1.2 SAFA Inspection Process - COL

Presentation Slides SAFA Workshop
Colombo, Feb, 6th 10th 2012
SAFA Inspection Process

Civil Aviation Cooperation
France COSCAP SA Sri Lanka
SAFA Workshop
Module 2 - SAFA Inspection Process
Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

Back to the basics
Qualification of Ramp Inspectors
Preparation of the ramp inspection
Corrective and preventive

actions requested
Follow-up actions
Ramp Inspection
Identification of Findings
Categorization of Findings


Agenda : SAFA Inspection Process
1. Qualification of Ramp Inspectors
EASA - GM
Qualification of
SAFA Inspectors
2. Ramp Inspection preparation

3. Ramp Inspection procedures
4. Identification of Findings
EASA - GM
SAFA Ramp
Inspections
5. Follow-up actions



1. Qualifications of Ramp Inspectors
Main Principles
Ensuring that SAFA Ramp inspectors have the :
1. appropriate background knowledge,
2. training, and
3. expertise to perform relevant ramp inspections.
Definition of common :
1. eligibility criteria,
2. training requirements,
3. recency and recurrent training requirements.
Harmonize and Increase the quality of the SAFA ramp inspections

SAFA
ramp
inspector
qualification
Main Principles
Training Chart
Eligibility
Theoretical Training
Training
Practical Training
Qualification
Recurrent
OJT


Eligibility Criteria
Candidates for qualification as SAFA inspectors shall meet the
following criteria :
1. Possess the necessary aeronautical education and/or practical

knowledge relevant to their areas of inspection,
- Operation of aircraft,
- Personnel licensing,
- Airworthiness of aircraft,
- Dangerous goods.

Eligibility Criteria
Candidates for qualification as SAFA inspectors shall meet the
following criteria :
1. Possess the necessary aeronautical education and/or practical

knowledge relevant to their areas of inspection,
2. Good command of English language,
3. Free of any form of conflict of interest.


Training Chart
Eligibility
Training
Practical Training
Recurrent
Qualification
OJT

Initial Training Requirements

Initial Training phase
Practical Training
OJT
Initial Theoretical Training
In classrooms,
To familiarize inspectors with the general SAFA framework,
- ICAO context and regulatory background,
- SAFA procedures, findings, categorization, reporting and follow-up
process,
- Not less than 3 training days.
-



Practical Training
OJT
Practical Training
In either a non-operational environment or adequate turn-around of airlines,

To familiarize inspectors with the inspection techniques,
- Not less than 1 training day.
-


Practical Training
OJT
On-the-Job Training
In the real operational environment,

Performance of SAFA ramp inspections with a senior ramp inspector,
- Two phases : Observation and Action,
- Covering (among others) inspection preparation, ramp inspection process and
human factors elements,
- Not less than 6 ramp inspections minimum for each phase.
-



Practical Training
OJT
Assessment of the trainee
After the initial training phase, the trainee is assessed during a test,
Under the supervision of a senior ramp inspector,
- Demonstration of the professional capacity, knowledge, judgment and ability,
-
Qualification
Formal issuance of a SAFA ramp inspector qualification
SAFA
ramp
inspector
qualification

Training Chart
Eligibility
Training
Qualification
Recurrent
Recency requirements
Recurrent Training
In order to maintain the validity of Qualification


Recurrent requirements
Recurrent
Recurrent Training
Not less than 12 ramp inspections a year,

Number can de reduced by SANA ramp inspections,
- Re-qualification criteria if the minimum recency requirements is not met.
-

Recurrent requirements
Recurrent
Recurrent Training
Recurrent training
At least once every 3 years or whenever needed (major changes),

To familiarize SAFA inspectors with new developments in the regulatory
background, new SAFA procedures, standardisation issues
- Not less than 1 training day.
-


As a conclusion
Harmonised criteria
Eligibility
Training
Practical Training
Recurrent
Qualification
OJT
to ensure the harmonized performance of SAFA ramp inspections.

