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EDITORIAL BOARD
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
MANAGING EDITOR
DR. A. E. TALABI
ASSISTANT EDITOR
MR. O. T, IBRAHIM
BOARD MEMBER
PROF. L. EMIOLA
PROF. E. A. OGUNSAKIN
DR. O. OBIYEMI
DR. O. OYERINDE
CONSULTING EDITORS -
PROF. J. A. ADEDEJI
PROF. F. AMUCHIE
PROF. C. O. UDOH
EDITORIAL NOTE
The Ilorin Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation
(IJOPHER), is out with a new look and a new mandate. We dare our
contributors to send scholarly articles to our journal and in return we
will produce a quality journal.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Editorial note
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
17
6.
22
7.
Separate
Muscular Endurance Tests - Ajayi-Vincent O.B
32
8.
Sports
for Sports Development in Nigeria - Mohammed Baba Gambari
36
9.
Towards
the Teaching of Physical Education in Ilorin East LGA- Bakinde, S. T
40
10.
11.
12.
Habeeb
13.
57
14.
15.
68
16.
74
State -
Tajudeen
Olanrewaju
Ibraheem
&
Bola,
O.
Ogunsanwo 84
18.
19.
20.
Exercise
Training Program in the Treatment of insulin-dependent Diabetics.
Gwani, J.A. & Muhammad M. S, & Chado
101
21.
People
of Kaduna State Shehu Raheem Adaramaja & comfort O.
Adegbite 107
22.
23.
Mental Health for Job Demands among Nigerians: The Place of Health
Education and Consultation Programmes T.I. Izevbigie
120
24.
Hypothesis
Ho1: There is no significant difference in the toothbrushing behaviours
among the school children in three socio-economic areas of Oyo
State.
Ho2: There is no significant difference in the dental caries among the
school children in three socio-economic areas of Oyo State.
10
METHODOLOGY
This cross-sectional survey was conducted between April 4th,
2004 and June 3rd 2004. Using a multistage sampling technique, the
public primary schools were listed as found in different areas of the
state used according to different socio economic levels:
higher social areas (area one, Agodi GRA in Ihadan North LGA)
middle social areas (area two, Taki in Ogbomoso North LGA)
lower social areas (area three, ljaiye-Orile in Akinyele LGA).
Simple random sampling technique was adopted to choose the schools
and classes. Two schools were selected in area one, because of
the limited number of schools there, while the study covered four
schools in areas two, and three in area three, because of the
large number of schools there. The sample was selected by
cluster sampling in area one (i.e all the pupils in primary three
classes were taken), and systematic sampling in the second and
third areas (i.e only some of the pupils were taken) because of
the large number of classes, in order to ensure a stratified
sample with regards to the class, area and sex.
The diagnostic criteria of WHO regarding oral health surveys was
used (WHO, 2004). The detail of aim and type of the study was
explained to the headteachers and teachers of the schools, then
classes and pupils were chosen as described before. The pupils were
informed about the nature and purpose of the study. The researcher
11
table 2).
12
Area
One (high socioeconomic
level)
Two (middle socioeconomic
level)
Three (low socioeconomic
level
No
%
No
%
No
%
No
%
Total
Boy
s
Girl
s
Total
83
77
78
75
160
33.5
153
85
79
246
231
Dental Caries
No
No
33
20.6
60
Nigh
t
42
26.3
19
Mornin
g
33
20.6
31
Othe
r
55
34.4
44
65
35
61
95
59.4
92
321
164
39.0
109
14.1
7
20.3
23
28.3
24
39.9
55
60.1
109
34.4
477
100
66.5
202
42.3
4.3
68
14.3
14.0
87
18.2
14.6
123
25.8
33.5
181
37.9
66.5
296
62.1
Toothbrushing behaviour
Calc. x2
value
118.6
18.5
Dental caries
3.412
5.99
97.8
12.59
Variable
df
Crt. Value
Decision on Ho
Highly significant @
P < 0.005
Not significant @
P < 0.005
significant @
P < 0.005
Number of children
13
Yes
Table 1 revealed that 202 (42.3%) pupils did not brush their
teeth. In area one, (20.6%) pupils did not brush their teeth, whereas in
area two 60 (39.0%) did not brush their teeth, and area three had
highest number of non toothbrushers with 109 (66.5 AU types of
tooth brushing behaviour were in descending order according to the so
status of each area.
