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CONTINUITY AND
DIFFERENTIABILITY
5.1
Overview
More elaborately, if the left hand limit, right hand limit and the value of the function
at x = c exist and are equal to each other, i.e.,
lim f ( x)
x
f (c) lim f ( x)
xa+
f (x) = f (a)
x b
87
( c, f (c ) ) .
5.1.4 Discontinuity
The function f will be discontinuous at x = a in any of the following cases :
f (x) and xlim
f (x) exist but are not equal.
(i) xlim
a
a+
f (x) and xlim
f (x) exist and are equal but not equal to f (a).
(ii) xlim
a
a+
(iii) f (a) is not defined.
Interval in which
f is continuous
n1
+ ... + an1 x + an
4. | x a |
( , )
( , ) {0}
R { x : q (x) = 0}
polynomials in x
7. sin x, cos x
8. tan x, sec x
R { (2 n + 1)
9. cot x, cosec x
R { (n : n Z}
: n Z}
2
88
MATHEMATICS
10. e x
11. log x
(0, )
In their respective
domains
5.1.7 Differentiability
f ( x + h) f ( x )
, wherever the limit exists, is
h 0
h
defined to be the derivative of f at x. In other words, we say that a function f is
The function defined by f (x) = lim
f (c + h ) f (c )
, called left hand
h
f (c + h ) f (c )
, called right hand derivative,
h0
h
denoted by R f (c), are finite and equal.
d (u v)
du dv
=
dx
dx dx
du
dv
u
(iii) d u = dx 2 dx
dx v
v
v
(ii)
d
dv
du
(u v) = u + v
dx
dx
dx
89
df dv dt
dt
dv
= .
and
exist then
dx dt dx
dx
dt
5.1.10 Following are some of the standard derivatives (in appropriate domains)
d
1
1
2. dx (cos x) =
1 x2
d
1
1
1. dx (sin x) =
1 x2
3.
1
d
(tan 1 x) =
1 + x2
dx
d
1
5. dx (sec x) =
x
1
x2 1
4.
d
1
(cot 1 x) =
1 + x2
dx
, x >1
d
1
1
, x >1
6. dx (cosec x) =
x x2 1
90
MATHEMATICS
3. logb xn = n logb x
log c x
4. logb x = log b , where c > 1
c
1
5. logb x = log b
x
6. logb b = 1 and logb 1 = 0
(iv) The derivative of ex w.r.t., x is ex , i.e.
w.r.t., x is
d x
(e ) e x . The derivative of logx
dx
1
d
1
(log x)
; i.e.
.
dx
x
x
du
, we use the formula
dv
du
du dx
=
dv dv .
dx
91
Geometrically Rolles theorem ensures that there is at least one point on the curve
y = f (x) at which tangent is parallel to x-axis (abscissa of the point lying in (a, b)).
5.1.16 Mean Value Theorem (Lagrange)
Let f : [a, b]
f (b) f (a)
.
b a
Geometrically, Mean Value Theorem states that there exists at least one point c in
(a, b) such that the tangent at the point (c, f (c)) is parallel to the secant joining the
points (a, f (a) and (b, f (b)).
5.2 Solved Examples
Short Answer (S.A.)
Example 1 Find the value of the constant k so that the function f defined below is
1 cos 4 x
,x0 .
continuous at x = 0, where f ( x) =
2
8x
x=0
k ,
1 cos 4 x
=k
8x2
lim
lim
sin 2 x
lim
=k
x 0
2x
k=1
x 0
2sin 2 2 x
=k
x 0
8x2
2
Thus, f is continuous at x = 0 if k = 1.
Example 2 Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) = sin x . cos x.
Solution Since sin x and cos x are continuous functions and product of two continuous
function is a continuous function, therefore f(x) = sin x . cos x is a continuous function.
92
MATHEMATICS
x 3 + x 2 16 x + 20
,x2
( x 2) 2
Example 3 If f ( x) =
is continuous at x = 2, find
k
,
x
=
2
the value of k.
Solution Given f (2) = k.
x 3 + x 2 16 x + 20
x 2
( x 2) 2
x2
( x 5)( x 2)2
( x 2)2
As f is continuous at x = 2, we have
= lim
x 2
lim( x 5)
x
lim f ( x) = f (2)
x2
k = 7.
