TOPIC THREE THE VOICE OF THE GENOME

SAQ 286
(a) (i) Chloroplast; 1
(ii) Photosynthesis;
Uses light (energy);
To
produce
carbohydrates/starch/glucose/sugars/ATP/red
uced NADP; max 2
Note that candidates cannot be expected to
have a detailed knowledge of photosynthesis.
(b) (i) A; 1
(ii) C; 1
(c) (i) Slows enzymes/prevents enzymes being
denatured/
prevents/stops self-digestion; 1
Ignore
references to bacteria.
Reject enzymes not
working
(ii) To remove organelle C/nuclei;
Which are larger/more dense; 2
AQA/BYA1/JAN06
SAQ 287
2 (a) A = capsule / slime/mucus (layer); 1 B =
flagellum;1
2 (b) Ribosome; 1
2 (c) (Electrons have) shorter wavelength; 1
Greater resolution / can distinguish between
close objects; 1 Reference to magnification =
neutral
2 (d) Contains DNA; 1 Ribosomes; 1 Folded
(inner) membrane / cristae / double membrane;
1
Dont
contain
membrane-bound
organelles/named example1
AQA/BYBI/JUN08

Mesosomes present / folded cell (surface)

membrane; Plasmids/loops of DNA / non-linear
DNA;
Capsule not in plant cells; Different
composition of cell wall; DNA does not
associate with proteins/form chromosome; No
Golgi; No SER/RER; Smaller/70S ribosomes; 3
max
(allow one mark for no membrane-bound
organelles if no named organelle in answer)
(b)
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum/SER
Synthesis of lipids/transport of lipids or
polypeptides/drug detoxification; OR Rough
endoplasmic reticulum/RER; Attachment of
ribosomes/protein synthesis/protein transport;
OR Golgi (body); Formation of lysosomes or
(secretory) vesicles / adding sugars to proteins
or lipids / secretion of enzymes/hormones; OR
Lysosome; Digestion of damaged/worn-out
organelles / autolysis; 2 max (As ribosomes
are often referred to as membrane-bound, if
ribosome is the named organelle, give no mark
for name of organelle, but allow one mark for
the
correct
function

i.e.Protein
synthesis/translation)
Total 6 AQA/BYB1/JUN07
SAQ 289
c) The length of mitochondria can vary from
1.5 m to 10
m but their width never exceeds 1 m.
Explain the
advantage of the width of mitochondria being
no more
than 1 m.
(1)
The uniformly narrow width of the
mitochondria ensures that the diffusion
distance is very low. The distance from the
centre to the outer membrane of mitochondria
is very less (about 0.5 m).
(Total 1marks) January 2004 BYB1, AQA

SAQ 288
(a) (i) Ribosomes; Cytoplasm; DNA; 1 max
(ii) Any three suitable answers
For example, No nuclear envelope/nucleus; No
mitochondria; No chloroplasts; No vacuole;

SAQ 290
b) (i) ice-cold
(1)
The low temperature will reduce enzyme
action. This will help to keep the organelles

intact and prevent lysosomal enzymes from

hydrolysing the organelles.
(ii) isotonic
(1)
Isotonic means that the water potential of the
solution is the same as the water potential of
the cell contents. This helps to prevent
osmosis and does not allow the organelles to
shrink or swell and burst.
c) Pellet A. The nucleus is the largest
organelle. During centrifugation, the largest,
more dense organelles sediment at lower
speeds. To obtain smaller organelles,
centrifugation will have to be carried out at
higher speeds for longer intervals of time.
(2)
d) Incubate the mitochondria with pyruvate.
The mitochondria will start to use up oxygen
and produce carbon dioxide and ATP. The rate
of oxygen absorption can be measured using a
respirometer or the rate of carbondioxide
production can be measured using a hydrogen
carbonate indicator.
(Total 8 marks) June 2002 BYB1, AQA
SAQ 291
(a)
ONE correct function; and explanation;
e.g. emulsifies fats / described; increases
surface area for lipase / faster rate of digestion
by lipase; OR bile (is alkaline) neutralises
acidic material / chyme from the stomach;
provides optimum pH for (digestive) enzymes;
(b)
(i) cold - no / reduced enzyme action /
e.g. stops autolysis; (reject "cell activity
reduced") isotonic . stops osmotic effects /
description of effect on cells or organelles;
buffer . prevents damage to enzymes /
proteins; 3
(ii) break open the cells / release the cell
contents; 1
(iii) supernatant / liquid above the pellet; spun
at a high(er) speed; 2(mark as independent
points) Total 8 AQA GCE Mark Scheme, 2006
January. BYB1
SAQ 292
a)A - rough endoplasmic reticulum
B - nuclear envelope

C - mitochondria
D - golgi bodies or golgi apparatus
E - secretory vesicles
F - vacuole
b)The ribosomes attached to the rough
endoplasmic reticulum produce polypeptide
chains by translation. The polypeptide chains
are packed into transport vesicles and
transported to the cis region or forming face of
the golgi bodies. The polypeptides are
modified in the cisternae of the golgi bodies
and released in secretory vesicles from the
trans region or the forming face of the golgi
bodies. The secretory vesicles fuse with the
cell membrane and release their contents by
exocytosis.
(Total 5 marks)
Cambridge Specimen Paper 2002
SAQ 293
(a) (i) A mitochondrion and B nucleus; 1 (need
both for one mark)
(ii)
increased
surface
a
rea;
for
respiration/enzymes; 2
(b)
any
suitable
feature
1
e.g.
plasmid/capsule/70S
ribosomes/smaller
ribosomes/complex cell wall/mesosome/no
nucleus;
(c) use of differential centrifugation/or
description; first/low-spin pellet discarded /
spin at low speed to remove cell wall
material/cell debris; supernatant re-spun at
higher speed / until pellet with chloroplasts is
found; method of identifying chloroplasts e.g.
microscopy; 3 max
Total 7 AQA/BYB1/JUN06

SAQ294
(a) A Carries the (genetic) code / genetic
instructions / DNA / makes mRNA /
transcription / makes ribosomes;
B Links amino acids / synthesises / makes
protein;
C Involved in modifying / packaging protein /
forms glycoproteins / forms vesicles; 3
(b) (i) Mitochondrion; 0.01% as opposed to
0.003%; 2
Accept any valid approach but must be clear
as to what the calculations relate

(ii) With electron microscopes sections must

be cut; Cisternae are joined to each other;
Outside plane of section; 2 max
(iii) Protein synthesis requires energy / ATP;
Mitochondria release energy / make ATP;
From respiration; 3
Do not award credit for second point if
candidate refers to mitochondria making /
producing energy
Total 10 AQA/BYB1/JAN02
SAQ 295
(a) Red blood cell Bacterial cell Does not
contain ribosomes Contains ribosomes; No
cell wall Cell wall; No capsule Capsule; No
flagellum
Flagellum;
No
mesosomes
Mesosomes; No plasmid Plasmid; No genetic
material/ DNA Genetic material/ DNA; max 2
[Note: Must compare like with like]
(b) No nucleus/ DNA; (Nucleus) codes for
protein/ can't make RNA;
OR No ribosomes/ rough endoplasmic
reticulum;
Protein is made/ synthesised/ translated (on
ribosomes);
OR No mitochondria; (Mitochondria) supply
energy/ ATP for making proteins; max 2
(c) (i) Red blood cells do not contain
endoplasmic
reticulum/
do
not
have
membrane-bound organelles; 1 [Note: not
enough to say 'because there aren't any']
(ii) Water potential inside cell more negative/
lower; Water moves in by osmosis/ diffusion; 2
(d) (i) Have a greater surface area to volume
ratio/ shorter distance to centre; 1
(ii) Cell membrane of abnormal cell not as
strong/ spectrin strengthens membrane; 1
(e) 1 Amino acid based on carbon with four
groups attached;
2 Amino/ NH2 and carboxyl/ COOH;
3 R-group/ side chain + hydrogen;
4 R-group differs from one amino acid to
another;
5 Amino acids joined by condensation;
6 Bond formed between NH2 and COOH;
7 Involves removal of molecule of water;
8 H from NH2 and OH from COOH; max 6
Total 15 marks AQA/BYA1/JAN03
SAQ 296

9. a) A Nucleus B Chloroplast C Circular

DNA
b) The bacterial cell wall is made up of murein
or peptidoglycan, where as, the in a leaf cell
the cell wall is made up of cellulose.
c) The flagellum (D) in bacterial cells is made
up of a protein called flagellin. The flagellum
spins like the propeller of a boat (cork screw
motion) to help the bacteria to swim in water.
(Total 6 marks)
June 2005 Unit 1, EdexcL
SAQ 297
a) (i) A Glycoprotein B Phospholipid.
(ii) A acts as a receptor for hormones and also
helps in cell to cell recognition .
(iii) The phospholipid molecules have a
hydrophilic phosphate head which is attracts
to water molecules in the membrane surface.
The fattyacis tails are non-polar and
hydrophobic so they face away from the water
molecules on the membrane surface and form
a barrier to polar molecules.
(3)
b) The cell surface membrane is made up of a
fluid mosaic model. Fluid means that the
proteins can change places within the
membrane. Mosaic means that the proteins are
randomly embedded in the phospholipid
bilayer. So when the two membranes are fused
together , the proteins change places and
arrange themselves randomly.
(Total
8
marks)
June 2005 Unit 1, Edexcel
SAQ 298
SAQ 299
a) (i) A Flagellum
B Circular DNA
(ii) Glycogen
(iii) The plant cell wall is made up of cellulose
but the bacterial cell wall is made up of
peptidoglycan or murein.

SAQ 300
a) (i) The outer nuclear membrane is
continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum,
where as the mitochondrial membrane is not
associated with the endoplasmic reticulum.
The outer nuclear envelope has ribosomes
attached to it, where as the outer
mitochondrial membrane does not. The
nuclear envelope has pores, but mitochondria
does not. The inner membrane of mitochondria
has ATP synthase (ATPase or stalked
particles), but the nuclear envelope does not.
The inner membrane of mitochondria is folded
into cristae, but the nuclear envelope is not
folded.

