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theoretical analysis. Nt
system model is presented in section II. The statistics of SINR where Mi , Ni are the dispersion matrices associated with
with the MMSE receiver is derived in section III. Simulation the i-th symbol. For simplicity, the following model will be
considered in this study, i.e., where RI = H e IHe H + σ 2 I. Note that the scaling factor
I z
1
L
X −1 in the coefficient vector of the MMSE
hHi ( i i I)
h h H +R hi
X= Mi xi (2) estimator wi is added to ensure an unbiased estimation as
i=1 indicated by (7). The variance of the noise term ẑi can be
where Mi is defined by its L Nt × T dispersion matrices found from (7) and (8) as
Mi = [mi1 , mi2 , . . . , miT ]. The so-obtained results can be
extended to the model in (1). Received signals associated with σ̂i2 = wiH RI wi (9)
one modulation block can be written as Substituting the coefficient vector for the MMSE estimator in
r r L
P P X (8) into (9), the variance can be written as
Y= HX + Z = H Mi xi + Z (3)
Nt Nt i=1 1
σ̂i2 = −1 (10)
where Y is a complex matrix of size N r × T whose (m, n)- hH
i R I hi
th entry is the received signal at receive antenna m and time Then, the SINR of MMSE associated with xi is 1/σ̂i2 .
instant n, Z is the additive white Gaussian noise matrix with µ ¶
i.i.d. symmetrical complex Gaussian elements of zero mean 1 P −1
γi = = hHi RI hi (11)
and variance σz2 , and P is the average energy per channel use ˆ2
σi Nt
at each receive antenna. Let vec() be the operator that forms a
column vector by stacking the columns of a matrix and define In our system model, all the symbols has the same SINR, i.e.,
y = vec(Y), z = vec(Z), and mi = vec(Mi ), then (3) can γ1 = γ2 = .........γL = γ
be rewritten as By using singular value decomposition (SVD), (11) can be
r r written as µ ¶
P P e P
y= HGx + z = Hx + z (4) γ= hH −1 H
Nt Nt i UΛ U hi (12)
Nt
where H = IT ⊗ H with ⊗ as the Kronecker product
where UH is an Nt2 − 1 × Nt2 − 1 unitary matrix and the
operator and G = [m1 , m2 , . . . , mL ] will be referred to as the
matrix Λ is (Nt2 − 1) × (Nt2 − 1) with nonnegative numbers
modulation matrix. Since the average energy of the signal per
on the diagonal and zeros off the diagonal. Let’s define
channel use at a receive antenna is assume to be P , we have
tr(GGH ) = Nt T . For full-rate LDC, we have GH G = I [4] h̃ = UH hi
[5] [6]. Denoting hi = Hmi as the i-th column vector of H, e
the above equation can also be written as which is the transformed propagation vector with components
r h̃l , l = 1, ...........Nr Nt .
L
P X Equation (12) can be written as
y= hi xi + z (5)
Nt i=1 µ ¶ NX
r Nt
P |h̃l |2
III. SINR A NALYSIS WITH THE L INEAR MMSE γ= (13)
Nt λl
l=1
In our study, Nr ≥ Nt is assumed. For simplicity, we choose
T equal to Nt and L equal to Nt T . with
(
Equation (4) can also be written as λ̃l = 1
r r λl = σz2 (γ̄λl + 1) l = 1, ......., r ≤ L − 1
(14)
P P X σz2 l = r + 1, ........., Nr Nt
y= hi xi + hj xj + z (6)
Nt Nt
j6=i e IHe H which is less
where γ̄ = NPt σ2 and r is the rank of H I
In the sequel,the i-th column of H e , denoted as hi , will be 2
than Nt − 1.
z
referred to as the signature signal of symbol xi . The vector h̃ has the same statistics as the original vector
Without loss of generality, we consider the estimation of hi [1]. For analytical purpose, we can replace |h̃l |2 by |hil |2 .
one symbol, say xi . Collect the rest symbols into a column Now, we can write (13) as
vector xI and denote H e I = [h1 , .., hi−1 , hi+1 , ..., hL ] as the
r
X N
X t Nr
matrix obtained by removing the i-th column from H. e |hil |2
γ= γ̄ + γ̄khil |2 (15)
A linear MMSE detector is applied and the corresponding (γ̄λl + 1)
i=1 r+1
output is given by
The probability density function (PDF) of γ can be found
x̂i = wiH y = xi + ẑi . (7)
using the moment generating function (MGF) as follows [13].
where ẑi is the noise term of zero mean. The corresponding First, we find the conditional (on the eigenvalues) MGF of γ
wi can be found as as
¡ ¢−1 r µ ¶
hi hHi + RI hi N N −r
Y γs
¯
wi = ¡ ¢−1 (8) Mγ/λ (s) = [Mγ (γ̄s)] r t Mγ (16)
hH hi hH (γ̄λl + 1)
i i + RI hi l=1
the fλi (λi ) denotes the PDF of the ith nonzero eigenvalue of Let’s define
e IH
the H e H . If we let fλ (λ) denote the PDF of any unordered 0
I k! Γ(k + n )
λi for i = 1, ....., r,, then (16) can be written as K1(k) =
· µ ¶¸r (k + Nr Nt − r)! 22k k!
