Confined Spaces in Construction Notes Packet

Confined Spaces
in Construction
Notes Packet
Copyright OSHA Training Services Inc. All Rights Reserved - 2015
Confined Space Accidents

Approximately ___ people per year have _____ each

year in confined space related accidents at
construction sites in the USA
Over 800 serious ____________ per year
Relatively low percentage of workplace fatalities and
injuries, but a high _________
Some of these fatalities were experienced by wouldbe rescuers mostly good Samaritans rushing into
the space to __________ a co-worker in trouble
Confined Space Accidents

Why is working inside of Confined Spaces so
dangerous?
Close proximity to hazard / difficult to ___________

Harder to _____ from inside the space if incapacitated
Out of ___________ / Out of mind
o Being inside of a confining area __________ severity

of hazards
OSHA Confined Space Standards

In the 1970s & 1980s, a comprehensive _______
standard regulating confined space entry was nonexistent
Some voluntary consensus standards existed for

___________ space entry
o NIOSH / ANSI (_________)
o _______________ / Ineffective
o Only a _____ OSHA references to welding inside tanks /

telecom manholes . . .
OSHA set out to develop ____________ confined

space entry standards

Federal OSHA promulgated a Permit-Required
Confined Space (PRCS) Entry standard for
___________ _____________ in 1993 . . .
o . . . BUT, it ______________ construction-related work

OSHA Standards 29 CFR
o ___________ General Industry
_______________________
Processing Plants
Transportation / Warehousing
Service Industries
_________________ Industry

o Part ________ Shipbuilding . . .
o 1915.11, Scope, application, and

definitions
o 1915.12, Precautions and the order of
testing
o 1915.13, Cleaning and other cold work
o 1915.14, Hot work
o 1915.15, Maintenance of safe
conditions
o 1915.16, Warning signs and labels
Subpart B, Confined and enclosed

__________ and other dangerous
atmospheres

o Part 1926 ________________
o 1926.21(b)(6)(i) . . . instruct
employees as to the nature of
hazards in confined & enclosed
spaces, and precautions
necessary to work safely . . .
_____ 1926 standard for confined

space entry in construction issued
in May of ________
Subpart C General Provisions
o Subpart _______

o Part 1926 Construction

_________ construction
Major ___________________
____________________
Subpart ____ Confined Spaces in Construction
1926.1200 - Reserved
1926.1201 - Scope
1926.1202 - _____________
1926.1203 - General
requirements
1926.1204 - Permit-required
confined space program

1926.1205 - Permitting
process
1926.1206 - Entry _________
1926.1207 - Training
1926.1208 - Duties of
authorized entrants
1926.1209 - Duties of
attendants
1926.1210 - Duties of entry
supervisors
1926.1211 - _________ and
emergency services
1926.1212 - Employee
participation
1926.1213 - Provision of
documents to Secretary
Subpart AA Confined Spaces in Construction

o Other _______________ OSHA Standards
1926 Subpart E
o 1926.95 ~107 - ___________ Protective Equipment
o 1910.134 - __________________ Protection
1926 Subpart D
o 1926.55 - PELs for General _______ Contaminants
o 1926.60 - 1926.65 - PELs Various Toxic Materials
1910 Subpart Z
1910 Subpart I
o 1910.1200 - _______________ Communication
Subpart AA Confined Spaces in Construction
Permit Required?
Government Estimate Full implementation

of this standard will prevent >_____% of the
confined space fatalities in construction
company generated Checklist _______________ entry

identifies the space to be entered and its hazards
prescribes safety ________________ to be followed
assigns duties and responsibilities of all employees
lists ______________ response / rescue procedures to be
utilized
o _____________ by entry supervisor to authorize entry
o
o
o
o
o
Scope of Standard
o Does ______ apply to General Industry work (1910)

o Does not apply to Shipbuilding / Shipbreaking (1915)
o _________ apply to construction work conducted at
general industry work sites and shipyards
1926.1201(a) - Scope. This standard sets

forth requirements for practices and
procedures to protect employees engaged in
__________ activities at a worksite with one
or more confined spaces subject to the
exceptions in paragraph (b) of this section.
Scope of Standard
1926.1201(b) - Exceptions. This standard
_______ _______ ____________ to:
(1) Construction work regulated by 1926

Subpart P - ____________________.
Subpart S - Underground Construction,
Caissons, Cofferdams and Compressed Air.
Subpart Y - ________________.
Definitions - 1926._______
Other resources
o ___________ to final 1926 & 1910 rules (Federal Registers)
o OSHA letters of interpretation / directives
o OSHA confined space ____________
o Other OSHA reference documents
o www.osha._______
o Key definitions for many terms used in

1926 Subpart ________
o Alphabetical order
o No _______________ for some key terms
Definitions - 1926.1202
Competent person - means one who is

capable of identifying existing and
predictable ________ in the surroundings or
working conditions which are unsanitary,
hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and
who has the authorization to take prompt
____________ measures to eliminate them.
General Requirements 1926.1203
STEP 1 Identify all of your _______________ Spaces

STEP 2 Determine which Confined Spaces are ______
_____________ Confined Spaces (and which are not)
1926.1203(a) Before it begins work at a worksite, each

employer must ensure that a __________ person identifies all
confined spaces in which one or more of the employees it
directs may work, and identifies each space that is a ________
space, through consideration and evaluation of the elements
of that space, including testing as necessary.
Employers may utilize one competent person for survey, or their own
Documentation of the survey NOT Required in OSHA ______________
Definition of a Confined Space

See 1926.1202 - Definitions
REMEMBER whether or not a ________ is

present within the space is not relevant at this
point
o Confined spaces are characterized by ________ ( )

criteria
o Must meet _____ three (3) criteria of the OSHA
definition

(1) - The Space is Large Enough
and So Configured that an
Employee can Bodily Enter It
o The employee can fit __________

inside the space
o The standard is only intended to
apply to spaces large enough
and configured so the _________
body of an employee can enter

(2) - The Space has Limited or
Restricted Means for Entry or
Exit
o Means a condition that has a potential
to impede an employees movement into
or ________ of a confined space.
o Such conditions include, but are not
limited to, trip hazards, poor illumination,
slippery floors, inclining surfaces and
___________________.
o Any space where an occupant must

_____________, climb, twist, be constrained in a
narrow opening, follow a lengthy path or otherwise exert unusual
effort to enter or leave, or where the entrance may become sealed or
secured against opening from inside. see OSHA Confined Space Advisor
o Does ____ mean _____ way in or out.
10

Restricted Means for Entry or
Exit
_________________
Hatches
____________________
Ladders
Spiral Stairways / Steep
Stairways
o Tight ____________ Spaces
o Long Travel ___________ to Exit
o
o
o
o
o

Restricted Means for Entry or Exit
o ______________?
Not addressed in 1926 Subpart AA

Preamble to final _______ rule . . .
OSHA notes that doorways and other
portals through which a person can
walk are _______ to be considered a
limited means of entry or exit.
However, a space containing such a
door or portal may still be deemed a
confined space if an entrants ability
to escape in an emergency would be
_________________.
11

o Door(s)?
Not addressed in 1926 Subpart AA

Preamble to final 1910 rule
Federal register amendment - 1910
. . . even if the door or portal of a
space is of sufficient ___________,
obstructions could make entry into or
exit from the space difficult. The
Agency intended that spaces which
otherwise meet the definition of
confined spaces, and which have
obstructed entry or exits even though
the portal is a standard size doorway,
be classified as confined spaces.