Example 4 Show that the function f defined by
x sin , x 0
f ( x) =
x
0, x = 0
is continuous at x = 0.
Solution Left hand limit at x = 0 is given by
x 0
x 0
Similarly lim f ( x)
x
lim x sin
f ( x)
Thus xlim
0
lim f ( x)
x
1
= 0
x
1
x
0 . Moreover f (0) = 0.
1
. Find the points of discontinuity of the composite
x 1
function y = f [f(x)].
Solution We know that f (x) =
Now, for x 1 ,
1
< 1]
x
1
is discontinuous at x = 1
x 1
93
1
x 1
1
1
f (f (x))
= f
=
1 2 x ,
x 1
x 1
which is discontinuous at x = 2.
Hence, the points of discontinuity are x = 1 and x = 2.
x 2 , if x 0
=
f
(
x
)
2
Solution We may rewrite f as
x ,if x < 0
Now Lf (0) = lim
h 0
f (0 + h) f (0)
h2 0
= lim
= lim h = 0
h 0
h0
h
h
f (0 + h) f (0)
h2 0
= lim+
= lim h = 0
h 0
h0
h0
h
h
Since the left hand derivative and right hand derivative both are equal, hence f is
differentiable at x = 0.
Example 7 Differentiate
Solution Let y =
dy
dx
tan x w.r.t. x
d
(tan x )
2 tan x dx
1
2 tan x
1
2 tan x
.sec 2 x
d
( x)
dx
(sec2 x )
(sec 2 x )
4 x tan x
1
2 x
dy
.
dx
Solution Given y = tan (x + y). differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we have
Example 8 If y = tan(x + y), find
94
MATHEMATICS
dy
dx
sec2 ( x
d
(x
dx
y)
y)
= sec2 (x + y) 1
or
dy
= sec2 (x + y)
dx
[1 sec2 (x + y]
Therefore,
dy
dx
dy
sec 2 ( x y )
= cosec2 (x + y).
dx 1 sec 2 ( x y )
dy
= e yx .
dx
Solution Given that ex + ey = ex+y. Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we have
ex + ey
or
(ey ex+y)
dy
= ex+y ex,
dx
ex y ex
e y ex y
dy
which implies that
dx
dy
Example 10 Find
, if y = tan1
dx
Solution Put x = tan , where
Therefore,
y = tan
dy
dy
= ex+y 1
dx
dx
ex e y ex
e y ex e y
ey
= 3tan1x
3x x3
1
1
<x <
,
.
2
3
3
1 3x
<< .
6
6
3tan tan 3
2
1 3tan
= tan1 (tan3 )
=3
(because
3
dy
=
2 .
dx 1 x
Hence,
Example 11 If y = sin1 x 1 x
x = sinA and
x = sinB
2
2
Therefore, y = sin1 sin A 1 sin B sin B 1 sin A
dy
dx
1
1 x
x
1
1
=
Example 12 If x = a sec3
1 x
d
dx
1
2
2 x 1 x.
dx
d
3a sec 2
(sec ) 3a sec3 tan
d
d
and
dy
d
= 3a tan 2 (tan ) = 3a tan 2 sec2 .
d
d
Thus
dy
dx
dy
d
dx
d
3a tan 2 sec2
3a sec3 tan
tan
sec
sin
dy
at
dx
dy
.
dx
95
96
MATHEMATICS
dy
dx
Hence,
sin
at
3
2 .
log x
dy
=
.
(1 log x)2
dx
Solution We have xy = exy . Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
y log x = x y
y (1 + log x) = x
x
y = 1 log x
i.e.
(1 log x).1 x
(1 log x)
1
x
log x .
(1 log x) 2
cos x
d2y
=
.
(1 sin x) 2
dx 2
Solution We have y = tanx + secx. Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
dy
= sec2x + secx tanx
dx
=
1+ sin x
1
sin x
1 sin x
=
= (1 + sin x)(1 sin x) .
