
immediate supports and on the main structure shall be evaluated using un-factored actual
masses.
Areas subject to dynamic loading shall be checked for dynamic response against limits for
workers by ISO 2631-1:1997, Mechanical vibration and shock- Evaluation of human
exposure to whole-body vibration.
Wherever possible, vibrating equipment shall be isolated from the main structural framing.
However, where such equipment is supported on structural members, the following table
provides a guideline for the desired relationship between the frequency of the vibrating
loads and the frequency of the supporting members:
Length of Beam
Type of Supports
Ratio of Support and Equipment

Frequencies
5m or less
Directly connected to
column
1.5
Greater than 5m
Directly connected to
column
2.0
5m or less
Not directly connected

to column
1.5
Greater than 5m
Not directly connected

to column
2.0
The natural frequency of bracing adjacent to the equipment shall also be checked. The
desired relationship between the natural frequency fn and the forcing frequency ff of the
brace shall be as follows: f n/ff is less than 0.75 or greater than 1.5.
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The design engineer shall consider the effects of fatigue in the design of supporting
members and their connections. Fatigue shall be checked in accordance with EN 1993 and
shall be based on the relevant number of cycles applicable to the beam or to the detail
being designed and shall take into account the fabrication details of the beam and its
components.
6.5
Wind Loads
The basic wind speed for the site is 45 m/sec. The basic wind speed is the 3-second gust
speed at 10 m height in exposure category C with a 50 year return period.
The site exposure category for all wind directions shall be taken as exposure D. The design
wind speed is to be adjusted for the site exposure category and the building height above
ground in accordance with the procedures in ASCE 7-05.
The importance factor by ASCE 7-05 Table 6.1 shall be 1.0 for occupancy category II
facilities and 1.15 to occupancy category IV facilities.
The topographic factor and wind directionality factor in ASCE 7-05 shall be taken as 1.0.
Wind forces shall be determined in accordance with ASCE 7-05. Drag coefficients may also
be determined in accordance with EN 1991-1-4.
The operating wind speed VO shall be taken as 20 m/sec. This is the wind speed applicable
during shutdown of the plant and also during erection procedures.
The serviceability wind speed VS for serviceability deflection checks shall be based on a
10 year return period. It shall be taken as 0.9 x 45 = 40.5 m/sec.
6.6
Earthquake Loads
Seismic Loads - Structures and foundations shall be designed to withstand a seismic load
in accordance with the seismic provisions of the IBC 2009 standard and relevant clauses of
the ASCE 7 standard, based on the parameters as obtained from Seismic design Code for
Dubai by Dubai Municipality.
6.7
Temperature Effects
Structures shall be designed to accommodate movements due to environmental and
operational thermal expansion and contraction. Any operational temperature effects on
structures shall be assessed. The designer shall provide installation temperature
positioning tolerances for bearings and expansion joints. Bearings shall be designed for a
minimum installation tolerance of +/- 25mm in addition to the thermal movement
allowances.
Concrete shall be detailed with expansion joints as required to accommodate thermal
expansion.
Design steelwork installation temperature shall be between 25oC and 45oC. The steel
temperatures used to calculate contraction or expansion movements from an installation
position shall be:
Locations exposed to
direct sunlight
Other Locations
Max. temperature (oC)
65
50
Min. temperature (oC)
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6.8
Combined Loads
6.8.1.
Loading Combinations
Loading combinations and factors shall be generally as defined in BS EN 1990 and BS EN
1991, BS EN 1992, or BS EN 1993 whichever applicable. In addition, loading combination
including seismic loads shall be generally as defined in IBC.
Live load shall include loading by cranes.
The imposed load shall include for dynamic effects where appropriate. The imposed and
wind loads shall be combined with the dead load and with each other in such a way as to
give the worst possible stresses at any location. In addition thermal effects shall be
considered where significant, acting in conjunction with the combined load cases.
Load cases need not be combined arbitrarily without regard for practical possibilities e.g. an
outdoor crane need not be capable of carrying its maximum operating load and maximum
wind load simultaneously, since it would not be operating whilst subject to the maximum
wind loading.
6.8.2.
Construction Loads
Consideration shall be given to the construction sequence in order to ensure that a
structure is able to carry the design loads which act before completion of the structure and,
also, that exceptional loads resulting from the construction sequence are catered for. This
consideration shall include dead, wind and thermal loads together with suitable imposed
loads, as appropriate. 2.5 kPa DL construction load for platforms shall be used, and
operating wind load shall be used because of the temporary nature of the loads.
6.8.3.
Lifting Loads
Consideration shall be given to the loads induced during lifting and placement.
7.0
SERVICEABILITY
7.1
Acceptable Deflections
The following table shall be used as a guide to determine acceptable deflections. Unless
noted otherwise, deflection is for the serviceability limit state load combination.
Element
Acceptable Deflection for Serviceability

