1

Chapter 2 - Macromechanical Analysis of a Lamina

Exercise Set
2.1 The number of independent elastic constants in three dimensions are:
Anisotropic
Monoclinic
Orthotropic
Transversely Orthotropic
Isotropic

21
13
9
5
2

2.2

C=

S =

2.3

a)

3
23
31
12

10
9

b) Compliance matrix -

6.553

6.58

0 0 0

10.846 6.553 12.316 0 0 0

0

7 0 0

0 2 0

0 0 6

Msi

0.1935 0

0.05

0.3333

0.1333 0

0.1935 0.1333 0.3226 0

Msi

0.1429 0

0.5 0

4.423
0

6.39

0.05

6.731
=

10.846 0 0 0

0.25

8.269

13.675 6.39

kPa

0.1667

1
0.5

0.5 0.4 0

0.2 0

0.4 0.2 0.6 0

GPa

0.5 0.3
S =

c)

0.25 0

0.5 0

0.667

E 1 = 2 GPa

E 2 = 3.333 GPa
E 3 = 1.667 GPa
12 = 1

23 = 0.6667
31 = 0.6667

G 12 = 4 GPa
G 23 = 2 GPa
G 31 = 1.5 GPa

d)
W = 3.335 10

Pa

2.10
S =

4.902 10

1.127 10

1.127 10

5.405 10

1.789 10

204.98 4.28
Q=

1
2
12

17.35
=

103.59
536.70

18.59 0

m
m

4.28

2.11

5.59

GPa

GPa

2.12 Modifying Equation (2.17) for an isotropic lamina under plane stress -

0
0
1

G
Inverting the compliance matrix gives the reduced stiffness matrix E
E.
0
2
2
1 1

E.

Q
1

E
2

0
G

2.13 Compliance matrix for a two dimensional orthotropic material per Equations (2.87) -

12

E1

E1

21

E2

E2

0
1
G 12

Matrix inversion yields 1

.E

21. 12

21
.E
1
21. 12
1

12
.E
2
21. 12
1

21. 12
0

.E

0
G 12

Compliance matrix for three dimensional orthotropic material per Equation (2.70) -

12

13

E1

E1

E1

21

23

E2

E2

E2

31

32

E3

E3

E3

1
G 23

Matrix inversion yields C 11

G 31

1
G 12

32. 23
21. 32. 13
1

32. 23

21. 12

C 66 G 12

Proving Q11 C11 and Q66 = C66.

2.15

E 1 = 5.599 Msi
,

E 2 = 1.199 Msi 12 = 0.2600

G 12 = 0.6006 Msi

2.16

1
2

9.019 10
=

2.366

12

2.17

1
2
12

2.18

2.201
=

3.799
3.232

5.098

in
in

MPa

31. 12. 23

31. 13

.E

1
29.06 40.40
Q =

19.50

40.40 122.26 61.21

19.50 61.21

S =

GPa

41.71

6.383 10

2.319 10

4.195 10

2.319 10

3.925 10

4.676 10

4.195 10

4.676 10

9.063 10

S
S 22
2.19 11
S16 0

S12 S 12

1
GPa

S22 S 11

S26 0

S66 S 66
The values of c and s are interchanged for 0 and 90 laminas. The values of S11 and S22 are
interchanged also since the local axes for the 0 lamina are rotated 90.

2.20
A)

x
y

196.4
=

126.0

348.6

xy

1
2

6.098

MPa

12

6.340 10

7.36

9.800 10

329.73

113.40

12

c) Principal normal stresses produced by applied global stresses max

x
2

x
2

xy

max = 6.162 MPa

min

xy

min = 0.1623 MPa

Orientation of maximum principal stress 2. xy

.
1.
. 180
p
atan
2
x y

p = 35.78

Principal normal strains x

max

min

2
x

xy

2
y

max = 339.0

2
y

xy

m
m

min = 16.64

Orientation of maximum principal strain p

1.
2

xy

atan

.
. 180
y

p = 39.30

d) Maximum shear produced by applied global stresses x

max

xy

max = 3.162 MPa

Orientation of maximum shear s

1.
2

atan

.
. 180

xy

2. xy

s = 9.22

Maximum shear strain 2.

max

max = 355.7

Orientation of maximum shear strain s

1.
2

atan

xy

.
. 180

s = 5.70

m
m

2.21 = 34.98
2.22
E x = 2.272 Msi
xy = 0.3632
m x = 0.8530
E y = 3.696 Msi
m y = 9.538
G xy = 1.6 Msi

