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diversity index. The formula for the Shannon-Weaver diversity index is presented as
follows:
H = -Z(%) log,($)
(5-l)
RESULTS
Heavy Metal Concentrations in Bottom Sediments
Most of the particulates entering wet retention/detention ponds will settle to the
bottom and form a loose layer of accumulated sediments. The accumulated sediment
layers are very loose and uncompacted and, therefore, have a much lower wet density
than the parent soils. The accumulated sediments also have higher organic, nutrient and
metal content than the parent soils. Pollutant concentrations generally declined rapidly
from the loose top layer to the underlying parent soils.
A summary of metal
concentrations in the loose and parent layers is presented in Table 1.
Benthic Organisms
The families Plesiopora h@icidae and Diptera culicidaedae were found in seven of
the study ponds and the families Diptera cerotopogonidae and Diptera chironomidae were
found in six of the ponds. The distribution of benthic macroinvertibrates in the study
ponds is shown in Table 2. Figure 2 shows the average percent of benthic organisms
present in the study ponds. The families Diptera culicidae and Diptera chironomidae
accounted for over 60 percent of all organisms collected.
Table 3 presents the calculated diversity index and average concentrations of Cu,
Pb and Zrt in the top sediment layer. The diversity indeces ranged from 0 in the Palm
Bay pond to 1.925 in the Cleat-water Pond. The 0 value in the Palm Bay pond was
because only one family was found in the pond. As seen in figure 3 the relationship
between sediment concentrations of copper and the diversity index indicates that in
general, as the Cu content of the sediment increases the species diversity decreases.
Similar relationships were found with Pb and Zn. However Cu showed the strongest
relationship.
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TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATIONS
IN BOTTOM SEDIMENT LAYERS
Sediment Metal Concentration (ug/gDry Wt.)
Metal
Layer
Number
of
Ponds
Copper
Accumulated
13
23.5
19.9
19
73
Parent
13
4.9
4.6
3.2
1.2
13.8
Accumulated
13
278.3
124
348.2
18
1,047
Parent
13
49.5
31.7
48.3
163
Accumulated
13
123.7
58.5
154.8
13
538
Parent
13
9.5
5.9
9.9
1.6
38.1
M
x
.
a
a
x
TABLE 2
SUMMARY OF BENTHIC ORGANISMS
FOUND IN NINE STUDY PONDS
Pond
Mean Number-of
Families per
Square foot
Fort Myers
302.2
Tampa
11
2.75
Clearwater
10
269
3.5
MeIbourne
114
3.4
Palm Bay
Orlando
13.33
New Symma
963
7.33
Greenview
90.67
5.67
Ocala
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(3.15%)
%I
&bra udcjdae (32.88%)
Pmopom htrnbfhddae
(8.26%)
SEDlMENT
Pond
Diversity Index
r-
hvmwt,)
zinc -
-Bay
Orlando
0.468
73
1,025
538
New smyrna
0.761
124
20
Melbourne
1.024
46
159
71
1.03 1
31
371
286
Tampa
1.498
13
94
56
Fort Myers
1.572
192
13
Greew
1.807
20
57
58.5
1.925
16
119
91
cl-er
i:
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2.5
0.5
Palm Bay
0
Figure 3:
10
20
30
40
50
60
Sediment Copper Conc. (ug/g dry wt.)
70
8d
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TABLE 4
METAL CONTENT AND CONCENTRATION FACTORS
FOR BENTHIC ORGANISMS COLLECTED IN STUDY PONDS
Pond
Concentration ug/j
CR
Pb
Tampa
3 1,362
1,043
Orlando
6,750
Grdew
dry wt. T
zn
Concentration
Factor
Cll
Pb
2,975
2,412
11
53
2,400
9,750
92
18
1,154
189
578
58
10
Melbourne
1,465
415
1,100
964
13
750
Fort Myers
6,750
2,400
9,750
32
1.5
225
45
192
32
10
Mean
7,95 1
1,082
4,057
598
143
Median
4,108
729
2,038
75
17
S&L Dev.
11,823
1,076
4,512
961
298
New
Smyrna
Zn
Baker
LITERATURE CITED
AAPHA, AWWA and WPCF. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater published by APHA, Sixteenth edition, 1985.
Baker, D. M. Modeling Metal Accumulation In Wet Detention Ponds. M.S. Env.
Thesis, University of Central Florida, 1994.
Clements, W. H. Community Responses of Stream Organisms to Heavy Metals: A
Review of Descriptive and Experimental Approaches. In Ecotoxicolonv of
Metals: Current Concepts and Applications, pp 363-391. Edited by M. C.
Newman and A. W. McIntosh. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991.
Clements, W. H.; Cherry, D. S.; and Van Hassel, J. H. Assessment of the Impact of
Heavy Metals on the Benthic Communities at the Clinch River (Virginia):
Evaluation of an Index of Community Sensitivity. Canadian Journal of
Fisheries and Aquatic Science 49 (October 1992): 1686-1694.
Harper, H. H. Fate of Heavy Metals from Highway Runoff in Stormwater Management
Svstems. Ph. D., Dissertation, University of Central Florida, Orlando, 1985.
Typical Diversity Indices for Floridian Lakes,
Personal
Herbster, D .
Communication, Orlando, Florida Department of Environmental Protection,
November 5, 1994.
Khangarot, B. S. Toxicity of Metals to a Freshwater Tubificid Worm Tubifex tubifex
(Muller). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicologv 44
(September 1991): 907-912.
La Point, T, W.; Melancan, S. M.; and Morris, M. I(. Relationships, Among Observed
Metal Concentrations, Criteria, and Benthic Community Structural Responses in
15 Streams. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 56 (September
1984): 1030-1038.
Makepeace, D. K.; Smith, D, W. and Stanley, S. J. Urban Stormwater Quality:
Summary of Contaminant Data. Critical Reviews in Environmental Engineering
and Technology 25, (November 1995): 93-140.
Ransom, J. D.; and Dorris, T. C. Analysis of Benthic Community Structure in a
Reservoir by Use of Diversity Indices. American Midland Naturalist (February
1972): 434447.
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