o Keep in mind:
Means of entry and exit can
change as work _______________
12

(3) - The Space is _____ Designed for
Continuous Employee Occupancy
- this
particular utility vault IS NOT

designed for continuous occupancy
- this particular utility vault ____ designed
for continuous occupancy

(1) - The Space is Large Enough and
So Configured that an Employee can
__________ __________r It . . .
(3) - The Space is _____ Designed for

Continuous Employee Occupancy
____ THREE Criteria Must be In Place
to Be Considered a Confined Space
(2) - The Space has _____________ or

Restricted Means for Entry or Exit,
and . . .
13
Examples of ___________ Spaces
Remember these are some

examples of confined spaces, but
they are not necessarily _______required confined spaces.
Examples of Confined Spaces

____________
______/Storage Bins
______ Handlers
______________
Smoke
Stacks / __________
Escalator ________
14

_______________
_______________
_______________
__________ Tanks
_________ Spaces

______________
___ Stations/Digesters
_____ Drains/Culverts
__________ Tanks
Utility ___________
________________
15

_____ Leveler Pits
Utility __________
_________ Spaces
Open Top ______
Conveyor _______
________ Shafts /
Pits
Types of Confined Spaces

Confined Spaces
____-Permit
Required
Spaces
______-Required
Confined
Spaces
16
Definition - Permit-Required Confined Space

Actual or potential hazardous ___________________

Contains material with potential to ________ entrant
Configured to _________ or asphyxiate entrant
Contains other recognized serious safety or health
_______________
o There are four (4) characteristics that can turn a

confined space into a _________-required confined
space (PRCS)
o Only takes one of these to trigger the ___________

designation
Hazardous Atmosphere - >10% LFL
o Flammable gas/vapor/mist greater than ____% LFL
LFL = ___________ flammable limit

Also widely known as _______ = lower explosive limit
Minimum amount of _______ necessary to be present to burn
Expressed as a _________________ (e.g.: the LEL of CH4 is 5.0%)
Different flammable materials have _______________ LELs
Gases also have an ________ (upper explosive limit)
See Definitions 1926.1202

________ different classifications of
Hazardous Atmosphere
17
Hazardous Atmosphere - >10% LFL

Methane (CH4)
______________
Non-toxic
______________
Odorless
By-product of
decomposition of
________ matter
Sewers
Manure _____
Silos
Underground
_________
COMMON COMBUSTIBLE
MATERIALS
LEL
UEL
Acetone
2.5
12.8
Acetylene 2.5
100.0
Gasoline
1.4
7.6
Heptane
1.05
6.7
Iso-Alcohol 2.0
12.7
Methane
5.0
15.0
MEK
1.4
11.4
Pentane
1.5
7.8
Propane
2.1
9.5
Toluene
1.1
7.1
Xylene
1.1
7.0
Hazardous Atmosphere Dust Explosion
o Flammable gas/vapor/mist greater than

10% LFL
o Airborne combustible _____ at/greater than
its LFL*
*___ foot rule of thumb
Combustible dust suspended in _______
o Examples
____________ dust or saw dust
flour, sugar, corn starch . . . in
__________ form

Five different varieties of
Hazardous Atmospheres
18
Hazardous Atmosphere Oxygen Levels

10% LFL
o Airborne combustible dust at/greater than
its LFL*
o Atmospheric oxygen concentration _______
19.5% or above 23.5%
Oxygen (O2) levels normally _______%
o less than 19.5% - O2 ___________
atmosphere
o greater than 23.5% - O2 _________
atmosphere


Reasons for Oxygen Deficiency
o Consumption
o Displacement by other gasses
o Absorption
Symptoms of Oxygen Deficiency

o ______% or less hard to breathe, nauseous, drowsy
o 12% or less _____________________
o ______% or less - asphyxiation
19

Reasons for Oxygen Enrichment
o Introduction of _______ O2 into space
o Never do this only ventilate w/

____________ air
o ________ take gas cylinders into the
space
Hazards of Oxygen Enrichment

o Oxygen _________________ fires
O2 saturates clothing . . .
Clothing ignites easily, burns
____________
______________ hose, pipe, or valve

Pure O2 used for ventilating a space
Hazardous Atmosphere Toxicity


10% LFL
its LFL*
o Atmospheric oxygen concentration below
19.5% or above 23.5%
o _______ substance(s) present in quantity
greater than the permissible exposure
limit (_______) *
________ applies if the substance can cause death, incapacitation, impairment
in ability to self-rescue, injury, or acute illness due to its health effects
No OSHA PEL? - See Safety Data Sheets (_________) or other published info for
additional guidance
20

Permissible Exposure Limit (______)
o Established by ____________
_________.55 . . . . . Construction
1910.1000 . . . General Industry
1915.1000 . . . Shipbuilding
_________-Plan OSHA Program Standards
o Other Limits (________________)
ACGIH (threshold limit values / ____________)
NIOSH (recommended exposure limits / ______________)
Internal ___________________ Limits

Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)
o Established by OSHA
1926.55 . . . . . Construction
Limits for gasses & vapors listed
as ________
Most PELs are based on an
8 hour time-weighted average
(aka 8-hour _________)
Some based on ______ minute
Short Term Exposure Limit
(aka ST or STEL)
Some based on a Ceiling Limit
(instantaneous limit, designated by _____)
21

Carbon Monoxide (CO) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
o By-product of incomplete
combustion (flue gas / engine
o By-product of decomposing
organic matter (oil & gas operations,
__________________)
o Low odor threshold (smells like

_____________ eggs)
Colorless / ______________
o OSHA PEL _____ ppm

NIOSH 35 ppm / C-200
ppm
Cal/OSHA 25 ppm
o Symptoms of Over-Exposure
Headache, nausea, red
__________
Unconsciousness
Death
o Known as Silent Killer
_______________, fermentation)
o Disables sense of _________ at

higher levels
o OSHA PEL __ ppm / C-20 ppm
NIOSH C-10 ppm
o Symptoms of Over-Exposure
___ irritation, nausea, hard to
breath, headache
Convulsions,
unconsciousness, death
Definition Hazardous Atmosphere


10% LFL
its LFL*
o Atmospheric oxygen concentration below
19.5% or above 23.5%
o Toxic substance(s) present in quantity
greater than the permissible exposure limit
(PEL) *
o Any other atmosphere that is Immediately
Dangerous to Life or Health (________)
22
Hazardous Atmosphere IDLH

IDLH - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health
Examples overexposure to hydrogen fluoride gas or

_______________ vapors
o Term is also used in OSHA 1910.134 / respiratory

protection standard
means __ deficient atmosphere, or unknown atmosphere
o 1926.1202 means any condition that would interfere

with an individuals ability to escape _________ from a
permit space and that poses a threat to life or that
would cause irreversible adverse health effects.


confined space into a permit-required confined
space (PRCS)
Actual or potential hazardous atmosphere
Contains liquid or material with potential to
_______________ entrant
23
Engulfment
See Definition 1926.1202
Surrounded or Captured by . . .
o ______________
_____________
Pipelines
_____________
Process tanks
o Finely divided ____________