Back to the basics

actions requested
Follow-up actions
Ramp Inspection


EASA - GM
SAFA Ramp
Inspections V1

2. Ramp Inspection Preparation
Preparation of a ramp inspection should consider :

Selection of the aircraft /
operator
Gathering of information
Preparation of the ramp

inspection itself
Selection Criteria
Establishment of a schedule for the SAFA ramp inspection performance

taking into account :
- Number of flights performed,
Coordination with the Traffic Right issuing Services
- Type of operations (passengers, cargo commercial, private),
- Type of aircraft operated (small, large),
of safety-relevant
information
- Outcome of theCollection
critical analysis
of the operator
(previous ramp checks,
USOAP, IASA, passenger complaints, incidents, accidents, ATC issues ),
- Maximum coverage of the operator population flying to the inspecting
country
10


operator

-

inspection itself
Selection Criteria
Establishment of a schedule for the SAFA ramp inspection performance

Definition of objectives (number of inspections / year)
Short term planning
Long term planning
- Charter flights,
- Business flights,
- Spot checks.
- Scheduled airlines
Whenever necessary
(information on suspected deficiency)

operator

inspection itself
Selection Criteria for the French DGAC (as an example)
Distinction between European and non-European Airlines,

Distinction between scheduled and charter air carriers,
- Taking into account the EU prioritization list,
- Higher frequency of inspections on airlines where a high number of
deficiencies was previously identified,
- Higher frequency of inspections on airlines from an authority with audits
reports (USOAP/IASA) where major safety deficiencies were identified.
-
Basic planning
- Twice a year for all the foreign airlines,
- Four times a year for all scheduled airlines,
- More for airlines matching one of the criteria above.
11


operator

inspection itself
Selection Criteria should also consider the following :
Try to work by experience, have your own idea and suspicion (previous
checks, information of the centralized SAFA data base or of the NAA one),
Use information and reports/records obtained, use your own feeling and
intelligence (presence of passengers, ATC slot, ),
Program must be efficient to focus on operators suspected of non compliance,
Charter may indicate no assistance at the airport, so tendency to skip the
technical problems,
Analyze the context as a charter operation, a new airline flying to the state, a
new type of aircraft, a recent/old aircraft,
Use all information, but with caution as per their validity (whistleblowers).

operator

inspection itself
Bear in mind that ramp inspectors are like aviation doctors

- Having regular checks of a patient helps having a
good picture of his health,
- A sound patient with no symptoms does not need to
be checked by a doctor.
SAFA
Avoid unnecessary over-inspection
- When a patient has been identified

as sick, regular checks are required
to see the evolution of the disease.
Intensify inspections on these airlines
12


operator

inspection itself
Data collection
- Gathering all necessary information to increase the relevance of the inspection,

- Results of previous ramp inspections,
- Declared status on the actions implemented from the previous communication
(verify the correct rectification),
- Update of the operating schedule.
Coordination with the Air Traffic Services
- There should be cooperation with security and other officials involved in

airport activities to enable the SAFA team to reach the aircraft to be inspected.

operator

inspection itself
Preparation of the ramp inspection itself
- Distributing the tasks among the ramp inspectors according to the time
available and the complexity of the aircraft knowing that :
- The SAFA Ramp Inspection should preferably be performed by at least 2
inspectors.
- Select the items to focus on.
Inspectors ready to perform a relevant ramp inspection
13


Back to the basics

actions requested
Follow-up actions
Ramp Inspection

3. Ramp Inspection Procedures
14


Basic procedures
A ramp inspection can be performed :
- on the inbound flight,
- on the outbound flight (relevant especially for Flight and Cabin preparation,
cargo loading and quality of the pre-flight inspection process),
- on the whole turn around of an aircraft.
The inspection should be as comprehensive as possible in the time allowed

(highest number of items checked and depth of inspection of each item).
However, if not possible (no sufficient time), priority should be given to the most
safety-critical items including :
- Flight Preparation, Pre-flight and Aircraft acceptance (A13, A14, A20 to A24),
- Aircraft Equipments and flight documentation (A3 to A7),
- Crew licenses (A20),
- Aircraft Condition (C items) and cargo loading and securisation (D items)

