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REFUSE:
Solid or semisolid waste matter produced in the normal course of
human activities. Generated from street sweepings, markets, stable
litter, industrial refuse, commercial refuse, etc.
RUBBISH:
Solid wastes originating in houses, commercial establishments,
industries, excluding garbage and ash.
GARBAGE:
Animal & vegetable wastes resulting from the handling, storage,
sale, preparation, cooking and serving of food.
ASH:
Residue from burning of wood, coal, charcoal and other
combustible materials used for cooking and heating purposes in
houses, industries etc.
EXCRETA
Sanitation barrier
INSANITARY METHODS
1. Open defecation
2. Conservancy system/Cartage
SANITARY METHODS
WATER CARRIAGE SYSTEM
1. Open defecation
Advantages:
Easy and cheap to construct
Slab and shelter can be reused
Excreta are isolated
Disadvantages:
Unpleasant odors
Flies
0.5 m
Semi dark
Shelter
Disadvantages:
Water is needed for their operation
More expensive than pit latrines
Direct
Indirect
3. Composting Latrine
Composting latrines are shallow vaults, into
which excreta, kitchen waste and similar wastes
are added.
The waste & excreta breakdown together to
produce compost fertilizer.
Two shallow vaults are usually provided - when
one is full it is covered with soil and left for at
least two years compost.
The vaults must not receive water
Advantages:
Does not need to be moved and
new vaults do not have to be dug.
Produces compost used as a
fertilizer
Disposes kitchen waste as well
Disadvantages:
More expensive and more difficult
to build than VIP or WS latrine
4. Aquaprivy
The AQUAPRIVY
Advantages:
Cannot be blocked with bulky anal cleaning
material
Nil problem with odor or flies
Can be connected to a sewerage system at
a later date
Disadvantages:
Expensive to build
Need large volumes of water to work
Water seal may be hard to maintain
Tanks must be emptied about every 3 years
5. Septic Tank
by anaerobic digestion.
The liquids (effluent) undergoes aerobic
oxidation in the upper layers of the soil,
outside the septic tank proper.
Advantages:
Isolation and treatment of excreta
No odor or fly problems
May be connected to sewerage system at a
later date
Disadvantages:
High cost of construction
Need for periodic mechanical emptying
Need for large volumes of flushing water
Only suitable where flush toilets are used
7. Chemical closet
It consists of a metal tank containing a
disinfectant fluid (Formaldehyde). A seat with
8. Biogas Plant
Security screening
Trench depth
approx. 150 mm
Access path
Handwashing facility
Dug soil (for back filling)
Superstructure
5m
4m
1.5 m
Approx.
300mm
Plan View
Superstructure
i.
WATER CLOSETS:
2.HOUSE DRAIN:
10 cm in diameter & is laid in the courtyard about 15 cm below the
ground level.
The house drain empties the sewage into the main sewer.
3.PUBLIC SEWER:
Not less than 22.5 cm in diameter, bigger ones may be 2-3 m in
diameter.
Laid 3 m below ground level with self cleansing velocity of 2-3 feet per
second.
4. SEWER APPURTANCES:
These are manholes & traps.
Manholes are placed:
i. whenever there is a change in direction of
sewer.s
ii. at the meeting point of 2 or more sewers.
iii. at distance of 100 m in long straight runs.