2.23
The maximum value of Gxy occurs at = 45
G xy 3 = 26.54 GPa
The minimum value of Gxy occurs at = 0
G xy 1 = 20.00 GPa
Displayed graphically -

Engineering Shear Modulus (GPa)

28

26

24

22

20

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Ply Angle ()

2.24 a) Graphite/Epoxy lamina

a = 11.60 %

b) Aluminum plate

80

90

b = 0.36 %

2.25 Given
a) Elastic modulus in x direction per Equation (2.112) G 12 = 10.10 GPa
b) Elastic modulus E x = 13.4 GPa

2.26
E x ( 30. ) = 4.173 Msi
2. 12
1
can be determined, G 12 and 12 cannot be determined individually.
b) Only
G 12
E1

2.27 Yes, for some values of , Ex < E2 if

and

E 2< E 1

2.28 Yes, for some values of , Ex > E1 if

G 12 >

2. 1

E1

12

2.29 Basing calculations on a Boron/Epoxy lamina

The value of xy is maximum for a 26 lamina.
Displayed graphically

G 12 <

E1
2.

E1
E2

12

2.30 Given
Tabulation:
LWR

E1x (Msi)

2
8
16
64

1.504E-1
1.803E-2
4.724E-3
2.998E-4

2.629
2.275
2.245
2.235

Graph of as a function of Length-to-Width ratio 0.3

Zeta

0.2

0.1

10

20

30

40

Length-to-Width Ratio (L/W)

Graph of Engineering modulus for Finite LWR as a function of -

50

60

70

Young's modulus for Finite L/W (Msi)

3.5

2.5
Ex
2

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Length-to-Width Ratio (L/W)

2.32
G 12 = 0.0488 GPa

b) From 35 ply data, one can find S11 and S12 for the lamina. However, for Equations (2.101a) and
(2.101b), there are four unknowns: S11, S12, S22, and S66. Therefore, one cannot find S66 nor, in turn,
the shear modulus, G12. Although the same is true in the case of the 45 ply, no manipulation of
Equations (2.101a) and (2.101b) will allow S66 to be expressed in terms of S11 and S12 for the 35 ply.

2.33 Elastic properties of Boron/Epoxy from Table 2.2 U 1 = 12.72 Msi

U 2 = 13.52 Msi
U 3 = 3.493 Msi
U 4 = 4.113 Msi

V 1 = 3.046 10

Msi
1

V 2 = 1.695 10

V 3 = 1.014 10

Msi
1

V 4 = 1.091 10

Msi
1

Msi

2.35 Given
Failure Criterion

Magnitude of Maximum
Positive Shear Stress
134 MPa
134 MPa
62.24 MPa
139 MPa

Maximum Stress
Maximum Strain:
Tsai-Hill:
Tsai-Wu (MisesHencky criterion)

Magnitude of Maximum
Negative Shear Stress
70.44 MPa
68.99 MPa
62.24 MPa
59.66 MPa

Off-axis Shear
Strength
70.44 MPa
68.99 MPa
62.24 MPa
59.66 MPa

2.36 The maximum stress failure theory gives the mode of failure. The Tsai-Wu failure theory is a unified
theory and gives no indication of the failure mode.

2.37 The Tsai-Wu failure theory agrees closely with experimentally obtained results. The difference between
the maximum stress failure theory and experimental results are quite pronounced.

2.38 Given
Maximum Strain:

Tsai-Wu (Mises-Hencky criterion):

TWMH

249.9. MPa
259.9. MPa

The maximum biaxial stress that can be applied to a 60 lamina of Graphite/Epoxy is conservatively
estimated at -249.9 MPa.

2.40 Given the strength parameters for an isotropic material

2

2
6.25. 12

2
1. . 1. 2 < T

2.41 Given the strength parameters for a unidirectional Boron/Epoxy system 2

Since H 12 < H 11. H 22 the stability criterion is satisfied.

2.42 The units for the coefficient of thermal expansion in the USCS system are in/in/F. In the SI system the
units for the coefficient of thermal expansion are m/m/C.

2.43
C1
C2
C12

0
=

1200
0

m
m

1
T 2_Offset = 54.30 C

2.44
x
y

10.403
=

6.653
6.495

xy

in
in
F

2.45 The units for the coefficient of moisture expansion in the USCS system are in/in/lbm/lbm. In the SI system
the units for the coefficient of moisture expansion are m/m/kg/kg.

2.46
x
y
xy

0.4500
=

0.1500
0.5196

m
m
kg
kg