Limit States
Floor beam
Span dead + live

250
Span live load only

360
Span dead + live, supporting deflection sensitive

500
equipment or as required by equipment vendor.
Cantilever Floor Beam
Span for cantilever dead + live

150
Floor Beam with dynamic

loading
Refer ISO 2631-1:1997, Mechanical vibration and shock Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration
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Element
Acceptable Deflection for Serviceability

Limit States
Crane beams / monorails

(per EN 1991-3)
Span for vertical static loads at Mid Span

500
Note: For cantilevers with

a backspan allow for
rotation of the beam at
supports
Lesser of 10 mm and Span

600
Lateral deflections to be
based on the top or bottom
flange mobilization, as
applicable.
Span for vertical static loads at Cantilever

300
Lateral
deflection
of
supports at level of crane
rail (per EN 1991-3)
Lesser of 10 mm and Hc
500
Building sway without

cranes, steel cladding
Height
150
Building sway without

cranes, masonry cladding
Height
250
Roof beam
Span dead + live

250
Span serviceability wind only
150
Purlins and girts
for lateral dynamic loads at Mid Span
Span for lateral dynamic loads at Cantilever

400
(Hc = height of crane rail above footing or fully vertically

braced horizontal plane)
Conveyor trusses
Span Vertical
300
Span Lateral
300
Relative end bay

deflection
End bay frame spacing

250
Relative horizontal
deflection between floors
Height between floors

300
Grating / Floor Plate
for pedestrian live load: 5mm or Span whichever is the less

180
Pipe Racks
Height - subject to pipe stress requirements

300
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7.2
Slenderness Ratios for Steelwork

Item
Maximum Slenderness Ratio
Columns supporting vibrating

equipment
100
Columns, trestle legs generally
180
Compression bracing subject

to permanent loads or belt
tensions
180
Compression bracing subject

to transient loads i.e. wind,
seismic
250
8.0
DESIGN OF INDIVIDUAL ELEMENTS
8.1
Earthworks
Compaction standards shall be expressed as a percentage of the materials Modified
Proctor maximum dry density (MDD) at its optimum moisture content.
The required degree of compaction shall be as follows:
95% for fill generally.
95% for a minimum depth of 300 mm immediately under concrete slabs and
footings placed on fill or the in-situ subgrade
Embankments composed of engineered fill and cuts in existing site material shall be to a
slope of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal unless proven by calculations otherwise.
8.2
8.2.1.
Foundations
General
Foundations shall be designed in accordance with the Geotechnical Report for the specific
facility.
Where over excavation has occurred backfill shall be either mass concrete or selected
graded granular material from an approved source in accordance with Specification
Earthworks, Structural Excavation and Backfill and shall be compacted in layers of 150
mm maximum compacted thickness to the required standard of compaction.
8.2.2.
Footings
Foundations shall be designed for the applicable load combinations.
Maximum total settlements, differential settlements and interaction between foundations
and structures shall be considered during design.
In checking uplift stability, only the soil directly above the footing shall be taken into account
unless proved otherwise.
MP75/CVL/015
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Page 15 of 27

The effect of groundwater level shall be considered for footing stability.

Footings shall be cast on a 50 mm layer of blinding concrete.
The top of footing bases shall be a minimum of 450 mm below the finished grade or
450 below the slab on grade low point.
The minimum height from top of concrete to finished grade shall generally be:
Exposed column pedestals
300mm
Plinths for equipment
300mm
The minimum height from top of concrete to paving high point shall generally be:
8.2.3.
Exposed column pedestals
150mm
Plinths for equipment
150mm
Holding Down Bolts

