ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I do express my hearty appreciation to

those who have contributed a lot to this report
both explicitly and implicitly and my deep
sense of gratitude to Mr. D.K.SAHOO,
Manager(SYSTEMS), NALCO for his valuable
supervision, guidance and encouragement for
completion of the project.

Lastly, I would like to thank my Teachers

and my Parents for their inspiration and
guidance in shaping my career.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

SERIAL NUMBER

TITLE

PAGE NUMBER

01

Brief about NALCO

6-23

02

Study of systems
application in NALCO

25-28

03

30-39

05

Application
Softwares used at
Systems, NALCO
System Softwares
used at Systems,
NALCO
Conclusion

06

References

04

40-48

49
50

Brief About NALCO

A jewel in the crown

NOW A NAVARATNA COMPANY

With a consistent track record in capacity utilization,
technology absorption, quality assurance, export
performance and committed manpower, with excellent
team work NALCO has emerged as Asias leading
Aluminium Company. NALCO has been contributing
significantly to the state and central government
exchequers years through the increased production and
consistent posting of profits. With its second phase
expansion, involving an investment of over 5000 cores
which is nearing completion, the company is all set for
third phase expansion. Besides, plans afoot for Greenfield
projects in countries like Indonesia, South Africa and Iran.
With time, all these remarkable achievements have
translated into another creditable title for NALCO, now a
Navaratna company from April 2008.
NALCO presents its special gratitude to the
Government of India and Odisha for their continuous
support and guidance through 28 years long journey.

2.1 DETAIL BACKGROUND OF NALCO:

Following the discovery of large reserves of bauxite ore in the east coast and
the preliminary project work done by Bharat Aluminium Company Limited,
NATIONAL ALUMINIUM COMPANY LIMITED was set up as a public sector
enterprise under Ministry of mines by the Government of India in 1981 to
implement one of the largest multi-locational integrated Aluminium projects of the
world with its own Captive Power Plant and Port Facilities. The technical
collaboration of Aluminium Pechiney of France, the support of Euro-Dollar loan
From a consortium of International banks and the special dis-pensations of the
project expeditiously within he budgeted cost of `2408 crores.
In order to strengthen its business and increase market share, NALCO has
been pursuing expansion programmers on a sustained basis. The first phase
expansion was taken up in the year 2002 involving fresh involvement of `3900
crores. NALCO has taken over international Aluminium products Ltd. (IAPAL), a
wholly owned subsidiary of NALCO w.e.f March 2000 with the project cost of
`385 crores having a capacity of 50,000 TPY of Aluminium alloy coils sheets.
Soon after the completion of the first phase expansion, the company
launched its second phase expansion, commencing from October 2004, which
involves fresh investment of more than `2408 crores. The project in nearing
completion. The company is now planning third phase expansion with an
investment of `6000 crores, which will increase its production capacity.

2.2 PLANTLOCATION:
While the Corporate head quarters of NALCO is located at Bhubaneswar,
the capital city of Odisha, its mining operation and the manufacturing units are
located at Damanjodi in Koraput district and Angul at a distance of 550kms and
160kms by road from Bhubaneswar Respectively.

DAMANJODI:
Introducing Koraput, the Gazetteer of India
writes:
Koraput with the rolling mountains, undulating meadows, roaring rapids,
enchanting waterfalls and terraced valleys leading upto verdant hill, feasts the eye
as few other districts ca. koraput with her golden autumn and misty mornings of
the monsoon months, her painted spring and slumbering summer and her winter
ranging from fierce to mild, provides varieties of living in different seasons, which
is range elsewhere. Here in spring, nature and man vie each other to make living
joyous.
Damanjodi, where NALCO has established its Alumina Refinery and a
township, is one of the picturesque valleys of this beautiful district, on the foothills
of Panchpatmali hills. The plateau of Panchpatmali, where Bauxite mine of
NALCO is located is connected by a 16km. long uphill road. Damanjodi is 12km
from similiguda a small town located on the N.H. 43 that connects Vijaynagaram
of Andhra Pradesh with Raipur of Madhya Pradesh. The Sunabeda township of
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is 18km from Damanjodi. Koraput town the
headquarter of the district is 36kms from damanjodi. The nearest rail station at
Vijaynagaram is at a distance of 135km. thera is of course passenger rail service
from Koraput to Vishakhapatnam through the most enchanting hilly terrains of
Araku valley and Anantagiri. Damanjodi is also connected by bus service from
Berhampur, cuttack, Bhubaneswar, Angul and sambalpur.

Nalco Township at Damanjodi is a well planned one Apart 2968 dwelling

units the township has market complexes, Community Centers, Clubs Swimming
pool, Playgrounds, parks, a 30 bedded well equipped modern hospital, guest house,
trainees hostels etc. the township has its own post office Police station and Bank.
There is an English medium School offering CBSE courses. This school is run by
Delhi Public School Society. An Oriya medium high school is run by Saraswati
Vidya Mandir. Both the schools
because of their facilities and
standard of teaching have been
become attractions even to outsiders.

Nalco Nagar, ANGUL:

Nalconagar is situated within
5km of Angul town. Angul was one a
feudal sate with a chequered history of palace intrigues and wars with
neighbouring states. In 1847, the confiscicated on account of the rrebellion against
the British by the then ruling Chief Somanath Singh. Thus Angul passed under the
British rule earlier which spread to many other parts of Odisha. Angul became a
district head quarter in 1994.
Angul today is a fairly big and bustling town on the N.H.55 which is the
main highway connection of Bhubaneswar with Raipur Madhya Pradesh,
Sambalpur, Sundargrh and Rourkela. Nalco has established its Smelter plant, the
Captive Power Plant and its township close to the National Highway. The place is
easily accessible by road and rail.
Local population till the advent of industries basically depended on agriculture for
livelihood. Today in the vicinity of Angul a large number of industries have come
up. The other important industries in and around this place are Heavy Water Plant
of Atomic Energy Commission, Talcher coal mines of Mahanadi Coal Mines
Limited and 2Thermal Power Plants of NTPC. Establishment of NALCO and other
industries have brought about accelerated growth to the trade, commerce and
anciliary industry in the district.
NALCO Township at Angul is modern & well planned. In Addition to 3679
dwelling units and trainees hotels with 403 rooms, the township has market

complexes, Community Centers, Clubs Swimming Pool, Playgrounds, parks, a 50

bedded hospital with ultra modern facilities, guest houses, etc. The township has its
own post office Police Station and Banks. There is an English medium School
offering CBSE courses. This school is run by Delhi Public School Society. An
Oriya medium high school is run by Saraswati Vidya Mandir. Both the schools
because of their facilities and standard of teaching have been become attractions
even to outsiders.

