Effects of Fatigue On Running Mechanics: Spring-Mass Behavior in Recreational Runners After 60s of Counter-Movement Jumps

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Effects of Fatigue on Running Mechanics:

Spring-Mass Behavior in Recreational Runners
After 60 s of Counter-Movement Jumps
ARTICLE in JOURNAL OF APPLIED BIOMECHANICS JULY 2015
Impact Factor: 0.98 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2014-0235 Source: PubMed
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Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
University of Milan
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Effects of Fatigue on Running Mechanics: Spring-Mass Behavior in Recreational Runners After 60 s of Counter-Movement
Jumps by Fischer G, Storniolo J LL, Peyr-Tartaruga LA
Journal of Applied Biomechanics
2015 Human Kinetics, Inc.
Note. This article will be published in a forthcoming issue of

the Journal of Applied Biomechanics. The article appears here
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Section: Original Research

Article Title: Effects of Fatigue on Running Mechanics: Spring-Mass Behavior in
Recreational Runners After 60 s of Counter-Movement Jumps
Authors: Gabriela Fischer1, Jorge L. L. Storniolo1,2 and Leonardo A. Peyr-Tartaruga1
Affiliations: 1Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto
Alegre, Brazil. 2Laboratory of Locomotion Physiomechanics, Department of
Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
Journal: Journal of Applied Biomechanics
Acceptance Date: July 7, 2015
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2014-0235
Effects of fatigue on running mechanics: Spring-mass behavior in

recreational runners after 60 s of counter-movement jumps
Gabriela Fischer1, Jorge L. L. Storniolo1,2 and Leonardo A. Peyr-Tartaruga1

1
Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre,
Brazil
2
Laboratory of Locomotion Physiomechanics, Department of Pathophysiology and

Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Funding: This study was supported by a grant from the Federal University of Rio Grande do
Sul Fund for the Incentive of Research, Porto Alegre, Brazil. J. Storniolo and G. Fischer
received scholarships from the Brazilian Coordination for the Development of Superior
Education Personnel (CAPES), Braslia, Brazil. L.A. Peyr-Tartaruga is an established
investigator of the Brazilian Research Council (CNPq), Braslia, Brazil.
Conflict of Interest Disclosure: We state that there is no conflict of interest concerning the
submission of this manuscript.
Corresponding Author: Leonardo A. Peyr-Tartaruga, Exercise Research Laboratory,
Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo, 750, 90690-200 Porto Alegre,
Brazil. Tel.: +55 5184063793; Fax: +55 5133085843;
Email: leonardo.tartaruga@ufrgs.br.
Running Title: Effects of Acute Fatigue on Recreational Runners
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute fatigue on spring mass model
(SMM) parameters among recreational runners at different speeds. Eleven participants (5
males and 6 females) performed running trials at slower, self-selected and faster speeds on an
indoor track before and after performing a fatigue protocol (60 s of counter-movement
jumps). Maximal vertical force (Fmax), impact peak force (Fpeak), loading rate (LR), contact
time (Tc), aerial time (Ta), step frequency (SF), step length (SL), maximal vertical
displacement of the center of mass (Z), vertical stiffness (Kvert) and leg work (Wleg) were
measured using a force plate integrated into the track. A significant reduction (-43.18.6%;
P<.05) in mechanical power during jumps indicated that the subjects became fatigued. The
results showed that under fatigue conditions, the runners adjusted their running mechanics at
slower (2.7 ms-1; Z -12% and SF +3.9%; P<.05), self-selected (3.3 ms-1; SF +3%, SL 6.8%, Ta -16% and Fmax -3.3%; P<.05), and faster (3.6 ms-1 SL -6.9%, Ta -14% and Fpeak 9.8%; P<.05) speeds without significantly altering Kvert (P>.05). During constant running, the
previous 60 s of maximal vertical jumps induced mechanical adjustments in the
spatiotemporal parameters without altering Kvert.
Keywords: running biomechanics, fatigue, vertical stiffness, vertical jump
Word Count: 3157 words
INTRODUCTION
Running is a typical human movement involving the storage of kinetic energy in
elastic tissues during landing that can be used for the take-off phase. The action of the
musculotendinous structures during push-off and take-off is defined as the stretch-shortening
cycle (SSC), in which the preactivated muscle is initially stretched (eccentric action) and is
subsequently shortened (concentric action).1,2 A repeated contraction pattern of high intensity
and short duration reduces the SSC response,3 inducing a specific form of fatigue in runners.