1.
Surrounde
d
by
double
membrane
Chloroplast (envelope)
Site
of
2.
Filled with photosynt
stroma,
which hesis
contains
thylakoid
membranes,
circular
DNA,
ribosomes.
(Total 6 marks) June 2004 Unit 1, Edexcel
SAQ 302

(ii) Chloroplast (1)

b) The centriole is a hollow cylindrical
structure, made up of nine triplets of
microtubules. The centrioles always occur in
pairs. The centrioles lie perpendicular to each
other. The main function of the centrioles is to
organize the spindle fibres during cell division.
Tubulin subunits are assembled by the
centrioles, resulting in spindle formation.
(Total 6 marks) January 2005 Unit 1, Edexcel

a)
(i)Palisade and spongy mesophyll layer ,
lower or upper epidermis, xylem and phloem
tissues. (2)
(ii) It is made up of several tissue, working
together to perform a specific function
(photosynthesis).
(Total 6 marks) June 2004 Unit 1, EdexcLl

SAQ 301

SAQ 303

Name of
organelle
Golgi
apparatus

Rough
endoplasmi
c reticulum

Two features of
structure
1.
Stack
of
curved cisternae
2.
Surrounde
d
by
many
vesicles
1.
Network of
flattened
membranes
(cisternae)
2.
Ribosomes
found on outer
surface

One
function
Modificatio
n
of
proteins
Isolation,
transport
and
packaging
of
proteins.

a)
The root tip or the stem tip are suitable,
because they contain rapidly dividing cells.
These rapidly dividing tissues are called as
meristems or meristematic tissue. (2)
b)
(i) To make the chromosomes visible. (1)
(ii) Acetocarmine, acetic orcein, Feulgens or
schiffs stain.
c)
Squashing spreads the cells out so that
a single layer of cells is obtained on the slide.
(1)
(Total 5 marks) June 2004 Unit 1, Edexcel
SAQ 304
a) Tissues and organs.

(2)

Tissues are groups of similar cells performing

a similar function, where as organs are groups
of tissues that perform a specific function.

b) Not in syllabus ignore Magnification and

resolution.
(2)
Magnification is the ratio of the size of image
to the size of the object, where as resolution is
the degree of detail that is visible under the
microscope.
(Total 4 marks)
January 2004 Unit 1, Edexcel
SAQ 305
The proteins that are synthesised on the rough
endoplasmic reticulum pass into the cisternae
and are packed into transport vesicles. These
vesicles, fuse
with the cis-region of the Golgi bodies and are
concentrated and modified by the addition of
carbohydrate chains, to form glycoproteins.
The modified proteins are then packed into
secretory
vesicles and released from the
trans-region of the Golgi
bodies. The
secretory vesicles move towards the cell
membrane and fuse with the membrane to
release the contents by exocytosis.
Part of January 2004 Unit 1, Edexcel
SAQ 306
20. The table below refers to some features of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
If the feature is present, place a tick () in the
appropriate box and if the feature is absent,
place a cross (X) in the appropriate box.
Prokaryotic
cell

Eukaryotic
cell

Nuclear
envelope
Cell surface
membrane

Ribosome

Microtubules

Mitochondria

Feature

(Total 5 marks) January 1996, (B/HB1), Edexcel

SAQ 307
A) Anaphase
B) The spindle fibres are involved in pulling
the chromosomes towards the poles during
cell
division and also for holding the
chromosomes in position. (2)
Centrioles: The centrioles organize the spindle
fibres during cell division and help to
assemble tubulin for the formation of spindle
fibres.
(Total 13 marks)
June 2003 Unit 1, Edexcel
SAQ 308
a) Phospholipids are made up of two fatty acid
tails and a phosphate head. The fatty acid tails
are non polar and hydrophobic (water hating),
while the phosphate heads are polar and
hydrophilic (water loving). So the polar
phosphate heads are attracted to water
molecules on the membrane surfaces and the
fatty acid tails face away from the water on the
membrane surfaces, forming a bilayer.
c) Carbohydrate : The carbohydrates may help
in cell recognition, as in the case of antigens.
They also play a role in adhesion of cells to
each other.
Protein: Some proteins may act as carriers or
channels
for the transport of specific
substances across the cell membrane; some
proteins may serve as receptors for
hormones, helping hormones to recognize and
affect only target cells; other proteins may
serve as enzymes, as in the epithelial cells in
the ileum of humans. (Total 8 marks)
January 2003 Unit 1, Edexcel
SAQ309
a) (i) These are spherical bodies, about 0.5 nm
in diameter. They are filled with about fifty
different hydrolytic enzymes, in acidic
solutions. These are found only in animal cells.
(ii) The lysosome isolates the hydrolytic
enzymes from the rest of the cytoplasm.
These enzymes are used to hydrolyse bacteria
or other substances engulfed by the cells. The
lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesice
and releases enzymes into the vesicle, where

hydrolysis takes place. These enzymes may be

used in a similar way to hydrolyse old or
damaged
organelles
within
the
cells.
Sometimes the lysosome may rupture and
destroy the entire cell. This is called as
autolysis and the lysosome is sometimes
called as the suicide bag or scavenger of the
cell.
b) During the first eight hours, there is a rapid
increase in the radioactivity inside the WBCs.
Between 8 hours to 14 hours, the level of
radioactivity remains relatively constant.
However, after 14 hours there is a decrease in
the level of radioactivity in the WBCs. Ven at
24 hours, there is some amount of radioactivity
inside the WBCs.
c) The bacteria is being hydrolysed by the
hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome.
d) The products from the hydrolysis of the
bacterial molecules will still be radioactive.
These radioactive amino acids are expelled
from the cell by exocytosis.
e) All the bacteria may not have been taken up
by the cells. Also the bacterial cells may not
have taken up all the amino acids from the
supernatant solution.
(Total 11 marks) January 2003 Unit 1, Edexcel
SAQ 310
a) A Flagellum B Circular DNA C Cell
wall / peptidoglycan / murein
b) Prokaryotic cell
Eukaryotic cell
Smaller cells
Larger cells
Do not have a Have a nucleus
nucleus
Do
not
have Have
membrane
membrane
bound bound organelles
organelles
Have 70S ribosomes Have 80S ribosomes
Have mesosomes
No
mesosomes
present
Circular DNA
Linear DNA
Histones absent
Histones present
Cell walls made of Cell walls, if present,
murein
made of cellulose

Flagellum with no Flagellum with 9+2

microtubules
arrangement
of
microtubules
(Total 6 marks) May 2002 Unit 1, Edexcel

SAQ 311
Prokaryoti Eukaryotic
Feature
c cell
cell
Cell
surface

membrane
Plasmids

X
Ribosomes

Mitochondria
X

(Total 4 marks) January 2002 Unit 1, Edexcel

SAQ312
a) This will prevent the entry or exit of water by
osmosis. Thus the organelles will remain intact
and there will be no osmotic effect.
b)
Pellet
Organelle
A
Nuclei
B
Mitochondria
C
Ribosomes
c) Glucose, glycogen, proteins, ions, lipids,
microtubules, microfilaments or RNA
d)

d)
The mitochondria produce large amounts of
ATP by aerobic respiration, via the Krebs
cycle and electron transport chain. Large
amounts of ATP are used for the metabolic
reactions in the liver cells, as liver cells are
metabolically very active.
(2) (Total 12
marks)

January 2002 Unit 1, Edexcel

SAQ 313
Name
of Description
organelle
Made
up of
Golgi
curved stacks
apparatus of membranes
called
cisternae,
surrounded by
many vesicles.
Cylindrical
organelles
Centrioles
made up of
microtubules

(Total 5 marks) June 2000 Module Test B/HB1,

Edexcel
SAQ 316

One function

Modification
of proteins

Involved
in
spindle
organization
during
cell
division
in
animal cells

Rod-shaped
Mitochondria structures with Site of aerobic
a
double respiration for
membrane, the the
inner
one production of
folded to form ATP
cristae.
(Total 5 marks) June 2001 Unit 1/Module B1,
Edexcel
SAQ 314
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Feature
cell
cell
Endoplasmic
X

reticulum
Mesosome

X
Ribosome

Golgi apparatus
X

(Total 4 marks) January 1999 Module BHB1,

EdexceL
SAQ 315
Statements
Liver cell Leaf palisade cell
Mitochondria

Starch grains
X

Microtubule

Golgi

apparatus
Glycogen

X
granules

a)
(i)A Phospholipid layer B
Glycoprotein C Carrier or Channel protein D
Carbohydrate chain E Glycolipid (5)
(ii)
7 nm (2)
b)
(i) The cytoplasm is on side Y. (1)
(ii) The carbohydrate chains (glycocalyx) is
always found on the outer surface of the cell
membrane.
Component 1 : Carrier or channel proteins
Function : Transport of specific substances
across the membrane.
Component 2 : Glycoproteins
Function: Help in cell to cell recognition.
Component 3: Phospholipid bilayer
Function: Forms a barrier to polar molecules
and ions. (6)
d) The phospholipid bilayer is impermeable to
large polar molecules and ions. However, non
polar
molecules, like oxygen and carbon
dioxide; and lipid soluble substances, like
cholesterol can pass the phosphlipid bilayer.
The larger polar molecules and ions can only
enter the cells through specific proteins in the
cell surface membrane. Since most biological
molecules are large and polar, their movement
across the membrane is restricted and
determined by the carrier and channel proteins
in the cell surface membrane.
(Total 19 marks) Specimen Materials OCR
2000
SAQ317
a) They have a cell wall made up of murein or
peptidoglycan. They lack membrane bound
organelles. They have 70 S ribosomes and
lack a membrane bound nucleus.
(3)
b)
Lysosome: isolates the hydrolytic
enzymes from the rest of the cytoplasm. These
enzymes are used to hydrolyse bacteria or
other substances engulfed by the cells. The
lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesicle
and releases enzymes into the vesicle, where
hydrolysis takes place. These enzymes may be

used in a similar way to hydrolyse old or

damaged organelles within the cells.
Sometimes the lysosome may rupture and
destroy the entire cell.
Ribosomes: they are the sites of protein
synthesis. The information from mRNA is
translated into a polypeptide chain.
Centrioles: Involved in spindle organization
during cell division in animal cells.
(Total 9 marks) Specimen Materials OCR
2000

(c) translation / protein/polypeptide synthesis;

1
(d) provide/produce energy or ATP (reject
create energy); (disqualify first mark if .for
respiration.)
high respiration (rate) (accept lots); for active
uptake / transport (accept description);
absorption
of
digested
food/substances/products/correctly
named
product (only accept monosaccharides, amino
acids, dipeptides); 3 max
Total 8 AQA/BYB1/JAN05
SAQ 323