FIVE MAIN SEGMENTS OF THE INTEGRATED

COMPLEX:

SEGMEN
T

INITIAL
CAPACITY
CAPACITY AFTER
FIRST
EXPANSION

CAPACITY LOCATION
UNDER
SECOND
EXPANSION

Bauxite
Mines

2,400,000tpy

4,800,000tpy

6,300,000typ

Panchpatmali in
koraput

Alumina
Refinery

8,00,000tpy

15,75,000tpy

21,00,000tpy

Damanjodi in
koraput

Alumiium
Smelter

2,30,000tpy

3,45,000tpy

4,60,000tpy

Angul

Captive
Power Plant

720MW

960MW

1200MW

Angul

Port
Facilities
(Ship
Loading
Rate)

2200tph

2200tph

Vishakhapatnam
(Andhra
Pradesh)

Bauxite Mines:
On panchpatmali hills of Koraput district in Odisha, a fully mechanized
opencast mine of 4.8 million tpa capacity is in operation since November,1985,
serving feedstock to Alumina Refinery at Damanjodi located on the foothills.
Fig:-

Presently, the capacity is being expanded to 6.3 million tpa. The salient features:

Area of deposit -16sq. km.

Resource - 310 million tones
Ore quality- Alumina 45%, silica2%
Mineralogy - Over 90% gibbsitic
Over burden 3meters(average)
Ore thickness 14meters(average)
Transport 14.6km long single flight multicurve cable beltconveyor of
1800tph

Alumina Refinery:
The 5,75,000 tpa Alumina Refinery, having there parallel streams of equal
capacity, is located in the picturesque valley of Damanjodi in Koraput district. In
operation since September, 1986, the Refinery is designed to:

Fig:-

Provide Alumina to the Companys Smelter at Angul

Export the balance Alumina to overseas market through Visakhapatnam Port
Presently, the capacity is being expanded to21,00,000 tpa.
The salient features:
Atmospheric pressure digestion process
Pre-desilication and inter-stage cooling for higher productivity
Energy efficient fluidised bed calciners
Co-generation of 3x18.5 MW power by use of bank pressure turbine in
steam generation plant
Advanced red mud disposal system

Captive Power Plant:

Close to the Aluminium Smelter at angul, a Captive Power Plant of 960MW
capacity, comprising 8x120MW clusters, has been established for firm supply of
power to the Smelter.

Fig:-

Presently, the capacity is being expanded to 1200 MW.

The salient features:
Micro-processor based burner management system for optimum thermal
efficiency
Computer controlled data acquisition System for on-line monitoring
Automatic turbine run-up system
Specially designed barrel type high pressure turbine
Electrostatic precipitators with advanced intelligent controllers
Wet disposal of ash
The water for the plant is drawn from River Brahmani through a 7km long double
circuit pipeline. The coal demand is met from amine of 3.5 million tpa capacity
opened up for Nalco at Bharatpur in Talcher by Mahanadi Coalfields Limited. The
Power Plant is inter-connected with the State Grid.

Aluminium Smelter:
The 3,45,000 tpa capacity Aluminium Smelter is located at Angul in Odisha.
Based on energy efficient state-of-the-art technology of smelting and pollution
control, the Smelter Plant is on operation since early 1987.
Presently, the capacity is being expanded to 4,60,000tpa.

Fig:-

The salient features:

Advanced 180kA cell technology
Micro-processor based pot regulation system
Fume treatment plant with dry-scrubbing system for pollution control and
fluoride salt recovery
Integrated facility for manufacturing carbon anodes, bus bars, anode stems
etc.
4 x 35 tone and 4 x 45 tone furnaces and 2 x 15 tph and 2 x 20 tph ingot
casting machines
4 x 45 tonne furnaces and 2 x 9.5 tph wire rod mills
2 x 45 tonne furnaces and 60/42 per drop billet casting machine
2x 1.5 tonne induction furnace with a 4 tph alloy ingot casting machine
26,000 tpa strip casting machines
With the acquisition and subsequent merger of International Aluminium
Products Limited (IAPL) with NALCO, the 50,000 tpa export-oriented
Rolled Products Unit is all set to produce foil stock, fin stock, can stock,
circles, coil stock, cable wraps, standard sheets and coils

Port Facilities:
On the Northern Arm of the lnner Harbour of Visakhapatnam Port on the
Bay of Bengal, Nalco has established mechanized storage and ship handling
facilities for exporting Alumina in bunk and importing Caustic Soda.

Fig:-

The salient features:

Maximum ship size- 35000DWT

Alumina reception -48x 53 ton pay-load wagons
Alumina storage -3x 25000 ton RCC Silos
Ship loading rate -2200 tph

Smelter Plant:
The 3, 45,000 tpa capacity Aluminium smelter, located
at Angul at Odisha, is based on advanced technology of smelting
and pollution control its capacity is further expanded to 4,60,000
tpa. The smelter plant has three main processes. Electrolytic
reduction (pot line), Anode plant (carbon area) and cast house.

Smelter flow diagram

POT LINE:

The main process area of Smelter is pot line. At Nalco

Smelter, there are three pot lines. Each pot line has 240 pots.
Fourth pot line is under commissioning. Out of 240 pots of fourth
pot line already 120 pots have already commissioned, rest pots
will be commissioned by this year

Electrolytic pot cathodic bus bar

Rolled Products Unit:

Nalco has set up a 50,000 MT per annum Rolled Products Unit,
integrated with the Smelter Plant at Angul, for production of
aluminium cold rolled sheets and coils from continuous caster
route, based on the advanced technology of FATA Hunter, Italy.

Fig:-

NALCO Products:

Aluminium
Metal:

Ingots

Sows

Billet

Wirerods

Alloy eire rods

Cast strips

Alumina & Hydrate:

Calcined

Alumina

Alumina Hydrate

Zeolite A

Special Products:

Specialty
Hydrate /Alumina
(Alumina Chemicals)

Rolled Product:

Aluminium
Rolled Products

Nalco landmarks:
197
5

Discovery of bauxite in the East coast

197
9

Preparation of Nalcos Feasibility Report-July.

199
0

Investment decision by the Government-Jan.

198
1

Indo-French Collaboration Agreement-Jan.

Formation of the company-Jan.
Foundation Stone Laid by Late Smt. Indira Gandhi March.
198
2

Signing of major Euro-Dollar Loan agreement Feb.

Civil Work Starts Feb.

198
5

Commissioning dates
Port Facilities-Sept.
Bauxite Mines-Nov.

198
6

Alumina Refinery-Sept. Captive Power Plant-Sept.

198
7

Smelter Plant-March.
Commencement of sale of Aluminium-May, 1987
198
8

Commencement of Alumina export-Jan.