It has been hypothesized that the fatigued state reduces the tolerance of muscles to stretch;
consequently, less elastic energy may be stored for the push-off phase, affecting running
performance.1,4,5
The spring-mass model (SMM) has been used to describe the functioning of
musculotendinous structures under normal running and hopping conditions6-8 and during
exhaustive exercise, such as repeated sprints4,9-11 and endurance running.5,12,13 Essentially, the
SMM depicts a mass on a massless spring, representing the complex musculoskeletal system
as a single linear spring.6 Despite its relative simplicity, the SMM has contributed to an
improved understanding of running mechanics, including the relationship of stiffness
characteristics with step frequency (SF) and energetic cost.12,14 The concept of stiffness is
related to Hookes law, which states that the force required to deform an object is related to a
proportional constant (spring) and the distance that the object is deformed.15,16
Vertical stiffness (Kvert) is commonly considered as the reference stiffness and
serves as a measure of the resistance of the body to vertical displacement after the application
of ground reaction force.16 Studies of Kvert using fatigue running protocols have produced
controversial results. Protocols performed using a treadmill until exhaustion have shown a
decreased Kvert and SF.17 However, considerable inter-individual differences in Kvert have
been observed under fatigue conditions.14 Furthermore, the type and the duration of the
fatigue running protocol appear to influence the SMM parameters. In a recent study18, after 5
hours of hilly running, ultramarathon runners exhibited an increase in Kvert and SF and a
decrease in maximal vertical displacement of the center of mass (Z) and maximal vertical
force (Fmax) while running at 10, 12 or 14 km.h-1 on a treadmill.
Nevertheless, when fatigue protocols were performed on a track, different SMM
behavior has been observed due to decrease in speed running.19 After 4 sprints of 100 m,
Kvert, SF and contact time (CT) significantly decreased with decreasing maximal and mean
speeds.4 Similarly, running mechanics and SMM behavior changed during a 5-km run: speed,
step length (SL) and SF progressively decreased. During the run, Fmax, but not Z, decreased,
and consequently, Kvert decreased by approximately 6%.13 In contrast, Slawinski et al12 did
not observe any significant changes in running mechanics or SMM behavior at constant
speeds between before and after an exhaustive 2000-meter run on a track. According to the
authors12, the intensity and duration (about six minutes) of maximal 2000-meter running was
insufficiently to induce a modification of the elastic properties via the repeated eccentric
contraction of the leg muscles. Indeed, Komi1 suggested that fatigue protocols of high
intensity and short duration rather than conventional running tests should be used to
demonstrate actual neuromuscular fatigue.
Given the effects of different fatigue protocols on running mechanics, we decided to
measure the impact of 60 s of counter-movement jumps (Boscos test)20 on SMM behavior
during running on an indoor track. We believe that this fatigue protocol may reduce SSC
capacity and consequently result in changes in SMM parameters during running similar to
those observed after prolonged hilly running18,21, such as an increase in Kvert, primarily due to
a lower Z, an increase in SF and a decrease in SL in the attempt to maintain a constant
speed. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of acute fatigue on kinetic,
spatiotemporal and SMM parameters during running at different speeds among recreational
runners.
METHODS
Participants
Eleven healthy recreational runners (5 males and 6 females) with an average age of
295 years, height of 1.720.78 m, body mass of 70.511.3 kg and VO2max of 49.75.9
mLkg-1min-1 [all meansSD] participated in this study. All subjects were required to have
been running at least 30 km per week during the previous six months and to have participated
in 5 and/or 10 km races within the past year. The subjects were free of any heart disease risk
factors and injury that could have affected their performance. The Research Ethics
Committee of UFRGS approved this study (registry number 2008025), and all subjects
provided informed consent before inclusion in the study.
Study Design
The participants came to the laboratory (LAPEX) on two occasions. On the first
testing day, the subjects performed a maximal incremental running test and underwent
cardiorespiratory measurements. On the second testing day (72 hours later), the subjects
performed two bouts of running (approximately 30 min) at different speeds separated by a
fatigue protocol (60 s of counter-movement jumps). The second running bout began
immediately after the fatigue protocol.
