EEL794

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)

Transmission

By
Prof. Bhim Singh
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Delhi-110016,, India
Hauz Khas,
Khas, New Delhibsingh@ee.iitd.ac.in,,
bsingh@ee.iitd.ac.in
(+91)+91)-1111-26592659-1045

Introduction
To
To
HVDC Transmission System

Course EEL 794

Course Structure EEL794

Introduction to High Voltage Direct Current Transmission -2L
2L
General Aspects of HVDC and Comparison with AC
Transmission - 3L

Solid State Devices and Valves in HVDC system - 2L

Converter
C
andd Inverter
I
Ci i Operation
Circuit
O
i for
f HVDC system - 4L
Control of HVDC System - 3L
Harmonic Generation and Their Elimination - 3L
Smoothing Reactor and DC Line - 2L

Course Structure
Converter Faults and Protections for HVDC System - 2L
Multi-Terminal DC Systems 1L
HVDC Li
Light
ht S
System
t 2L
Multipulse Voltage Source Converter Based HVDC System 2L
Multipulse
p
Current Source Converter Based HVDC System
y
2L
Capacitor Commutated Converter Based HVDC System 2L
Modeling of HVDC Link for AC-DC Power Flow - 1L

Course Structure
AC-DC System Power Flow Solution Techniques - 1L
Interaction Between AC and DC Systems - 2L
Main
M i Design
D i Consideration
C id ti 1L
Transient Stability Analysis 1L
Transient Voltages
g and Insulation Coordination 1L
Ground Return 1L
New Developments and Recent Trends in HVDC Systems - 3L

Plan of Evaluation
Items of Evaluation

No.*Marks

Marks

Major Test (1)

1*30

30

Minor Test (2)

2*15

30

Lecture Quiz (3)

3*5

15

Numerical Assignments (5)

22*5
5

10

Seminar

1*10

10

C
Computer
Assignment
A i
(1)

1*
1*5

0
05

Total Marks

100

Main References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]

E. W. Kimbark, Direct Current Transmission, Vol. I, Wiley-Inter-Science,

New York,
York 1971.
1971
K. R. Padiyar, HVDC Power Transmission Systems: Technology and System
Interactions, New Age International (P) Limited Publishers, New Delhi, 1996.
J Arrillaga,
J.
Arrillaga High
High Voltage Direct Current Transmission,
Transmission 2nd Edition,
Edition
IEE Power
and Energy Series 29, UK, 1998.
J. Arrillaga, and N.R. Watson, Computer Modeling of Electrical Power Systems,
2nd Edition,
Edition John Wiley & Sons,
Sons Ltd.
Ltd Singapore,
Singapore 2003.
2003
Vijay K. Sood, HVDC and FACTS Controller, Applications of Static Converters
in Power Systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands- 2004.
C Adamson,
C.
Adamson J.D.
J D Ainsworth,
Ainsworth B.J.
B J Cory,
Cory L.L.
L L Freris,
Freris L.A.
L A Harris,
Harris J.H.M.
J H M Sykes,
Sykes High
High
Voltage Direct Current Converters and Systems, Macdonald & Co (Pub) Ltd., 1965.
Erich Uhlmann, Power Transmission by Direct Current, Springer- Verlag Berlin
Heidelbergg New York 1975.
P. Kundur, Power System Stability and Control, The EPRI Power System
Engineering Series, 1994.
C. Adamson and N. G. Hingorani, High voltage direct current power transmission,
Garraway Ltd, London, 1960.
A. T. Johns, A. Ter-Gazarian and D. F. Warne, Flexible AC Transmission Systems
(FACTS), IEE Power and Energy Series.

HVDC Technology

HVDC Technology
z

Transmits electrical power from one place to

another with
ith
Less transmission losses
More transmission
i i efficiency
ffi i
Less number of conductors
More reliable and stable operation
Absence of side effects and interferences

HVDC
z

A long-distance direct-current power transmission system that

uses direct-current
direct current voltages up to about 1 MV to keep
transmission losses down.

HVDC or high-voltage direct current electric power

transmission systems contrast with the more common
alternating current systems as a means for the bulk transmission
alternating-current
of electrical power

The modern form of HVDC transmission uses technology

developed extensively in the 1930s in Sweden at ASEA.

Reason for HVDC

z

Remote generation and system interconnections lead to

search of efficient power transmission at increasing power
levels.

The increase in voltage levels is not always feasible.