SAQ 318
(a) central C with R and H attached by single
bonds ;
NH2 and COOH attached to carbon by
single bonds ; [accept NH3+ an/or COO]
(b) (i)
A -Ribosomes ; B- Rough ER ; C
-Golgi apparatus ; 3

SAQ 319
Feature

Prokaryotic cell

Eukaryotic cell

Nuclear envelope
Cell surface membrane
Ribosomes
Microtubules
Mitochondria

SAQ 320
a)
A.Flagellum / flagella;
B. (peptidoglycan) / cell wall;
C.(circular) DNA / chromosome /
nucleoid
SAQ 321 SAQ322
(a) A mitochondria;
B ribosomes (accept ribosomes and rER); 2
(b) idea of sections or cuts; idea of
mitochondria orientated differently or in
different positions /
description of 3D structure of mitochondria,
e.g. sausage-shaped; 2

(ii) (Rises by 15 units in 15 minutes)

Rate = 15 15 ; [accept other correct figures] =
1 ; unit per min ;
[allow unit mark if figures from incorrect curve]
;
(c)
Radioactivity will continue to drop in (all)
organelles
;
;
Reference
to half life (of isotope) / natural drop
;
in radioactivity over time ;
;
Moved out of cell / exocytosis / secreted ; As
;
protein / named example ;
Radioactivity will not reach zero ; Because
some, amino acids / proteins, incorporated
;max 3
[11]
SAQ 324
(a) (i) Golgi body
(ii)cell surface membrane/ phospholipid bilayer
(iii)exocytosis /endocytosis
(b) Production of protein ; Secretion of
proteins (hormones, enzymes) ;Exocytosis
(from the cell) ;Endocytosis (intocell)
SAQ325
(a)
Endoplasmic reticulum / mitochondrion /
mitochondria / membrane-bound
organelles / internal membranes ;

1 mark
(ii) Bacterium! named bacterium / bacteria /
blue-green algae -I cyanobacteria ;
1 mark
(b) (i) Ribosome ;
(ii) Protein synthesis ;
OR
(I) (Rough) endoplasmic reticulum /
intermembranal space ;
(ii) {Transporting / trafficking / folding!
synthesising} proteins ;
2 marks
(c) B (Outer mitochondria!) membrane / double
membrane! intramembranal
space! double envelope ;
Crista / infokling of (inner mitochondria!)
membrane / inner
mitochondria! membrane ;
2 marks
Total 6 marks
SAQ 326

(7 MARKS MAX)
SAQ 327
(a) ii Mitochondrion / mitochondria ;
iii Ribosomes / rough endoplasmic reticulum /
RER;
iv Golgi body / golgi apparatus / smooth
endoplasmic reticulum / SER;
v Vacuole ;
vi Centriole ;
5 marks

SAQ 328
(a) A Plasma membrane / cell membrane /
cell surface membrane;
B Centriole(s) / microtubule(s) / centrosome;
C Golgi apparatus / Golgi body / smooth ER;
D Rough ER / ribosome;
SAQ 329
The table below refers to three organic
compounds found in cell organelles.If the
compound is found in the organelle, place a
tick () in the appropriate box and if the
compound is not found in the organelle, place
a cross (x) in the appropriate box. [Total 4
marks

Organelle

Phospholipid

DNA

RNA

Ribosome

Chloroplast

Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum

Mitochondrion

SAQ 330
(a) Cell S has more rough endoplasmic
reticulum;
Ribosomes
are
site
of
protein/enzyme synthesis/ where enzymes are
made; 2
(b) (i) Inner membrane folded/forms cristae; 1
(ii) Fewer folds/cristae in cell R; 1 Accept
converse; unqualified descriptions refer to cell
R.
(c) Only eukaryotic cells have membrane
bound organelles; Nucleus/nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic
reticulum;
Mitochondria;
Lysosomes; Smaller percentage of membrane
is
plasma
membrane;
Do
not
have
mesosomes; 2
Accept converse; unqualified descriptions
relate to cell R. Note that this is an animal cell.
Do not accept general statement about
membrane-bound organelles in addition to
rough endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondria
and lysosomes.

(d) Rate of uptake increases then levels out; At

approximately 3 (mmol dm-3 ); 2
(e) Limited by carrier molecules/ proteins/
carriers are saturated; 1
(f) 1 Homogenise/chop (or otherwise crudely
break) leaves;
2 Suspend in/mix with buffer;
3 Cold and isotonic;
4 Filter and centrifuge filtrate;
5 At low speed;
6 Discard pellet/keep supernatant;
7 Centrifuge again at faster speed
8 Chloroplasts are in pellet (formed by second
centrifugation); 6 max
Total 15 AQA/BYA1/JAN08

(a) (i) Produced {on / by} {ribosomes /rough

endoplasmic reticulum} ;
1 marks
(ii) Transported by the (smooth) ER (to Golgi
bodies) ; [accept rough ER]
Correct reference to vesicles ;
Correct reference to (vesicles) fuse with (cell)
membrane /(protein secreted by)
exocytosis ;
2 marks

SAQ 331-

SAQ 332
(a) (i) Golgi body
(ii)cell surface membrane/ phospholipid bilayer
(iii)exocytosis /endocytosis
(b) Production of protein ; Secretion of
proteins (hormones, enzymes) ;Exocytosis
(from the cell) ;Endocytosis (intocell)
(c) (i) digestive enzymes / protease /lipase
(ii) ref to rough endo plasmic reticulum
Ref to passage through reticulam
Ref to golgi bodies in vesicles lysosomes
SAQ333
(a)

(i) A transcription; B translation;

(2 marks)

(ii)
pinocytosis;

exocytosis / reverse

SAQ 335
(a)
(i) Name the processes taking
place during stages A and B.
A
transcription;
translation;
(2 marks)
(ii)
Name the process by which
protein is secreted in stage F.
exocytosis / reverse pinocytosis;
(1 marks)
(b)tRNA has an unpaired triplet of bases /
anticodon; attaches to / binds to mRNA codon
/ complementary bases; tRNA
carries a
specific amino acid; which becomes part of
polypeptide / reference to formation of peptide
bonds;
(3 marks)
[Total 6 marks]
SAQ336
a)
D.
A

name the parts labelled A, B, C, and

cell wall;

(1 marks)

spindle (fibre) / microtubule:

(c)
tRNA has an unpaired triplet of
bases / anticodon; attaches to / binds to mRNA
codon / complementary bases; tRNA carries a
specific amino acid; which becomes part of
polypeptide / reference to formation of peptide
bonds;

centromere;

(3 marks)
[Total 6 marks]

D
chromatid / (daughter)
chromosome;
(4 marks)
(b)
name the stage of meiosis shown in
this diagram.
Anaphase;
(1 mark)
[Total 5 marks]

SAQ 334
Question 7 Maximum mark

SAQ 337-

SAQ 338SAQ 339

(a) (i) Golgi; 1
(ii) Exocytosis; 1
(b) (i) Joining together of amino acids /
synthesis/production of thyroglobulin /
makes protein; 1 Do not credit synthesis of
amino acids
(ii) Electron microscope has high/greater
resolution; Because it uses electrons; Which
have smaller wave(length); max 2
(c) (i) (structure) made up of similar cells; 1
(ii) (structure) made up of (different) tissues; 1
In part (c) ignore references to function
Total 7 marks
AQA/BYA1/JUN04
SAQ .340
(a) Interphase/S-phase; 1
(b) A D C E B; 1
(c)
Attachment
of
centromeres/chromosomes/chromatids;
Separation
of
centromeres/chromatids/chromosomes; 2
(d) Halves chromosome number/haploid;
Diploid/full number restored at fertilisation;
Allow correct reference to variation max 2
Total 6 AQA/BYA2/JAN06

(a) Centromeres divide/chromatids separate;

One chromatid/chromosome moves to each
pole; Spindle fibres shorten; 2 max
(b) Rate of removal (of tubulin) proportional to
shortening of spindle fibres/
speed of movement of chromatids/fibres
control speed of movement;
Provides force/pulls chromatids or
chromosomes apart/movement linked
to shortening of fibres; 2
Total 4 AQA/BYB2/JAN8
SAQ 344 SAQ 345
(a)
(I) anaphase
(II) the cells have just formed / newly formed
cells
(ii) this stage of mitosis is very short/finishes
quickly/ faster than other stages of mitosis/
only a small part of mitosis
(iv) cells are in interphase / between G1 and G2
(b)
(i) existing DNA is copied / new DNA
formed / ref to base pairing /ref to
semiconservative replication /ref to DNA
polymerase
(ii) interphase / S phase

SAQ 341
SAQ 342
(a) (i) (D) B E A C;
1
(ii) metaphase; 1
(b) interphase/S phase; 1
(c) (i) 0.06 x 100;
6(%);
2 (correct answer 2 marks)
(ii) more (cancer cells) killed, cancer cells
divide more (often) (so are more likely to be
killed, more susceptible); 1
(iii) longer time to recover; reduced rate of
mitosis / divide more slowly/increased
doubling time; 2
Total 8 AQA/BYB2/JAN08
SAQ343

SAQ 346
(a) name the parts labelled A, B, C, and D.
A cell wall;
B spindle (fibre) / microtubule:
C centromere;
D chromatid / (daughter) chromosome;
(4 marks)
(b)Anaphase;
(1 mark)
[Total 5 marks]

SAQ 347
(a) CDBEA;; [Two error = 1 mark, more than
two errors = 0 marks] [Allow one mark for
DBEA C] 2 marks
(b) (i) Root fip / (just behind) last 4-5 mm of
root ; 1 mark
(ii) (Ethanoic / acetic / propionic) orcein /
feulgen / toluidene blue / haemotoxalin
1 mark
(c) (i) (DNA) replication / Si; [do not credit
reference to prophase / interphase]
1 mark
(ii) [DNA / chromosomes) [doubled / copied) /
new set of [chromosomes / DNA] forms / eq
[Allow replication if not given in part (i)] 1 mark
Total 6 marks
SAQ 348
(a) (i) Shorten/thicken /coil/condense; 1
(ii) (Line up) at equator (of
spindle)/centromeres attach to spindle; 1
(accept move towards middle of the cell)
(iii) Chromosomes or chromatids moving
apart/centromere divides; 1
(b) Telophase; 1
(c) (Cells with 9.4) replicated DNA/chromatids
joined together / late
interphase/prophase/metaphase/before cell
division; 1 (Cells with 4.7) single
chromatids/DNA is not
replicated/telophase/early interphase; 1 (must
be clear reference to which cells are being
discussed)
Total 6AQA/BYB2/JAN7
SAQ 349

synthesis;
(1 marks)
(b)Account for the changes in the quantity of
DNA in the cell during mitosis.
DNA content halves / returns to original
level;DNA / chromosomes / chromatids shared
between (daughter) cells / nuclei;during cell
division / cytokinesis;
(2 marks)
[Total 5 markS
SAQ 350
(a)