Commencement of Aluminium export-Sep.
First Mines Safety award
First CAPEXIL Export award

198
9

London Metal Exchange Recognition-May.

Dedicated to Nation by Late Shri Rajiv Gandhi-June.
199
2Star

Trading House Status-Jan

199
3

Indira Gandhi Rajbhasa Award

199
4

ISO-9002 Certification
Alumina Refinery-Nov
Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra Award

199
5

ISO-9002 Certification
Smelter Plant-Feb.
Captive Power Plan
Indira Gandhi Rajbhasa Award
199
6

ISO-9002 Certification- Bauxite Mines Jan, Captive Power Plant-Dec.

ISO-14001 Certification
Bauxite Mines-June, 1996
9697

9798

199
8

9899

200
1

200
2

200
4

FICCI Award for Pollution Control and Environment

Excellent performing Public Sector Enterprise Award

Gem Granite Environment Award

Sri Sitaram Rungta Memorial Social Awareness Award

The Best Occupational Health Service Award by Govt of Odisha-Mar

First EEPC Export Award

Best Exporters Award for the year 1998-2000

Rajbhasa Shield by Ministry of Mines-Feb. 2001 & April 2001

Alumina Refinery Expansion to 15,75,000 TPA dedicated to the Nation

State PollutionvExcellence Awaed for Alumina Refinery Sept.
FIMI Environment Award for Bauxite Mines-Sept.

Completion of 1st phase expansion

200
5

Five Star Expert House Status

200

7
200
8

Top Export Award of CAPEXIL for 20th year in Succession

April-Nalco achieves Nava Ratna Status

VISION & MISSION:

VISION
To be reputed global Company in the Metals and Energy Sectors.

MISSION
To achieve sustainable growth in business through diversification,
innovation and global competitive edge.
To continuously develop human resources, create safe working conditions,
improve productivity and quality and reduce cost and waste.
To satisfy the customers and shareholders, employees and all other
stakeholders.
To be a good corporate citizen, protecting and enhancing the environment as
well as discharging social responsibility in order to ensure sustainable
growth.
To intensify R&D for technology development.

Environment Policy:
In recognition of the interests of the society in securing sustainable industrial
growth, compatible with a wholesome environment, Nalco affirms that it assigns
high importance to promotion and maintenance of a pollution-free environment in
all its activities.

Objectives:
To use non-polluting and environment-friendly technology.
To monitor regularly air, water, land, noise and other environmental

parameters.
To constantly improve upon the standards of pollution control and provide a
leadership in environment management.
To develop employees awareness on environmental practices.
To work closely with government and local authorities to prevent or
minimize adverse consequences of the industrial activities on the
environment.
To comply with all applicable laws governing environment protection
through appropriate mechanisms.
To actively participate in social, welfare and environmental development
activities of the locality around its units.

Quality Policy:
Quality will from the core of our business philosophy. Meeting the needs
and expectations of the customer and consistently improving our systems and work
ethos will be our chosen path in achieving excellence in business and fulfilling our
social obligations.

Guiding Principles:
To ensure a healthy return on investment by maximizing operational
efficiency, Capacity utilization and productivity.
To continually improve and redesign systems processes and practices in
order to ensure error prevention and improve response time.
To adopt internal customer focus as a means to external customer
satisfaction.

 To treat human resource as the key to quality excellence and ensure

development, involvement and satisfaction of employees.
To ensure high quality if inputs through proactive interaction with
suppliers.
To meet obligations towards the society as a responsible corporate citizen.
To provide value for money to all stake holders.
To follow ethical business philosophy at all times.

Commitment:
We dedicate ourselves to the quality policy and objective of the company in
letter and spirit and commit to continuously strive for the fulfillment.

CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY:

As a policy, Nalco has been allocating 1% of its net profit of the year for periphery
development.
Activities of the succeeding year.
Out of this allocable fund:
40% is for Damanjodi sector, where the companys Mines & Refinery are located;
40% is for Angul sector, where the companys Smelter & Power Plant are located;
And 20% is for other areas.

AMOUT ALLOCATED TOWARDS PERIPHERY DEVELOPMENT

TILL
(Including special projects)

At Damanjodi

:Rs.48.88Cr

At Angul

: Rs.61.10Cr

Other Areas

: Rs.26.89Cr

Study of System Application in NALCO

SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT:
The systems department is the computer related department in NALCO,
smelter plant.
It handles all network related data, LAN, mail-server, firewall, anti-virus and many
more of the Smelter Unit of NALCO.
To avoid net choking, internet access is allowed to people from the rank of
Assistant General Manager (AGM) and above in the hierarchy.

Intranet: It is allowed to all the employees at NALCO. In the Intranet all the
various units of NALCO.
Two 4 mbps lines are used By NALCO units in Angul for internet, namely BSNL
and TATA INDICOM. BSNL lines goes from Bhubaneswar main branch to CPP,
Angul via Smelter plant, Angul via CPP, Angul. It helps in the way that if one line
fails, the other is in working condition. Different but trusted domains have been put
in place. Leased lines have also been taken to the Refinery and Mines and also to
the port facilities at Vishakapatnam.
MacAfee anti-virus is used for maintaining the security and UNIX server is used to
maintain the Mail server. Email is also managed by Lotus Notes in NALCO.
In the Intranet Sites:
1. Birthdays of employees are stored.
2. Registering of civil complaints is made.
The profit incurred in a month is sent to the main server in Bhubaneswar. In the
main building many people are employed to calculate the profits , plot the charts of
progress, calculate the salary of employees and so on and so forth.

DETAIL ABOUT CONNECTIONS IN THE SYSTEMS

DEPARTMENT: Inside the systems department there are various servers catering to various needs. The
lists of these are given below with their configurations.
The data base in which the work is done is SYBASE.
Servers:
UNIX SERVER DETAILS

Server No Total
of memory(
CP MB)
U
Smelt
er1

4099.7

Smelt
er2

1024

Smelt
er3

768

Smelt
er4

1536

Smelt

1024

Mode Operat
l
ing
Syste
m
HPHPrp547 UX
0
B.11.1
1U
Digit Digital
al
Unixalphl V4.0E
ha
4100
Digit Digital
al
UnixAlpha V4.0D
-800

RDBMS
(Sybase
Version)

Application packages

111.5.1(A Aluminium
SE)
dispatch(Smelter),System,
Contractor Workers
11.5.1(AS FAS,Payrolls, suppliers
E)
Bill Passing System,
Works Maintenance
System,budget
11.0.2.2