Incremental Test
To evaluate the maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), a maximal incremental
running test was performed on a treadmill (model 10200 ATL, Inbramed, Porto Alegre,
Brazil) during cardiorespiratory measurement (breath-by-breath open circuit ergospirometry,
Medical Graphics CPX/D, AZ, USA). The participants began the test at 7 km.h-1 for one
minute to warm up. They performed five additional minutes of running at their self-selected
speed. Thereafter, the speed was increased by 1 km.h-1 each minute until the participant
reached maximal effort. Inclination was maintained at 1% during the test to simulate the air
resistance. We adopted this methodology based on findings of Jones and Doust22 that showed
equality of the energetic cost of treadmill and outdoor running with the use of a 1% treadmill
grade at velocities between 2.92 and 5.0 ms-1. The evaluation was considered to be valid
when any of following criteria was met at the end of the test: 1) the estimated maximal heart
rate (HRmax) was reached (220 - age); 2) VO2 leveled off with increasing treadmill speed; or
3) respiratory exchange ratio greater than 1.15.23
Running Protocol
Running was performed on an indoor track (total: 28 m, 2 sides of 12m and 2 sides of
2 m) at the research laboratory. The participants ran 3 sets of 30 laps on the circuit at a
constant speed before and after the fatigue protocol. The speeds were defined as self-selected
or either faster or slower than self-selected. A timer (CASIO America Inc-HS3, USA) was
used to control the speed progression. After familiarization, the speeds were randomized for
each participant. The rest interval between each set was determined by measuring the heart
rate (HR<100 bpm) (POLAR FT4, Polar Electro, Inc., NY, USA). A force plate (3D-OR5
0.6 x 0.6 m, AMTI, Watertown, MA, USA) was integrated into the track and was covered
with a mat to prevent changes in the running pattern. Video recordings were performed using
a video camera at a sampling frequency of 50 Hz (JVC GR-VDL 9800, JVC Company of
America, Wayne, NJ, USA) positioned 4 m from the force plate. For 2D calibration purposes
we measured a rectangular structure of 2m of height and of 1m of width positioned exactly on
the force plate area. Figure 1 shows the laboratory setup for the data collection.
Fatigue Protocol
The fatigue protocol consisted of a vertical rebound jump series (60 seconds) of
maximal counter-movement jumps (Boscos test)20. During the test, the runners jumped on
the force plate while holding their hands on their hips and flexing their knees to
approximately 90. All subjects received verbal encouragement to reach their maximal height
and to ensure that fatigue was achieved. All phases of the fatigue protocol were video
recorded. The primary indicator of fatigue was the average mechanical power between the
first and last 15 seconds of the jumping test. This variable was calculated using an equation
proposed by Bosco et al20 in which the input data are flight time and the total number of
jumps during 60 s. To improve the reliability of the fatigue protocol, Storniolo et al24 have
validated Boscos equation based on kinetic data measured directly from the force plate.
Speed Analysis
A marker attached to the trochanter was digitized over 3 steps to determine the
average speed. Metric coordinates were obtained via bi-dimensional reconstruction. The
videotapes were digitized and reconstructed using Dvideow software (Digital Video for
Biomechanics for Windows-32 bit, Campinas, Brazil).
Kinetic and Spatiotemporal Parameters and SMM Analysis
Ground reaction force (GRF) was analyzed over 5 steps of the left foot to each of the
three speeds (self-selected, lower and faster). The vertical GRF data were sampled at 500 Hz,
and the threshold frequency was 57 Hz based on residual analysis.25 The measures extracted
from the vertical GRF curve included Fmax, impact peak force (Fpeak), loading rate (LR), Z,
Kvert, contact time (Tc), aerial time (Ta), SF and SL. The loading rate was calculated as the
rate of change in force between 10% and 90% of the impact force.26 Further, Z was obtained
via the double-integration method as proposed by Cavagna.27 Kvert was calculated as
Kvert=Fmax/Z . Positive and negative leg work was estimated as Wleg=0.5*Kvert*(Z)2. All
parameters were calculated using dedicated software (Labview version 8, National
Instruments, Austin, USA).
Statistics
Descriptive statistics are presented as the meansSD. Shapiro-Wilks test was used to
verify the normality of the data distribution. The paired t-test was used to compare the
mechanical power of the fatigue protocol between the first and last quartiles of time. The
mechanical parameters (Fmax, Fpeak, LR, Tc, Ta, SF, SL, Z, Kvert and Wleg) at slower, selfselected and faster speeds were compared between before and after the fatigue protocol using
two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA 3x2). All statistical analyses were conducted
at a threshold of P<0.05 using SPSS version 20.0. The effect size was computed using
Cohens f.28 The effect size was considered to be (1) small if 0 f 0.1, (2) medium if 0.1 <
f 0.25, or (3) large if f > 0.25.