All columns with a mass of more than 140 kg shall have a minimum of four holding down
bolts per base plate unless erected as part of a stable self-supporting structure.
The capacity of holding down bolts for shear and tension shall be in accordance with
ACI 318, Appendix D or approved equivalent. The total design shear load shall be
considered as applied to a maximum of two front bolts (the bolts closest to the potential
concrete breakout edge). Where a shear key is required, refer Section 8.2.4.
All holding down bolts, nuts and washers shall be hot dip galvanised. Material shall be
Grade 36 to ASTM F1554 or Grade S275JR to EN 10025 (or approved equivalent). Bolts
shall be painted following installation of nuts and approval of the erected steelwork. The
paint system shall be in accordance with specification Painting and Protective Coatings.
Small items (such as ladders and stair stringers) may be fixed to concrete using chemical
anchors. These items shall be stainless steel or hot galvanised unless otherwise approved.
Minimum sizes of bolts shall be as follows:
8.2.4.
Holding down bolts
20mm dia.
Mechanical or chemical anchors
16mm dia.
Shear Keys
Shear keys shall be used where the applied ultimate shear load to the baseplate exceeds
75 kN.
Shear keys shall be single or cruciform plates in preference to an open H section. They
shall be full penetration butt welded to the baseplate unless otherwise approved.
8.2.5.
Piers / Piles
The design parameters for piers shall be in accordance with the Geotechnical Report for
the specific facility.
8.2.6.
Raft Slabs
Raft slabs shall be designed in accordance with the Geotechnical Report for the specific
facility.
MP75/CVL/015
Rev. 0
Page 16 of 27

8.2.7.
Machine foundations
A finite element analysis shall be used to verify that the natural frequency of the foundation
is sufficiently removed from the forcing frequency of the equipment. The dynamic response
of the foundation shall be calculated and checked against agreed acceptability criteria.
References for machine foundations include:
8.2.8.
ACI 351.3R Foundations for Dynamic Equipment
CP2012 Foundations for Machinery
Design of Structures and Foundations for Vibrating Machines by Arya, ONeill and
Pincus
Tank Bases
Flat bottomed, ground supported tanks shall generally be supported on an annular ring of
concrete under the tank shell. Where additional uplift resistance is required or increased
axial bearing capacity is required, an inverted tee shaped ring foundation shall be used. A
full raft slab under the tank shall be used where required for stability.
Tank foundation loads shall be derived from an API 650 analysis of the tank. Working loads
from the API 650 analysis shall be factored to derive limit state load combinations for
foundation design.
8.3
8.3.1.
Concrete Structures
General
Concrete design shall be in accordance with ACI 318 or BS EN 1992: Euro code 2.
Site soils are generally corrosive. Concrete surfaces below ground shall receive surface
protection as per specification Concrete Works.
Concrete surfaces above ground shall receive surface protection where noted in
specification Painting and Protective Coatings.
MP75/CVL/015
Rev. 0
Page 17 of 27

8.3.2.
Materials
Concrete strength grade designations as per EN 1992 and corresponding usage, shall be
as follows:
Application
Strength
Grade
Designation
Maximum
Aggregate
Size
Characteristic
Compressive Strength
fck at 28 days MPa
All concrete U.N.O
C40/50
20
40
Foundations: Concrete in contact

with the soil
C40/50
20
40
Piles
C40/50
20
40
Silo walls
C40/50
20
40
Blinding
C12/15
20
12
Marine facilities
C50/60
20
50
Miscellaneous Concrete
e.g. Drainage Structures, Road
Signage and Fencing Footings
C25/30
20
25
Sprayed Concrete Applications
C40/50
10
40
Grout for Masonry Block Fill
C20/25
10
20
Exposure classification for exposed Concrete Structures shall be in accordance with

EN 1992-1-1.
Cement Type: Ordinary Portland cement to EN 197-1, incorporating fly ash, silica fume or
blast furnace slag where specified.
Reinforcing steel shall be as Grade B500C (yield strength 500 MPa minimum) bars to
EN 10080 / BS 4449.
8.3.3.
Concrete cover for reinforcement

Minimum concrete protective cover (mm) for reinforcement shall be as follows:
(A) Foundations and pedestals in contact with the ground
With membrane or blinding concrete
75
Without membrane
75
Tops of footings
75
Formed
75
Bored piers
100
Precast footings
50
Precast piles
50
(B) Other surfaces in exterior environments