Basic procedures : Item Inspecting Instructions

Procedures on the inspecting instructions included in the GM
Inspection Item
Inspecting instructions (linked with the inspection item)
15


Basic procedures : Item Inspecting Instructions

Example : A04 / Manuals

Basic Principles while performing a SAFA ramp inspection

Inspectors must show tact and diplomacy when performing a SAFA Ramp
Inspection,
Any unnecessary contacts with passengers should be avoided,
However, to be able to inspect certain elements in the cabin this may be
justified, for example:
proper stowage of cabin luggage,
excessive overweight in overhead luggage bins/racks,
baggage near emergency over wing exit,
infants/children over the minimum age should have their own seat.
16



A certain amount of inconvenience to flight and cabin crews and other

personnel involved in ground handling activities may happen, but inspectors
must do everything possible to reduce hindrance to the minimum, for
example:
Try to be as precise and complete as possible when asking for A/C

documents from flight crew. This should result in a minimum of
discussion time allowing the flight crew to deal with their primary task of
flight preparation.
Ask the senior cabin crew member to dedicate one crew member to assist
you with the inspection tasks,
Debrief the commander of the aircraft after the inspection task is

completed,
Inform cargo loading staff of possible hindrance due to inspection task in

cargo compartment


Departure delay of an aircraft should be avoided. However, when an inspector
discovers an issue which may have a major effect on flight safety or requires
further investigation to clarify the issue, a delay may be justified.
For example:
The tyres appear to be worn beyond the limits (central groove no longer
visible) however reference must be made to the applicable AMM to
determine the actual limit,
An oil leakage (e.g. 5 drops/minute) must be checked against the applicable
AMM to determine the actual limit,
A flight crew member cannot produce his/her licence. Clarification must be
sought from the operator to confirm the flight crew member has a valid
licence.
17



Have a visible ID and introduce yourself:
Good day, we are from the National Aviation Authority, and we are performing
a SAFA ramp inspection
Flight crew (without interrupting them during their work),
Cabin crew (ask them to warn the captain),
Technical staff and/or Airline representative,
Be friendly and polite (inspection = intrusion),
Be properly dressed, look professional,
Minimize the impact on crew tasks (i.e Flight Preparation),
Do not enter in controversy,
Get evidence (copy documents, pictures),
Some humor always helps
Salamat Pagi Apa Kabar ? Buenos Dias - Como estais ?
Sabah el kheir Kefel Al ? Dobre Dien Kak diela ?

Back to the basics

actions requested
Follow-up actions
Ramp Inspection
18



Definition of a SAFA Finding

A finding is a deviation from an applicable SAFA standard :
- Chicago Convention and ICAO safety-related Annexes,
- ICAO Supplementary procedures (doc 7030),
- Other safety-relevant ICAO leaflets,
- Manufacturers standards,
MEL/CDL/AMM/SRM
- Aircraft Certification standards.
19


Could this be considered as a SAFA finding ?
Example of a hard landing



A finding is a deviation from an applicable SAFA standard :
- Chicago Convention and ICAO safety-related Annexes,
- ICAO Supplementary procedures (doc 7030),
- Other safety-relevant ICAO leaflets,
- Manufacturers standards,
MEL/CDL/AMM/SRM
- Aircraft Certification standards.
A finding is a technical issue :

- that has not been detected by the operator,
- or that has not been properly addressed during the turn around (pre-flight).
Clear distinction between a technical problem and a SAFA Finding
20


IMPORTANT
Defect within limits

ICAO requirements involving the pre-flight check / aircraft acceptance / defect
notification :
A6-I-4.3.1(a)(c) : A flight shall not be commenced until flight preparation

forms have been completed certifying that the pilot-in-command is satisfied that:
a) the aeroplane is airworthy;
c) a maintenance release as prescribed in 8.8 has been issued in respect of the
aeroplane;
A6-I-4.5.4 : The pilot-in-command shall be responsible for reporting all

known or suspected defects in the aeroplane, to the operator, at the termination of
the flight.