RESULTS
The results showed that under fatigue conditions, the runners adjusted their running
mechanics at slower, self-selected and faster speeds without significantly altering Kvert
(P>.05). The runners performed an average of 567 counter-movement jumps in 60 s.
Significant reductions (-43.18.6%; p=0.009) in mechanical power between the first and last
quartile of time of the fatigue protocol (Figure 2) indicated that all subjects became fatigued.
Indeed, our subjects demonstrated at least a 30% power reduction due to fatigue. Grouping all
data together, the speeds were significantly different among the slower, self-selected and
faster conditions (P=0.001), although no differences were observed for the fatigue factor
(P=0.171) (interaction effect of speed x fatigue, P=0.018). In turn, all SF and SL data plotted
as a function of speed displayed significant changes due to fatigue (SF(+), P=0.033; SL(-),
P=0.011) (Figure 3). In addition, Fmax (2.400.68 BW versus 2.320.77 BW, P=0.005)
significantly decreased and Wleg per stride distance (289.5Jm-1 vs 26.38.2 Jm-1, p=0.098)
was kept constant before and after fatigue protocol.
The slower speed was approximately 2.7 ms-1, resulting in a decreased Z (-12%,
P=0.027) and an increased SF (+3.9%, P=0.029). Tc remained constant, whereas Ta tended to
decrease (P=0.057) (Table 1). The self-selected speed was approximately 3.3 ms-1. Under this
condition, Fmax (-3.3%, P=0.027), SL (-6.8%, P=0.012) and Ta (-16%, P=0.012) decreased,
but SF (+3%, P=0.029) increased after the fatigue protocol (Table 2). In contrast to the
slower and self-selected speeds, a significant difference in speed (P=0.046) was observed
between before (3.7 ms-1) and after (3.5 ms-1) acute fatigue at the faster speed (Table 3).
Significant changes in SL (-6.9%, P=0.003), Ta (-14%, P=0.015) and Fpeak (-9.6%, P=0.031)
were observed. No large effect size of the studied variables was observed between before and
after the fatigue protocol.
DISCUSSION
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of acute fatigue on kinetic,
spatiotemporal and SMM parameters at different running speeds among recreational runners.
The primary finding was that the runners adjusted their running mechanics at slower, selfselected, and faster speeds under fatigue condition without significantly altering Kvert. This
result was contrary to our hypothesis that 60 s of counter-movement jumps would reduce the
SSC capacity and consequently result in SMM parameter changes during running that were
similar to those observed after prolonged hilly running, that is, an increase in Kvert.18,21
To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study that investigated the adjustments
in running mechanics in response to 60 s of counter-movement jumps. A previous study29
demonstrated clear effects of fatigue on the kinematic and kinetic parameters of jumping
performance on the 60-s Boscos test20. At 40 s into the test, changes in contact phase muscle
activation, peak force, ground time and angular positioning (reduced knee flexion and ankle
dorsiflexion and increased angle of the trunk) were apparent. In our study, muscle fatigue was
identified based on a significant reduction in mechanical power (Figure 2). In the following
paragraphs, we discuss the effects of fatigue on the spatiotemporal, kinetic and SMM
parameters at different running speeds.
SF was significantly increased after the fatigue protocol. According to Degache et
al18, an increase in SF can be achieved via two different behaviors: a reduced aerial time or a
reduced contact time. Typically, a reduction in aerial time is observed when fatigue running
is performed on a track
30
, whereas a reduction in contact time is frequently observed for
running fatigue protocols using a treadmill. Indeed, the increase in SF during fatigued
running in this study is likely due to reductions in the aerial time and the SL. Figure 3 shows
the SF and SL data from this study and from the literature31, 32 as a function of speed. Our
data are slightly high for SL and slightly low for SF, but such discrepancies are likely due to
the differences in the running protocols. Running on a treadmill is very different from a
competitive situation, and in the fatigued state, the mechanical differences may be
greater.12,33 Therefore, our study demonstrates a greater ecological validity than other studies
that used treadmill protocols.
In contrast to the slower and self-selected speeds, the faster speed was significantly
reduced (-6.1%) after the fatigue protocol. Therefore, lower aerial time and step length under
this condition may be related to this reduction in speed.19 The inability to maintain the same
speed may indicate that our fatigue protocol affected, to a certain extent, the tendons.
Evidence suggests that at a speed greater than 3.6 ms-1, the muscle is maintained quasiisometric; consequently, the length change of the muscletendon unit is predominantly
sustained by the tendons.34 Therefore, we speculate that the contribution of elastic energy to
movement was more impaired at faster speeds. Furthermore, our sample was mixed (5 males
and 6 females), and the larger number of females may influence the SSC responses to fatigue.