Aluminium Dispatch
(Rolling Plant), Stores
Accounting
system(Expansion
Project),purchase
Management system
(expansion project)
Digit Digital 11.5.1(AS Punching & Gate pass
al
Unix- E)
system, Stores Accounting
Alpha V4.0E
System(Smelter),Incentive
-4100
system
Comp HP
12.5(ASE FAS(Rolling),

er5

aq
Tru64
Alpha UnixES40 V5.1B

Payroll(Rolling Plant)

ACTIVE DIRECTORY SERVER DETAILS

Total Memory (RAM)-4GB
Hard Disk Capacity-512 GB
Operating system- Windows Server 2008 (Enterprise Edition)

IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES USED AT SYSTEMS,

NALCO:ERP: It stands for Enterprise Resource Planning. It is an integrated computer
based systems used to manage internal and external resource including tangible
assets.
VIRUS: Short for vital Information Resource Under Seize. It is a computer
program that can copy itself and infect a computer
DBMS: Data Base Management System. It is a software package with
computer programs that control the entire Data Base.
RDBMS: Relational Data Base Management System. It is a DBMS based on
Relational model.
LAN: Local Area Network. Serves to a small building or Organization.
Covers small physical area.
WAN: Wide Area Network. Covers a very large area of network. Generally
ranked over the entire globe.
INTERNET: It is defined as a network of computer networks.
INTRANET: It is a private computer network that is combined within an
enterprise.
DNS: Domain Name system. It maps the human readable address into IP
address.
DHCP: Dynamic Host configuration Protocol. It is a method of assigning IP
addresses to computers in a network.

 SERVERS: It is a part of a computer network that does a particular task. It

consists of more than 1 hard disks in the form of RAID(REDUNDANT
Array of Independent Disks).
AD: Active Directory. An Active Directory structure is a hierarchical
arrangement of information about objects. The objects fall into two broad
categories: resources (e.g. printers) and security principals (user or computer
accounts and groups). Security principals are assigned unique security
identifiers(SIDs)

VIRTUALIZATION: In computing, the creation of a virtual (rather than

actual) version of something, such as a hardware platform, operating system,
a storage device or network resources. Operating system-level virtualization,
hosting of multiple virtualized environments within a single OS instance.
Application virtualization and Workspace virtualization, the hosting of
individual applications in an environment separated from the underlying OS.
Remote Desktop Connections: Formerly known as Terminal Services ,is one
of the components of Microsoft Windows(both server and client versions)
that allows a user to access applications and data on a remote computer over
a network, using the Remote Desktop Protocol(RDP). The RDP of Windows
is mstc (Microsoft terminal services client).

TCP/IP
(pronounced as separate letters) Short for Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol, the suite of communications protocols used to
connect hosts on the Internet. TCP/IP uses several protocols, the two main
ones being TCP and IP. TCP/IP is built into the UNIX operating system and is
used by the Internet, making it the de facto standard for transmitting data
over networks. Even network operating systems that have their own
protocols, such as Netware, also support TCP/IP.

HTTP
Short for HyperText Transfer Protocol, the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web.
HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and
browsers should take in response to various commands. For example, when you enter a URL in
your browser, this actually sends an HTTP command to the Web server directing it to fetch and
transmit the requested Web page.
The other main standard that controls how the World Wide Web works is HTML, which covers
how Web pages are formatted and displayed.
HTTP is called a stateless protocol because each command is executed independently, without
any knowledge of the commands that came before it. This is the main reason that it is difficult to
implement Web sites that react intelligently to user input. This shortcoming of HTTP is being
addressed in a number of new technologies, including ActiveX, Java, JavaScript and cookies.

FTP
Short for File Transfer Protocol, the protocol for exchanging files over the Internet. FTP works
in the same way as HTTP for transferring Web pages from a server to a user's browser and SMTP
for transferring electronic mail across the Internet in that, like these technologies, FTP uses the
Internet's TCP/IP protocols to enable data transfer.
FTP is most commonly used to download a file from a server using the Internet or to upload a
file to a server (e.g., uploading a Web page file to a server).

Telnet
telnet) (n.) A terminal emulation program for TCP/IP networks such as the
Internet. The Telnet program runs on your computer and connects your PC to
a server on the network. You can then enter commands through the Telnet
program and they will be executed as if you were entering them directly on
the server console. This enables you to control the server and communicate
with other servers on the network. To start a Telnet session, you must log in
to a server by entering a valid username and password. Telnet is a common
way to remotely control Web servers.

gopher
A system that pre-dates the World Wide Web for organizing and displaying files on Internet
servers. A Gopher server presents its contents as a hierarchically structured list of files. With the
ascendance of the Web, many gopher databases were converted to Web sites which can be more
easily accessed via Web search engines.
Gopher was developed at the University of Minnesota and named after the school's mascot. Two
systems, Veronica and Jughead, let you search global indices of resources stored in Gopher
systems.

HTML
Short for HyperText Markup Language, the authoring language used to create
documents on the World Wide Web. HTML is similar to SGML, although it is not a
strict subset.
HTML defines the structure and layout of a Web document by using a variety of
tags and attributes. The correct structure for an HTML document starts with
<HTML><HEAD>(enter here what document is about)<BODY> and ends with
</BODY></HTML>. All the information you'd like to include in your Web page
fits in between the <BODY> and </BODY> tags.

IP address

An identifier for a computer or device on a TCP/IP network. Networks using the TCP/IP protocol
route messages based on the IP address of the destination. The format of an IP address is a 32-bit
numeric address written as four numbers separated by periods. Each number can be zero to 255.
For example, 1.160.10.240 could be an IP address.
Within an isolated network, you can assign IP addresses at random as long as each one is unique.
However, connecting a private network to the Internet requires using registered IP addresses
(called Internet addresses) to avoid duplicates.
The four numbers in an IP address are used in different ways to identify a particular network and
a host on that network. Four regional Internet registries -- ARIN, RIPE NCC, LACNIC and
APNIC -- assign Internet addresses from the following three classes.
Class A - supports 16 million hosts on each of 126 networks
Class B - supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000 networks
Class C - supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million networks
The number of unassigned Internet addresses is running out, so a new classless scheme called
CIDR is gradually replacing the system based on classes A, B, and C and is tied to adoption of
IPv6.

MAC address
Short for Media Access Control address, a hardware address that uniquely identifies each node
of a network. In IEEE 802 networks, the Data Link Control (DLC) layer of the OSI Reference
Model is divided into two sub-layers: the Logical Link Control (LLC) layer and the Media
Access Control (MAC) layer. The MAC layer interfaces directly with the network medium.
Consequently, each different type of network medium requires a different MAC layer.
On networks that do not conform to the IEEE 802 standards but do conform to the OSI
Reference Model, the node address is called the Data Link Control (DLC) address.

