Medico-legal Aspects of Identification

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1.

Identification
of Skeleton

1. Human origin or not?

- oval or round shape skull with less
prominent lower jaw and nasal bone
2. Single individual or not?
- complete layout of bones on a table
3. Height
- approximation of height by measuring long
bones of the body

3.

Tests to determine Sex

1. Social test
2. Genital test
3. Gonadal test
4. Chromosomal test

4.

Problems in Sex
determination

1. Gonadal agenesis
2. True hermaphrodism

5.

Presumptive evidence
of sex

1. General features and contour of

face
2. Presence or absence of hair in
some parts of body
3. Length of scalp hair
4. Clothes and other wearing
apparel
5. Figure
6. Habit or inclination
7. Voice and manner of speech

6.

Highly probable
evidence of sex

1. possession of vagina, uterus and

accessories of female and penis on
male
2. Presence of developed and large
breasts in female
3. Muscular development and
distribution of fat in the body

7.

Conclusive evidence of
sex

1. presence of ovary in female and

testis in males

8.

Evidences of Sex in
Mutilated or
Decomposed Body

1. General physical and muscular

development
2. Hairness of the scalp, face, chest,
pubes
3. Adam's apple
4. Amount of subcutaneous fat in
specific parts of the body
5. Presence of linea albicantes,
enlarge nipple, cutex in fingernails
and lipstick
6. presence of prostate on male or
uterus and ovary in female

4. Sex
- pelvis, skull, sternum, Femur, Humerus
5. Determination of Race
6. Age
- appearance of ossification centers
-union of bones and epiphysis
7. Determination of duration of interment
- presence or absence of soft tissue still
adherent to the bones
- firmness and weight, brittleness, dryness of
bone
- degree of erosion of the surface of bone
- changes in the clothings, coffin, painting
8. Presence or absence of ante-mortem or
post-mortem injury
9. Superimposed photography
- determining the person to whom the skull
belongs
2.

Determination
of Sex

1. As an aid of identification
2. To determine whether an individual can
exercise certain obligations vested by law to
one sex only
3. Marriage or union of a man and a woman
4. Rights granted by law are different to
different sexes
5. Certain crimes wherein specific sex can
only be the offender or victin
- rape, seduction, abduction, abuse against
chastity: women are victim
- prostitution: woman
- adultery: married woman
- concubinage: husband

9.

Determination of Age

1. Aid of identification
2. Determination of criminal liablity
3. Determination of right of suffrage (vote)
4. Whether a person can exercise civil rights (21 yo)
5. Capacity to contract marriage
- The legal age for marriage in the Philippines is 18
- 18 and 21: a consent from the father, mother, surviving parent or guardian should be
obtaine
- 22 and 25: a written parental advice indicating that your parents are aware of your intent to
marry will be required
6. Requisites to certain crimes
Rape: < 12 years old
Infanticide: < 3 days old

10.

Legal Importance of study of blood

1. For disputed parentage (maternity/paternity)

2. Circumstantial or corroborative evidence against or in favor of the perpetrator of a crime
3. Determination of cause of death
4. Determination of the direction of escape of the victim or assailant
5. Determination of approximate time the crime was committed
6. Determination of the place of commission of the crime
7. Determination of the presence of certain diseases

11.

Physical examination of blood

identification

1. solubility test (saline sol: bright red color of)

2. Heat test (blood-> muddy precipitate)
3. Luminescence test

12.

Preciptin test

done to determine whether the blood is of human origin or not