Amongst all, regular night toothbrushers were 68 (14.3%) of the
477 pupils, while 87 (18.2%) brushed in the morning only: 123 (25.8%)
brushed at other times.
Of the 68 regular night toothbrushers, only 6 (8.8%) had brushed
for more the years: the majority 39 (57.4%) had been brushing for less
than 2 years.
The prevalence of dental caries in this sample was 62.1% (95.3%
CI 58.6 65 one or more tooth might be decayed in the same child.
The prevalence and the number of carious teeth were greater in
area three (66. than the others. Areas one and two had a similar
overall prevalence of dental caries (59.4% and 60.1% respectively).
The difference was not statistically significant P> 0.05(see table 2).
However, among the 202 pupils who did not bush their teeth, 67
(33.2%) had no dental caries, compared with 116 of 278 (4 1.7%) for
all those who brushed. The difference in dental caries between nontoothbrushers and toothbrushers was statistically significant at P<
0.005(see figure 1 and table 2).
14
DISCUSSION
Toothbrushing:
This
study
revealed
that
the
practice
of
toothbrushing was not satisfactory among subjects for the reason that
a large numbers of pupils (42,3%) of the sample did not brush their
teeth at all. Although area three had the largest number of the nontoothbrushers.
Toothbrushing behaviour among the pupils was strongly related
to the parental education and their socio economic statuses. This could
be attributed to the awareness created by continuous parental
instruction and/or to the imitation behaviour of these children, as the
children of parents in high socio economic level and those with parents
who had higher education brushed their teeth regularly.
Dental Caries: The prevalence of dental caries in this study was
slightly higher among boys than girls, which differs from. other studies
(Legler, Al-Alousi & Jamison, 1996). Although, the difference was not
statistically significant. Dental caries, was encountered less frequently
among the toothbrushing group, a finding in line with Holt, Joels &
Winter (1992) and Legler. et al (1996). The higher prevalence of dental
caries in area three is not in line with the finding of Olsson (1999)
which showed more dental caries in the teeth of children from high
socio economic levels than those with of lower socio economic levels.
The results however, simulate the situation in industrialized countries,
where dental problems, including dental caries, are more common in
15
the lower social classes, this may probably due to greater use of
artificial feeding in infancy, the ability to afford sweets and refined
sugars, ignorance, and poor oral hygiene practices (Holt, et al, 1992;
WHO, 1997 & Truin et al, 1993).
16
REFERENCES
Adeleke, W (1998). Care of baby teeth. Lagos: Adadis publishers.
Fejerskov, O. (2003). Concepts of dental caries and their
consequences for understanding the disease. Community Dentistry
and Epidemiology, 29, 15-22.
Holt, R; Joels, D & Winter, G.B (1992). Caries in preschool
children. The Camden study . British Dental Journal, 153, 107 109.
Legler, D.W.; Al-Alousi, W & Jamison, H.C. (1996). Dental caries
prevalence in secondary school children in Iraq. Journal of Dental
Research, 67, 1998 2004.
McDonald, R.E.; Stookey G.K. & Avery D.R. (2004). Dental caries
in he child and adolescent. In McDonald RE. & Avery D.R. (Ed.),
Dentistry for the child and adolescent, (9th Ed.). p. 219-263. St Louis:
CV Mosby Company.
Olsson, B. (1999). Dental health situation in privileged children in
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 9,
71 76.
Sheiham, A. (2002). Dental caries in underdeveloped countries.
In Guggenheim, B (Ed.) Cariology today. . P 33-39.Basel: Karger Press.
Tamari J.W (1994). An assessment of oral disease among primary
school
children
in
Lebanon
.1.
Assessment
of
dental
caries.
International Dental Journal, 24, 407415. Truin, G.J; Konig, K.C. &
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