The problem of AC transmission particularly in long

distance transmission has led to the development of DC
transmission
i i

Birth of HVDC Transmission

Technology
z

The use of DC for transmission system is first

d i d by
designed
b Thury
Th
in
i early
l twentieth
i h century.
z Capacity : 20 MW
z Distance : 138 miles
z Between : Moutiers - Lyones
z Concept : Constant current with several series dc
generators

DC Transmission

Converter stationstation-1

DC Cables

Converter stationstation-2

Power Transmission Tower

HVDC
`

As the generation and utilization of power remain at alternating

current,, the DC transmission requires
q
conversion at two ends

From AC to DC at the sending end and back to DC to AC at the

receiving
i i endd

This conversion is done at rectifier station at sendingg end and

Inverter station at receiving end

The same station

Th
t ti can be
b switch
it h from
f
rectifier
tifi andd inverter
i
t by
b
simple control action

Applications of HVDC System

z

Long Distance Transmission

Bulk Power Transmission

A
Asynchronous
h
IInterconnections
t
ti

Long Submarine Cables

HVDC System Configurations

z Point-ToPoint

It is used for transmission with finite distance dc link

z

Back-To-Back
y
It is with zero distance dc link used for asynchronous
tie.

Developments
p
of HVDC
z

Mercury Arc Valves

First
Fi 25 years (1950(1950 1975)

Line Commutated Devices (Thyristor)

Second 25 years(1975-2000)

Self Commutated Converters (IGBT,

(IGBT GTO)
Next 25 years (from 2000)

Development of HVDC System

z

Total of 70,000
70 000 MW HVDC transmission capacity
capacit
installed in 95 projects all over the world.

Recently celebrated the 50 year anniversary from 19542004.

2004

Types of HVDC system

The Classification is mainly based on the power semiconductor
devices used in the converter
z

Mercury Arc valve based converter HVDC system

Line commutated Thyristor converter based HVDC system

Capacitor commutated converter based HVDC system

IGBT-PWM voltage source converter based HVDC system

(HVDC Light)

GTO-VSC based HVDC system

Inventor of HVDC

August
g
Uno Lamm : ((Mayy 22,, 1904 June 1,, 1989)) was a
Swedish electrical engineer and inventor, sometimes called
"The Father of High Voltage Direct Current" power
transmission.
transmission

Concept of Conventional HVDC System

VSC Based HVDC System

y

Main Components
p
z
z
z
z
z
z

Converters (Rectifier and Inverter)

C
Converter
T
Transformers
f
AC Filters
DC Filters
Smoothing Reactor
Others Components
p

Typical
yp
Converter Station Equipments
q p

HVDC Components

Converter transformer

Smoothing Reactor

Thyristors Valves

AC High pass filter

Damped Filters

HVDC Interconnection

Layout of HVDC Interconnection between Malaysia & Thailand

`
`
`
`
`
`
`

First solid-state semiconductor valves in 1970

First microcomputer based control equipment for HVDC in 1979
Highest DC transmission voltage (600kV) in Itap, Brazil, 1984
First active DC filters for outstanding filtering performance in 1994
First Capacitor Commutated Converter (CCC) in Argentina-Brazil
interconnection, 1998
First VSC for transmission in Gotland, Sweden 1999

Meercury arc era

Hewitts mercury- vapour rectifier, which appeared in 1901.

Experiments with Thyratrons in USA and mercury arc valves in Europe
before 1940
First commercial HVDC transmission,
transmission Gotland 1 in Sweden in 1954

Thyrristor era

Transistor (otherss)

HVDC Milestones

Back--ToBack
To-Back converters
z

The expression back-to-back indicates that the rectifier and

inverter are located in the same station.

Back-to-Back converters are mainly used for power

transmission between adjacent AC grids which can not be
synchronized.

HVDC @ Gotland
`

The HVDC Gotland, on the Swedish east coast was the

first fully commercial static plant for high voltage direct
current transmission in the world

The first
Th
fi
HVDC Gotland
G l d link
li k (Gotland
(G l d 1) went into
i
service in 1954

It could transfer 20 megawatts over a 98 kilometer long

submarine cable between Vstervik on the mainland and
Ygne on the island of Gotland

Voltage level is 100 kV

HVDC @ Gotland
z

In 1970 the service was re-engineered to transmission

capacity
i off 30 megawatts at a voltage
l
off 150kV by
b using
i the
h
first thyristor module for HVDC applications.

