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Complex Numbers

The Complex Number System

• A Complex number is of the form a+ib, where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are real

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numbers and ‘I’ is called the imaginary unit, having the property i2 = -1.

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• If z = a+ib then ‘a’ is called the real part of z, denoted by Re(z) and ‘b’ is

called the imaginary part of z and is denoted by Im(z).

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• If z = a+ib is a complex number then the negative of z is denoted by –z

and it is defined as –z = -a + i (-b).

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• Basic Algebraic Operations with Complex Numbers
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(a + ib) + (c + id) = (a + c) + i (b + d)

(a + ib) - (c + id) = (a - c) + i (b - d)
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(a + ib) (c + id) = (ac - bd) + i (ad + bc)

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• If z = a + i b, then the conjugate of z is denoted by
 and

is defined by
    
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• Properties of Complex Numbers

    
  
   
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Z is real  the imaginary part is zero




  

 
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Conjugate of the sum is the sum of their conjugates



 


 

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Conjugate of the product of two complex numbers is the

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product of their conjugates 

 


 

The conjugate of the quotient of two complex numbers is

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the quotient of their conjugates.   





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The Modulus (or) Absolute value of z = a+ib is denoted by !
! is defined

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by "  #  cu
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• The Amplitude (or) Argument of z = a+ib is denoted by arg z or arg z is

defined by $   
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• It is obvious that !
!  !
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• 

% !
! and 

% !
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• The Modulus of a product of two complex numbers is equal to the

product of their moduli. !

 !  !
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• The above result can be extended to any finite number of complex

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numbers. i.e., !

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 !  !
 !!
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' ! & !
 !

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• The Modulus of a quotient of two complex numbers is equal to the

 !
 !
quotient of their moduli. ( ( 

 !
 !

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• Triangle Inequality

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The Modules of sum of two complex numbers is always less than

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or equal to the sum of their moduli. !

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 ! !
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!
 
 ! % !
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 !

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!

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 ! % !
 ! !
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 !

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• The Modulus of the difference of two complex numbers is always greater

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than or equal to the difference of their moduli. !
 
 ! * !
 !  !
 !

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Polar form of a Complex Number
 + ,  "-./$ /$0
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• For any two complex numbers
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!

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 !!
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"   "
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• The above result can be extended to any finite number of complex

numbers .
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!

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 !  !
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 ! & &   !
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• The Exponential form of a Complex Number $ is known as Euler’s

Formula and is defined by $  ./$ /$

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General Rule for determining the argument $

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Let z = a + ib where a, b 2 R. Take 3   !!

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In First Quadrant, $  3

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In Second Quadrant, $  4  3

In Third Quadrant, $   4 3

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In Fourth Quadrant, $   3

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Both cos $and sin $are positive. $  3

Z lies in the first quadrant.

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Sin $ is positive and cos $is negative. $  4  3
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Z lies in the second quadrant.
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Both cos $and sin $are negative. $   4 3

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Z lies in the third quadrant.

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Sin $ is negative and cos $is positive. $   3

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Z lies in the fourth quadrant.

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Theorem
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For any polynomial equation P(x) = 0 with real coefficients, imaginary

(complex) roots occur in conjugate pairs.
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De Moivre’s Theorem
For any rational number n, 56789 :7:889 is the value or one of the values
of ./$ /$


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Roots of a Complex Number

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Working Rule to find the nth roots of a Complex Number

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• Write the given number in polar form

• Add 2k4 to the argument

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• Apply De Moivre’s theorem

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• Put k=0, 1, 2,3, …upto (n-1)

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nth roots of unity

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• Sum of the roots is zero.

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• The roots are in Geometric Progression with common ratio w.

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• The arguments are in Arithmetic Progression with common difference 
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• Product of the roots = 

 
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Cube Roots of Unity

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• If ;   
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• The sum of the cube roots of unity is zero. 1+w+w2 = 0.

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• w3 = 1
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Fourth Roots of Unity

• 1+w+w 2 +w3= 0.
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• w4 = 1
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• The values of w used in cube roots of unity and in fourth roots of unity

are different.

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