_______________ elevators/ storage
bins
___________ (flour, sawdust, cement,
pellets . . .)


space (PRCS)
engulf entrant
Configured to _________ or asphyxiate entrant
24
Entrapment
compressing their torso paraphrase)
Space with __________

converging walls or
downwardly sloping
floors that taper to a
small cross-section and
could ___ or asphyxiate
the entrant (by
Some Examples
_____________
Discharge _______ / Silos


space (PRCS)
engulf entrant
Configured to trap or asphyxiate entrant
Contains other recognized ___________ safety
or health hazard
25
Serious Safety or Health Hazards

No _________ of this specific phrase in
1926.1202
Refer to ____________ for Subpart AA
. . . hazards that could impair the ability of an

entrant to exit the space without _______.
The key determination is the likelihood that
death or serious harm will occur ___ an accident
or exposure occurs.
Some Examples
o
o
o
o
o
Mechanical Hazards (________ / gears / equipment)

Exposed ____________ Hazards
Extreme Heat / _______________ Lines . . .
_________________ Hazards
____________ / Biological or Radiation Hazards /
Venomous Snakes & Insects / ________ Objects
_____-Permit Required Confined Spaces
See Definition 1926.1202

A non-permit confined space means a confined space

that meets the definition of a confined space but does __
meet the requirements for a permit-required confined
space . . .
No signage / no permit / no special precautions required
to ____________
Entry employers must have a competent person reevaluate the non-permit space if there are any ________
to the use or configuration of the space that might
increase the hazards to entrants, or indication of problem
o If actual or potential hazard(s) are discovered, the space must
be re-classified as a __________-Required Confined Space
26
Non-Permit Required Confined Spaces

EXAMPLE Installing new stainless
steel process tanks
Employee enters to inspect the interior

Before leaving, he wipes out the interior
of the tank with isopropyl alcohol to
sanitize the surfaces
o _________ held any product or material

o No agitators / No fill-lines / No other __________
o Classified as _______-Permit Confined Space
o Creates a potentially hazardous _____________

(potentially flammable / toxic)
o Must temporarily ____________ tanks as PermitRequired Confined Spaces during this process
Signage Requirements
1926.1203(__) - If the workplace contains
one or more _____ spaces, the employer
who identifies, or who receives notice of,
a permit space must . . .
Inform exposed employees by posting danger

_____ or by any other equally effective means,
of the existence and location of, and the
danger posed by, each permit space; and,
________, in a timely manner and in a manner
other than posting, its employees authorized
representatives and the controlling contractor
of the existence and location of, and the
danger posed by, each permit space.
NOTE: A sign reading DANGER - PERMIT-REQUIRED CONFINED SPACE, DO NOT
ENTER or using other _____________ language would satisfy the requirement for a sign.
27
o ___________ applies to the General Contractor

May be _____ employer when no G.C. is utilized
o May or may not have employees ___________

permit spaces
o May not even be on the ______ at all times
o OSHA preamble The controlling contractor is the
Controlling Contractor - is the employer

that has ___________ responsibility for
construction at the worksite.
information hub for confined-spaces information sharing

and _____________________
Signage Requirements
Provide sufficient _________ to all

affected employees at the site
_______ the entry portal w/ lock or
special fastener
Goal is to ____________ affected

employees of existence, location,
and danger of each space
See preamble to _____ confined
space rule for further guidance
o ____ trained entrant(s) have the key /

tool
28
____ Entry Policy

Ensure danger _______ are posted
______ employees of the existence
and hazards of the permit spaces
Inform employees of the companys
___ ________ policy
_________ for compliance with the
policy
______________ policy!
1926.1203(f) A competent person
must ______________ non-permit
required confined spaces if there
are changes in use / configuration
that could increase hazards, or if
there is some indication the initial
evaluation was not adequate, so
that it can be reclassified as permitrequired if necessary
1926.1203(c) Each
employer who identifies, or
receives notice of, a permit
space and has _______
authorized employees it
directs to work in that
space must take effective
measures to ______ those
employees from entering
that permit space, in
addition to complying with
all other applicable
requirements of this
standard.
Entry Employers
1926.1203(d) - If any
employer decides that
employees it directs ______
______ a permit space, that
employer must have a
___________ permit space
program that complies with
1926.1204 implemented at
the construction site.
o The written program must
be made available ____ to
and during entry operations
for inspection by
employees and their
authorized reps.
1926.1203(c) Each
employer who identifies, or
receives notice of, a permit
space and has not
authorized employees it
directs to work in that
space must take effective
measures to prevent those
employees from entering
that permit space, in
addition to complying with
all other applicable
requirements of this
standard.
29
Controlling Contractor - is the employer

that has __________ responsibility for
construction at the worksite.
Entry Employer - means any employer
who decides that an employee it directs will
___________ a permit space.
Host employer - means the employer that

______ or manages the property where the
construction work is taking place.
_______ Employer Responsibilities

1926.1203(h)(1) - Before entry
operations begin, the _____ employer
must provide the following information,
if it has it, to the controlling contractor:
o The location of each known ________

space;
o The _________ or potential hazards in
each space or the reason it is a permit
space; and,
o Any _________________ that the host
employer or any previous controlling
contractor or entry employer
implemented for the protection of
employees in the permit space.
30
Controlling Contractor Responsibilities

1926.1203(h)(2) - ___________ entry
operations begin, the controlling
contractor must:
The information received from the ________ employer;

Any _____________ information the controlling contractor has about the
hazards and precautions necessary for working safely in each space; &,
The precautions that the host employer, controlling contractor, or other
entry employers implemented for the protection of employees ________
into in the permit spaces.
o __________ the host employers information

about the permit space hazards and
previous entry operations; and,
o Provide the following information to each
____ entering a permit space and any other
entity at the worksite whose activities could
foreseeably result in a hazard in the permit
space:
_________ Employer Responsibilities
1926.1203(h)(3) - ___________ entry

operations begin, each entry employer
must:
o Obtain all of the controlling
contractors information regarding
permit space __________ and entry
operations; and,
o Inform the controlling contractor of
the permit space program that the
entry employer will ______, including
any hazards likely to be confronted
or created in each permit space.
31
Coordination Among ________ 1926.1203(h)
1926.1203(h)(4) - The controlling

contractor and entry employer(s) must
____________ entry operations when:
o ____ than one entity performs permit
space entry at the same time; or,
o Permit space entry is performed at
the _____ time that any activities that
could foreseeably result in a hazard
in the permit space are performed.
Coordination Among Entities 1926.1203(h)

1926.1203(h)(5) - _________ entry
operations:
o The controlling contractor must ______ each

entity that entered a permit space regarding
the permit space program followed and any
hazards confronted or created in the permit
space(s) during entry operations;
o The ___________ employer must inform the
controlling contractor in a timely manner of
the permit space program followed and of
any hazards confronted or created in the
permit space(s) during entry operations;
and,
o The controlling contractor must apprise the
____ employer of the information exchanged
with the entry employers.
32
Coordination Among Entities 1926.1203(h)

1926.1203(h) - _________________
o Unless a host employer or controlling

contractor has or will have employees in
a confined space, it is not required for
either of them to ________ any confined
space to collect the information about
the hazards inside the space; and,
o If there is _____ controlling contractor
present at the worksite, the
requirements for, and role of, controlling
contactors must be fulfilled by the _____
employer or other employer who
arranges to have employees of another
employer perform work that involves a
permit space
Entry into Permit-Required Spaces
________ Entry
Procedures 1926.1203(e)
Enter Under An
Entry Program 1926.______
__________ As
Non-Permit 1926.1203(g)
Permit-Required
Confined
Spaces
33
Temporary Reclassification to Non-Permit Space