IMPORTANT

When an aircraft is checked and defects found as :
- seepage/leakage,
- missing screws,
- static dischargers / antennas missing,
- windshield delamination,
- inoperative bulbs on the emergency path marking
If these defects have not been properly identified, assessed and reported during
the pre-flight check
A SAFA finding will be identified
21


IMPORTANT

If the operator did not properly identify/assess/report these defects, the ramp
inspector will ask the crew to perform an evaluation of the defect IAW the
applicable limitations
MEL/CDL/AMM/SRM
If the assessed defect appears to be outside the permitted limitations

Cat 3 finding and immediate corrective action requested
If the assessed defect appears to be within the permitted limitations
Cat 2 finding
A24 Pre-flight inspection performed

without noticing obvious defects
A23 - Known defect not reported/assessed

IMPORTANT

As a conclusion : even a defect within limits can be reported as a SAFA finding
when this defect is not
Properly identified by the operator during the prepre-flight check

pre-flight
Properly assessed and reported by the operator
Does not point out a technical issue but a lack of proper identification or
assessment/reporting in the procedures of the operator.
22


Definition of a PDF
Pre-described finding
- system used for the SAFA procedures,
- association of a finding description with its categorisation, Standard and
Standard Reference,
All the most common and legitimate findings are included into this PDF list,
System to increase the harmonization and standardisation in Europe through :

- a common identification of findings,
- a similar reporting process (description and phraseology),
- a common categorization of the same deficiencies.

Definition of a PDF
Pre-described Findings
As indicated in the EASA-SAFA Guidance Material

Categorisation
Standard
Finding phraseology
Detailled Description content
(as a minimum)
Regulatory background (ICAO reference)

23


Definition of a PDF
Example : A05 / Checklists

How to report findings ?

By using the appropriate PDF

- Most of the time, there is only one PDF appropriate to cater for one
particular situation,
- Crucial to choose the right one !
By detailing the particular case identified in the Detailed description

information box
- The information provided shall enable any reader to clearly understand the
situation detected !
Are the findings fully understandable by somebody who
was not present during the inspection ?
24


How to report findings ?

When inserting findings in the final report detailed description must be clear
enough to answer the following questions :
- What is exactly the finding ?

- Where is it located ?
- (especially for technical issues) Why is it a finding ? What are the applicable
manufacturer limitations ?
- What has been performed during the ramp inspection ?
What ?
Where ?
Why ?
Subsequent action ?
Unclear findings = Useless findings


Particularity : G category
Apart from the 3 categories, definition of the General Remark (cat G),
Enables the ramp inspectors to report some useful information in terms of safety
that are not based on deviation to the applicable standards,
Not a finding
These remarks give relevant safety information to the airline and the authority to
be included in their safety oversight system
(eg : tyre worn close to the limits, torch light missing for day flight, life
jackets expired but not required for the flight )
25


Sometimes General Remarks (cat G) may give more relevant information on
the safety level of an airline than any major findings.

26



27



28


This case will be taken up to the airline and authority

for immediate action and preventive actions

Other example
29


A restriction of operations was imposed on this airline

for all the aircraft non equipped with a 8.33KHz Radio spacing channel

Particularity : ICAO differences notified by States

Mutual recognition for certificates issued by Contracting States on the basis of the
minimum ICAO requirements
30



If issued certificates are not meeting minimum ICAO requirements (sub-ICAO)
First : mandatory notification to ICAO
Sharing the information with the other Contracting States


Second : Endorse the sub-ICAO certificates or licenses
Identify the ICAO requirements that are not met

on the licence or the certificate itself
31



Third : Before using internationally

endorsed licences and certificates,
permission shall be requested to the State of operations
National operations are ok (Article 1 : sovereignty)
International operations subject to required previous
permission from the State of operations