BDACFE/DACFEB:
(1 marks)

(b) 1 ,pairing of homologous chromosomes /

eq; chiasmata formation / crossing over
occurs;
2 chromosome number halved / haploid
cells formed; two divisions to complete
process / four cells formed; The converse of
these points allowed if a clear reference to
mitosis was made.
(2 marks
(d)
production of genetically identical
cells; daughter cells have same function as
parent cell; for growth / repair; for asexual
reproduction / clone formation; rapid
reproduction in favourable conditions;
(3 marks)
[Total 6 marks]
SAQ 351
(a) (i)Cell B Type of division Mitosis;

Reason no reduction in chromosome number

(a)Interphase is made up of two growth phases, G1/ same
and Gnumber
by an intermediate
2 separated
of chromosomes
/ bothphase,
diploidS.
/ still diploid / identical to Cell A;
(i)Explain what is happening within the cell
Cell C Type of division meiosis /
during phase S.
reduction division; ReasoN chromosome
quantity of DNA doubles;replication of DNA /
chromosomes;preparation for mitosis / nuclear number halved / crossing over has occurred /
haploid / chromosomes different from A; (2
division / cell division / asexual reproduction;
marks)
(2 marks)
(ii)State one process other than cell growth which occurs
during phase
G2 .
(ii) homologous
chromosomes
pair / synapsis
mitochondria divide / energy stores increase /
occurs / bivalents formed;
ATP produced / respiration / duplication of
chiasma formed / crossing over took place;
centrioles / spindle begins to form / protein

exchange of materials / genes / genetic

information between chromatids; 3 marks)
SAQ 352
Read through the following passage on the cell
cycle and mitosis, then write on the dotted
lines themost appropriate word or words to
complete the passage.
In the cell cycle, replication of DNA takes place
during .interphase / S phase;.
At the beginning of prophase the
chromosomes become visible and can be seen
to consist
of two . chromatids;. joined at the
............centromere;....... .
The ...........nucleolus / nucleoli;......... and
nuclear membrane disappear and a spindle
develops in the cell.
The chromosomes become attached to the
spindle at the equator during
..........metaphase;............ . At anaphase one
copy of each chromosome is pulled
towards each ...........pole / end / aster;........... of
the spindle. The final phase, called
telophase, involves the formation of two new
nuclei. In plant cells the two daughter
cells are separated by the formation of a ....
cell plate / cell wall / phragmoplast /
middle lamella;... .
[Total 7 marks]
SAQ 353
(a) (B)DAC; 1
(b) Chromatids/chromosomes separating
(accept splitting);
(They are) pulled;
by spindle fibres;
Ignore references to phases 2 max
(c) (i) Chromosomes visible / can be counted ;
1
(ii) To stop cells during mitosis/in
prophase/metaphase;
To stop cells getting to anaphase;
Chromosomes are visible in many cells;
To ensure chromosomes are spread out; 1
Total 5AQA/BYA2/JUN8

SAQ 354
(a) (i) 20 1
(ii) 10 1
(iii) 10 1
(b) (i) (Daughter) chromatids will not separate /
centromere wont divide;
Centromere attaches to spindle fibres; 2
NOT chromosomes cant be pulled apart.
Ignore references
to stages of mitosis.
(ii) Red blood cells formed / produced by
mitosis; 1
Total 6 marksAQA/BYA2 JUN02
SAQ 355
(a) (i) Prophase; 1
(ii) Chromosomes/chromatids moved apart; 1
(iii) A wide range of processes occurs during
interphase. This list is by no means
exhaustive, but we would expect to see
answers such as: Increase in volume of
cell/volume of cytoplasm / increase in mass /
cell bigger; increase in number of organelles;
synthesis of protein/named protein; DNA
replication/increase / chromosomes copied;
ATP synthesis / respiration; max 2
(b) Divide real length of bar (in mm)/10 by 0.02;
1
(c) 12/200 x 24 / single error in otherwise
correct method; 1.44 hours (1 hour 26 min); 2
Total 7 marks AQA /BYB2/JAN5
SAQ 356
(a) (i) where mitosis/division/growing/ occurs 1
(reject growing cells)
(ii) to distinguish chromosomes/chromosomes
not visible without stain; 1
(iii) to let light through/thin layer; 1
(b) (i) 74 + 18/982; = 9.4% / 9%; 2 (allow 1 mark
for identifying prophase & metaphase i.e. 92 or
correct method using wrong figures)
(ii) genetic differences/different types of
garlic; time of day; chance;
age of root tip; water availability; temperature;
nutrient availability; 2 maX
(environmental factors = 1 but cannot be
awarded in addition to a name
environmental factor)
Total 7AQA/BYA2/JUN05
SAQ 357-

SAQ 358
(a) (i) onion / garlic / other suitable species;
(ii) root tip; 2 marks
(b) (acidic/acidified/acetic/ethanoic/propanoic)
orcein / feulgen /
toluidene blue; 1 mark
(c) to macerate them/to separate the cells; 1
mark
(d) A = centromere;
B = chromatids; 1 mark
Total 6 marks

Spindle fibres ;

SAQ359

(a)

(a) anaphase ; prophase ; telophase ;

metaphase ; [if I or II, penalise ONCE]
(b) (i)
(G lasts) 7.0 hrs (and cell cycle time
is 14 hrs) / 18-11 ;

(ii)

7 100 14 ; = 50 % ;

(ii)

Mitosis /3G2 and mitosis;

(ii) B ; DNA replication / DNA mass

beginning to, increase / double ;

(iii)

{l5/20} hours;
2

(c)
or II]

Anaphase ;
1

[ignore reference to I

(d)

Spindle fibres:Pull {centromeres / chroma

Centrioles:
{Produce / organise /
assemble} spindle (fibres) / microtubules ; OR
Organise / assemble} tubulin ;
[11]
SAQ 362
(i)

BDAC;

Metaphase; [ignore I and II]

4
(b)
(i) DNA replicates;
Cell division / cytokinesis;

[9]
SAQ 360
a) Reference to named stain (acetic orcein /
acetocarmine / Feulgens / Schiffs) ;
Warm / heat ;
Break open tip with (mounted) needle /eq ;
Mount in stain / acid / water ;
(gently) squash under coverslip / eq ;
(b)
(ii)

(i)

A;
C;

(c)
Synthesis / division / multiplication
of organelles (or named organelle) ;
Growth ;
Replication of DNA/ chromosomes ;
Protein synthesis / name of specific protein
being synthesised ;
Any normal cell activities, named example (e.g.
respiration) ;
[8]
SAQ 361
(a) Correct measurement 78 / 79 ;
Measurement 1000 (to give m) ; 50 ; [if
final answer is incorrect maximum marks = 2]

SAQ 363
a). The root tip or the stem tip are suitable,
because they contain rapidly dividing cells.
These rapidly dividing tissues are called as
meristems or meristematic tissue. (2)
max 4
b) (I).To make the chromosomes
visible. (1)
1
(ii)Acetocarmine, acetic orcein, Feulgens or
1
schiffs stain. (1)
c) Squashing spreads the cells out so that a
single layer of cells is obtained on the slide. (1)
(Total 5 marks) June 2004 Unit 1, Edexcel
SAQ 364
max 2
(a) 1.
Reference to named stain (acetic
orcein / acetocarmine /
Feulgens / Schiffs);
2.
acid);

{Warm / heat} (with the stain /

3
Break open tip (with needle /

(b) Drawing marks:

3.
eq);

D1 Chromosomes drawn correctly ; D2

Centrioles drawn correctly ;

4.
{Mount / eq} in {stain / acid /
water / glycerol};

Label marks: Chromosomes ; Centrioles ;

5.

(Gently) squash under coverslip

/ eq;
6.

Warm (gently to intensify stain);

(b)

1.

2.

Telophase is the longest stage;

Anaphase is the shortest stage;

3.
Correct manipulation of figures
to compare any two phases;
4.
Any two actual times given e.g.
{prophase 29.16 mins /
metaphase 16.80 mins / anaphase 8.40 mins /
telophase 33.36 mins};
(c)
(Use the equation to) work out actual
time of each phase;

4.
5.
/ eq) ;
6.
7.
slide ;
8.

Warm / heat ;
Break open tip
4 (with mounted needle
Mount/ eq in {stain / acid / water} ;
(Gently) squash under coverslip or
Warm slide (to intensify staining) ;

(c)
(i) Metaphase /prophase ;
(ii)
Spindle is made during
prophase ;
2
(if there is no spindle) {there is nothing for the
chromosomes to attach3to(in metaphase)} /
{chromatids cannot be pulled apart(in
anaphase)} ;
[10]

Total all four times; OR

Add up all 4 percentages; {Substitute into
equation / eq} / Multiply by

1200
;
100

SAQ 365
(a)

Metaphase ;

Prophase ;

Telophase ;

(b)
1.
Chromatids separate /
centromere splits ;
2.
Moved to (opposite) {poles /
ends / centrioles} ;
3.
;

By spindle fibres / microtubules

4.