MP75/CVL/015
Rev. 0
Page 18 of 27

Formed
50
Top and bottom surfaces of slabs
50
(C) Sealed interior environments

8.3.4.
40
Slabs on Grade
Slab design, including joint selection and spacing, shall be guided by reference Guide to
Industrial Floors and Pavements by Cement Concrete and Aggregates Australia or
equivalent. Joint detailing is to be approved by the lead engineer. The design engineer shall
take account of any loading, both during construction and plant operations, from mobile
equipment, cranes and scaffolding.
As a minimum, provide a 150mm thick slab reinforced with A252 (8 mm bars at 200 mm
centres) throughout to top face.
8.3.5.
Earth Retaining Structures

Refer to geotechnical reports for more accurate information on backfill material to earth
retaining structures.
For flexible structures such as retaining walls, the lateral earth pressure coefficient shall be
taken as the active condition.
For more rigid construction the at-rest pressure shall be used. Retaining structures subject
to repeated traffic loading, shall take into account the effect of long term compaction that
may lead to a pressure approaching the at-rest pressure.
Passive pressures shall not be assumed to resist lateral forces unless substantial
movement of the structure can be accommodated.
The upper 300 mm of soil below finished grade shall be ignored when considering the
contribution of passive resistance to resist lateral forces.
Free standing cantilever retaining walls shall have a factor of safety against overturning and
sliding of at least 1.5.
8.3.6.
Bases to Pumps and Rotating Equipment

Individual bases shall be sized to weigh 3 times the weight of pumps and small equipment.
This ratio can be reduced to 2 where the base is integral with a slab on grade.
A dynamic analysis of machine foundations shall be performed where directed by the lead
engineer. This analysis would typically be a hand method of analysis and would typically
apply to machines that are out of balance by design.
For large rotating equipment the lead engineer may direct that the design is performed
using a nite element analysis.
Dynamic de ections and velocities shall be no greater than the vendor requirements and
approved by the lead engineer.
As a guide, to avoid resonant response problems, the operating frequency should be less
than 0.7 times the base natural frequency or more than 1.4 times the base natural
frequency.
Refer to Section Error! Reference source not found. for design references.
MP75/CVL/015
Rev. 0
Page 19 of 27

8.3.7.
Liquid Retaining Structures

All liquid retaining/storage structures shall be designed assuming maximum height of
containment.
All liquid retaining/storage reinforced concrete structures shall be designed in accordance
with EN 19923 or approved equivalent. Refer EN 1992-3, Section 8.3.9 regarding crack
control.
Reinforcement shall be provided to each face of the walls and base slabs of liquid/storage
tank structures.
8.3.8.
Suspended Floor Slabs

Steel decking formwork where nominated on the drawings shall be 1.0 mm thick Condek,
or approved equivalent, painted on both sides in accordance with Specification Painting
and Protective Coatings. The paint system shall be as nominated for that particular area of
the Works.
The bearing surface of steel supporting the decking formwork and any shear studs in
contact with the concrete shall be painted.
Steel decking shall be used as formwork only and not as a permanent structural element
i.e. any composite action shall be ignored in the structural design of the suspended slab.
8.3.9.
Crack Control
Minimum reinforcement shall be to EN 1992-1-1, Section 7.3.2. Flexural reinforcement shall
also not be less than ACI 318, Section 10.5.
Control of cracking shall be to EN 1992-1-1, Section 7.3.3 for a crack width of 0.30 mm. For
structures in seawater and over seawater (as determined by the astronomical high tide
contour), the crack widths shall be calculated and shall not exceed 0.15 mm. The quasipermanent load to EN 1990 shall be used in determining the crack widths.
For liquid retaining structures, crack control shall be achieved by applying Section 7.3.3 of
EN 1992-3 for a crack width of 0.10 mm.
8.3.10. One-Way Shear

The concrete shear resistance without shear reinforcement shall be calculated in
accordance with EN 1992-1-1 Section 6.2.2. Shear reinforcement shall be calculated in
accordance with Section 6.2.3. The resultant shear reinforcement and detailing shall not be
less stringent than ACI 318 Section 11.4.
8.4
8.4.1.
Steelwork
General
Steelwork design shall be to the limit state design method in accordance with the IBC and
AISC 360 and AISC 341 where required or in accordance with BS EN 1993.
Where floor plate is adequately welded to its support beam, it can be considered as
restraining the top flange of the beam. Floor grating fixed by any method shall not be
considered as restraining the top flange of its supporting beam.
3D welded steel frames shall not be used. 2D welded steel frames are acceptable, subject
to transportation size limits.
MP75/CVL/015
Rev. 0
Page 20 of 27