Joseph et al35 showed differences in tendon mechanics between males and females after an
intense jump exercise. The females exhibited more compliant tendons in the fatigued state,
which may result in inefficient elastic energy transfer to the moving segment.
Our study showed a decrease in Fmax during fatigued running, whereas no changes in
Fpeak or LR were observed based on the combined data. Figure 4 shows representative curves
of vertical GRF for the three running trials before and after the fatigue protocol. The decrease
in GRF due to muscle fatigue has been observed in studies performing various fatigue
protocols, such as sprint running36 and the 5000m self-paced run.37 In a recent meta-analysis,
Zadppor and Nilooyan38speculated that the human body is equipped with a protective strategy
that reduces the GRF as muscles fatigue to protect the body from possible injuries.
No significant changes were observed in Kvert post fatigue protocol. These results
agree with those of previous investigations12,14,19 that measured running mechanics after a
fatigue protocol at constant speeds. According to Rabita et al19, the lack of changes in Kvert
could be explained by the similar decreases in Z and Fmax. In our study, Z decreased more
than Fmax, but this difference was not sufficient to significantly change Kvert. Wleg per stride
distance did not change as well. This could indicate that fatigued runners were able to
produce the same quantity of work at each stride adjusting spatio-temporal parameters. It is
interesting to mention that the SSM is only a descriptive model, using a linear spring to
elucidate the force-length co-variation achieved by leg muscle function during running.
Nonetheless, SSM parameters help to detect mechanical adjustments due to fatigue.
Despite the increased step frequency, our results indicated that neuromuscular fatigue
induced by 60 s of counter-movement jumps was not equivalent to fatigue induced by
prolonged hilly running. Previously, we hypothesized that 60 s of counter-movement jumps
would result in similar fatigue effects (increased Kvert) primarily due to eccentric activation
and muscle damage after effort. However, the effects of acute fatigue observed in this study
were found to be similar to the mechanical adjustments observed for the aging process.
Cavagna et al39 compared spring-mass behavior between old and young men at different
running speeds. In summary, old men run with a lower maximal vertical displacement of the
center of mass during contact, a higher step frequency (caused by a reduced aerial time with
no change in contact time), and a reduced maximal vertical force, resulting in an unchanged
ratio of Fmax to Z, or vertical stiffness, between old and young male runners. Karamanidis
and Arampatzis40 interpreted these changes as a response to the reduced capacities of the
subjects muscletendon unit by increasing the running safety.
According to Nicol et al2, fatigue protocols should be completely exhaustive to
reduce the important influence of inter-subject variability on the fatigue responses. In our
study, the fixed duration (60 s) of the protocol may have affected the runners differently.
Skurvydas et al41 retested the height of vertical jumps 20 min after 100 drop jumps in
untrained subjects, sprinters and long-distance runners, verifying that for all groups, the
initial value was not restored. In our case, mechanical power was not retested; this lack of
measurement may represent a limitation of the study. Nevertheless, Boscos test is a sensitive
tool for assessing fatigue via mechanical power measurement. A decrease in performance
during the entire test is also useful to differentiate subjects exhibiting different muscle fiber
composition of the vastus lateralis muscle42. In conclusion, during constant running, the
previous 60 s of maximal vertical jumps induced mechanical adjustments without altering the
vertical stiffness.
Counter-movement jump is an exercise that is typically performed by runners to
improve step power. This study showed that 60 s of vertical jumps at maximal intensity led to
spatiotemporal adjustments during running performed immediately after this effort.
Therefore, it would be interesting to control the volume, the intensity and the recovery times
of SSC exercises during the training program/session to avoid running performance
impairments. For a better understanding, we suggest that future studies analyze faster speeds
after SSC exercises on treadmill to guarantee that changes in running mechanics are due to
fatigue.
Acknowledgments
We thank Felipe Braga Couto, Natalia Gomeuka, Patrcia Pantoja and Cristine Alberton for
their hard work and assistance during pilot testing and data collection. We are grateful to the
Locomotion Group of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul for discussions and
comments.
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Figure 1 Indoor track running circuit (total: 28 m, 2 sides of 12m and 2 sides of 2 m)
recording kinematic and kinetic data. The dashed lines represent the subjects trajectory.
Figure 2 Mean mechanical power (Wkg-1) calculated for the first 15 s and for the last 15 s
of the 60 s of jumping protocol. Symbol (*) represents significant difference (P<.05) between
the first and the last quarter.
