THE EFFECT OF COCONUT HUSK ASH AS AN ADMIXTURE IN CONCRETE.

MUHAMMAD HAFIZSYAUQI B. IBRAHIM @ MOHD JAMAL

MUHAMMAD AZMAN SHAH B. MD SIROJUDDIN
SUCHITRA A/P RAMASAMY

THIS PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLYTECHNIC SULTAN IDRIS SHAH

DEC 2014

APPROVAL PROJECT REPORT

I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is sufficient in
terms of scope and quality for the award of Diploma Civil Engineering
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DECLARATION

We declare that this report is the result of our own except for quotations and summaries
of every resource we have explained.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to all those who gave me the
possibility to complete this report. A special thanks to our final year project coordinator,
Mrs. Siti Norzaemah, whose help, stimulating suggestions and encouragement, helped
us to coordinate our project especially in writing this report.
I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the
Concrete Laboratory supervisor, who gave us the permission to use all required
machinery, equipment and the necessary material to complete the Slump Test and Cube
Test for the concrete samples.
A special thanks goes to my team mates, Muhammad Hafizsyauqi B. Ibrahim @
Mohd Jamal and Muhammad Azman Shah B. Md Sirojuddin who help me during the
laboratory works and gave suggestion in concrete mixtures.
Last but not least, many thanks go to the head of the project, Mrs. Siti Farah
Wahida who have given her full effort in guiding the team in achieving the goal as well
as his encouragement to maintain our progress in track. I would to appreciate the
guidance given by other supervisor as well as the panels especially in our project
presentation that has improved our presentation skills by their comment and tips.

DEDICATION

This final report is especially dedicated to my beloved family, who had supported
and encouraged us mentally and financially until this project was completed. Besides
that, we would like to dedicate this report to our supervisor, Mrs. Siti Farah Wahida Binti
Mohamed who had played an important role by guiding and encouraging us frequently.
Lastly, we would like to thank our friends who had helped us throughout the final year
project.

ABSTRACT

With the ever increasing population in most developing countries and the
corresponding increase in demands and need for infrastructural development, there is an
urgent need to focus attention on low-cost alternative construction materials. This work
presents the results of laboratory tests carried out using Coconut Husk Ash (CHA) as an
admixtures for cement in concrete production. Concrete cubes were cast and tested at
curing ages of 14 days using 0, 24 and 26 percent of admixtures levels in cement. The
slump test result shows that the workability of the concrete decreased as the Coconut
Husk Ash content increased. Results showed that the compressive strength of Coconut
Husk Ash concrete increased with curing age but decreased with increasing percentage
of coconut husk ash. The percentage strength gained at 14 days for 24% and 26% to the
control of 0% are 73.77% and 60.40% respectively. The optimum compressive strength
of 20.36 N/mm2 was obtained at 24% replacement at 14 days of age. The percentage
strength at this optimum point to the control is 73.77%.

ABSTRAK

Dengan penduduk yang semakin meningkat di negara-negara membangun dan

peningkatan yang sepadan dalam permintaan dalam pembangunan infrastruktur, terdapat
keperluan segera untuk menumpukan perhatian kepada bahan binaan alternative yang
berkos rendah. Projek ini membentangkan keputusan ujikaji makmal yang telah
dilakukan dengan menggunakan Abu sabut kelapa (CHA) sebagai bahan tambah simen
dalam konkrit. Kiub konkrit telah diuji setelah diawet selama 14 hari menggunakan 0, 24
dan 26 peratus daripada tahap bahan tambah dalam simen. Keputusan ujian penurunan
menunjukkan bahawa kebolehkerjaan konkrit menurun apabila kandungan abu sabut
kelapa meningkat. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa kekuatan mampatan konkrit yang
mengandungi abu sabut kelapa meningkat dengan jumlah hari pengawet tetapi menurun
dengan peningkatan peratusan abu sabut kelapa. Kekuatan peratusan yang diperolehi
pada 14 hari 24% dan 26% kepada kawalan 0% masing-masing 73.77% dan 60.40%.
Kekuatan optimum mampatan 20.36 N / mm2 telah diperolehi pada penggantian 24%
pada hari ke-14. Peratus kekuatan optimum pada ketika ini adalah 73.77%.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER

CONTENTS

PAGE

APPROVAL PROJECT REPORT

DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DEDICATION
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
CONTENT

II
III
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Problem statement
1.3 Objective
1.4 Scope of work

LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Concrete
2.2 Cement

2.3 Coarse Aggregate

2.4 Fine Aggregate
2.5 Water
2.6 Coconut Husk Ash (CHA)

10

METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Flow chart
3.3 Schedule to produce concrete with coconut husk
ash as an admixture.
3.4 Process before make a sample.
3.5 Identifying the functions of material used
3.6 Design and produce the product
3.6.1 Prepare the mould for cube test
3.6.2 Mixing the concrete
3.7 Test carried out for the samples
3.7.1 Slump Test
3.7.2 Cube Test

11

12

RESULTS AND DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction
4.2 Slump Test

50

4.3 Cube Test

4.4 Data Analysis for Cube Test

DISCUSSION

60

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

62

REFERENCE

64

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE
Figure 3.4.1
Figure 3.4.2
Figure 3.4.3
Figure 3.4.4
Figure 3.5.1

TITLE
Screw Conveyer
Screening Machine
Packing of Coconut Husk Ash
Coconut Fibers

PAGE

16

Coconut Husk Ash

17

Figure 3.5.2
Figure 3.5.3
Figure 3.5.4
Figure 3.5.5
Figure 3.5.6
Figure 3.5.7
Figure 3.5.8
Figure 3.5.9
Figure 3.5.10
Figure 3.5.11
Figure 3.5.12
Figure 3.5.13
Figure 3.5.14
Figure 3.5.15
Figure3.6.1(i)
Figure3.6.1(ii)
Figure3.6.2(a)(i)
Figure3.6.2(a)(ii)
Figure3.6.2(a)(iii)
Figure3.6.2(a)(iv)
Figure3.6.2(a)(v)
Figure3.6.2(a)(vi)
Figure 3.6.2(b)(i)
Figure3.6.2(b)(ii)
Figure3.6.2(b)(iii)
Figure3.6.2(b)(iv)
Figure3.6.2(b)(v)

Ordinary Portland Cement

Fine Aggregate
Coarse Aggregate
Water
Weighing Scales
Abrams Cone
Cube Mould
Grease
Hand Brush
Sieve size 14 mm
Sieve size 850 mic
Electrical Mixer
Tray
Trowel

18
19
20
21
22

Prepare the mould for cube test

23

Mixing the ordinary concrete with 0% of

24

admixtures for 2 samples

Mixing the concrete with 24% of admixtures
for 2 samples
13

27

Figure3.6.2(b)(vi)
Figure3.6.2(b)(vii)
Figure3.6.2(b)
(viii)
Figure 3.6.2(c)(i)
Figure 3.6.2(c)(ii)
Figure 3.6.2(c)(iii)
Figure 3.6.2(c)(iv)
Figure 3.6.2(c)(v)
Figure 3.6.2(c)(vi)
Figure 3.6.2(c)(vii)
Figure3.6.2(c)(viii)
Figure 3.7.1 (a)
Figure 3.7.1 (b)
Figure 3.7.1 (c)
Figure 3.7.1 (d)
Figure 3.7.1 (e)
Figure 3.7.1 (f)
Figure 3.7.1 (g)
Figure 3.7.2 (a)
Figure 3.7.2 (b)
Figure 3.7.2 (c)
Figure 3.7.2 (d)
Figure 3.7.2 (e)
Figure 3.7.2 (f)
Figure 3.7.2 (g)

Mixing the concrete with 26% of admixtures

for 2 samples

31

Slump Test

36

Cube Test

43

14

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE

TITLE

15

PAGE