Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
net/Malaysia/UniversityandCollege/SPM/revi
sioncard/physics/physics.html
The pattern and the direction of a magnetic field can be determined by a compass. The
pointer of the compass is always in the direction of the magnetic field. In figure (b)
above, we can see that when a few compasses are put near to a bar magnet, the pointer of
the compasses are all in the direction of the magnetic field.
If a compass is placed near to a current carrying wire, the pointer of the compass will
point along the direction of the magnetic field generated by the current. This will discuss
in electromagnetism.
[Figure (a)]
The magnetic field forms by straight wire are concentric circles around the wire as shown
in figure (a) above. Take notes that when the direction of the current is inversed, the
direction of the magnetic field line is also inversed.
The direction of the magnetic field line can be determined by the Maxwell's Screw Rule
or the Right Hand Grip Rule.
[Figure (a)]
Sometime, the magnetic field pattern may be given in plan view, as shown in figure (b).
In plan view, a dot in the wire shows the current coming out from the plane whereas a
cross in the wire shows the current moving into the plane.
[Figure (c)]
The Maxwell's Screw Rules
The Maxwell Screw Rules sometime is also called the Maxwell's Corkscrew Rule.
Imagine a right handed screw being turn so that it bores its way in the direction of the
current in the wire. The direction of rotation gives the direction of the magnetic field.
distance of the field lines must increase as it is further out form the wire.
[Figure (a)]
[Figure (a)]
[Figure (b)]
There is another method can be used to determine the pole of the magnetic field forms by
the solenoid.
Try to visualise that you are viewing the solenoid from the 2 ends as illustrated in figure
(c) below. The end will be a North pole if the current is flowing in the aNticlockwise, or a
South pole if the current is flowing in the clockwiSe direction.
Strength of the
Magnetic Field
The strength of the magnetic field can be increased by
1. Increasing the current,
2. Increasing the number of turns per unit length of the solenoid,
3. Using a soft-iron core within the solenoid.
Physics Animation
Applet
Compass in a Solenoid
Exercises
When the switch is on, the circuit is completed and current flows. The electromagnet
becomes magnetised and hence attracts the soft-iron armature and at the same time pull
the hammer to strike the gong. This enables the hammer to strike the gong.
As soon as the hammer moves towards the gong, the circuit is broken. The current stops
flowing and the electromagnet loses its magnetism. This causes the spring to pull back
the armature and reconnect the circuit again.
When the circuit is connected, the electromagnet regain its magnetism and pull the
armature and hence the hammer to strike the gong again. This cycle repeats and the bell
rings continuously.
youtube : Electric Bell
The figure shows the structure of a circuit breaker. A circuit breaker is an automatic
switch that cut off current in a circuit when the current become too large.
When the current in a circuit increases, the strength of the electromagnet will increase in
accordance; this will pull the soft iron armature towards the electromagnet.
As a result, the spring pulls apart the contact and disconnects the circuit immediately, and
the current stop to flow.
We can reconnect the circuit by using the reset button. The reset button can be pushed to
bring the contact back to its original position to reconnect the circuit
An electromagnet is used in the earpiece of a telephone. The figure shows the simple
structure of a telephone earpiece.
When you speak to a friend through the telephone, your sound will be converted into
electric current by the mouthpiece of the telephone. The current produced is a varying
current and the frequency of the current will be the same as the frequency of your sound.
The current will be sent to the earpiece of the telephone of your friend.
When the current passes through the solenoid, the iron core is magnetised. The strength
of the magnetic field changes according to the varying current. When the current is high,
the magnetic field will become stronger and when the current is low, the magnetic field
become weaker.
The soft-iron diaphragm is pulled by the electromagnet and vibrates at the frequency of
the varying current. The air around the diaphragm is stretched and compressed and
produces sound wave. The frequency of the sound produced in the telephone earpiece
will be the same as your sound.
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical
circuit. The switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of
contacts.