1926.1203(g)
o Refer to definition of Isolation
If ____ is required to eliminate or

isolate hazards inside the space
o Only applies to permit spaces that:

Pose _____ actual / potential
atmospheric hazard
All non-atmospheric hazards in
the space must be eliminated or
__________ without entering the
space
o Enter under a full permit / Reclassify

___________ hazards eliminated

Definitions 1926.1202 _________" means the process by
which a permit space is removed from service and ___________
protected against the release of energy and material into the
space, or potential employee contact with a physical hazard, by
means such as:
turn off _________ valves in series

open bleed-off valve in-between
____________ & tag all valves
o blanking or _________________;
o misaligning or removing ____________ of
lines, pipes, or ducts;
o a ____________ block and bleed system;
o lockout / tag-out of all sources of __________________;

o blocking or disconnecting all mechanical ___________________; or,
o placement of _______ to eliminate the potential for employee contact
with a physical hazard.
34

1926.1203(g) (continued)
CERTIFICATION of
RECLASSIFICATION
Identity of Space
Date of Entry
Steps to Eliminate Hazards
Certified by: John Doe
identify the space / ________ entered

document steps to eliminate all
_________________
____________________ of person
making certification / posted
o After testing and inspection to ______

hazard-free, space can be temporarily
reclassified as Non-permit Required
o Employer must ______ the space is
safe for entry
o If any hazard arises, entrants must

_____ the space immediately and reevaluate

1926.1203(g) (continued)
o Once the space has been
temporarily reclassified as a ___permit Required Confined Space:
_____ entry permit needed (just the

written certification)
No _____________ entrant required
No _________________ required
No entry supervisor ______________
No ___________ team required . . . .
o Space is returned to _________required status when the space is

no longer isolated / hazard free
35
Alternate Entry Procedures

1926.1203(e)
o Applies to permit spaces with actual

or potential _________ hazards only
(all other hazards are not present, or
have been eliminated or isolated via
engineering controls)
o The employer can demonstrate that
continuous _________-air ventilation
alone will maintain the atmosphere
safe for entry, and allow adequate
time for all entrants to escape without
overexposure if ventilation system
stops ________________
See _______________ to 1910.146 General Industry final rule - No more than
the level of a hazardous atmosphere (e.g.: <5% LEL; < 25 ppm CO . . .)

1926.1203(e) (continued)
o Additional conditions for alternate entry
Insure other unsafe conditions eliminated
or isolated before the ______ is removed
Opening must be ________ to prevent

accidental falls / falling objects
Internal atmosphere is tested with a
calibrated direct-reading instrument for
O2, LEL, and toxic(s) (in that order)
________ entry / continuously throughout
o _________________ relieved
o Clean ______-intake for ventilator
o _____ hazardous atmosphere allowed

before / during entry
36

o Additional conditions for alternate entry
_______ must be installed and operating
efficiently before entry / continuously
If any hazardous atmosphere is

detected __________ entry,
o All entrants ____ immediately evacuate
the confined space
o Reevaluate the space and implement
measures to protect employees ________
any subsequent entry takes place
o Hose must be directed to ventilate the

immediate ______ where an employee
is or will be present within the space
o Must continue until all employees ____
the space

o If initial testing or hazard isolation must
be conducted from ______ the space?
Enter under ___ permit until deemed safe
If a hoisting system is used, it must be

designed and manufactured for
________________ hoisting;
However, a job-made hoisting system
is permissible if it is ____________ for
personnel hoisting by a registered
professional engineer, in writing, prior
to use.
o The employer must ensure a safe

method of __________ and exiting the
space.
37

o The identity / location of the space

o The _______ of entry
o Signature of the person certifying the
space is _______ for entry
Date of Entry
Certified by: John
Certification must be ____________ to

employees entering the space or their
representatives
Doe
o Employer must ______ the space is safe

for entry, and that all required measured
taken before entry
ALTERNATE ENTRY
CERTIFICATION
_________ certification must identify: Identify Space

o Once the space has been certified as
_______ for entry under the alternate
procedures:
No _________ needed (just the written

certification)
No authorized entrant ____________
No _________________ required
_____ entry supervisor required
No _____________ team required . . . .
o Space is returned to ______-required

status when the work is completed
38
Permit-Required Confined Space Entry Program

1926.1204 - Each entry employer must:
o Typically addressed with a written policy,

training on the policy for affected
employees, and ___________ through a
discipline program
(a) - Implement the measures

necessary to prevent _______________
entry;

o Initial confined space evaluation

conducted by ____________ person(s)
o On site pre-entry evaluation conducted
by the entry supervisor when
completing the entry ____________
o Subsequent evaluations due to
________ to space / operations / newly
discovered hazards
(b) - Identify and evaluate the ________

of permit spaces before employees
enter them;
39

(c)(1) - Specify acceptable entry ___________;

o Addressed in Module on Permits (later)
(c)(2) - Provide each authorized entrant or that

employee's authorized representative with the
opportunity to ______ any monitoring or testing
of permit spaces;
(c) - Develop and implement the means,

procedures, and practices necessary for safe
_______ space entry operations, including, but
not limited to, the following:

(c)(3) - ______ the permit space and physical hazards
within that space;
blanking or _______________;
misaligning or removing sections of lines, ________, or ducts;
a _____________ block and bleed system;
_______________ or tagout of all sources of energy;
or blocking or disconnecting ______ mechanical linkages; or,
placement of barriers to eliminate the potential for employee
contact with a physical ___________________.
See Definitions 1926.1202 "Isolation" means the

process by which a permit space is removed from service
and completely __________ against the release of energy
and material into the space, or potential employee contact
with a physical hazard, by such means as:
40

(c)(4) - Purge, inert, flush, and/or
ventilate the permit space as
necessary to eliminate or control
_________________ hazards;
Install ___________________
__________ ______ contents
Wash-out and ____________
Fill with _________ gas to control
flammability if ventilation
alone does not reduce the
atmosphere below 10% LEL
o __________ use SCBA or supplied air

respirator with escape bottle
(c)(5) - Determine that,

in the event the
ventilation system stops
working, the monitoring
procedures will detect an
increase in atmospheric
hazard levels in sufficient
_____ for the entrants to
safely exit the permit
space;
41

(c)(6) - Provide pedestrian,
vehicle, or other barriers as
necessary to protect entrants from
_______________ hazards;
Prevent falling __________ / people

Refer to the Uniform _________ on
Traffic Control Devices for proper
set-up of traffic control / work zones
o demonstrate that personal protective

equipment (_________) will provide
effective protection for each
employee in the permit space, and
o ______ the appropriate PPE to each
employee
Utilize continuous air

_________________;
Make additional
_________________ of
conditions / equipment /
entrants conducted by
the entry supervisor or
attendants as needed
(c)(7) - Verify that conditions in

the permit space are acceptable
for entry throughout the _______
of an authorized entry, and
ensure that employees are not
allowed to enter into, or remain
in, a permit space with a
hazardous atmosphere unless
the employer can . . .
42

(c)(8) - __________ any conditions
that could make it unsafe to
remove an entrance cover.
NOTE: Development of entry

procedures should ___ be done by,
or reviewed by, a technically
qualified professional
o Example bleeding off high