8.4.2.
Materials and Preferred Steel Sections

The steel grades and preferred sections that shall be used in design are noted on the
Specification Structural Steel Supply and Fabrication.
8.4.3.
Bolting
Unless otherwise shown, structural bolts shall be M20 bolts to ASTM A325M or
EN 14399-3 Grade 8.8. Unless noted otherwise, all bolts shall be snug tight. Slip-critical
connections and tensioned bearing connections shall be designated on the drawings.
All bolts shall be hot dip galvanized. All bolts shall be painted following installation of nuts
and approval of installed bolt tensioning. The paint system shall be in accordance with
specification Painting and Protective Coatings.
Bolts in slip-critical connections shall be fully tensioned to exclude slip under serviceability
loads.
Bolts in tensioned bearing connections shall be fully tensioned but will permit the bolts
slipping into bearing mode under serviceability loads.
Fully tensioned ASTM A325 bolts shall be tensioned to AISC 360. Fully tensioned
EN 14399-3 bolts shall be tensioned to EN1090-2. Bolts shall be tensioned using the part
turn method.
Bolts subject to frequent load reversal from vibrating equipment shall be slip critical. Bolts
subject to cyclic or vibrating loads but without load reversal shall be tensioned bearing
connections or slip critical connections.
Capacities of bolts in shear bearing mode shall be based on the assumption that threads
are in the shear plane.
Bolts shall be a minimum size of M20, connected through cleats of 10mm minimum
thickness UNO. For purlins and girts and similar minor connections smaller bolts to
ASTM 307 (or Grade 4.6 to ISO 4016) and 8mm thick cleats may be used, except where
the purlin and girt manufacturer recommends high strength bolts and/or thicker cleats.
8.4.4.
Welding
Manual welding, semi-automatic and automatic welding shall be in accordance with
AWS D1.1 (and AWS D1.8 where required) or in accordance with EN ISO 3834. Electrodes
shall have a minimum ultimate tensile strength of 480 MPa and a minimum yield strength of
355 MPa.
Welds across the tension flange of members subjected to dynamic loads are not permitted,
unless approved by the lead engineer.
The minimum fillet weld size to be used is 6 mm. Where intermittent welds of a greater size
are specified, the remaining length shall be seal welded using a 3mm fillet weld where
specified. Butt welds shall be full penetration unless otherwise approved by the lead
engineer.
Details that require site welding shall only be acceptable with the lead engineers approval.
8.4.5.
Bracing
Vertical bracing shall generally be tube sections. Vertical braces are often long, heavily
loaded members and the fabrication effort required on the end connection is outweighed by
MP75/CVL/015
Rev. 0
Page 21 of 27

the structural efficiency of the tube section. Horizontal floor bracing shall generally be angle
sections. Open H section bracing is typically not used.
The flexural stiffness of tube bracing end connections shall be considered in determining
the effective length of compression tube braces.
8.4.6.
Corrosion Protection
Corrosion protection is required for all steelwork as per specification Painting and
Protective Coatings .
The steelwork shall incorporate the following minimum requirements:
8.4.7.
The minimum thickness of rolled sections shall be 6 mm (unless otherwise

approved).
The minimum thickness of structural hollow sections shall be 4.8 mm and shall be
sealed unless galvanised.
Arrangements of steel that prevent access for inspection and maintenance shall not
be used, for example back-to-back angle members
Where positioning of members is likely to retain moisture and cannot be avoided,

provision of drainage holes is required
Stiffeners on platework exposed to the weather, shall be fully seal welded.
Flooring
The minimum clear head height between top of floor and underside of ceiling beams for all
buildings, structures and conveyor gantries shall be 2200mm.
Unless noted otherwise, floor grating shall be hot dipped galvanised and fabricated from
32mm x 5mm bars at 40mm centres with 6mm square twisted cross bars at 100mm
centres. Load bars shall preferably be at right angles to the direction of predominant
pedestrian travel. All edges, ends and penetrations shall be fully banded.
The grating shall be fixed to the support members by hot galvanised bolts and proprietary
bent clip fasteners spaced at a maximum of 1000 mm intervals at all supports, but with a
minimum of four clips per panel. An alternative fixing system may be used subject to
approval. Where approved, floor grating may be welded to the supporting steelwork.
The standard floor plate thickness is 6 mm.
Floor plate shall have a raised angular pattern and shall be used selectively to prevent
spillage flowing to lower levels and shall be fully seal welded or sealed by another approval
method. Plate shall be welded to support beams or an alternative fixing system may be
used subject to approval, however it may not be sufficient to provide lateral restraint.
8.4.8.
Stairs, Walkways and Landings