Impact on the SAFA procedures
On the Spot (by the SAFA ramp inspector)
32



Impact on the SAFA procedures
In the communication process / closure of findings

Back to the basics

actions requested
Ramp Inspection
&
Follow-up actions
33



Class of actions
Class of actions
- Based on the categorisation of the findings certain follow-up actions have
been defined,
- Requirement to deliver the proof of inspection regardless of the findings
identified,
- Debriefing with the captain or the airlines representative.
Note : The ramp inspector shall request the proof of inspection to be signed (as
a sign of acknowledgement of receipt)
Note : the indication of the category of the finding (1,2,3,G) is not required to
be reported on the proof of inspection
34


Class 1 action Information to the captain

Deliverance of the proof of inspection at the end of each SAFA ramp inspection

Class 2 action Information to the Authority and the Operator

Class 2 action
- When at least one cat 2 or cat 3 finding is revealed,
- Letter to the operator requesting corrective/preventive actions taken and
evidence of these actions,
- Letter to the state of oversight requesting, where appropriate, a confirmation
that they are satisfied with the corrective actions proposed or taken.
This is a follow-up action and not an action taken on the ramp
35


Class 3 action Restrictions or Corrective actions

Class 3 action
- When at least one cat 3 finding is revealed : an immediate action / restriction
shall be taken by the airline and verified by the inspector.
3b) Corrective actions before flight
- Findings that require an immediate action to be taken before the flight can be
operated.
- For example :
Repair of defect according to the AMM,
Recalculation of Mass and Balance, performance or fuel calculation,
Getting information from the missing NOTAMS,
Change of the OFP,
Proper restraining of Cargo,
A copy of missing license / document to be sent by fax.
th
th
Colombo February 6 - 10 2012


Class 3 action
shall be taken by the airline and verified by the inspector
3a) Restriction on aircraft operation
- Findings that require an immediate restriction to be taken before the flight can
be operated.
- For example :
Lack of quick donning type of oxygen masks : restriction to the FL 250,
Aircraft full of passengers and one seat is found inoperative : pax
disembarked,
Cargo compartment declared as inoperative,
Lack of B-RNAV authorization : restricted to the FL 115,
Return to base as a ferry (non commercial) flight only.
36



Class 3 action
3c) Aircraft detained by inspecting NAA
- The aircraft is grounded only when the crew do not accept to take the
appropriate required actions / restrictions before flight to correct a cat 3 finding
(lack of cooperation),
- Also possible if an operator refuses the performance of a SAFA ramp
inspection (in direct application of CC Article 16).
Very rare : few occurrences each year


Class 3 action
-When at least one cat 3 finding is revealed : an immediate action / restriction
3d) Immediate operating ban
- In case of an immediate and obvious safety hazard, an operating ban may be
imposed solely based on one ramp inspection.
- For example :
Lack of installation of a required EGPWS, ACAS/TCAS II, ELT 406 MHz
Very rare in Europe : since the EC regulation 2111/2005 (Black List regulation)
Depend on the national law (enforcements measures)
set forth by the Inspecting NAA regulations
37


Miscellaneous
During the inspecting and reporting process, one useful tool for ramp
inspectors :
Inspectors handbook
Containing :
Airport ICAO codes,
Airlines ICAO codes,
SAFA/SANA inspection procedures (inspecting instructions and PDF),
Contacts (headquarters, foreign Civil Aviation Authorities)

Miscellaneous
Inspections performed on General Aviation flights
Not the same referential
not the same procedures,
against ICAO, Annex 6, Part II
Definition of :
New set of procedures (inspecting instructions),
New set of findings (PDF).
See dedicated presentation (details to come)
38


Back to the basics

actions requested
Ramp Inspection
&
Follow-up actions

Closure of the deficiencies identified

Further follow-up : Closing the Loop

- Requesting corrective/preventive actions to be taken,
- Request to the operator and, where appropriate, to the authority (oversight,
licensing, registry),
Note : where appropriate = important number of findings, repetitive
findings, lack of response from the operator, or when the actions are not under
the responsibility of the operator (A08, A09, A20 )
- Actions shall be supported by evidence (copy TLB, notes or circualrs for
pilots/mechanics for instance ),
- Continuous monitoring of the efficiency of the actions taken is necessary
(CAA may include the SAFA information in their safety oversight activities for
further check).
39