____________________

1926.1204 - Each entry employer
must:
(d)(1) - ___________ and monitoring

equipment needed to comply with
1926.1204(e)
(d)(2) - Ventilating equipment needed
to obtain _________________ entry,
(d) - Provide the following equipment

at no ______ to employees, maintain
that equipment properly, and ensure
that employees use that equipment
properly:
43
Method of communication between

attendant and entrant(s) must be
immediate & __________________
o
o
o
o
o
________________ (in close-range)

Radio __ Electronic video monitoring
__________________ devices
____________ of Raps or Knocks
_____ TIMED CHECKS!
(d)(3) - Communications equipment

necessary for compliance with
paragraphs 1926.1208(c) and
1926.1209(e), including any
necessary electronic communication
equipment for attendants assessing
entrants status in ________ spaces;
Refer to 1926 Subpart ______

o
o
o
o
Eye & __________ protection

____________ protection
Hand __ Foot protection
__________ protection
Respiratory protection 1926.103

o References _______________
(d)(4) - _______________ protective

equipment insofar as feasible
engineering and work practice
controls do not adequately protect
employees;
44
Respiratory Protection
Respiratory Protection Program
o Designated Program ____________

o ____________ program / site-specific
procedures
o ________________ clearance
o Respirator ___-testing (initial / annual)
o Training (initial / ______________)
o Respirator ___________________
o Equipment used is _____________ to
protect from atmospheric hazards
o Levels _____ OSHA PEL / Not IDLH
Selection is based on _________ and
concentration of air contaminant
o Chemical Cartridge Respirators
o Supplied Air Full Face-piece Pressure _______ Mode 1000x pel
mask - up to ____x pel

______ face-piece up to 50x pel
45
o O2 ___________ Atmosphere / IDLH
o Escape Respirators
____________ intended for escape
purposes
Never use as ___________ respirator
for entry
Full-face ____________ Air / Pressure

Demand Mode
o _____________ bottle
_______________
Final decisions regarding _________ of respirators must be made by a

technically qualified person
Implement ______ mandatory elements of a respiratory protection
program.
Flammable / combustible materials
(d)(5) - Lighting equipment that meets

the minimum illumination requirements
in 1926._____, that is approved for the
ignitable or combustible properties of
the specific gas, vapor, dust, ____
fiber that will be present, and
that is sufficient to enable
employees to see well enough
to work safely and to ________ the
space quickly in an emergency;
o Intrinsically safe / ________________
_________ environments
o _______ / Low-voltage / Battery-operated
o __________ also suitable for emergency
use
46

(d)(6) - Barriers and shields as
required . . .
Radiation barriers / ________ shields
(supplements PPE, already addressed)
Ladder use must comply with:

o 1926 Subpart ____ / ladders
(construction)
(d)(7) - Equipment, such as ladders,

needed for ____ ingress and egress
by authorized entrants;
o Lifelines, _____________, tripods

Covered in Rescue Module (later)
(d)(8) - Rescue and emergency

___________ needed to comply with
paragraph 1926.1204(i) of this
section, except to the extent that the
equipment is provided by rescue
services;
47

(d)(9) - Any _______ equipment
necessary for safe entry into,
safe exit from, and rescue from,
permit spaces.
o Examples:
_______ protection gear
Life _____________
Backup _________ source

(e) - _________ permit space conditions as follows
when entry operations are conducted:
48
(e)(1) - Test conditions in the permit

space _________ changes to the spaces
natural ventilation are made, and before
entry is authorized to begin, to determine
if acceptable entry conditions exist,
except when an employer demonstrates
that isolation of the space is infeasible
because the space is large or is part of a
continuous system (such as a _______),
the employer must :
i.
Perform _______-entry testing to the
extent feasible before entry is
authorized; and,
ii. If entry is authorized, continuously
monitors entry conditions in the areas
where authorized entrants are
__________________ . . .
(iii) Provides an ______-warning system

that continuously monitors for nonisolated engulfment hazards. The
system must alert authorized
entrants and attendants in sufficient
time for the authorized entrants to
safely __________ the space.
Automatic monitoring device(s)
with alarm stationed upstream a
sufficient distance to ensure
_____________ communication
Attendant(s) with _____________
stationed upstream a sufficient
distance to ensure timely
communication
49
(e)(2) - _____________ monitor atmospheric

hazards . . .
. . . unless the employer can demonstrate
that the equipment for continuously
monitoring a hazard is not commercially
available or that periodic monitoring is of
sufficient frequency to ensure that the
atmospheric hazard is being controlled at
____________ levels.
If periodic monitoring is use, it must be at
conducted with sufficient ____________ to
ensure that acceptable entry conditions are
being maintained during the course of entry
operations;

(e)(3) - When testing for atmospheric
hazards, test _________ for oxygen, then for
combustible gases and vapors, and then for
toxic gases and vapors.
(e)(4) - Provide each authorized ________ or

that employees authorized representative an
opportunity to observe the pre-entry and any
subsequent testing or monitoring of permit
spaces
50
(e)(5) - Reevaluate the permit space in the

presence of any authorized entrant or that
employees authorized representative who
__________ that the employer conduct such
reevaluation because there is some
indication that the evaluation of that space
may not have been adequate
(e)(6) - Immediately provide each authorized
entrant or that employees authorized
representative with the ______ of any testing
conducted per this standard

must:
1)
2)
Attendants may be assigned to more

than one permit space provided the
duties described in this paragraph (i)
can be effectively performed for _______
permit space.
Attendants may be stationed at any
location outside the permit space as
long as their _______ can be effectively

performed for each permit space to
which the attendant is assigned.
Summons _________
Perform ___-entry rescue
First aid & _________
_________ unauthorized
rescue
(f) - Provide at least one ____________

outside the permit space into which
entry is authorized for the duration of
entry operations;
51

must:
(g) - If multiple spaces are to be

assigned to a single attendant, include
in the permit program the means and
procedures to enable the attendant to
respond to an emergency affecting
one or more of those permit spaces
without _________ from the attendants
responsibilities listed in paragraph (i)

must:
(h) - Designate the persons who are to

have active ________ (as, for example,
authorized entrants, attendants, entry
supervisors, or persons who test or
monitor the atmosphere in a permit
space) in entry operations, identify the
________ of each such employee, and
provide each such employee with the
training required by 1926.1207
52

must:
(i) - Develop and implement

procedures for summoning rescue and
_______________ services (including
procedures for summoning emergency
assistance in the event of a failed nonentry rescue), for rescuing entrants
from permit spaces, for providing
necessary emergency services to
rescued employees, and for preventing
__________________ personnel from
attempting a rescue

must:
(j) - Develop and implement a system

for the preparation, issuance, use, and
cancellation of entry ___________ as
required by this standard, including
the safe termination of entry
operations under both planned and
emergency conditions
53

must:
(k) - Develop and implement procedures to

coordinate entry operations, in consultation
with the ______________ contractor, when
employees of more than one employer are
working simultaneously in a permit space
or elsewhere on the worksite where their
activities could, either alone or in
conjunction with the activities within a
permit space, foreseeably result in a
hazard within the confined space, so that
employees of one employer do not
____________ the employees of any other
employer

must:
(l) - Develop and implement

procedures (such as closing off a
permit space and cancelling permit)
necessary for concluding the entry
__________ entry operations have
been completed
54

must:
Examples of circumstances requiring the review of the

permit space program include, but are not limited to:
Any ____________________ entry of a permit space