How to Find a MAC Address

To display your MAC address on a Windows NT/2000/2003/XP/Visa computer:

Click START

Go to ACCESSORIES

Select Command Prompt

Type: (no quotes) "ipconfig /all"

In the "ipconfig /all" results look for the adapter you want to find the MAC address of. The MAC
address is the number located next to "Physical Address" in the list.

DNS
(1) Short for Domain Name System (or Service or Server), an Internet service that translates
domain names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to
remember. The Internet however, is really based on IP addresses. Every time you use a domain
name, therefore, a DNS service must translate the name into the corresponding IP address. For
example, the domain name www.example.com might translate to 198.105.232.4.
The DNS system is, in fact, its own network. If one DNS server doesn't know how to translate a
particular domain name, it asks another one, and so on, until the correct IP address is returned.
(2) Short for digital nervous system, a term coined by Bill Gates to describe a network of
personal computers that make it easier to obtain and understand information.

What is The Difference Between IPv6 and

IPv4?
What is Internet Protocol -- IP?
IP (short for Internet Protocol) specifies the technical format of packets and the addressing
scheme for computers to communicate over a network. Most networks combine IP with a higherlevel protocol called Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which establishes a virtual
connection between a destination and a source.
IP by itself can be compared to something like the postal system. It allows you to address a
package and drop it in the system, but there's no direct link between you and the recipient.
TCP/IP, on the other hand, establishes a connection between two hosts so that they can send
messages back and forth for a period of time.
There are currently two version of Internet Protocol (IP): IPv4 and a new version called IPv6.
IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet Protocol. IPv6 will coexist with the older IPv4 for
some time.

What is IPv4 -- Internet Protocol Version 4?

IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) is the fourth revision of the Internet Protocol (IP) used to to
identify devices on a network through an addressing system. The Internet Protocol is designed
for use in interconnected systems of packet-switched computer communication networks
IPv4 is the most widely deployed Internet protocol used to connect devices to the Internet. IPv4
uses a 32-bit address scheme allowing for a total of 2^32 addresses (just over 4 billion
addresses). With the growth of the Internet it is expected that the number of unused IPv4
addresses will eventually run out because every device -- including computers, smartphones and
game consoles -- that connects to the Internet requires an address.
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A new Internet addressing system Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is being deployed to fulfill
the need for more Internet addresses.

What is IPv6 -- Internet Protocol Version 6?

IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) is also called IPng (Internet Protocol next generation) and it
is the newest version of the Internet Protocol (IP) reviewed in the IETF standards committees to
replace the current version of IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4).
IPv6 is the successor to Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4). It was designed as an evolutionary
upgrade to the Internet Protocol and will, in fact, coexist with the older IPv4 for some time. IPv6
is designed to allow the Internet to grow steadily, both in terms of the number of hosts connected
and the total amount of data traffic transmitted.
IPv6 is often referred to as the "next generation" Internet standard and has been under
development now since the mid-1990s. IPv6 was born out of concern that the demand for IP
addresses would exceed the available supply.
While increasing the pool of addresses is one of the most often-talked about benefit of IPv6,
there are other important technological changes in IPv6 that will improve the IP protocol:

No more NAT (Network Address Translation)

Auto-configuration

No more private address collisions

Better multicast routing

Simpler header format

Simplified, more efficient routing

True quality of service (QoS), also called "flow labeling"

Built-in authentication and privacy support

Flexible options and extensions

Easier administration (say good-bye to DHCP)

Recommended Reading: IPv6: Preparing for the Migration

The Difference Between IPv6 and IPv4 IP Addresses

An IP address is binary numbers but can be stored as text for human readers. For example, a 32bit numeric address (IPv4) is written in decimal as four numbers separated by periods. Each
number can be zero to 255. For example, 1.160.10.240 could be an IP address.
IPv6 addresses are 128-bit IP address written in hexadecimal and separated by colons. An
example IPv6 address could be written like this: 3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf

ping
A utility to determine whether a specific IP address is accessible. It works by sending a packet to
the specified address and waiting for a reply. PING is used primarily to troubleshoot Internet
connections. There are many freeware and shareware Ping utilities available for personal
computers.
It is often believed that "Ping" is an abbreviation for Packet Internet Groper, but Ping's author
has stated that the names comes from the sound that a sonar makes.

FQDN
A fully qualified domain name consists of a host and domain name, including top-level domain.
For example, www.webopedia.com is a fully qualified domain name. www is the host,
webopedia is the second-level domain, and.com is the top level domain.

A FQDN always starts with a host name and continues all the way up to the top-level domain
name, so www.parc.xerox.com is also a FQDN

Remote Desktop
Remote Desktop, a function included with Windows XP Professional, enables you to
connect to your computer across the Internet from virtually any computer, Pocket
PC, or smartphone. Unlike a typical VPN connection (which will give a remote PC
access to the company network) Remote Desktop will actually allow you to see and
control your connected PC as though you were sitting directly in front of it.

How to Use Windows Remote Desktop

Connecting to Your PC with the Traditional Client

Now you're all ready to remotely connect to your PC either from another computer on your
network or from any computer on the Internet. First, we'll connect using the traditional client
program (called Remote Desktop Connection) that's installed by default on most Windows
versions.
Start>All Programs>Accessories>Remote Desktop Connection
Once the program loads, you can enter the path to your Remote Desktop PC into the Computer
field and hit the Connect button. It's that simple. You have, though, a few different items you
can use as a path, which include:

Computer Name: This is the Computer Name value of the computer that
Windows uses to help you identify computers on a local network. You can use
this only when you are on the same network as the Remote Desktop
computer, not if you are connecting from a computer outside your home or
office. You can find this value on a computer by right-clicking the My
Computer or Computer icon on your desktop or the Start menu, clicking
Properties, and if in Windows XP, you need to click the Computer Name tab.
Windows Remote Desktop.

Local IP Address: This number (such as 192.168.1.103) also helps identify

computers on a local network, and it is used by the network components
when sending and receiving data. Like with the Computer Name; you can use
this only when you are on the same network. You can find a computer's IP
address by looking through the network connection status details in Windows.

Internet IP Address: This number is the IP address of your Internet

connection or modem, assigned by your Internet service provider (ISP), used
to identify computers or networks on the Web. This is the number you want to
use when connecting to your Remote Desktop PC when away from the home
or office. You can find your Internet IP address on your router's status pages,
under the WAN or Internet section, or you can Google it to be detected by a
Web site service. A word of caution: Your Internet IP changes, anywhere from
daily to monthly, if you have a dynamic IP address. This type of address is
typical on most residential, and even small business, Internet connections.
You can call your ISP to see if you have a dynamic IP address or a static
address.