A relay has at least two circuits. One circuit can be used to control another circuit. The 1st
circuit (input circuit) supplies current to the electromagnet. The electromagnet is
magnetised and attracts one end of the iron armature.
The armature is then closes the contacts (2nd switch) and allows current flows in the
second circuit. When the 1st switch is open again, the current to the electromagnet is cut,
the electromagnet loses its magnetism and the 2nd switch is opened. Thus current stop to
flow in the 2nd circuit.
The fore finger, middle finger and the thumb are perpendicularly to each other. The
forefinger points along the direction of the magnetic field, middle finger points in the
current direction and the thumb points along the direction of the force.
The strength of the force can be increased by:
1. Increase the current
2. Using a stronger magnet
Summary:
1. A force will be produced between 2 current carrying conductors.
2. If the currents are in the same direction, the 2 wire will attract each other.
3. If the current are in opposite direction, the 2 wire will repel each other.
The function of the brush is to conduct electricity from the external circuit to the coil and
allow the commutator to rotate continuously.
The function of the commutator is to change the direction of the current in the coil and
hence change the direction of the couple (the 2 forces in opposite direction) in every half
revolution. This is to make sure that the coil can rotate continuously.
The operation principle of a direct current motor are explained in detail th the second
Youtube video below.
Physics Animation
Applet
Direct Current Motor - Walter Fendt
Operation of a Direct Current Motor - sun.ylojarvi,fl
Flash
Electric Motor and Generator
Electromagnetic Induction
Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:22 PM | 0 comments
When a magnet is moved into and out of the solenoid, magnetic flux is being cut by the
coil. The cutting of magnetic flux by the wire coil induces an e.m.f in the wire. When the
solenoid is connected to a closed circuit, the induced current will flow through the circuit.
The direction of the induced current and the magnitude of the induced e.m.f due to the
cutting of the magnetic flux can be determined from Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law.
Youtube 1. electromagnetism 6: induction 2. Faradays law of induction
Faraday's Law
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f is determined from Faraday's Law.Faraday's Law
states that the magnitude of the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux through a coil or alternatively the rate of the magnetic flux being
cut.
Lenz's Law
When a magnet is moved into and out of a coil, the induced current that flows throu
gh the coil can be determined from Lenz's Law. Lenz's Law states that t
induced current always flows in the direction that opposes the change in magnetic
flux.Lenz's Law obeys the principle of conservation of energy. Work is done to move the
magnet against the repulsive fo
e. This work done is converted to electric energy which manifests as an induced current
.For a conductor in a closed circuit moving perpendicular to a magnetic field and
hence cutting its magneti
ux, the direction of the induced current is determined from Fleming's Right-Hand Rule.
Fleming's Right-Hand Rule is used to determine the direction of the induced current
http://youtube.com/watch?v=sPLawCXvKmg
http://youtube.com/watch?v=JDCgxZ87oNc
A simple d.c generator essentially the converse of a d.c. motor with its battery removed.
Initially the armature is vertical. No cutting of magnetic flux occurs and hence induced
current does not exist. When the armature rotates, the change in flux increases and the
induced current correspondingly increases in magnitude. After rotating by 90, the
armature is in the horizontal position. The change in magnetic flux is maximum and
hence the maximum induced e.m.f is produced. Maximum induced current flows through
the galvanometer.
When the armature continues to rotate, the change in flux decreases. At the 180 position,
there is no change in flux hence no induced current exists.The induced current is achieves
its maximum value again when the armature is at 270. After rotating 360, the armature
returns to its original position.
The direction of the induced current can be determined from Fleming's Right-Hand Rule.
Even though the magnitude of the induced current or d.g.e is dependent on the orientation
of the coil, the current in the external circuit always flows in one direction. This unidirectional current is known as direct current.
Alternating Current
Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:25 PM | alternating current | 0 comments
Direct Current
Direct current (d.c) is usually supplied by acid-based batteries or dry cells. A common
example of acid-based (electrolyte) batteries is the car battery. Direct current is uniform
current flowing in one fixed direction in a circuit.