The clear nominal width between handrails for maintenance walkways and stairs (including
spiral stairs surrounding vessels), other than in conveyor gantries, shall be:
900 mm
1200 mm where there is a requirement for a 2 person width, as determined by the

lead engineer.
The clear nominal width between handrails for maintenance walkways and stairs in
conveyor gantries shall be 750mm.
MP75/CVL/015
Rev. 0
Page 22 of 27

Where possible, at the end of stairs, grating shall be aligned such that the load bars are
perpendicular to the direction of the stair.
For stairs up to 1200 wide, grating treads shall be fabricated from 32mm x 5mm load bars
at 30mm c/c with 6mm square twisted cross bars at 100mm c/c or approved alternative.
The stair treads shall be bolted to the stair stringers. Stair treads shall be T6 Webgrate
treads or an approved alternative and nosing shall be non-slip, coloured and removable.
The geometry of stair flights and handrails is detailed on the standard drawings and shall
conform to the IBC. The loading on stairs and handrails is detailed in Section 6.3 of this
document.
8.4.9.
Handrails and Kick-Plates

Handrails shall be supplied in prefabricated modules and bolted to the supporting steelwork
wherever possible.
8.4.10. Ladders
Rung ladders shall have:
500 mm clear width between stiles unless noted otherwise.
20 mm diameter ladder rungs.
20 mm square ladder rungs turned on edge where advised by the lead engineer.
8.4.11. Crane Runway Beams and Monorails

The loads from cranes and monorail hoists shall be assessed in accordance with
EN 1993-3 or approved equivalent. The crane and hoist classification, loads and dynamic
effects, shall be confirmed by the Seller.
The distribution of crane and monorail loads within the crane runway beams and monorail
beams shall be in accordance with EN 1993-6 or approved equivalent. The capacity of the
crane runways and monorail beams for global actions and local effects (e.g. wheel load
effects) may be to either AISC 360 or EN 1993-6 with their respective loads factors.
Crane rails shall be fixed to the supporting steelwork using Gantrex (or equivalent) clips not hook bolts. The base of Gantrex clips shall be shop welded to the girders unless noted
otherwise.
Splices to crane rails on opposite sides of the crane runway shall be staggered with respect
to each other and with respect to the wheelbase of the crane. Rail splices shall not occur at
crane beam splices or over column supports provide a 100mm minimum offset.
Static vertical deflection of cantilever beams shall be evaluated allowing for rotation of the
beam at the support.
Runway beam to column details shall be detailed to allow for vertical and lateral
adjustments plus longitudinal displacements of the upper section of the beam caused by
beam deflection.
Supporting columns shall be designed to allow for the maximum eccentricity possible at the
beam to column connection.
Runway beams shall be designed for eccentric loading. Eccentricities to be adopted in
design are to be the maximum of values specified in EN 1993-6 or the following:
MP75/CVL/015
Rev. 0
Page 23 of 27

1. Supporting Columns
Total of:
(a) Adjustment off centreline available from the design details, and
(b) Column height to beam rail divided by 500 or 25 mm, whichever is less.
2. Runway Beams
Total of:
(a) Rail head divided by 4, and
(b) Beam sweep allowance of beam span divided by 1000 or 3 mm, whichever is greater.
The horizontal actions arising from above eccentricities shall by analysed by the Twin
Beam Analogy assumption calculated by deriving horizontal forces acting at the centre of
gravity of the upper and lower beam flanges.
Horizontal loads derived from dynamic actions shall be applied at top of rail level and the
resulting horizontal design action on the beam also analysed by the Twin Beam Analogy
Method outlined above.
To allow for the above vertical and horizontal eccentric effects the following shall be
adopted to derive total stresses in the beam top and bottom flanges:
a)
Basic Case: Stresses due to vertical and lateral loads with no allowance for vertical
and lateral load eccentricity.
b)
Vertical Load Eccentricity: Stresses from twin beam analogy.
c)
Lateral Load Eccentricity: Stresses from twin beam analogy.
Addition of Cases: a, b, c with stress direction as appropriate to loading direction.