The detection of a permit space hazard ___ covered by the permit,
The detection of a condition prohibited by the _______________
The occurrence of an _____________ or near-miss during entry
A ____________ in the use or configuration of a permit space, and
Employee _____________ about the effectiveness of the program.
(m) - Review entry operations when the measures taken

under the permit space program may not protect
employees and _____ the program to correct deficiencies
found to exist before subsequent entries are authorized:

must:
NOTE to paragraph (n): Employers may perform a

single annual review covering ____ entries performed
during a 12-month period. If no entry is performed
during a 12-month period, _____ review is necessary.
(n) - Review the permit space program,

using all canceled permits within __ year
after each entry and revise the program
as necessary to ensure that employees
participating in entry operations are
__________ from permit space hazards.
55
Permit Requirements
1926.1205 - Permitting Process
o Employer must complete a ______ permit before entry into a PRCS
to document completion of all required measures
o The permit must be:
o Duration of entry is __________ to time / task(s) listed on the permit

o Entry must be ________________ or terminated and the space fully
reassessed before re-entry when . . .
. . . a condition ____________ in nature that is not allowed under the entry
permit arises in or near the permit space and that temporary condition
does not change the configuration of the space or create any new hazards
within the space
_____________ by the entry supervisor

_____________ at or near the entry portal before / throughout entry
o Entry is ___________________ / permit is cancelled when . . .

. . . listed operations are ____________________
. . . an unforeseen problem arises that _________________ be resolved
o Employer must ____________ all cancelled permits for one year
Permit Requirements
1926.1206 - Entry Permit
_________ of the permit space to be entered
The _______________ of the entry
Date and authorized ___________ of permit
______ of authorized entrant(s) in the space
May also use a roster or tracking system / reference
o Means to detect an increase in atmospheric

hazards in the event the ventilation system
___________
o Name(s) of the __________________(s)
o Name and signature of the entry __________
o The hazards associated with that space
o
o
o
o
56
Permit Requirements
1926.1206 - Entry Permit (continued)
o Measures used to isolate the space or to
eliminate or control _________________
o The __________________ entry conditions
_______________ / tag-out
Blinding ____ disconnection pipes & lines
___________ or pump
Range or limit of atmospheric readings

(e.g.: O2 - > 19.5% - < 23.5%; H2S < 10ppm . . .)
Permit Requirements
o Results of atmospheric tests
o The identity / means / info for summoning

designated ______ / emergency services
o The _______________ procedures to be
used by entrants and attendant
Pre & post-________________ checks

Periodic checks if continuous monitoring
equipment ______ commercially available
List the _______ results (not just okay or
safe . . .)
__________(s) of test(s)
_______ or initials of person(s) conducting
test(s)
57
Permit Requirements
o Equipment required to be utilized,
including:
_______ monitoring equipment

______________________ equipment
Communication equipment
______________ systems
___________ equipment
o Other necessary information to ________

safety of entrants
o Additional required permits
_______ work permit
Permit Requirements
o Remember to maintain cancelled

permits for one full year (used for annual
program _____________)
Space
Purpose
Date
Duration
Names of entrant(s)
Means to detect increased
atmospheric hazards
Name of attendant(s)
Supervisor name/signature
List hazards inside space
Measures to isolate space
Acceptable entry conditions
Air monitoring details . . .
Rescue means / contact info
Communication procedures
Required PPE / equipment
Other info
Other permits - attached
o If time requirements / scope of job /

hazards ___________, entry must be
suspended or terminated until
hazards are re-___________ and the
permit is revised or a new permit is reissued by an entry supervisor
ENTRY PERMIT
58
Training Requirements
1926.1207 Training
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Authorized ____________________
Designated ____________________
Entry ________________________
On Site __________ / Emergency Personnel
___________ of Gas Monitoring Equipment
_______________________ person(s)
Affected personnel of other entities
_____________________ contractors
_______________ employers
a) - The employer must provide training to

each employee whose work is regulated by
this standard
1926.1207 Training
a) - The employer must provide training to

each employee whose work is regulated by
this standard, at no ____ to the employee,
and ensure that the employee possesses
the understanding, knowledge, and skills
necessary for the safe performance of the
duties assigned under this standard. This
training must result in an understanding of
the hazards in the permit space and the
methods used to isolate, control or in other
ways ___________ employees from these
hazards, and for those employees ______
authorized to perform entry rescues, in the
dangers of attempting such rescues
59
1926.1207 Training (continued)
o Before the employee is ___ assigned duties,

o ______ there is a change in assigned duties,
o Whenever there is a change in permit space
operations that presents a hazard about
which an employee has ___ previously been
trained
o Whenever the employer has reason to
believe either that there are deviations from
the permit space entry procedures required
by OSHA, or when there are inadequacies
evident in the employee's knowledge or ____
of these procedures.
b) - Training shall be provided to affected

employees in a language and vocabulary
they _______________________:
1926.1207 Training (continued)
d) - The employer must __________ training

records to show that the training required by
OSHA has been accomplished. The training
records must contain each employees
_________, the name of the trainers, and the
dates of training. Training documents must
be maintained for the period of time the
____________ is employed by the employer.
c) - The training must establish employee

proficiency in the _________ required by the
OSHA standard, and must introduce new or
___________ procedures, as necessary, for
compliance with the OSHA standard.
60
Duties of Authorized Entrants

1926.1208
Know & understand the hazards that may

be faced (including mode, signs or
_______________, and consequences of
exposure)
Properly use ___________________
Communicate _______ with the attendant
______ attendant of dangers or prohibited
conditions
________ the space ASAP:
o whenever ______________ by the attendant
o you recognize signs of a dangerous situation
or a ____________________ condition, or
o an ____________________ is ordered
Duties of Attendants
1926.1209
___________ & understand the hazards
that may be faced by entrants
Maintain an accurate ____ of all entrants

at all times
Maintain constant watch outside of the
space unless relieved by another
__________________ attendant
Communicate regularly with entrants /
__________________ their status
o _____, symptoms & consequences of overexposure

o Possible behavioral ____________ of overexposure
61
1926.1209
(continued)
1) If there is a ________________ condition;

2) If the behavioral _____ of hazard exposure
are apparent in an authorized entrant;
3) If there is a situation outside the space that
could endanger the authorized entrants; __
4) If the attendant cannot effectively and
safely perform ______ the required duties
Assesses activities and conditions inside

___ outside the space to determine if it is
safe for entrants to remain in the space
and orders the authorized entrants to
evacuate the permit space immediately
under ______ of the following conditions:
1926.1209
(continued)
_________ rescue and other emergency

services as soon as the attendant
determines that authorized entrants may
need assistance to escape from permit
space hazards
62
1926.1209
(continued)
Take the following ____________ when

unauthorized persons approach or enter
a permit space while entry is underway:
1) ______ the unauthorized persons they
must stay away from the permit space;
2) Advise the unauthorized persons that
they must __ immediately if they have
entered the permit space; and
3) Inform the authorized entrants and the
_________ supervisor if unauthorized
persons have entered the permit
space;
1926.1209
(continued)
Perform ____-entry rescues as specified

by the employers rescue procedure;
and,
Perform _____ duties that might interfere
with the attendants primary duty to
assess and protect the authorized
entrants
o __________ leave a space unattended
o Do _______ enter the space
o Perform no task that distracts from
___________________ duties
63
Duties of Entry Supervisors