Alternating Current
Alternating current (a.c) is generated from alternating current generators such as
hydroelectric power generators. The electricity supplied to households is alternating
current. Household electricity (alternating current) changes direction 50 times every
second. Its magnitude also changes with time.
The time taken for one complete cycle is known as the period, T. The frequency f is
defined as the number of complete cycles in 1 second. The relationship between the
frequency and the period is:
f = \frac{1}{T}
The maximum potential difference supplied by an a.c source is known as the peak voltage
VP. The effective potential difference for an a.c is equal to the potential difference of a
alternating current if both results in the same heating effect. The effective potential
difference for a.c is known as the root mean square voltage (r.m.s) of the a.c. and is given
y the following equation:
V_{rms}
= \frac{{V_p }}{{\sqrt 2 }}
The root-mean-square (r.m.s) value of an alternating current is the value of the steady
direct current which produces the same power in a resistor as the mean power produced
by the alternating current. The r.m.s current is the effective value of the alternating
current.
Transformer
Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:25 PM | efficiency, transformer | 0 comments
What is transformer?
Transformer is a device that is used to raise or lower down the potential difference of an
alternating current.
Function:
The function of a transformer is to increase or decrease the potential difference of an
alternating current supply.
Primary Circuit:
The primary circuit is the circuit that connected to the input energy source. The current,
potential difference and coil (winding) in the primary circuit are called the primary
current (Ip), primary potential difference (Vp) and primary coil respectively.
Core:
The core is the ferromagnetic metal wound by the primary and secondary coil. The
function of the core is to transfer the changing magnetic flux from the primary coil to the
secondary coil.
Secondary Circuit:
The secondary circuit is the circuit that connected to the output of the transformer. The
current, potential difference and coil (winding) in the secondary circuit are called the
secondary current (Is), secondary potential difference (Vs) and secondary coil
respectively.
Symbol of A Transformer
Types of Transformer
Step-up transformer
A step-up transformer is one where the e.m.f. in the secondary coil is greater than the
e.m.f. in the primary coil. It is used to increases the potential difference. The number of
windings in the secondary winding is greater than the number of windings in the primary
coil. The current in the primary coil is greater than the current in the secondary coil.
Step-down transformer
Conversely, a step-down transformer is one where the e.m.f. in the secondary coil is less
than the e.m.f. in the primary coil. It is used to reduce the potential difference. The
number of windings in the primary winding is greater than the number of windings in the
secondary coil. The current in the primary coil is lesser than the current in the secondary
coil.
Calculation of Potential Difference Change
{{V_s } \over {V_p }} = {{N_s } \over {N_p }}
\times I_p
= V_s
\times I_s
Non-ideal transformer
Efficiency = \frac{{V_s I_s }}{{V_p I_p }} \times 100\%
Flux leakage.
Some of the induced magnetic flux from the primary coil is not transmitted to the
secondary coil, therefore the e.m.f in the secondary coil is decreased.
The secondary coil(windings) are intertwined tightly with the primary coils. The iron core
should form a closed loop.
Methods to increase the efficiency
The secondary coil (windings) is intertwined tightly with the primary coils. The iron core
should form a closed loop.
Generation of Electricity
Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:27 PM | electricity generation | 0 comments
Hydro energy
Solar energy
Wind energy
Geothermal energy
Biomass
Tidal energy
Wind Power
1. It is a renewable energy.
2. It does not pollute the environment.
3. It is suitable for mountain area because the wind speed in
mountain area is relatively high.
The disadvantages of using wind as a source of energy are.
1. A large area is needed to build the windmills.
2. The windmills will produce high level of noise.
3. The power generated is inconsistent due to the inconsistent of
the wind speed and wind direction.
Solar power
Transmission of Electricity
Posted by Electromagnetism | 8:27 PM | electricity transmission | 0 comments
2.
Electricity supply is
3.
4.