2
2
2
cos x cos x
cos x
1
dy
= 1 sin x .
dx
Now, differentiating again w.r.t. x, we get
thus
d 2 y cos x
=
2
dx 2 (1 sin x)
cos x
(1 sin x) 2
3
4
Solution When
2
f (x) = sin x.
Hence, f
3
4
97
< x < , cosx < 0 so that |cos x| = cos x, i.e., f (x) = cos x
3
4
= sin
1
2
= sin
cos
1
= (1+ 3) .
6
2
. Note that:
0,
always continuous.
(ii)
(iii)
, hence f is derivable in 0, .
2
2
= sin = 0 f (0) = f
Conditions of Rolles theorem are satisfied. Hence there exists at least one c 0,
such that f (c) = 0. Thus
2 cos 2c = 0
2c =
c=
98
MATHEMATICS
f (c )
f (5) f (3)
5 3
3c2 36c + 99 =
13
.
3
c= 6
Hence c 6
8 0
=4
2
13
(since other value is not permissible).
3
Therefore,
2 cos x 1
,x
cot x 1
4
2 cos x 1
,x
cot x 1
4
2 cos x 1
cot x 1
lim f ( x) lim
x
= lim
x
= lim
x
2 cos x 1 sin x
cos x sin x
2 cos x 1
2 cos x 1
2 cos x 1
cos x sin x
cos x sin x
.sin x
cos x sin x
lim
x
lim
x
4
lim
x
Thus,
cos x sin x
2 cos x 1
1
2
lim f ( x)
99
1
1
2
2
1
2.
1
2
sin x
1
2
1
2
, f
1
.
2
f ( x)
ex
1
ex
0,
, if x 0
if x 0
is discontinuous at x = 0.
Solution The left hand limit of f at x = 0 is given by
lim f ( x) lim
x
1
ex
1
ex
1 0 1
0 1
1
100
MATHEMATICS
lim f ( x) lim
Similarly,
lim
x
1
ex
1
ex
1
1
ex
= xlim0
ex
1 ex
1 e
1 0
1
1 0
1
x
x 0
x 0
at x = 0.
Example 21 Let f ( x)
1 cos 4 x
, if x 0
x2
a
, if x 0
x
16
x 4
, if x 0
lim 8
2x
1 cos 4 x
x2
sin 2 x
2x
lim
x
2sin 2 2 x
x2
= 8 (1)2 = 8.
lim f ( x) lim
x
= xlim0
x
16
x ( 16
( 16
x 4
x 4)
x 4)( 16
x 4)
lim
x ( 16
16
4)
x
x 16
lim
x
16
101
f ( x)
2 x 3, if 3 x
2
x 1 , if 2 x 0
x 2 , if 0 x 1
Solution The only doubtful points for differentiability of f (x) are x = 2 and x = 0.
Differentiability at x = 2.
Now L f (2) = lim
0
= lim
0
= lim
h
2(2 h) 3 (2 1)
h
lim
h
2h
h
lim 2 2 .
f (2 h) f (2)
h
f (2 h) f (2)
h
2 h 1 ( 2 1)
h
h 1 (1)
h
lim
1
h 0
h 0 h
h
Thus R f (2) L f (2). Therefore f is not differentiable at x = 2.
Similarly, for differentiability at x = 0, we have
= lim
L (f (0)= lim
f (0 h) f (0)
h
= lim
0 h 1 (0 2)
h
= hlim0
h 1
1
lim 1
h
0
h
h
102
MATHEMATICS
1 x2
x
-1
1
,1 .
2
1 x2
x
1 x2
x
Now u = tan
-1
Then u = tan
1 sin 2
sin
-1
2
and v = cos-1 2 x 1 x .
du
dx
dv
dx
du
We want to find dv
= tan-1 (cot )
= tan-1 tan =
2
2
du
Hence dx
Now
2
with respect to cos-1 2 x 1 x , where
sin 1 x
1
.
1 x2
v = cos1 (2x
=
=
=
2
2
1 x2 )
sin1 (2x
sin1 (2sin
1 x2 )
1 sin 2 ) =
sin 1 (sin 2)
2
< 2 < ]
2
v=
dv
dx
2 )
103
+ 2sin1x
2
1 x2
du
du dx
=
=
dv dv
dx
Hence
1
1 x 2 = 1 .