1926.1210
Know all hazards to be faced / mode,

signs & ___________________, and
consequences of over-exposure
_________ proper entries made of all
specified tests and results, and all
required personnel, procedures &
equipment listed on permit have been
provided before signing
Verify rescue & emergency services
available / means to summons is
adequate, and that the employer will
be ____________ as soon as service
becomes unavailable

1926.1210
(continued)
____________ unauthorized entrants

Ensure conditions of entry are
maintained, and ________ entry until
the space is re-evaluated and safe
entry conditions restored if unsafe or
unknown conditions are detected
___________ entry / cancel permit at
conclusion of regular entry, or when
non-correctable hazards are detected
64
Can the entry supervisor

simultaneously serve as an entrant
or the attendant?
o ___, if properly cross-trained, equipped,
designated and qualified to perform
both functions
Can the duties of entry supervisor be
transferred during entry operations?
o Yes. However, the new entry supervisor
must ____________ all information and
protections specified on the entry
permit are in place and effective, and
must enter their signature on the
permit.
See definition in 1926._________
Rescue and Emergency Services

1926.1211
Methods of Rescue
Usually performed by the
____________________
o Rescue team
On site ______ of employees
_______ party rescue service
o Non-__________ rescue
65

Non-entry rescue
entries)
Method may ___ be feasible in

some cases
o Space configuration may create
_______________
o Projection / _________ hazards
o Use rescue _________ instead
o _______ use a retrieval system
Tripod and winch ( ___________

Non-entry rescue (continued)
e.g.: when man-way is _______
o Lifeline attached to harness /

secured to ______ point outside
o Must use mechanical device if
space is ___ or more feet deep /
vertical entry
o Rescuer or stand-by person
____ be First-aid / CPR certified
o Entrant wears a full-body /

chest ___________________
o Wristlets or anklets acceptable
in special cases
66

Non-entry rescue (continued)
o Practice making permit space

rescues before attempting an
actual rescue, and at least
once every ____ months, by
means of simulated rescue
operations from representative
permit spaces (unless an actual
o Confirm, _______ to entry, that

emergency assistance would
be available in the event that
non-entry rescue __________
rescue is performed)

Employee Rescue Team
One member _____________
o Practice making mock rescues at

least once every 12 months for ___
configurations of permit spaces
o Employee team ____ be equipped,

trained & proficient in use of rescue
equipment / PPE
o Must be trained to entrant level
plus additional assigned ________
needed to perform rescue
o All trained in basic first aid / CPR
(unless an actual rescue is performed)
67

Third Party Rescue Service
o Employer must evaluate prospective

service / and base selection on:
Able to ____________ proficiently /
successfully
Able to respond in _______ manner
o Varies depending on type / degree
of hazards
o Inform rescuers of _____ potential

hazards, and allow rescuers access
to spaces for practice
o Must notify the rescue team _____ to
each entry & verify their availability to
assist throughout / notify if unable
For further guidance, see

Appendix ___ in the 1910
General Industry confined
space standard

Safety Data Sheets (_______)
See 1910.1200 for additional

information about SDSs and OSHAs
hazard communication ____________
o Employer must make appropriate

Safety Data Sheet (SDS) or other
similar written information is
available to medical providers if
injured entrant is exposed to
__________________ substance
68
The entry ______________ is

responsible for insuring
adequate means of rescue are
available prior to each and
every entry
NOTE: Providing rescue

services requires special
equipment and training, which
is _________ the scope of this
online training course.
Atmospheric Testing
1926.1203(e)(2)(iii) - Before an employee enters the space, the
internal atmosphere must be tested, with a calibrated ________reading instrument . . .
1926.1204(e)(1)(i) - Test conditions in the permit space to

determine if acceptable entry conditions exist ______ changes to
the spaces natural ventilation are made, and before entry is
authorized to begin . . .
1926.1204(e)(2) - Continuously _________ atmospheric hazards
unless the employer can demonstrate that the equipment for
continuously monitoring a hazard is not commercially available or
that periodic monitoring is of sufficient frequency to ensure that
the atmospheric hazard is being controlled at safe levels . . .
1926.1203(e)(2)(vi ) - The atmosphere within the space must be

__________________ monitored . . .
69
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o Direct-reading instruments
____________ testing (w/ pump &
_________________ monitoring
o Alarm-only instruments
No direct read-out / never use
for ____________ testing
Best suited for _____________
monitoring for a single gas when
multiple workers enter a large
space
sampling hose)
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o ______________ gas detectors
One ___________ only
o ________________ sensors
o ___________-gas detectors
o ____________ sensor(s) for the
potential hazards
O2 & LEL%
Toxic gas & vapor
o substance-______________ sensors
o PID sensor (general sensor - ______)
70
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o Single gas detectors

o Multi-gas detectors
Correct sensor(s) for the
potential hazards?
Sensors have a shelf life /
can be _________________
oRequire calibration
________ calibration
________ test
o aka: ______ calibration check
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o Calibration (per manufacturers
_______________________)
See manufacturers
recommended schedule
o Whenever ________ sensor(s)
installed
o Manufacturer will specify
___________________ tests
Ensure calibration-gas is matched /
not ________________
If calibration ________, sensor(s) will
need to be replaced and calibrated
71
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o Calibration
instructions)
Attach to the calibration-gas

cylinder / expose sensors to _____
Confirms alarms work & readings in
acceptable _________ (if not, then
recalibrate the instrument)
Perform before ___ use each day /
after any exposure to a high level of
contaminant(s)
o __________ test (per manufacturers
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o _________ Out the sensors
_________-zero at start-up, some are done

manually)
o Sets sensor readings back to

_________________ readings
o If unsuccessful, must re-_________
sensors
Sensor(s) may _____ out of range

Follow manufacturers instructions
to zero out the sensors (some are
NEVER zero out the monitor in a

_________________ atmosphere
72
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o Initial evaluation
o Stratified testing
Gas densities _____________
Do _____ tie the monitor on a string
and lower it into the space
o Use a unit equipped with a _____ &
sampling hose
Test from ____________ the space

Use probes / sampling __________
Atmospheric Testing
DENSITY
Air = _____
Carbon Monoxide = ____
Methane = ____
Hydrogen Sulfide = ____
See the _______ for the
density of a particular
substance
73
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
Refer to manufacturers
recommended ________ time
o _________ by manufacturer /
sensors
o Also affected by temperature
(colder = ____________)
o Must account for sampling
hose ________ too (if applicable)
o Must wait to give sensors

adequate ______ to warm up /
process gasses / give readings
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o Test ____________
Look at oxygen (O2) reading _______
______ ensuring oxygen measures in

the acceptable range, test for LEL,
followed by toxic(s) (if any)
o Extremely low (or high) O2 levels

affect LEL sensor, gives potentially
______________ reading
o If O2 readings out of range (per
manufacturer), ________ the space,
then retest
74
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o ______ Conversions
o Example: methane or pentane
Readings will not be accurate

if measuring a _________ gas
o Calibrate with same
flammable gas as being
measured, if _____________
o Otherwise, refer to
___________________ LEL
conversion chart / menu option
LEL sensors calibrated to a

particular _________
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o Alarms
______________ settings (see
o Oxygen & LEL usually set to alarm
at _____________ limits
o Toxics _______ set to NIOSH RELs
RELs may be _____ than PELs
Alarms may be set higher than
________ OSHAs (e.g.: cal/osha)
o Never adjust alarm settings unless
______________________
o Gas reading(s) in alarm range,
affected sensor(s) reading will ____
o ___ Battery & Blocked Pump alarms
manufacturers manual)
75
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o Pump
o _____ hose inlet / watch for alarm
Allow ______ time for air sample to

draw thru hose
o ________ manufacturers
recommendation (e.g: 1 sec/2 ft.)
External (_________________)
______________________
Conduct pump-___________ daily
Do not let end of hose get into