N N −r γs
¯ (2i)!(2k − 2i)!
Mγ/λ (s) = [Mγ (γ̄s)] r t Mγ (17) K2(i) =
(γ̄λ + 1) i![(k − i)!]2 Γ(k + n0 )
µ ¶
Further, (−2)d 2k + 2Nr Nt − 2r
K3(d) =
1 1 d! 2k − d
Mγ/λ (s) = Nr Nt −r
׳ ´r (18) 0
(1 − γ̄s) 1− γs
¯ where n = Nr Nt − r + 1. Then we can write (21) as
(1+γ̄λ)
r−1 k 2k Z ∞
we can find the probability density function (PDF) of γ Kγ X X X
PΓ (γ) = K1(k) K2(i) K3(d)
conditionally on λ by using inverse laplace transform for (18) r 0
i=0 k=0 d=0
as [15]
r
(1 + γ̄λ) λNr Nt −r+d
(γ̄)−Nr Nt γ
Pγ/λ (γ) = (γ)Nr Nt −1 exp(− ) ×
Γ(Nr Nt ) γ̄ 1 F1 (Nr Nt − r, Nr Nt , λγ) exp(−γλ)dλ (24)
r
(1 + γ̄λ)1 F1 (Nr Nt − r, Nr Nt , λγ) exp(−λγ) (19) r
The term (1 + γ̄λ) can be written as
where 1 F1 (., ., .) is Kummer’s confluent hypergeometric func- r µ ¶
X r
tion [14] and defined as r
(1 + γ̄λ) = γ̄ r γ̄ v−r λv
∞
v
X (a)n xn v=0
1 F1 (a, b, x) = Then equation (24) will be as
n
(c)n n!
Kγ γ̄ r
where (∗)n = Γ(∗+n)
Γ(∗) .
PΓ (γ) =
r
×
Let’s define
∞
X r
X k
X 2k
X
(γ̄)−Nr Nt γ γ n K(n) K(v)K1(k) K2(i) K3(d)×
Kγ = (γ)Nr Nt −1 exp(− )
Γ(Nr Nt ) γ̄ n v=0 i=0 d=0
r−1 2k
1X k! X
fλ (λ) = [LNr Nt −r (λ)]2 (23) K3(d)γ −Nr Nt +r−d−v−n−1 (Nr Nt −r+d+v+n)! (26)
r (k + Nr Nt − r)! k
k=0 d=0
−2 −2
104
x 10 104
x 10
15 7
Monte Carlo Simulation
Monte Carlo Simulation
Theoretical PDF
Theoretical PDF
5
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Fig. 2. Comparison between the theoretical PDF of SINR and Monte Carlo
Simulation when Nt=Nr=2 at P/σz2 =20dB Fig. 3. Comparison between the theoretical PDF of SINR and Monte Carlo
Simulation when Nt=Nr=4 at P/σz2 =20dB
Further,
IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS
r r r−1
X k
X 2k
X
Kγ γ̄ γ In this section, we verify our derivation by simulation. In
PΓ (γ) = K1(k) K2(i) K3(d)×
rγ Nr Nt +1 i=0
the simulation, Nt = Nr = T = 2 and Nt = Nr = T = 4
k=0 d=0
were assumed. In Fig. 2 and Fig. 3, the theoretical results
r ∞ of the SINR in (28) and Monte Carlo simulation results were
X X
γ −d K(v)γ −v K(n)(Nr Nt − r + d + v + n)! (27) compared for 2×2 and 4×4 channels, respectively at P/σz2 =
v=0 n 20dB. Simulation results match to the analytical result very
well.
Let’s define
V. C ONCLUSIONS
K(v, d) = (Nr Nt − r + d + v)!× In this paper, over a Rayleigh fading channel, the probability
density function of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio of
Γ(Nr Nt − r + d + v + 1)Γ(d + v − r + 1) ` a MIMO transceiver using full-rate linear dispersion code
K(v) and linear minimum-mean-square-error receiver is derived.
Γ(d + v + 1)Γ(Nr Nt + d + v + 1)
Monte Carlo results are presented to verify our derivation.
and The analytical results will shed light on the future study of
µ ¶
` = r linear dispersion codes.
K(v)
v
R EFERENCES
Then (27) can be written as
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