Gotland-2 :
(1983)

Transmission capacity : 130MW,

Transmission voltage: 150kV,
Cable length 92.9 kilometers,
6 6 kilometers
6.6
kil
overhead
h d line
li

HVDC @ Gotland
z

Gotland-3 :
(1987)

Transmission capacity : 130MW,

Transmission voltage: 150kV,
C bl length
Cable
l th 98 kilometers,
kil
t
6.6 kilometers overhead line

Research Centre for HVDC

z

Founded in 1981 in Canada by

Manitoba Hydro, Teshmont
Consultants Federal Pioneer and
Consultants,
the University of Manitoba

Perform
P
f
i
innovative
ti researchh andd
development into advanced
power system technologies,
power electronics,
electronics and power
system Simulation.

Advancing
the
PSCAD
technology through research

Major Developments
(By ManitobaManitoba-HVDC Research Center)

The Centre established an outdoor laboratory to conduct a

long term measurement of electrical effects and other
long-term
phenomena on Manitoba Hydro's Nelson River HVDC
transmission system

This activity spanned more than ten years and resulted in

one of the most comprehensive collections of data on the
topic

The Centre was encouraged to perform research for the

development of a new generation of electric power system
simulators
i l t
b d on microprocessors,
based
i
an emerging
i
technology in 1981

Major Developments
(By ManitobaManitoba-HVDC Research Center)

The research led to the development of the world's first

real time digital simulator (RTDS) of electrical power
systems

This success was recognized by the Association of

Professional Engineers of Manitoba who, in 1994,
presented the Centre with an Engineering Achievement
Award

The Centre has complemented the RTDS product with

the development of a portable power systems waveform
generator
t called
ll d Real
R l Time
Ti Playback
Pl b k (RTP)

Insstalled Ca
apacity

Growth of HVDC installation Capacity

p y

Y
Year
z
z

First link (between Gotland & Swedish mainland) was a 20 MW,

150 kV link.
Today HVDC transmission is installed around the world in more
than 100 projects.

World of HVDC

IEEE Standards for HVDC

z

ANSI/IEEE Std 1030-1987 : IEEE Guide for Specification of High-Voltage Direct

-Current Systems Part I - Steady-State Performance
z IEEE Std 857 1990 IEEE Guide
G id for
f Test
T t Procedures
P
d
f HVDC Thyristors
for
Th i t
Valves
z IEEE Std 1158-1991 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Determination of
P
Power
L
Losses
i High-Voltage
in
Hi h V lt
Di t C
Direct-Current
t (HVDC)
Converter Stations
z IEEE Std 857-1996 IEEE Recommended Practice for Test Procedures for
(R i i off IEEE Std 857-1990)
(Revision
857 1990) High-Voltage
Hi h V lt
Di t Current
DirectC
t
Thyristors Valves
z

IEEE Std 1378-1997

1378 1997 - IEEE Guide
G id for
f Commissioning
C
i i i High-Voltage
Hi h V lt
Di t
DirectCurrent (HVDC) Converter Stations and Associated
Transmission Systems
z IEEE Std
S d 1124-2003
1124 2003 - IEEE Guide
G id for
f Analysis
A l i andd Definition
D fi i i off DC Side
Sid
Harmonic Performance of HVDC Transmission
Systems

CIGRE
(International Council on Large Electric Systems)
z

Permanent international,
international non government,
government non profit-making
Association, founded in France, in 1921.

Its aim is to develop and distribute technical knowledge in the

fi ld off the
field
th generation
ti
andd transmission
t
i i
off high
hi h voltage
lt
electricity.

www.cigre.com

HVDC in ONLINE
z
z
z
z
z

www.cigre.com
g
www.abb.com/hvdc
www.hvdc.ca
www.answers.com/HVDC
www.siemens.com/hvdc

Softwares for Simulation of HVDC

system
z
z
z

PSCAD/EMTDC
MATLAB/PSB/Simulink
PSCAD/Simulink

International Technical Organizations

Main Bodies
1) IEEE (Institute
(I i
off Electrical
El i l And
A d Electronics
El
i Engineers
E i
)
2) IEE (Institute of Electrical Engineers) as IET Now
(
Direct))
3)) EPSR (Science
4) CIGRE (International Council on Large Electric Systems)
5) IE (Institution of Engineers India)

IEEE Transactions
1) Transactions on Power Delivery
2) Transactions on Power Systems
3) Transactions on Industry Applications
4) Transactions on Industrial Electronics
5) Transactions on Energy Conservation
6) CIGRE JJournals
l

Conferences
1) Power Electronics Specialist Conference (PESC)
2) Power Electronics Drive Systems (PEDS)
3) Applied Power Electronics Conference (APEC)
4) International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (ISIE)
And manyy more.