Shortening / eq ;

(c)
Daughter cells genetically identical
to parent cell / maintains
chromosome number / eq ;
[6]
SAQ 366
(a)
(ii)

(i)

4;
4;

(b)
1.
Idea of using a short length of
root tip ;
2.
Ref. to acidification ;
3.
Add {acetic orcein / acetocarmine /
Feulgens stain /
Schiffs reagent / Toluidine Blue /
Lactoproprionic Acid} ;

SAQ367SAQ 368

2 [9]

(a) (i) 95 - 100 minutes; 1

(ii) It shows the distance between the (sister)
chromatids increases at this point;
As they begin to separate/ move to opposite
poles; 2
3
(b) Chromatids cannot be seen;
Valid reason, e.g. chromosomes have not
condensed / too diffuse / still in interphase; 2
(c) (i) Zygote; 1
(ii) Avoids doubling of chromosomes number
at each generation / maintains
chromosome number from generation to
generation/ diploid/correct number/ 46
restored at fertilisation;21
Total 7 AQA/BYA2/JAN7
SAQ 369

(a) (i) 6; 1
(ii) On graph: .F. on vertical rise from 3 to 6 pg;
.S. on vertical fall from 6 to 3 pg; 2
(b) Crossing over / described;
Independent/random assessment
/
2
independent/random segregation / described
clearly (e.g. not just alignment); 2
Ignore reference to name of phase Total 5
AQA/BYA5/JAN7
SAQ 370
(a) (i) 1 OR 2;
(ii) 3; 2

(b) (i) 6.5;

(ii) 3.25; 2
(c) Any two from: A , B , C , D and E; 1
(d) Only nucleus from sperm / (more)
cytoplasm from 2o oocyte / from egg;
Mitochondria (in cytoplasm) contain DNA; 2
Total 7 AQA/BYA7/JUN8
SAQ 371
(a) Chromosomes attach to equator/middle of
cell/spindle; Prophase; Anaphase; DNA
replication/synthesis / chromosome
copying/duplication; Telophase; 5
(b) (i) Meiosis; 1
(ii) 32; 1
Total 7 marks AQA/BYA2/JUN4
SAQ372
(a) Later fertilisation/cell fusion; (NOT just
.sexual reproduction.) Restoring
diploid/original number/not doubling
chromosome number; 2 [ALLOW ref . + .]
(b) Any three pairs from need comparison of
meiosis and mitosis each time

SAQ 373
(a) Stage C / formation of secondary
spermatocyte; and two of Occurs during
meiosis; Shows anaphase of meiosis I /
anaphase I; Shows chromosome number
halved/reduced / diploid to haploid; max 3
(b) Addition of water molecules / hydrolysis;
Protein to amino acids / break peptide bonds;
Carbohydrate to monosaccharides / break
gycosidic bonds; Glycoprotein attaches to
active site / forms E-S complex; Because it has
complementary/matching shape; [reject same
shape]
[allow 1 mark for glycoprotein broken down to
amino acids/monosaccharides]

max 2
Total 5 marks AQA /BYA7/ JUN4
SAQ 374
(a) Three marks for three of: Produced my
mitosis; DNA replicates; DNA / chromosomes
divided equally between daughter cells; Idea of
semi-conservative replication and base pairing
/ complementary strands; No crossing over;
No random segregation; 3 max
(b) Two marks for two of: (for female) Polar
bodies produced / only one ovum produced
(reject fewer ova produced) / unequal cell
division; Primary oocytes formed before birth /
growth phase before birth; Pause in meiosis at
prophase I / eq.;
Pause in meiosis at metaphase II / eq. / meiosis
not complete until fertilisation occurs; 2 max
Allow reverse argument for male.
Total 5 marks AQA/BYA7/JUN02
SAQ 375
a) (i) 1. (waxy layer) is waterproof ;
2. {enzyme / pectinase} in (aqueous)
solution ;
3. (therefore) {enzyme / pectinase} unable
to pass through (waxy layer) / unable to get to
{pectin / polysaccharide / carbohydrate} / eq ;
4. pectinase is specific and will not digest
lipid / waxy surface ;
(ii) 1. shape of (enzyme / pectinase) active
site ;
2. fits pectin / does not fit cellulose /
reference to specificity of enzymes ;
(b) (i) 1. increases the surface area ;
2. more {substrate /pectin} available /
increases the number of {enzyme-substrate
complexes / collisions between enzyme / eq
and substrate / eq} ;
(b)(ii)1. hydrolysis uses up water ;
2. evaporation of water /eq ;
3. idea of same number of the {enzyme /
pectinase} molecules but in less
{solvent/water} ;
4. pectinase released from orange
tissues/eq ;
5. correct reference to osmosis (into
orange) ; {12 MARKS SNAB }

SAQ376
(a) (i) BBhh black, long hair ; bbHH white,
short hair ; 1 mark
(ii) BbHh ; 1 mark
(b) (i) BbHh x bbhh; bh BH BbHh Bh Bbhh
bH bbHh bh bbhh
1 for gametes correct ; 1 for offspring correct ;
1 for phenotypes: black short, black long,
white short, white long ; 4 marks
(ii) new combinations of characteristics/alleles
; in offspring but not parents ;
example ; 2 marks
(c) mutation produces new alleles/changes
DNA /eq ; independent assortment mixes
alleles/ new combinations of alleles ; 2 marks
(d) provides new alleles / new combinations of
alleles / keeps large gene pool ;
allows adaptations / allows natural selection
/allows response to changes in
environment / reduces inbreeding / avoids
homozygosity and consequent problems ; 2
marks
Total 12 marks
SAQ377-

SAQ378
(a) A . granum/thylakoid; chlorophyll
molecules to trap light / light absorbing
pigments/
light dependent reaction / part of light
dependent reaction; 2 B . stroma;
(contains enzymes for) carbon dioxide
fixation/light-independent reaction/ part of
light-independent reaction; (allow ribosome
role of protein in photosynthesis) 2
(b) (i) C . starch; 1
(ii) from glucose in a
condensation/polymerisation reaction / many
glucose molecules joined together; 1
Total 6 AQA/BYB4/JAN 05

SAQ379
(a) Two linked points:

Crossing over/exchange of material (between

chromatids);
Different combinations of alleles/linkage
groups changed/broken;
OR
Independent assortment/alignment of
(homologous) chromosomes;
Different combinations of (maternal and
paternal) chromosomes/alleles; 2 max

TOTAL 5 AQA/BYB4/JAN7
SAQ 380
(a) (i) 8 .chromatids. each side; spindle drawn;
2
(ii) 4 chromosomes; 1 from each homologous
pair; 2
(b) produces haploid cells / chromosome
number halved; fertilisation;
maintains the diploid / chromosome number
(in next generation); 2 max
Total 6 AQA /BYB2/JAN 05
AQA 381
(a) (i) TB Tb tB tb; 1
(ii) homologous chromosomes appropriately
labelled; 1
(iii) separation of chomatids; 1
(b) (i) crossing over occurs; between D and G;
sections of
chromatids/chromosomes/DNA/genes
exchanged; 3
(ii) crossing over is infrequent (between close
genes); 1
Total 7 AQA/BYB4/JUN06

SAQ 382
(a)
A- mitosis B- meiosis
(b)
(i) fertilization /syngamy
(ii) zygote /diploid cell
(b)
1 carcinogens /chemical that cause
mutation
3.
Uncontrolled mitosis/ cell divison
4.
Ref to mutation and DNA damage
5.
Ref to disruption of mechanisms wich
controls cell didvision- cuses cells to multiply
faster hence then die
(c)
X Acrosome Y nucleus Z mitochondria
(10 marks max)

(ii) Explanation; Example, (Flagellum), so it can

swim to the egg; 1
(b) (i) Homologous
chromosomes/chromosomes form pairs; One
(of each pair) goes to each cell produced; 2
(ii) Restores diploid number at fertilisation;
Maintain chromosome number (from one
generation to next); 2
Total 6 AQA/BYB2/JAN8
SAQ 387

SAQ 385-

(a) (i) 800 = x 20 (principle, sperm magnified

more than ovum)
40
OR
33/34/35 =11.0-11.7 (principle, ovum measured
diameter more than sperm);
3
answer 220-234 (x); (correct answer 2 marks) 2
(ii) (provide) nutrients, organelles, cytoplasm,
stored food, resparatory substrate
(for embryo); 1
(b) prevent entry of (more) sperm / further
fertilisation;
(ensure only) diploid number of chromosomes
/ transfer of 1 set of chromosomes; 2
Total 5 AQA/BYB2/JAN 06

SAQ384

SAQ 388

(a) First meiotic division (A) will show cells

with chromosomes appearing as double
structures/two chromatids still joined /
chromosomes in A and chromatids in B
/homologous pairs are separating; Must be in
context of anaphase
Diploid number of chromosomes /appropriate
number for A and B; Allow reverse argument
for second meiotic division If answer is
unqualified, assume that it refers to cells at A,
since this is the logic of the question. 2
(b) Crossing over / chromatids exchange
sequences of DNA / chiasmata;
Random/independent segregation/assortment
(of chromosomes) / chromosomes from
homologous pairs move independently at
meiosis I; And meiosis II; max 2
AQA/BYA5/JAN6
SAQ 386
(a) (i) Difference; Example, Sperm has
flagellum; 1

(a) One/different form of a gene (positioned in

the same locus/relative position); 1
(b) (Homologous chromosomes) have same
genes; At the same loci;
Different alleles (usually) only small
differences in base sequence; 2 max
(c) (i) 125:
1
(ii) Egg contains a store of
energy/food/nutrients for the developing
embryo (after fertilisation); 1
Total 5 AQA/BYB2/JAN7

SAQ 383
(a) negative / inverse correlation / as age
increases sperm motility decreases; 1
(b) tail / undulipodium beats / waves; (accept
flagellum)
Mitochondria provide ATP / energy; (not .make.
energy) 2
(c) crossing over; independent / random
assortment / segregation; 2 (ignore mutation)
Total 5AQA/BYA7/JUN05

SAQ 389
SAQ 390
1. Tail / flagellum ; {To swim / to propel it) to
the {egg / ovum / vitelline membrane};
2. Small(er) size ; Makes it easier for it to swim
Ito aid mobility / makes it possible to produce
them in large numbers ;

3. Haploid number of chromosomes / only one

of each chromosome / (only) 23
chromosomes rather than 46; So {normal
/diploid) number restored at fertilisation ;
4. Acrosame / sac of enzymes ; To digest way
(in)to egg ;
5. Mitochondria ; Energy for swimming / eq ; 4
marks
(b) (Mitosis and) meiosis ; 1 mark
(c) (Produces) {biological / genetic} variation ;
No two sperms the same ; Many sperms do not
reach egg / increases chances of fertilising
eggs ; Selection for {fittest / eq} sperm ; Some
sperms defective ; 2 marks Total 7 marks
SAQ 391
SAQ392

numbers increasing during the period /

increased by 13%; both fall 1971 - 80; fall in
percentage of men with high sperm counts in
greater than rise in percentage of men with low
sperm counts / converse;
biggest rise in numbers in sixties /
corresponds with drop in numbers of men with
high sperm counts / fluctuations in numbers of
men with low sperm counts; after 1980 figures
similar;
(3 marks)
(b) Explain why it is necessary for large
numbers of sperms to be produced when only
one sperm is required to bring about
fertilisation.
large numbers do not reach fallopian tubes /
site of fertilisation; many sperm die; ref to
conditions / pH in vagina; enzymes needed for
activation of sperm / ref capacitation; many
sperm may be abnormal / reduced mobility; (2
marks
AQA 394