Domain or Host Name: If you have a dynamic IP address (or you don't want
to remember a static address), it's best to use a domain or host name to
connect to your Remote Desktop PC. This requires signing up for a service (a
few free ones are DynDNS, FreeDNS.afraid.org, and No-IP) and configuring
your router with your account details so your host name stays updated when
your IP address changes.

Connecting to Your Windows XP PC via Web Browser

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If you followed the directions to set up Web access of your Remote Desktop PC, you should now
be able to bring up your computer with a Web browser. Open a Web browser, enter the URL, and
hit the Enter key. The URL consists of http://YourIPAddress:PortYouChoose/tsweb/.
You only have to type colon and the port number if you changed the default port 80 to something
else. If you are connecting to the Remote Desktop from a computer on the local network, you
can use the PC's local IP address rather than the Internet IP address. However, if you are
connecting from elsewhere, you must use your Internet IP address. Reference the bullets in the
previous section for more on these addresses as well as info on domain or host names that you
could use in place of an IP address when connecting via the browser.
If you're prompted to install the Remote Desktop ActiveX control, click Yes. On the Remote
Desktop Web Connection page click Connect. You don't need to fill in the Server field. If you
leave the default Size set to Full-screen, it will try to use the traditional client program if it's
installed. Otherwise you'll see the Remote Desktop screen in your browser at the size you
specify.

Wrapping It Up
Now you should be able to remote into your PC from the next room or from around the globe. If
you run into problems and can't connect using the client program or the Web access page doesn't
load, double check your firewall and router settings.
We'll leave you with a few tips to commit to memory:

Remember your PC must be plugged in and turned on to remotely connect to

it. Remember to disable any automatic sleep, hibernation, or stand-by
features on your PC.

Keep Windows up-to-date with critical and recommended updates to make

sure you're protected from the latest known security holes.

Make sure Windows Firewall, or another third-party solution, is always on and

protecting against hackers.

Even when connecting to a PC via the Web browser, the host computer must
also have the traditional Remote Desktop feature enabled.

Application Softwares used at

Systems, NALCO

APPLICATION SOFTWARE:
Application Software is a set of computer programs that contains programs to
execute different applications and commands on them.
The 2 types of applications softwares used at systems, NALCO. The first one being
Front End Application Software & the second one being Back End Application
Softwares. The Front End Application Software is also divided into two parts. The
first one being Command User interface (CUI) application Software & Graphical
User Interface (GUI) Application Softwares.
Back End Application Softwares are those softwares that dont interact with human
interface. The detailed structure is very complex and all commands written in the
front end is executed at the back end.
Front End Application Softwares are those software which interact with human
interface. It is an abstraction simplifying the underlying component by providing a
user friendly interface.
Command User Interface: Is a type of user interface that allows user to interact
with the computer with the help of commands.
Graphical User Interface: Is a type of user interface that allows users to interact
with electronic devices with images rather than text commands. GUIs can be used
in computers, household appliances and office equipment. A GUI represents the
information and actions available to a user through graphical icons and visual
indicators such as secondary notation, as opposed to text-based interfaces, typed
command labels or text navigation. The actions are usually performed through
direct manipulation of the graphical elements.
Under Back End:

 Sybase
Under Front End:
The Command User Interface (CUI) Application Softwares (at Systems, NALCO)
includes: APT
DWB
The Graphical User Interface (GUI) Application Softwares (at Systems, NALCO)
includes: POWER BUILDER
Sybase:
Sybase, an SAP company, is an enterprise software and company offering software
to manage, analyze, and mobilize information, using relational database, analytics
and data warehousing solutions and mobile applications development platforms.
Company Profile;

SYBASE
An SAP company
Industry
Computer software
Founded
Headquarters

Berkeley, California(1984)
Dublin, California

Key people

John S.Chen; CEO, President

Employees

3,819(2010)

Website

www.sybase.com

At Systems, NALCO Sybase acts as the main Back End Software for all computers
in the network. All the databases are stored using this software. All the queries
regarding various operations are written in the front end are executed here.

Advanced Packaging tool (APT):

It is a free user interface that works with core libraries to handle the installation
and removal of software on the Debian GNU/Linux distribution and its variants.
ATP simplifies the process of managing software on Unix-like computer systems
by automating the retrieval, configuration and installation of software packages,
either from binary files or by compiling source code. APT was originally designed
as a front-end for dpkg to work with Debians deb packages, but it has since been
modified to also work with the RPM Package Manager system via apt-rpm. The
fink project has ported APT to Mac OS X for Some of its own package
management tasks, and APT is also available in open Solaris (included in the
Nexenta OS distribution). Telesphoreo is a project dedicated to porting APT to
mobile operating system, with a complicated port to iOS. At systems, NALCO
APT is used as one of main Front End Software to work with database using
Sybase. Many applications have been developed using this to run various package.
The main packages run are Financial Accounting Systems(FAS),Payroll, Dispatch,
etc.

Power Builder:
It is an integrated development environment owned by
Sybase, a division of SAP. It is been in use since 1991, peaking around 1998 with
around 100000 users.
While Power Builders market share has diminished, many applications created
with it are still in use. In 2010, Sybase released a major upgrade to Power Builder,
intended to complete directly with Microsoft Visual Studio.

Sybase sells another programming language called Pocket Builder. It is based on

Power Builder and used for creating applications that run on mobile devices such
as cell phones or PDAs. Power Builder is used primarily for building business
applications. Power Builder is used by some companied in the financial and
telecoms sectors. However in recent years, power builder has seen substaintial
competition arise from Java development tools and from Visual Studio.
There are a number of third-party tools that build upon and enhance the
functionality of Power Builder, including Appeon for Power builder, Visual Expert
for Power Builder, and Enable Multilingual. At Systems, NALCO power builder is
used to run various applications over the network. Applications running include
Payrolls, FAS, Gate Pass, etc.
Systems, Applications and Product (SAP):
SAP AG was founded by five former IBM employees in 1972 who wanted to
create a real-time business data system. The first name chosen for the company
was not
System, Anwendungen und Produkte in der Datenverarbeitung (German for
systems, Applications and Products or the acronym SAP) but originally
Systemanalyse and Programmentwicklung (in English ,Systems analysis and
program development). It uses the concept of modules(individual programs that
can be purchased , installed, and run separately, but that all extract data from the
common database). SAP AG, the company that provides the enterprise resource
planning solution has upgraded the package and launched it as SAP ERP Central
Component (ecc)6.0 in 2005. The purpose of positioning it as ECC is to enable
SAP to build and develop an environment of other products that can function upon
the foundation of the central component.
SAPs ERP solution includes several modules that support key function areas,
including:
SAP ERP Financials
SAP ERP Operations
SAP ERP Human Capital Management