_______________ (utilize mfgs filter)
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o Battery / Power supply
_________________ / Disposable
batteries
Battery _______________ reading
_________ battery alarm
_____________ per manufacturer
76
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o Maintenance
Per manufacturers ____________

o Keep clean / dry
o Check inlet _____ / change as
needed
o Do ____ perform maintenance
or repairs unless you are
qualified / authorized by your
employer
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o Other Options
Detector ___________
tube / ppm)
o Use with a ________________ pump
o Tubes are _______-specific

o Tubes have a shelf life (check
__________________ date)
o Tubes change ____ if exposed to gas
of concern (graduated scale printed on
Do not mix different tubes / pumps

_______ approved by manufacturer
77
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o OSHA requires __________________

atmospheric monitoring inside the
permit space where commercially
feasible . . . [ref: 1926.1204(e)(2)]
Gasses can _________ into previously
clean areas
Work processes can introduce hazards
into the atmosphere (e.g.: __________,
painting, mucking . . .)
o Test _____ any changes to the spaces

natural ventilation, and before entry
allowed . . . [ref: 1926.1204(e)(1)(i)]
Atmospheric Testing
Gas detectors
o In large or continuous spaces that

cannot be isolated (such as sewer
systems), monitor ______ areas where
employees are working
o Ensure your monitoring procedures will
detect an ___________ in atmospheric
hazard levels in sufficient time for the
entrants to safely exit the permit space
in the event the ventilation system fails
Use monitoring equipment which has an _______ that will notify all
entrants if a specified atmospheric threshold is achieved, or
Check the monitor with sufficient frequency to ensure entrants
have adequate time to ________________
78
Atmospheric Testing
The preceding information and guidance about gas
detection instrumentation was ________ in nature.
The entry employer must determine, based upon

his or her knowledge of, and experience with permit
spaces, what the best type of testing instrument
may be for __________ specific entry operation.
Each entry ___________ must consider the unique

circumstances, including the predictability of the
atmosphere, of the permit spaces in the employer's
workplace when preparing for entry.
Atmospheric Testing
Evaluation and interpretation of gas monitoring

instrumentation data, and development of the entry
procedure, should be done by, or reviewed by, a
technically ________________ professional.
79
Ventilation
1926.1203(e)(1)(ii) - The employer can demonstrate that
continuous _________ air ventilation alone is sufficient to
maintain that permit space safe for entry . . .
1926.1204(c)(4) - Develop and implement the means,

procedures, and practices necessary for safe permit
space entry operations, including, but not limited to . . .
ventilating the permit space as necessary to eliminate or
_____________ atmospheric hazards;
1926.1203(e)(2)(v) - ___________ forced air ventilation

shall be used, as follows . . .
1926.1204(d)(2) Provide . . . ventilating equipment

needed to obtain _________________ entry conditions.
Ventilation
Methods of Ventilation
o ____________ air ventilation

Fresh air from outside the space
is blown ________ the space
o ___________________
Contaminated air inside the space
is ____________ out
o ___ called exhaust ventilation
o Typically use a _______ plastic
hose
80
Ventilation
o Forced air ventilation

Fresh air from outside the space
is blown into the space
Ensure air _________ is fresh air /
safe
o Avoid re-circulation of
__________________ exhaust
o Avoid _________________ air
contaminated w / engine
exhaust / other contaminants
Ventilation
o _________ Air 1275 cfm

o One 900 ____________ 675 cfm
o ___________ 900 Bends - 582 cfm
o Forced air ventilation

o ____________ (extraction) ventilation
o Avoid ___________-circuiting
o Blower capacity
See _____________________ in
manufacturers manual / data plate
on blower
81
Ventilation
o Adapters
o _______________ source
_________________, gasoline, battery,
compressed air
______________-proof available where
needed
Facilitates continuous ventilation into

spaces with ___________ entry portals
Check manufacturers data to determine
effects (if any) on _________________
Ventilation
o _______________ (contaminated) air
o ____________ Build-up
____________ blower in flammable
environments
May be highly ________ or flammable

_________ discharging near people /
sources of ignition
82
Review
Problems?
Did not ______________ confined spaces
Did not identify all permit spaces w/ _____________
Did not develop a _____________ permit space program
Did not utilize a ___________ system / implement controls
Did not ___________ personnel
Did not check the ____________________
Did not ____________________ the space
Did not provide for _______________ / rescue / medical aid
Review
Keys to Safety Entry Operations
Evaluate _____ confined spaces
Identify all _____________ spaces with warning signs
Develop a written permit space ________________
Utilize a permit system / implement ______________
Conduct training for personnel in ______ positions
___________ the atmosphere w/ proper instruments
Ventilate the ______________ as needed
Provide for attendants / ____________ / emergency aid
83
Resources
29 CFR 1926 Subpart ______ Confined Spaces in
Construction Standard (federal)
_______________ to Final Rules (construction & general industry)
____________ Letters of Interpretation & Directives
OSHA Confined Space Advisor
(www._____________.gov)
Equipment _______________________ Instructions &

Operator Manuals
84

Confined Spaces in Construction Notes Packet

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Confined Spaces

Confined Space Accidents

Approximately ___ people per year have _____ each

Confined Space Accidents

Close proximity to hazard / difficult to ___________

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o Being inside of a confining area __________ severity

OSHA Confined Space Standards

Some voluntary consensus standards existed for

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o Only a _____ OSHA references to welding inside tanks /

OSHA set out to develop ____________ confined

OSHA Confined Space Standards

o . . . BUT, it ______________ construction-related work

OSHA Confined Space Standards

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OSHA Confined Space Standards

o 1915.11, Scope, application, and

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Subpart B, Confined and enclosed

OSHA Confined Space Standards

_____ 1926 standard for confined

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Subpart C General Provisions

OSHA Confined Space Standards

o Part 1926 Construction

Subpart ____ Confined Spaces in Construction

confined space program

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Subpart AA Confined Spaces in Construction

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o 1910.1200 - _______________ Communication

Subpart AA Confined Spaces in Construction

Government Estimate Full implementation

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company generated Checklist _______________ entry

o Does ______ apply to General Industry work (1910)

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1926.1201(a) - Scope. This standard sets

(1) Construction work regulated by 1926

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o Key definitions for many terms used in

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Competent person - means one who is

General Requirements 1926.1203

STEP 1 Identify all of your _______________ Spaces

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1926.1203(a) Before it begins work at a worksite, each

Definition of a Confined Space

REMEMBER whether or not a ________ is

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o Confined spaces are characterized by ________ ( )

Definition of a Confined Space

o The employee can fit __________

Definition of a Confined Space

o Any space where an occupant must

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o Does ____ mean _____ way in or out.

Definition of a Confined Space

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Definition of a Confined Space

Not addressed in 1926 Subpart AA

Definition of a Confined Space

Not addressed in 1926 Subpart AA

Approximately _ people per year have ___ each

o Does mean _ way in or out.