Miscellaneous
To be considered while reporting the ramp inspection

- The personnel responsible for dealing with the SAFA ramp inspection report
was not present on the ramp during the inspection,
- The ramp inspection report shall be as precise as possible on the findings
detected so that appropriate corrective/preventive actions can be taken,
- A finding not understood will never be addressed
- If lack of understanding (what, why ), necessity for the inspecting NAA to
provide further details as to what was identified and why it was identified as a
finding.
Transparency and Credibility of the programme

Miscellaneous
To be considered while detecting findings

- Airlines are more and more challenging the findings made, sometimes either
from a lack of understanding (so we need to send them explanations) or
Sometimes with the
bad faith syndrom
It never
happened
Your inspectors
created findings
on the ramp
It was not me
You harass our
airline with false
findings
Their request shall be addressed as well

A picture is worth a 10 page-e-mail
40


Miscellaneous
To be considered while detecting findings :

- Airlines are more and more challenging the findings made, sometimes either
from a lack of understanding (so we need to send them explanations) or
- As inspectors, we have to systematically (as much as possible) document
the findings made (pictures of the finding, pictures of the reference used
(AMM/SRM), pictures of TLB entries, pictures of the HIL entries)
With pictures
- You save a lot of time in exchanging e-mails,
- You can clarify the mind of the representatives of the airline and the authority
facts
and (none
the findings
nothere
more
be challenged
with objective
of themcan
were
during
the inspection ),
- You can illustrate the deviations from the applicable standards.

As a conclusion

Identification
actions requested
Ramp Inspection
Identification
of Findings
and
Action
Safety Loop
Follow-up actions
&
SAFA Programme implemented by the EU :

- Final Aim : Increase the overall safety level of airlines operating in Europe
by proper correction and relevant prevention of safety deficiencies identified
through ramp inspections
41


Next Module

actions requested
Follow-up actions
Ramp Inspection

Questions ?
42

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Presentation Slides SAFA Workshop

Colombo, Feb, 6th 10th 2012

SAFA Inspection Process

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

SAFA Inspection Process

Preparation of the ramp inspection

Corrective and preventive

Presentation Slides SAFA Workshop

SAFA Inspection Process

2. Ramp Inspection preparation

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

SAFA Inspection Process

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

Presentation Slides SAFA Workshop

SAFA Inspection Process

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

SAFA Inspection Process

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

Presentation Slides SAFA Workshop

SAFA Inspection Process

1. Possess the necessary aeronautical education and/or practical

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

SAFA Inspection Process

1. Possess the necessary aeronautical education and/or practical

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

Presentation Slides SAFA Workshop

SAFA Inspection Process

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

SAFA Inspection Process

Initial Training Requirements

Initial Theoretical Training

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

Presentation Slides SAFA Workshop

SAFA Inspection Process

Initial Training Requirements

In either a non-operational environment or adequate turn-around of airlines,

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

SAFA Inspection Process

Initial Training Requirements

In the real operational environment,

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

Presentation Slides SAFA Workshop

SAFA Inspection Process

Initial Training Requirements

Assessment of the trainee

Initial Training phase

Formal issuance of a SAFA ramp inspector qualification

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

SAFA Inspection Process

In order to maintain the validity of Qualification

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

Presentation Slides SAFA Workshop

SAFA Inspection Process

Not less than 12 ramp inspections a year,

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

SAFA Inspection Process

At least once every 3 years or whenever needed (major changes),

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

Presentation Slides SAFA Workshop

SAFA Inspection Process

to ensure the harmonized performance of SAFA ramp inspections.

Colombo February 6th - 10th 2012

SAFA Inspection Process

Preparation of the ramp inspection