Bending stresses in beam webs resulting from eccentric effects of vertical and lateral loads
shall be evaluated as outlined in EN 1993-6.
Fatigue to runway beams and monorail beams shall be checked in accordance with
EN 1993-6 and shall be based on the relevant number of cycles applicable to the beam or
to the detail being designed and shall take into account the fabrication details of the
structure and its components.
For welded runway beam sections, fatigue in the welds connecting the upper flange to the
member web shall be checked for longitudinal shear stress plus stress arising from
dispersal of the wheel loads through the crane rail depth, upper flange thickness and web.
Curved monorail beams shall be checked with full accountability of the torsion induced.
Secondary support steel should be utilised to prevent excessive deflections and torsional
effects.
8.4.12. Grouting of Baseplates
Grout thickness under baseplates shall be a detailed as 50 mm. Grout thickness to
underside of stairs and ladders and other minor steelwork fixed with adhesive anchors shall
be detailed as 20 mm. Grout thickness may be varied where detailed by equipment Sellers
or directed by the lead engineer.
Grout type shall be:
General steelwork
MP75/CVL/015
Masterflow 830 or equivalent, premixed,

Rev. 0
Page 24 of 27

cementitious, non-shrink, free flowing grout

To base plates supporting heavy
impact, vibration and/or rotational
forces
Masterflow 622 or equivalent, heavy duty epoxy

resin based grout
8.4.13. Purlins and Girts

Typically purlins and girts shall be cold formed sections.
Purlin supply contractors load capacity tables shall be used to size the purlins and girts for
the calculated loading. Where load capacity tables are not available, capacities shall be
calculated in accordance with AISI S100, North American Specification for the Design of
Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members, American Iron and Steel Institute.
8.5
Cladding
Cladding shall be in accordance with Cladding Specification.
8.6
Concrete Masonry
Concrete masonry (i.e. blockwork) shall be designed in accordance with ACI 530 Building
Code Requirements for Masonry Structures.
Infill blockwork shall typically cantilever from the base and shall not incorporate metal ties to
the surrounding structure. Metal ties are not rated for seismic loads nor capable of
sustaining high seismic deflections.
Walls shall be detailed in accordance with the standard drawings.
9.0
DESIGN OF FACILITIES
9.1
Tanks and Vessels

Tanks and vessels containing liquids at atmospheric pressure shall generally be designed
in accordance with API 650.
Tanks and vessels shall be designed for the loading produced by the contained material or
fluid filled to the top. The design engineer shall check whether the hydro-test load condition
results in the worst load combination for design of support structures and foundations for
vessels and tanks.
When designing supports for tankage and pipe work, the design engineer shall obtain
information relating to the process fluid (S.G., temperature, etc.) and the likelihood of scale
formation.
In determining the weight of insulation, a density of 200 kg/m3 shall be adopted unless
noted otherwise. Maximum coefficient of friction to tank bases shall be 0.40 on concrete or
asphalt and 0.30 on an HDPE membrane.
9.2
Pipe Racks
In consultation with the piping engineer, the design engineer shall determine the magnitude
and application of the loads listed below.
A pipe stress analysis shall be completed and all forces shall be provided before any
structural design on pipe racks proceeds. Seismic loads shall be confirmed by the structural
engineer.
MP75/CVL/015
Rev. 0
Page 25 of 27