(5 max)
SAQ 393
(a)(i)Comment on the changes in the
percentage of men with high sperm counts
during the period 1930 to 1990. percentage
falling / fall of 35%; biggest drop in sixties /
between 1951-1970; some evidence of
flattening / ref to figures; (2 marks)
(ii)Compare the figures for men with low sperm
counts with those with high sperm counts over
the same period.
lower percentage of men with low sperm
counts at beginning;

1. Tail / flagellum ; To swim / to propel it) to the

{egg / ovum / vitelline membrane};
2. Small(er) size ; Makes it easier for it to swim
Ito aid mobility / makes it possible to produce
them in large numbers ;
3. Haploid number of chromosomes / only one
of each chromosome / (only) 23
chromosomes rather than 46; So {normal
/diploid) number restored at fertilisation ;
4. Acrosame / sac of enzymes ; To digest way
(in)to egg ;
5. Mitochondria ; Energy for swimming / eq ; 4
marks
(b) (Mitosis and) meiosis ; 1 mark
(c) (Produces) {biological / genetic} variation ;
No two sperms the same ; Many sperms do not
reach egg / increases chances of fertilising
eggs ; Selection for {fittest / eq} sperm ; Some
sperms defective ;
2 marks Total 7 marks
AQA

395
(a) (i) A / identified (e.g. 7):

has mass of DNA in B / mass of DNA in C /

would have
chromosome number of B / contains least DNA
/ has 23 chromosomes; 1
Reject haploid
(ii) 14 (arbitrary units); Diploid number of
chromosomes re-established;
Gametes are haploid (or concept explained) /
each gamete will contain 7 units; 2 max
(b) Separation of chromatid pairs / chromatids
within a pair / chromosomes;
Reject homologous chromosomes 1
Total 4 marks AQA/BYA3/JUN02

Meiosis II as chromosomes not homologous

pairs / as chromatids
will be split by this division; 2
Allow one mark for all correct stages if both
points not made
(b) Hollow ball of cells;
With inner cell mass (at one end);
Secretes hCG;
Stage at which implantation into uterine lining
occurs; 2 max
(c) Only produced by embryo/placenta;
After implantation; 2
Total 6 AQA/BYA7/JUN07
SAQ 399

SAQ 396SAQ397
5(a)(i) reference to {chemical / air / gravity /
light / eq} ;
5(a)(ii)
1. idea of {breakdown / digestion / eq} of
style ;
2. (breaks down) protein / pectin / middle
lamella ;
3. reference to hydrolysis / eq ;
4. easier for pollen tube to grow / reduced
resistance / eq ;
5. supplies {nutrients / named nutrient /
energy} for (pollen tube) growth / eq ;
5(b)
1. photosynthesis ;
2. {component / eq} of {cytoplasm / sap} ;
3. water as a solvent /eq ;
4. water as a transport medium /eq ;
5. involved in thermoregulation / eq ;
6. reference to role in structural support ;
7. reference to involvement in hydrolysis ;
8. reference to turgor changes ;

SAQ 398
(a) Anaphase and telophase as cell is shown at
metaphase;

SAQ 400
Meiosis ;
Halved / ;
Random(ly) / independently ;
(Digestive) enzymes / lysozyme / eq ;
Acrosome ;
Zygote ;
Mitosis ;
Total 7 marks
SAQ 401
(a) (Receptor) proteins different / specific
shape;
Due to tertiary structure;
Complementary nature of two proteins;
Different proteins present in different species;
2 max
(b) (i) Acrosome / acrosome reaction;
Releases enzymes / named enzyme
(hyaluronidase);
Digests outer layer of egg / zona pellucida;
Fusion of egg and sperm membranes; 3 max
(ii) Formation of fertilisation membrane /
cortical reaction (or described) /
destruction of ZP3 receptors; 1
(c) ATP formed directly from Krebs cycle;
Production of reduced NAD / FAD or hydrogen
attached to NAD / FAD;
H+ or electrons passed through series of
coenzymes / carriers / redox reactions /
electron transport chain;
Energy released in transfer / energy made
available;

Used to combine ADP and phosphate (to form

ATP); 4 max
(Allow H+ moved across inner mitochondrial
membrane and pass through
stalked particles forming ATP)
Total 10 AQA/BYB8A/JUN8

SAQ 402
2(a) 0.008 / 0.8% / 1000 8 / 125 1 / 8 10-3 2
Correct method but arithmetic mistake gains 1
mark
(b) Cytoplasm of egg contains yolk / food
stores;
Needed for nourishment / development of
(embryo / zygote). 2
Total 4AQA/BYB2/JUN1

different speeds / low speed; remove pellet

and) spin supernatant at higher speed; 3 max
Total 5 AQA/BYB8A/JUN06

SAQ 405
(a)

(i) ovulation;

(ii)

mitosis;
(1 mark)

(iii)

corpus luteum / yellow body;

(1 mark)

(iv)

progesterone / oestrogen;
(1 mark)

SAQ 406
SAQ403
3(a) (Allow labelled features on diagrams)
(i) Chromosomes or chromatids on equator / in
middle of cell; Of spindle (once);
No nuclear membrane (once only).
(ii) Chromatids moving towards poles /
centrioles; Of spindle (once);
Two centromeres per chromosome/
centromeres are being pulled; No nuclear
membrane (once only). max 3
(b) (i) T 8 U 16 2
(ii) (No) Both derived by mitosis / clones; From
same cell; U has two of each allele, but these
are identical. max 2
(iii) 24 1
Total 8 AQA/BYB2/JUN1
SAQ 404
(a) suggestion and explanation;; examples:
no capacitation (of sperm); so unable to bind
to egg; OR tail / flagellum not working / not
present; so unable to swim / move / travel to
egg; OR acrosome not developed / does not
contain enzymes; unable to digest path to egg
/ egg coating / zona pellucida; OR lack of /
fewer mitochondria; so not enough energy /
ATP for movement;
(b) cut up / homogenise (testis tissue); in cold
/ isotonic / buffer solution; centrifuge at

The diagram below shows a germinating

pollen grain and a mature ovule from a flower
of the Papilionaceae. Some nuclei have been
labelled.

(a)
insect attracted / eq. / to flower by scent /
colour / nectar;
lands on wing petals / depresses keel petal;
anthers / stamens dust / eq. pollen on to
insects abdomen;
pollen carried to another stigma / carpel;
(2 marks)
(b)
The zygote

D;

The endosperm

G;

 Describe one mechanism which prevents

self-fertilisation in flowering plants.
any
two
dichogamy / male and female parts nature at different times;

protanding / eg.; pollen shed before stigma is nature;

any two

(b)

(c)
One male nucleus fuses with egg cell
/ female gamete / ovum / female nucleus /eq ;
Forms a 2n / diploid / zygote ;
One male nucleus fuses with polar nuclei /
fusion nucleus ;

dichogamy / male and female parts nature at different times;

Forms

protogyny / eg.; stigma w ithered/ ripe before pollen shed;

Paired marking
points
structure of flow er prev ents pollen landing on stigma;

explanation of heterostyly;

ref. to dioecious plants; selfpollination impossible;

self-incompatibility / sterility; no
pollen germination;
(2 marks)
[Total 6 marks

Mitosis / mitotic ;

a 3n / triploid endosperm nucleus ;

[7]

SAQ 409
Meiosis ;
Halved / ;
Random(ly) / independently ;
(Digestive) enzymes / lysozyme / eq ;
Acrosome ;
Zygote ;
Mitosis ;
Total 7 marks

SAQ 407
(a)
B

Pollen tube ;
Tube nucleus ;

(b)
One, fuses / fertilises / combines,
with female nucleus / egg cell / eq ; To form
zygote ; Which is diploid ; One fuses with polar
nuclei / fusion nucleus / primary endosperm
nucleus ; To form endosperm (nucleus) ;
Which is triploid / 3n ;
(c)

(i)

15% ;

(ii)
(Germination rate of) both
decreases ; (Germination rate of) Bauhinia
always greater than that of Camellia / /
converse ; [greater at all concentrations must
be implied] (Germination rate of) Camellia
reaches zero at 25%, Bauhinia minimum at
30% / does not reach zero / eq ; Above 30 % /
this (germination rate of) Bauhinia (starts to)
increase (Camellia stays at zero) ;
[10]
SAQ 408
(a)

A = Pollen (grain) / microspore ;

B = Embryo sac / megaspore ;

C = Micropyle ;

SAQ 410
SAQ 411

SAQ412
(a)

bone marrow; (1 mark)

(b) 1 granulocyte / granular polymorph /

neutrophil / eosinophil;4
2 monocyte;
(2 marks)
1
(c)
Platelet / thrombocyte;
(1 mark)
(d)
Suggest why, when a stem cell
divides, it is important that one daughter cell
remains a stem cell.
to enable continued formation of blood cells /
eq;
3

(1 mark)
[Total 5 marks]

SAQ 413
(a) Two suitable reasons;; with explanation;;
They can divide (to form new blood cells); So
can replace existing (faulty) cells; OR They can
form (any type of) white3blood cell; So restore

ability to fight infection; OR Childs own cells;

So no/little risk of rejection; 4 max
(b) Description of sigmoid curve; Reference to
specific time and event; Few modified cells to
start with/mainly non-functional white cell
present; (Modified) stem cells replace nonfunctional cells/form new population of
(functional) cells; (Levels off because) the
number of (white) cells reaches the normal
level; 3
Total 7 AQA/BYB2/JAN8
SAQ 414
(a)
Stem cells are able to develop into a
variety of different cells / other cells of the
body have become already specialized
(b)
1. Embryonic stem cells come from
human embryos
2. most likely source would be spare embryos
from in vitro fertilization
3. parents of spare embryo may object to them
being used
4. some people regard embryos as unborn
children
5. have ethical (religious) objections to killing
embryos
6a. other people consider embryos can be
used to alleviate human suffering
6b. some people on the other hand would
consider that this type of research offers so
much potential to alleviate human suffering
that it would be ethically wrong not to attempt
it.
7. Correct reference to animal rights issuing
appropriate context
SAQ
SAQ 416
(a) (i) (superovulation) from IVF treatment; 1
mark
(ii) totipotent cells can give rise to a complete
human/all cell types;
pluripotent can only give some cell types; 2
marks