2
2
1 x2
sin x
cos x,if x 0
x
k
, if x 0
1
Example 26 The number of points at which the function f (x) = x [ x] is not
continuous is
(A)
(C)
1
3
(B)
(D)
2
none of these
104
MATHEMATICS
n :n Z
(C)
(2n 1)
(B)
:n Z
2
Solution C is the correct answer.
Example 28 Let f (x)= |cosx|. Then,
(A)
f is everywhere differentiable.
(D)
2n : n Z
n
:n Z
2
(B)
(C)
,
2
n Z .
(D)
none of these.
Solution C is the correct answer.
Example 29 The function f (x) = |x| + |x 1| is
(A)
continuous at x = 0 as well as at x = 1.
(B)
continuous at x = 1 but not at x = 0.
(C)
discontinuous at x = 0 as well as at x = 1.
(D)
continuous at x = 0 but not at x = 1.
Solution Correct answer is A.
Example 30 The value of k which makes the function defined by
f ( x)
1
,
x
k
,
sin
(A)
(C)
if x 0
if x 0
8
1
, continuous at x = 0 is
(B)
(D)
1
none of these
1
does not exist.
x 0
x
Example 31 The set of points where the functions f given by f (x) = |x 3| cosx is
differentiable is
Solution (D) is the correct answer. Indeed lim sin
105
(A)
R
(B)
R {3}
(C)
(0, )
(D)
none of these
Solution B is the correct answer.
Example 32 Differential coefficient of sec (tan1x) w.r.t. x is
x
(A)
(C)
1+ x
(B)
x 1+ x
x
1+ x 2
1
(D)
1+ x 2
2x
du
1 2 x
tan 1
If u = sin
is
2 and v =
2 , then
1
1
+
x
x
dv
1 x 2
1
(A)
(B)
x
(C)
(D)
1
1+ x 2
2
Solution (D) is the correct answer.
Example 34 The value of c in Rolles Theorem for the function f (x) = ex sinx,
x [0, ] is
(B)
(C)
(D)
4
6
4
2
Solution (D) is the correct answer.
Example 35 The value of c in Mean value theorem for the function f (x) = x (x 2),
x [1, 2] is
(A)
3
2
(B)
2
3
Solution (A) is the correct answer.
Example 36 Match the following
COLUMN-I
(A)
(A) If a function f ( x)
(C)
sin 3x
, if x 0
x
k
, if x 0
2
1
2
(D)
3
2
COLUMN-II
(a) |x|
106
MATHEMATICS
(b) True
(c) 6
(d) False
1
Example 37 The number of points at which the function f (x) = log | x | is
discontinuous is ________.
Solution The given function is discontinuous at x = 0, 1 and hence the number of
points of discontinuity is 3.
ax +1if x 1
Example 38 If f ( x) =
is continuous, then a should be equal to _______.
x + 2if x <1
Solution a = 2
( log10 e )
1
.
x
1 x 1
dy
1 x + 1
, then
+ sin
Example 40 If y = sec
is equal to ______.
dx
x +1
x 1
Solution 0.
Example 41 The deriative of sin x w.r.t. cos x is ________.
Solution cot x
State whether the statements are True or False in each of the Exercises 42 to 46.
Solution True.
Example 43 y = |x 1| is a continuous function.
Solution True.
Example 44 A continuous function can have some points where limit does not exist.
Solution False.
Example 45 |sinx| is a differentiable function for every value of x.
107
Solution False.
Example 46 cos |x| is differentiable everywhere.
Solution True.
5.3 EXERCISE
2.
4.
3x + 5, if x 2
f ( x) = 2
x , if x < 2
at x = 2
at x = 0
2 x 2 3x 2
, if x 2
f ( x) =
x2
5,
if x = 2
x4
, if x 4
f ( x) = 2( x 4)
0,
if x = 4
at x = 2
6.
x cos , if x 0
f ( x) =
x
0,
if x = 0
at x = 0
8.
1
ex
, if x 0
1
f ( x) =
x
1+ e
0,
if x = 0
at x = 0
10.