Pipe rack lateral deflections shall be limited as required by the piping engineer.
9.2.1.
Vertical Loads
The design engineer shall obtain information relating to the process fluid and the likelihood
of scale formation from the lead engineer.
The vertical loads shall include the weight of pipes, fittings, valves, insulation and the fluid
contents of piping, as well as loads due to scaling and sanding. In determining the weight of
insulation, a density of 200 kg/m3 shall be adopted. A minimum vertical load (including self
weight of pipes) of 2.5 kPa shall be used for each level of pipe rack.
The procedure for hydro-testing and the resultant loads shall be evaluated to determine the
worst load case acting on supports.
9.2.2.
Transverse Loads
Transverse loads include those from thermal expansion and the transverse component of
wind load.
In determining wind loads, the projected height per level of pipe rack used shall be obtained
from the following:
Width of pipe rack B
Projected height of wind load
Metres
Metres
B<4
1.2
4 <= B < 6
1.5
6 <= B <= 10
2.0
A drag coefficient Cd of 1.3 shall be adopted. Wind on structural steel is included in the
above.
For congested pipe racks, loads shall be explicitly calculated for all pipes (with due
allowance for future expansions) but shall not be less than calculated using the above
simplified method unless approved by the lead engineer.
9.2.3.
Longitudinal Loads
Longitudinal loads include those from thermal expansion and the longitudinal component of
wind load.
Thermal forces are those forces caused by temperature changes during operations and
maintenance conditions over the life of the plant. Thermal forces shall be considered for the
following conditions:
Loads occurring at the anchor points of piping and equipment.
Sliding friction forces due to the thermal expansion and contraction of the piping and
equipment.
Horizontal loads due to thermal expansion shall be a minimum of 15% of the vertical pipe
loads and shall be applied to each transverse frame and the longitudinal steel immediately
adjacent to the frame on each side. Where anchor loads are higher they shall be adopted
for design. A minimum longitudinal load of 10% of vertical pipe loads shall be accumulated
at braced bays and carried down to the foundations.
MP75/CVL/015
Rev. 0
Page 26 of 27

Longitudinal thermal forces shall be considered as uniformly distributed loads over the
entire span of the beam applied to the top flange of the pipe support beam.
9.2.4.
Longitudinal Beams
All longitudinal beams connecting pipe racks shall be designed for a minimum 10% of the
vertical load on the transverse beams with a minimum of 10 kN.
Horizontal load shall be a minimum of 15% of the vertical load from pipe off-takes but shall
not be less than 3 kN. Loads from monorails and platforms etc. shall be considered to act
simultaneously with these loads.
9.2.5.
Intermediate beams at tier levels

When determining distribution of load between main pipe rack beams and intermediate
transverse beams at tier levels, consideration of the relative stiffnesss of the beams and
supported pipes shall be taken into account.
9.2.6.
Transverse restraint guides

Loadings on restraint guides shall be determined in consultation with the piping engineer.
9.2.7.
Cable Trays
Loadings from cable trays shall be determined in consultation with instrument and electrical
engineers. As a minimum, the following loads shall be used:
300 wide tray
60 kg/m
450 wide tray
90 kg/m
600 wide tray
120 kg/m
900 wide tray
180 kg/m
MP75/CVL/015
Rev. 0
Page 27 of 27

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450-550MW Combined Cycle Power Plant

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STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

450-550MW COMBINED CYCLE POWER

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

450-550MW Combined Cycle Power Plant

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

CODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS ............................................................. 4

Codes and Standards .................................................................................................. 4

SITE CONDITIONS ..................................................................................................... 6

DESIGN RESPONSIBILITIES ..................................................................................... 7

DESIGN DATA ............................................................................................................ 8

DESIGN LOADS ......................................................................................................... 8

450-550MW Combined Cycle Power Plant

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

Bases to Pumps and Rotating Equipment .................................................................. 19

450-550MW Combined Cycle Power Plant

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

CODES, STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS

Codes and Standards

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other

Design Loads on Structures During Construction

Specification for Structural Steel Buildings

Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings

AISC Design Guide 27 2005

Structural Stainless Steel

Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete

Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures

ANSI/AWC NDS 2012

National Design Specification for Wood Construction

Aluminium Design Manual 2010, Aluminium Association

Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable

450-550MW Combined Cycle Power Plant

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

Stairs - Part 1: Code of practice for the design of stairs

Eurocode: Basis of structural design

Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 1-4: General

Eurocode 1: Actions on structures Part 3: Actions

Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures Part 1-1:

Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures Part 3:

Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures Part 6: Crane

Cement. Composition, specifications and conformity

Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable

Documents and Specifications

Design Criteria - Civil

Specification Insulated Aluminium Cladding

Specification Non insulated cladding

Specification - Building Works

Volume 2A, Section 10

Specification - Site Data

Specification - Earthwork, Trenching and Backfill

Specification - Earthwork, Structural Excavation and

Specification - Concrete Supply

Specification - Concrete Works

Specification - Supply, Installation & Testing of Piling

450-550MW Combined Cycle Power Plant

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

Specification - Precast Concrete Elements

Specification - Concrete Block Masonry

Specification - Painting and Galvanizing

Specification - Structural Steelwork Erection Work

Volume 2A, Section 9

AISC Steel Construction Manual, 13th Edition (or later)