(b) (i) cells allowed to multiply / produce more

cells; in petri dish/test tube / any reasonable
attempt to refer to suitable culture vessel;
reference to culture medium/incubator/sterile
conditions; to produce more (identical) cells; 2
marks
(ii) cell becomes specialised (in function)/stem
cells develop into
different types of cells;cells stop dividing;one
type of cell can be used to produce a specific
type of tissue / named example; one cell type
can be sued to produce tissue / use of named
example; 2 marks
(c) This question is intended to test the
candidates ability to deal thoughtfully with a
moral dilemma and to balance scientific
knowledge and ethical considerations. These
are the kinds of skills developed through wellinformed class discussion. Candidates must
decide for or against - a candidate who does
not make his or her choice clear is limited to a
maximum of 3 marks.
A candidate who presents points for and
against without expressing an opinion is
limited to a maximum of 3 marks for valid
points either for or against (which ever is the
greater) unless he or she presents a good case
why the matter is too finely balanced to come
down one way or the other. To gain 4 marks a
candidate must include one of the points
marked with an asterisk in the mark scheme
which attempts to counter the opposing view.
Against:
Embryonic stem cells are (potential)
people/babies;
From the moment of conception;
Objectional on religious/ethical grounds; [do
NOT credit unqualified statements such as
unnatural', against nature' 'playing God]
Pressure on women to produce surplus
embryos;
Cloning/stem cell techniques may get into the
wrong hands/regulation might be
difficult to police* / might be the thin edge of a
wedge like designer babies;
It will soon be possible to use non-embryonic
stem cells so research into the use of
embryonic stein cells is unnecessary / eq; *
Although there are some advantages there
could be unexpected dangerous

consequences therefore not worth the risk /

eq;*
SAQ 417
(a) For germination / early development ;
(As a source of) energy ; Reference to
dispersal ; Reference to high energy value of
oil ; Reference to dormancy ; 2 marks
(b) (i) Mitosis ; 1 mark
(ii) Cells all the same ; Have not yet developed
specialised features ; Still actively dividing ; 2
marks
(iii) {Quicker / cheaper} than conventional
means ; All have high yield /the desired
characteristics / consistently good / less
variation ; Virus free / sterile / (microbial)
infection / disease free ; Easy to transport ; 2
marks
(c) (i) (A plant cell) from which the cell wall has
been removed ; 1 mark
(ii) Easier to get DNA / gene in ;
1 mark
(d) 1. Any appropriate reference to pollination ;
2. The {wild / high yielding} strain would have
been crossed with the original strain ;
3. By transferring pollen from one type to
another ;
4. From {anther /stamen} to stigma ;
5. Selection (to isolate the best specimens for
breeding) ;
6. Selection repeated for several generations ;
2 marks
(e) Quicker (qualified) / taking genes from
other species / {more reliable / less hit
and miss} ; 1 mark For:
Potential for alleviating human suffering / eq*;
Specific example e.g. culturing patient's own
cells to provide replacement
tissues/organs;
Stem cells from IVF would otherwise be
discarded;
Embryos should not be considered as human
at an early stage (awareness that only cells
at a very early stage are used)*.
Use of non-embryonlc cells will need a
development phase using embryonic cells /
more
can be done with embryonic stem cells;

Ethically questionable to use embryonic stem

cells but these objections are outweighed
by the greater evil of not using embryonic
stein cells to alleviate human suffering*,
Could be excesses but these can be
regulated*;
4 marks Total 11 marks
SAQ418
(a) (Lipid has) high energy value / eq ;
To provide {nutrition / energy} (for the seed /
embryo) ; [do not allow food]
(To provide energy) for {growth / development
/ germination / eq} ;
Until photosynthesis
2 marks
(b) Reference to {seed dispersal / seeds
dispersed} / eq ;
Only a proportion of the seeds {mOved around
/ hidden / collected} are
actually eaten ;
Prevents overcrowding / colonisation of new
areas / reference to competition 2 marks
(c) (i) Induction ; 1 mark
(ii) Gibberellic acid {produced / activated}
when seed exposed to cold ;
{Switches on / induces} (lipase) gene ; Correct
reference to transcription ;
Removes {inhibitor / repressor}; 2 marks
(iii) 1. mRNA leaves the nucleus ;
2. Reference to {codon / anticodon} ;
3. Amino acids {joined / condensed) ;
4. On ribosomes ;
5. Amino acid sequence determined by
base sequence (of RNA / DNA) ;
6. Any correct reference to tRNA ;
3 marks Total 10 marks
SAQ 419
(a)
(I) to control the ph
(ii) 1. Ref to gene activation and switching of
genes
3.
Beta galactosidase is active
4.
Subculture b has been exposed to
lactose
5.
Lactose binds to repaire molecule
6.
Lactose prevents repressor molecule
from binding with DNA
7.
Initiating the production of mRNA for
synthesis of beta galactosidase

8.
Inactivated repressor substance
prevented from
(b)
1. Use water baths / incubator /control
temperature
2.suitable range of temperature minimum value
5 one less than 30 and one more than 45
3. need to standardize the suspension of buffer
4. correct use of colorimeter

SAQ 420
(a) (i) (Gene) induction / activation ;
1 mark
(ii) Reference to DNA {supercoiling / unwinding
/ eq} ;
(DNA) transcription factors / correct reference
to hormone /
removal of repressor / removal of gene
inhibitor / eq ;
2 marks
(b) (i) RNA / mRNA / nucleotides / RNA
polymerase ;
[do not credit reference to tRNA or rRNA]
1 mark
(ii) {Hormone / ecdysone} {switches on gene /
induces gene / activates gene /
initiates transcription / causes (DNA) uncoiling
/ eq} ;
Causing another (unknown) {substance /
protein / enzyme} to be produced which
{starts off skin shedding / causes uncoiling of
DNA / causes unzipping of DNA} ;
2 marks
(c) Not enough males / change in sex ratio ;
A {reduction / collapse} in population in
context /
increase in population justified ;
Alternative answer:
Appropriate reference to {increase in enzyme
activity / decrease in enzyme
activity due to denaturing / growth effects} ;
Appropriate consequences leading to
{increase / decrease} in crocodile population
;
2 marks
Total 8 marks
SAQ421

(a) signal protein {binds to / joins to / interacts

with / activates}
receptor on surface membrane;
messenger molecule crosses cytoplasm and
enters nucleus;
{produces / activates} transcription factor;
reference to gene switching / gene promotion;
so transcription occurs / description of
transcription e.g. in terms of
base pairing;
3 marks
(b) DNA retained as master copy / eq;
DNA molecules are {much larger (than
RNA)/{unable/too big} to pass
through nuclear pores};
DNA double helix while RNA single strand / eq;
proteins cannot be made in nucleus /made in
cytoplasm on ribosomes;
amino acids must be assembled in the
sequence specified by genetic
/ DNA code;
2 marks
(c) pass through RER;
vesicles made;
vesicles fuse with Golgi apparatus; proteins
modified to active form;
vesicles budded off Golgi apparatus;
ref to exocytosis / description e.g. fusing with
membra 3 marksTotal 8 marks
SAQ 422
SAQ 423
SAQ 424
(a) Identify those at risk from developing
cancer; So as to avoid relevant environmental
factors / enable early diagnosis; Identify risk in
families; 2 max
(b) Mutation of suppressor gene up to 4
marks
1. Mutation is a change in the DNA / sense
strand;
2. Base sequence altered / e.g.;
3. Suppressor gene produces wrong
instructions / has different code;
4. (Therefore) different amino acid sequence;
5. Different protein structure / non-functional
protein;

Malignant tumour up to 2 marks

6. Cell division by mitosis;
7. Tumour cells growth abnormal / continuous
/ uncontrolled / rapid;
8. Tumour cells spread / invade other tissues /
form secondary
tumours / metastasis;
9. Via blood / lymph system; 6 max
(c) (i) Most lung cancer occurs in smokers /
non-smokers also develop lung cancer;
Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer;
Smoking is an environmental factor for lung
cancer; Smokers risk more than 4x that of
non-smokers / correct ref to figures; (But) only
a small proportion of smokers develop lung
cancer; Smokers more likely to develop other
lung disease than cancer; 3 max
(ii) Do not know size of sample / might be small
sample in study; Genetic differences /
predisposition; Could be different age at which
started to smoke;
Could be different number of cigarettes
smoked per day;Could be different tar levels in
cigarettes smoked; Could be different sexes in
sample;Other valid; 2 max
(d) All exposed to same environmental
conditions / factors / no
regional variations; Same level of pollution /
example; reject less pollution
Similar diet / example; Same water supply;
Easier to screen whole population;
Easier to follow family history / people related;
Identify genetic differences in those affected
(since everything else the same) / less genetic
diversity; 2 max
Total 15 marks AQA/BYA3/JUN02

SAQ 425
(a) (i) Produced {on / by} {ribosomes /rough
endoplasmic reticulum} ;
1 marks
(ii) Transported by the (smooth) ER (to Golgi
bodies) ; [accept rough ER]
Correct reference to vesicles ;
Correct reference to (vesicles) fuse with (cell)
membrane /(protein secreted by)
exocytosis ;
2 marks

(b) (i) These cells (from the embryo) are

{undifferentiated / unspecialised / able to
develop into other types of cells / eq} ;
[do not credit references to pluripotent /
totipotent unqualified]
1 mark
(ii) Can differentiate / become specialised / so
able to develop into beta cells ;
1 mark
(c) Against:
Amounts to killing an unborn child / abortion /
murder ;
Interfering in nature / may have unforeseen
consequences ;
Example e.g. may have genetic consequences
for future generations / may lead to
wider abuses in future / may get out of control
/ technology may be used in
eugenics ;
Example e.g. pressure to harvest human eggs
purely for medical use ;
The money could be better used for other
types of research ;
For:
Spare embryos from IVF would be destroyed
anyway ;
The potential to relieve human suffering is too
great to ignore; unethical not to
allow the research ;
You cant undiscover something / its going
to happen anyway ;
Better that the research stays {in UK / Europe /
N America / eq} ;
where it can be regulated ;
3 marks
(d) For one mark:
Must have something to do with genetics and
something to do with {environmental
/ other} factors / mixture of genetic and
environmental factors ;
For two marks:
The {susceptibility / predisposition / eq} is
{hereditary / genetic / genotype} /
there is a genetic component ;
AND
It is {triggered off / also influenced by / eq}
environmental {factor / factors} ;
2 marks Total 10 marks