3.
1 cos 2 x
, if x 0
x2
f (x) =
5,
if x = 0
f ( x) = x + x 1 at x = 1
5.
at x = 4
, if x 0
x a sin
xa
7. f ( x) =
0,
if x = a
at x = a
x2
, if 0 x 1
2
f
(
x
)
=
9.
2 x 2 3x + 3 , if 1< x 2
2
at x = 1
108
MATHEMATICS
Find the value of k in each of the Exercises 11 to 14 so that the function f is continuous
at the indicated point:
11. f ( x)
3 x 8, if x 5
2k
, if x 5
at x 5
12. f ( x)
2 x 2 16
, if x 2
at x 2
4 x 16
k
1 kx
13.
f ( x)
1 kx
x
2x 1
x 1
, if
, if x 2
1 x 0
, if 0 x 1
at x = 0
1 cos kx
x sin x , if x 0
(
)
f
x
=
14.
at x = 0
1
, if x = 0
2
2
f ( x) = x + 2 x
k
,
x=0
16.
f ( x) = a + b
, if x = 4
x4
+ b , if x > 4
x 4
is a continuous function at x = 4.
17.
1
Given the function f (x) = x + 2 . Find the points of discontinuity of the composite
function y = f (f (x)).
109
1
1
, where t =
.
x 1
t +t 2
18.
19.
x[ x], , if 0 x < 2
f (x) =
( x 1) x, if 2 x < 3
at x = 2.
21.
1
2
x sin
x
f (x) =
0
, if x 0
, if
x=0
at x = 0.
22.
1 + x
f (x) =
5 x
, if x 2
, if
x>2
at x = 2.
23.
24.
25.
28.
31.
cos tan x +1
34.
( sin x )cos x
26.
8x
x8
27.
log x + x 2 + a
29.
sin x + cos 2 x
30.
sin n (ax 2 + bx + c )
32.
35.
sinmx . cosnx
36.
1
sin 1
x +1
110
MATHEMATICS
1 cos x
1
38. tan 1 + cos x , 4 < x < 4
37.
sin x + cos x
cos 1
, 4 < x < 4
2
39.
40.
a cos x b sin x
a
tan 1
, < x < and tan x > 1
b
x
+
a
x
b
cos
sin
2
2
41.
1
1
sec 1 3
, 0< x<
2
4 x 3x
43.
1+ x2 + 1 x2
tan 1
1+ x2 1 x2
1
42. tan
3a 2 x x3
,
a 3 3ax 2
1 x
3 a
1
3
, 1< x <1, x 0
Find
dy
of each of the functions expressed in parametric form in Exercises from 44 to 48.
dx
44.
x=t+
46.
47.
sin x =
48.
x=
49.
dy y log x
If x = ecos2t and y = esin2t, prove that dx = x log y .
50.
b
dy
=
If x = asin2t (1 + cos2t) and y = b cos2t (1cos2t), show that dx at t = a .
1
1
, y=t
t
t
45.
1
1
x = e + , y = e
2t
2t
, tan y =
.
2
1+ t
1 t 2
1+ log t
,
t2
y=
3 + 2log t
.
t
51.
dy
at t = .
dx
3
52.
Differentiate
111
x
w.r.t. sinx.
sin x
1 + x 2 1
53.
Differentiate tan1
Find
dy
when x and y are connected by the relation given in each of the Exercises 54 to 57.
dx
54.
x
sin (xy) + y = x2 y
55.
56.
sec (x + y) = xy
tan1 (x2 + y2) = a
57.
(x2 + y2)2 = xy
58.
dy dx
If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, then show that dx . dy =1 .
59.
dy x y
If x = e , prove that dx = x log x .
x
y
dy (1 + log y )
=
.
dx
log y
2
60.
x
y x
If y = e , prove that
61.
(cos x )
If y = (cos x)
62.
63.
If
64.
d2y
If y = tan x, find
in terms of y alone.
dx 2
1 x 2 +
(cos x ).....
dy
y 2 tan x
=
, show that
.
dx y log cos x 1
dy sin 2 (a + y )
=
.
dx
sin a
dy
1 y2
=
.
dx
1 x2
112
MATHEMATICS
Verify the Rolles theorem for each of the functions in Exercises 65 to 69.