SAP R/3 through version 4.6 consisted of various applications on top of SAP
Basis, SAPs set of middleware programs and tools. When SAP R/3 Enterprise was
launched in 2002, all applications were built on the top of the SAP Web
Application Server. Extension sets were used to deliver new features and keep the
core as stable as possible. The Web application Server contained all the capabilities
of SAP Basis.
As a result of marketing changes and changes in the industry other versions of SAP
have been released that address these changes. The first edition of my SAP ERP
was launched in 2003 and bundled previously separate products, including SAP
R/3 Enterprise. SAP Strategic Enterprise Management (SEM) and extension sets.
The SAP Web Application Server was wrapped into Net Weaver, which was also
introduced in 2003. A complete architecture change took place with the
introduction of my SAP ERP edition 2004. R/3 enterprise was replaced with the
introduction of ERP Central Component (SAP ECC). The SAP Business
Warehouse, SAP Strategic Enterprise Management and Internet Transaction Sever
were also merged into SAP ECC, allowing user to allowing users to run them
under one instance. Architectural changes were also made to support enterprise
services architecture to transition customers to a services- oriented
architecture.SAP ERP consists of several modules including: utilities for marketing
and sales, field service, product design and development, production and inventory
control, human resources, final and accounting.SAP ERP collects and combines
data from the separate modules to provide the company or organization with
enterprise resource planning. Although there can be major benefits for customers
of SAP ERP, the implementation and training costs are expensive. Many
companies experience problems when implementing SAP ERP software, such as:
failing to specify their operation objectives, absence of a strong commitment or
positive approach to change, failing to deal with organizational differences, failing
to plan the change to SAP ERP properly, inadequate testing. All these factors can
mean the difference between having a successful implementation of SAP ERP or
an unsuccessful one.
If SAP ERP is implemented correctly an enterprise can go from its old calculations
system to a fully integrated software package. Potential benefits include: efficient
business process, inventory reduction, and lead time reduction.

Presently NALCO is switching over from all previous versions and softwares to
SAP. It finds a wide range of applications for all types of databases. Here, at
NALCO the financial accounting and material management is done by SAP.
Besides the predefined package of SAP employees at systems, NALCO have
developed various other packages to cater to various different requirements of the
industry.
Programming in SAP requires knowledge of a language known as ABAP.
Details have been given below:

ABAP (Advanced Business Application Programming):

Originally Allgemeiner Berichts-Aufbereitungs-Prozessor, German for
general report creation processor, pronounced as ah-bop, is a high-level
programming language created by the German software company SAP. It is
currently positioned, alongside the more recently introduced java, as the language
for building business applications. The syntax of ABAP is somewhat similar to
COBOL.
ABAP is one of the many application-Specific fourth-generation languages (4GLs)
first developed in the 1980s. it was originally the report language for SAP R/2, a
platform that enabled large corporations to build mainframe business applications
for materials management and financial and management accounting.
ABAP used to be an abbreviation of Allgemeiner Berichts-AufbereitungsProzessor, the German meaning of generic report preparation processor, but was
later renamed to Advanced Business Application Programming. ABAP was one of
the first languages to include the concept of Logical Databases (LDBs), which
provides a high level of abstraction from the basic database level(s).
The ABAP programming language was originally used by developers to develop
the ASP R/3 platform. It was also intended to be used by SAP customers to
enhance SAP application-customers can develop custom reports and interfaces
with ABAP programming. The language is fairly easy to learn for programmers but
it is not a tool for direct use by non-programmers. Knowledge of relational

database design and preferably also of object-oriented concepts is necessary to

create ABAP programs.
ABAP remains the language for creating programs for the client-server R/3 system,
which SAP first released in 1992. As computer hardware evolved through the
1990s, more and more and more of SAPs applications and systems were written in
ABAP. By 2001, all but the most basic functions where written in ABAP. In 1999,
SAP released an object-oriented extension to ABAP called ABAP Objects, along
with R/3 release 4.6.
SAPs current development platform Net Weaver Supports both ABSP and Java.
All ABAP programs reside inside the SAP database. They are nit stored in separate
external files like Java or C++ programs. In the database all ABAP code exists in
two forms: Source code, which can be viewed and edited with the ABAP work
bench tools, and generated code, a binary representation somewhat comparable
with Java byte code. ABAP program execute under the control of the runtime
system, which is part of the SAP kernel.
The runtime system is responsible for processing ABAP statements, controlling the
flow logic for screens and responding to events (such as a user clicking on a screen
button); in this respect it can be seen as a Virtual Machine comparable with the
Java VM, A key component of ABAP runtime system is the Database Interface,
which turns database-independent ABAP statements (Open SQL) into statements
understood by the underlying DBMS (Native SQL). The database interface
handles all the communication with the relational database on behalf of ABAP
programs; it also contains extra features such as buffering of tables and frequently
accessed data in the local memory of the application server.

ABAP/4
Paradigm

Object- oriented,structured,impretive

Appeared in

1983

Designed by

SAP AG

Typing discipline

Static,strong,safe,nominative

Major
implementations

SAP R/2,SAP R/3

Influenced by

Objective-C,COBOLO,SQL

OS

CROSS-PLATFORM

System Softwares used at

Systems, Nalco

System Softwares:It is computer software designed to operate to the computer hardware and to
provide a platform for running application software.
They generally include the operating systems.
An Operating System (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data, that
runs on computers, manager computer hardware resources, and provides common
services for execution of various application software.
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the
operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the
computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by
the hardware and will frequently call the OS or be interrupted by it. Operating
systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer starting from
cellular phones and video game consoles to super computers and web servers.

Operating Systems can be of two types:

Command Based Operating System, Ex. Unix, Linux
Graphical Operating System, Ex. Microsoft Windows
At Systems, NALCO the Command Based Operating System used is Digital
UNIX.

Digital UNIX:Tru64 UNIX is a 64- bit UNIX operating system for the Alpha instruction set
architecture
(ISA), currently owned by Hewlett- Packard (HP). Previously, Tru64 UNIX was a
product of Compaq, and before that, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), where
it was known as Digital UNIX (formerly DEC OSF/1 AXP).
As its original name suggests, Tru64 UNIX is based on the OSF/1 operating
system. DECs previous UNIX product was known as Ultrix and was based on
BSD.
It is unusual among commercial UNIX implementations, as it is built on top of the
Mach kernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University. (Other UNIX
implementations built on top of the Mach kernel are NEXTSTEP, MkLinux, and
Mac OS X.)
Tru64 UNIX requires the SRM boot firmware found on Alpha-based computer
systems.