SAQ 426
SAQ427
(a) Ribosomes / rough endoplasmic reticulum /
cytoplasm 1 mark
(b) {Stimulus / sunlight / UV} = {hormone /
melanin} made ;
[Stimulus / sunlight / UV} causes production of
(MSH) receptors ;
Correct and appropriate reference to gene
activation
Reference to {enzyme / protein} synthesis ;
Reference to formation of melanosomes by
melanocytes ;
Reference to migration of melanosomes ; 2
marks
(c) {Cannot make / do not have} {hormone /
receptor / enzyme);
Reference to {absent / defective / mutated}
gene ;
Correct reference to enzyme induction 2 marks
(d) (i) Around the nucleus; 1 mark
(ii) {Screens from / absorb} UV;
Prevents [damage to DNA / mutation);
Prevents uncontrolled division leading to
cancer ; 2 marks
Total 8 marks
SAQ 428
(a) supercoiling / transcription factors
/repressor molecules / hormones ; 1 mark
(b) A suggestion to include two from:
1. (due to) uncontrolled mitosis / cell
division ;
2. the rate of cell division greater than cell
death / apopotosis ;
3. correct reference to mutation ; 2 marks
(c) (i) A description to include four from:
1. animals / cell culture tested for humans ;
2. reference to female subjects ;
3. (phase I) preliminary (small scale) tests
on healthy volunteers ;
4. {independent / official} body of {scientists
/ medics} / (UK) Medicines Control Agency
decides whether work can progress (to phase
2} ;
5. (phase II) drug tested on small groups of
(volunteer) {patients / people} who
already have the disease ;

6. (phase III) {larger / 1000 to 3000 group of}

{patients / people} who already have the
disease ; [Accept if no reference to phase I
and II]
7. placed randomly in two groups one to
receive treatment the other not /
as control ;
8. one group given medical product the
other a placebo / dummy treatment /
no active ingredient ;
9. (double blind test) neither patients nor
doctors know who has the active compound ;
10. statistics used to analyse results / test for
significance ; [Credit points 6-9 in context of
animal testing]
4 marks 8048/9048 Mark Schemes 19
SAQ 429
(a) (i) height (partly) determined by genes; half
of childs genes (for height) from each parent /
children of tall parents more likely to inherit
genes for tallness (than
children in general); {taller children / children
of tall parents}stronger / more
likely to survive (in the past); tall {women/men}
might be {more fertile / more able to survive
child birth}; tall people tend to marry tall
people; 3 marks
(ii) protein/amino acids
{important/needed/essential} for growth /
making new cells; in the past growth of (many)
children was limited by lack of protein
(compared with today)/ adequate protein intake
needed to reach genetic potential/eq /
reference to dietary protein a source of amino
acids to make human protein; improved quality
of protein / all necessary amino acids; 2 marks
(iii) children who are (frequently) unwell do not
grow (as well as healthy ones);
sick children use resources to fight disease
instead of forgrowing;
sick children have reduced appetite/vomit a
lot/have poordigestion;1 mark
(b) mutation / reference to tumour repression
substance; triggered off by carcinogenic
substances / tar in tobacco smoke; leading to
uncontrolled cell division; leading to formation
a mass of cells / tumour; cycle/rate of cell

formation exceeds rate of cell death/apotosis;

NOT more cell division, damages DNA
3 marks Total 9 marks
SAQ 430
The answer to this question requires
continuous prose. Quality of language should
be considered in crediting points in the mark
scheme. In order to gain credit, answers must
be expressed logically in clear scientific terms.
(a) 1 Feature / beak size due to effect of more
than one gene; NOT ref. multiple alleles
2 Different alleles of each gene present in the
population;
3 Meiosis gives new combinations of alleles /
of genes / of DNA;
4 By crossing-over / described;
5 By independent assortment of chromosomes
/ in meiosis I;
6 By independent assortment of chromatids /
in meiosis II; Independent assortment
(unspecified) = 1 mark alternative
to point 5 or 6
7 Meiosis gives new combinations of
chromosomes;
8 Several / large number of combinations (of
alleles / chromosomes) possible; 5 max
(b) 1 Variation (in beak size) already present in
population;
2 (Variation) due to inheritance / due to
mutation;
3 Beak size relates to food size; (On
Albermarle):
4 Competition between birds of similar beak
size / birds with more extreme beak sizes get
enough food / reduce competition;
5 OR converse _ best adapted survive /
selected for / larger beak sizes (in G. fortis)
survive / larger beak an advantage; (On 2nd
island):
6 G. fortis has smaller seeds available (since
no competition);
7 G. fortis does not need large beak to survive
/ to feed;
8 (Survivors) reproduce;
9 Pass on (relevant) allele(s) / gene(s) to
offspring; Worth 2 marks, because subsumes
survivors reproduce marking point

10 Increasing frequency of appropriate allele(s)

/ gene(s) (in population); 7 max
(c) (i) Allopatric new spp. arise in separated
areas AND sympatric in same area / no
geographical barrier; 1
(ii) Allopatric separation by sea / on separate
islands / by mountains;
Sympatric: Temporal different breeding
seasons / feeding times /
Behavioural different courtship displays /
different niches /
habitats / feeding areas / Mechanical
mismatch in reproductive parts /
Gamete incompatibility sperm killed in
females
reproductive tract / Hybrid inviability / hybrid
infertility; 2
Total 15 AQA/BYA5/JAN 2
SAQ 431
(a) polygenic inheritance / several genes; many
categories / continuous range / single or
multiple allele inheritance would
produce discrete categories / eq.; 2
(b) (SE gives idea of) variability of mean;
time / population mean would lie within these
limits in 68% / 70% / 2/3 of samples; 2
Total 4AQA/ BYA5/JUN06
SAQ 432
(a) (i) Polygenic several different genes
influence same feature; Multiple allele more
than two alleles of one gene; 2
(ii) Influence of environment/suitable example;
As they are genetically identical (with respect
to flower length); 2
(iii) All heterozygous for flower-length genes;
Parents were homozygous for long or short
alleles / inherit (one) long allele from one
parent and (one) short allele (for each gene)
from the other; 2 Accept these points from
LABELLED genetic diagrams.
(iv) Crossing over; Independent
assortment/random segregation; Random
fertilisation; Environmental influence; 3 max
(b) (i) Similarity carry genes for same
features / same genes / made from two

identical chromatids; Difference different

alleles (of some/all genes)/different sequences
of bases/from different parents; 2
(ii) Crossing over / chiasma formation; 1
(iii) Prophase I; 1
(iv) Produces new combinations of alleles;
Introduces (genetic) variation; Into gametes /
offspring; 2 max
Total 15 AQA/BYA5/JUN08
SAQ 433
(a) Prevents doubling of chromosome no. (at
fertilisation) / restores diploid no. (at
fertilisation); 1 accept numerical example if
clearly n+n"2n/ +" whole number
(b) (i) Prophase I; 1
(ii) 9; 1
(c) (i) Crossing over / chromosomes
exchanging parts / chromatids exchanging
parts / chiasma formation; Produces new
combinations of alleles; 2
(ii) Independent/random AND assortment
/segregation/described; 1
Total 6 AQA/BYA5/JUN7
SAQ 434
(a) (i) Discrete groups / types / categories /
explained e.g. large and small
seed diameters / types exist; [ Reject: Bimodal]
1
(ii) Different survival advantages / explained
e.g. size linked to location;
selection against intermediate forms / in favour
of extreme forms; 2
(b) Interbreed / cross the two types of flax
plants;
Offspring fertile (if same species)/ offspring
can also interbreed/ or
reasonable alternative; [Reject:Viable] 2
Total 5 marks AQA/BYA5/JAN3
SAQ 435
(a) one / two / few genes versus many /
polygenic;
limited / none versus significant;
limited / few versus wide / many; 3

(b) named difference in environmental factor

during pregnancy
e.g. nutrient supply; 1
Total 4 AQA/BYB4/JAN6
SAQ 436
(a) (i) Continuous variation . range of
values/not discrete categories/many
categories/
no gaps; 1
(ii) Crossing over / chiasmata;
Random segregation / independent
assortment;
In meiosis I and meiosis II; max 2
(b) Range influenced by single .outlier. (accept
anomaly) / converse for S.D.;
S.D. shows dispersion/spread about mean;
Range only shows highest and lowest
values/extremes;
S.D. allows statistical use;
Tests whether or not differences are
significant; max 2
Total 5 marks AQA/BYA5/JAN5
SAQ437.
(a)1. Chromosomes shorten/thicken/condense;
2.
Chromosomes
associate
in
homologous/(described) pairs / formation of
bivalents / tetrads;
3. Crossing-over / chiasma formation;
4. Join to spindle (fibres) / moved by spindle;
5. (At) equator/middle of cell;
6. (join via) centromere / kinetochore;
7. (Homologous) chromosomes move to
opposite poles / chromosomes separate/move
apart; (ALLOW are pulled apart)
8. (Pairs of) chromatids separated in 2nd
division; max 6
(b) 1. Crossing-over; [IGNORE any wrong ref.
to
timing]
2.
Independent/random
assortment/orientation/segregation
of
(homologous) chromosomes in meiosis I;
3.
Independent/random
assortment/orientation/segregation
of
chromatids in meiosis II;
+ Any three from:
4. Different adaptations / some better adapted;
5. Some survive / example described;
6. To reproduce;
7. Pass on gene/allele;

8. Allows for changing environment/different

environment/example described; max 5
(c) (i) 21; 1
(ii) 1. T. aestivum has 2 copies of each type of
chromosome/is diploid;
2. T. aestivums chromosomes can form
bivalents/can assort in meiosis/ can produce
haploid gametes;
3. T. aestivums gametes receive a copy of
every chromosome receive all the genetic
information; 3 [ACCEPT converse argument
for hybrid plants]
Total 15 marks AQA/BYA5/JAN04