65. f (x) = x (x 1)2 in [0, 1].
66.
f (x) = sin4x + cos4x in 0, .
2
67.
68.
69.
f (x) =
70.
4 x 2 in [ 2, 2].
f ( x)
71.
x 2 1, if 0 x 1
.
3 x, if 1 x 2
Find the points on the curve y = (cosx 1) in [0, 2], where the tangent is
parallel to x-axis.
72.
Using Rolles theorem, find the point on the curve y = x (x 4), x [0, 4], where
the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
Verify mean value theorem for each of the functions given Exercises 73 to 76.
1
73. f (x) = 4 x 1 in [1, 4].
74. f (x) = x3 2x2 x + 3 in [0, 1].
75.
76.
f (x) =
77.
Find a point on the curve y = (x 3)2, where the tangent is parallel to the chord
25 x 2 in [1, 5].
Using mean value theorem, prove that there is a point on the curve y = 2x2 5x + 3
between the points A(1, 0) and B (2, 1), where tangent is parallel to the chord AB.
Also, find that point.
113
x 2 + 3 x + p, if x 1
f ( x) =
, if x > 1
qx + 2
80.
is differentiable at x = 1.
If xm.yn = (x + y)m+n, prove that
(i)
dy y
= and (ii)
dx x
d2y
=0 .
dx 2
81.
82.
Find
dy
, if y = xtanx +
dx
dy
d2y
+ p2 y = 0 .
2 x
dx
dx
x 2 +1
.
2
84.
x2
+ 1 , then which of the following can be a discontinuous
2
function
(A) f (x) + g (x)
(D)
g ( x)
f ( x)
4 x2
The function f (x) =
is
4 x x3
The set of points where the function f given by f (x) = 2 x 1 sinx is differentiable is
(A) R
1
(B) R
2
114
86.
MATHEMATICS
(C) (0, )
(D) none of these
The function f (x) = cot x is discontinuous on the set
(A)
{ x = n : n Z}
(B)
(C) x = ( 2n +1) ; n Z
2
87.
88.
89.
; n Z
(iv) x =
2
1
, where x 0, then the value of the function f at x = 0, so that
x
the function is continuous at x = 0, is
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 1
(D) none of these
2
If f (x) = x sin
mx+ 1 , if x 2
If f (x) =
, is continuous at x = , then
2
sin x + n, if x >
2
(A) m = 1, n = 0
(C) n =
90.
{ x = 2n : n Z}
m
2
(B) m =
n
+1
2
(D) m = n =
1 x 2
dy
91. If y = log
is equal to
2 , then
+
1
x
dx
,
2
4 x3
(A)
1 x 4
93.
sin x + y , then
If y =
4x
1 x 4
4 x3
(D)
1 x4
1
4 x4
(C)
92.
(B)
115
dy
is equal to
dx
(A)
cos x
2 y 1
(B)
cos x
1 2y
(C)
sin x
1 2y
(D)
sin x
2 y 1
1
(A) 2
2
x
(C)
94.
95.
(B)
2 1 x 2
(D) 1 x2
d2y
is
dx 2
(A)
3
2
(B)
3
4t
(C)
3
2t
(D)
3
2t
The value of c in Rolles theorem for the function f (x) = x3 3x in the interval
[0,
3 ] is
(A) 1
(B) 1
116
MATHEMATICS
(C)
96.
3
2
(D)
1
3
1
, x [1, 3], the value of c for mean value theorem is
x
(A) 1
(B)
(C) 2
98.
99.
= _______ .
y 1,
= _______.
dy 1 1
at , is __________.
dx 4 4
State True or False for the statements in each of the Exercises 102 to 106.
102. Rolles theorem is applicable for the function f (x) = |x 1| in [0, 2].
103. If f is continuous on its domain D, then | f | is also continuous on D.
104. The composition of two continuous function is a continuous function.
105. Trigonometric and inverse - trigonometric functions are differentiable in their
respective domain.
106. If f . g is continuous at x = a, then f and g are separately continuous at x = a.