Tru64 UNIX
Company/Developer

DEC, HP, Compaq

OS family

Unix

Working state

Current

Source Model

Closed source

Initial release

January 1992: 19 years ago

Latest stable release

5.1B-6/ October 2010

Supported platforms

DEC Alpha

Kernel type

Hybrid kernel

Default user interface

Command line interface

License

Proprietary

Official website

Tru64 UNIX Software

VERSIONS:
These versions released for Alpha AXP platforms.
Version

Approx Date

DEC OSF/11.2

March 1993

Notes

DEC OSF/11.3

August 1993

DEC OSF/12.0

March 1994

Logical
Storage
introduced

DEC OSF/13.0

August 1994

SMP support

Manager

(LGM)

Digital UNIX 3.2 February 1995

Digital
3.2C

UNIX July 1995

Digital
3.2F

UNIX June 1996

Digital UNIX 4.0 March 1996

Digital
4.0A

UNIX

Digital
4.0B

UNIX December
1996

Digital
4.0C

UNIX

CDE made default desktop

X/Open- compliant Curses

Y2K readiness; extended UIDs/GIDs:

Digital
4.0D

Digital
4.0E

Tru64
4.0F

UNIX December
1997

UNIX November
1998

UNIX April 1999

Tru64
4.0G

USB keyboard/mouse support; limited

DVD support; Netscape 4.5; COM for
Tru64 UNIX

UNIX April 2000

UNIX May 2000

Maximum 256 X clients (formerly 128);

Netscape 4.7

Tru64 UNIX 5.1

Tru64
5.1A

USB support; AdvFS atomic write data

logging; Send mail 8.8.8;ODBC/JDBC;
Netscape 4.05

Improved performance/scalability; Hotswap; Send mail 8.8.8; Open

MP;
Netscape 4.51;X11R6.3
UFS Delayed metadata option; Send mail
8.9.3; Netscape 4.7;ISO 9660 install disc

Tru64 UNIX 5.0

Tru64
5.0A

class scheduler; JDK1.1.4; Netscape 3.04

July 1999

September
2000

UNIX September
2001

Tru64
5.1B

UNIX September
2002

Tru64
5.1B-1

UNIX November
2003

Extended System V functionality; Tcl/Tk

8.2; IPv6
Online CPU addition/removal;
UNIX 98 Conformance;
X11R6.5; Netscape 4.76
Big Pages; IPv6 Enhancements; Netscape
6; Unicode 3.1

Name Service Switch(NSS); Mozilla 1.4

Tru64
5.1B-2

Tru64
5.1B-3

UNIX August 2004

UNIX June 2005

Unified Buffer Cache Scaling; Perl 5.8.4;

Mozilla 1.6
AdvFS
robustness;
Accounting
refinements; LSM Enhancements; Mozilla
1.7.5

UNIX December
2006

POSIX
conformance;
Rebranding(COMPAQ to HP); 2007
U.S.DST changes; BIND 9.2.5

Tru64
5.1B-5

UNIX March2009

Standards conformance; support for latest

DST changes; BIND 9.2.8

Tru64
5.1B-6

UNIX October 2010

Defect Fixes Only

Tru64
5.1B-4

The Graphical Based Operating System Used at System NALCO is Microsoft

Windows Server 2008 (Enterprise Edition).

Microsoft Windows Server 2008:

Windows Server 2008 (Sometimes abbreviated as Win2K8) is one of Microsoft
Windows Server line of Operating System. Released to manufacturing on February
4, 2008, and officially released on February 27, 2008, It is a successor to Windows
Server 2003, released nearly five years earlier. A second release, named Windows
Server 2008 R2, was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009. Like Windows
Vista and Windows 7, Windows Server 2008 is based on Windows NT 6.x.

Screenshot of Windows Server 2008

Developer
Microsoft
Website

Official website

Releases
Release date

RTM: February 4, 2008;

Retail: February 27,2008(inof)

Current version Windows Server 2008 Service Pack2

(Build 6002.18005.090410-1830)
Windows Server 2008 R2
(Build 7600.16385.090713-1255)
(July 22, 2009; 22months ago)(info)
Source model

Closed source/Shared Source

License

MS-EULA

Kernel type

Hybrid

Update method

Windows Update, Windows Sever

Update Services, SCCM

Platform support

Ia-32, x86-64, ltanium

Preceded by

Windows Server 2003

Succeeded by

Windows Server 2008 R2

EDITIONS:-

Most edition of Windows Server 2008 are available in x86-64 (64-bit) and IA32(32-bit) versions. Windows Server 2008 for Itanium based Systems supports IA64 processors.
Microsoft has optimized the IA-64 version for high-workload scenarios like
database server and Line of business (LOB) applications. As such it is not
optimized for use as a file server or media server. Microsoft has announced that
Windows Server 2008 is the last 32-bit Windows Server operating system.
Windows Server 2008 is available in the editions listed below, Similar to Windows
Server 2003.
Windows Server 2008 Standard (IA-32 and x86-64)
Windows Server 2008 Enterprise (x86 and x86-64)
Windows Server 2008 Datacenter (x86 and x86-64)
Windows HPS Server 2008 (Codenamed Socrates) (replacing Windows
Compute Cluster Server 2003)
Windows Web Server 2008 (x86 and x86-64)
Windows Storage Server 2008 (Codenamed Magni) (x86 and x86-64)
Windows Small Business Server 2008 (Codenamed Cougar) (x86-64) for
a small businesses
Windows Small Business Server 2008 (Codenamed Cougar) (x86-64) for
a small businesses
Windows Essential Business Server 2008 (Codenamed Centro) (x86-64)
for Medium-sized businesses [28].
Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems
Windows Server 2008 Foundation (Codenamed Lima)

CONCLUSION:

Basic objective of this study was to acquire knowledge and practical

exposure in a NAVARATNA Company, NALCO. The study on overview of
NALCO and the functions of the SYSTEM Department gave me general ideas
regarding the company and SYSTEM Department in detail.
It was a truly a memorable and satisfying experience to complete this
training in NALCO. This was my first experience regarding how an industrial set
up actually runs and having completed this training which will be of great future
use gives me immense pleasure.
This training also provided me a platform to understand what the industry
expects from me and how I need to perform in a professional field. Overall it was a
wonderful experience to get associated and work with NALCO.

REFERENCES:-

1. www.nalcoindia.com

2. www.wikipedia.org

3. www.sdn.sap.com

4. www.sybase.com

5. www.microsoft.com

PREPARED BY:
Janmejaya Das

B-Tch 2ND YR (2010-2014)

Gandhi Institute for Education and Technology

Affiliated to: Biju Patnaik University of Technology

Mail id: janmejaya02das@gmail.com
Ph no-+919938606292