Figure 3 - Changes in the step length and frequency as a function of running speed before
(gray line and triangles) and after (black line and circles) the 60 s jumping test. Each point
corresponds to one individual step. Changes are fitted by power functions. The gray dotted
lines for SL correspond to individual values from Minetti and Alexander (1997)30 and the
gray dotted lines for SF correspond to individual values from Nummela et al. (2007).31
Figure 4 - Representative vertical ground reaction force curves for the Pre- (thin gray line)
and Post-fatigue (thick black line) conditions at slower, self-selected and faster speeds.
Table 1 Spatiotemporal, kinetic and spring-mass model variables during running at slower
speeds before and after 60s of counter-movement jumps Values are meanSD.
Parameters
Speed (ms-1)
Tc (s)
Ta (s)
SF (Hz)
SL (m)
Fpeak (BW)
Fzmax (BW)
LR (BWs-1)
Z (m)
Kvert (kNm-1)
PRE
2.850.35
0.2940.028
0.0720.024
2.660.16
1.070.15
1.430.21
2.320.22
40.814.0
0.0830.020
18.93.2
POST
2.860.31
0.2920.026
0.0710.033
2.770.18*
1.030.13
1.480.34
2.230.27
40.114.8
0.0750.017*
20.02.7
Slower speeds
% Change
P values
0.211
0.87
-0.97.5
0.81
-3559
0.057
3.94.9
0.029
-3.78.8
0.19
1.3811
0.44
-4.16.1
0.067
-3.512
0.66
-1214
0.027
5.910
0.094
Effect Size
0.08 (small)
0.07 (small)
0.03 (small)
0.64 (moderate)
0.28 (small)
0.17 (small)
0.36 (small)
0.05 (small)
0.43 (small)
0.37 (small)
Note. Tc: contact time; Ta: aerial time; SF: step frequency; SL: step length; F peak:: impact peak force;
Fmax: maximal vertical force; LR: loading rate; Z: maximal vertical displacement of the center of
mass; Kvert: vertical stiffness; Wleg: work leg.
* P<.05 for difference with PRE
Table 2 Spatiotemporal, kinetic and spring-mass model variables during running at selfselect speeds before and after 60s of counter-movement jumps. Values are meanSD.
Parameters
Speed (ms-1)
Tc (s)
Ta (s)
SF (Hz)
SL (m)
Fpeak (BW)
Fzmax (BW)
LR (BWs-1)
Z (m)
Kvert (kNm-1)
PRE
3.310.31
0.2650.019
0.1020.025
2.740.13
1.220.13
1.700.28
2.410.26
52.520.6
0.0790.017
20.83.4
POST
3.230.35
0.2670.026
0.0890.023*
2.820.14*
1.150.14*
1.700.40
2.330.24*
50.419.1
0.0730.012
21.53.7
Self-selected speeds
% Change
-3.911
0.37.6
-1619
3.04.0
-6.87.8
-0.911
-3.34.4
-4.716
-7.515
2.313
P values
0.30
0.77
0.012
0.029
0.012
0.93
0.027
0.40
0.13
0.50
Effect Size
0.31 (small)
0.08 (small)
0.54 (moderate)
0.59 (moderate)
0.51 (moderate)
0.01 (small)
0.32 (small)
0.10 (small)
0.40 (small)
0.19 (small)
mass; Kvert: vertical stiffness.
Table 3 Spatiotemporal, kinetic and spring-mass model variables during running at faster
speeds before and after 60s of counter-movement jumps. Values are meanSD.
Parameters
Speed (ms-1)
Tc (s)
Ta (s)
SF (Hz)
SL (m)
Fpeak (BW)
Fzmax (BW)
LR (BWs-1)
Z (m)
Kvert (kNm-1)
PRE
3.730.23
0.2440.018
0.1120.020
2.830.25
1.320.10
2.000.50
2.490.24
60.425.7
0.0790.019
21.64.6
POST
3.570.33*
0.2490.022
0.1000.024*
2.880.21
1.240.14*
1.820.37*
2.420.27
57.721.1
0.0720.015
22.52.7
Faster speeds
% Change
-6.19
1.86.2
-1416
1.74.3
-6.96.4
-9.612
-2.84.3
-3.614
-10.225
3.917.8
P values
0.046
0.30
0.015
0.22
0.003
0.031
0.058
0.38
0.20
0.48
Effect Size
0.75 (moderate)
0.24 (small)
0.54 (moderate)
0.21 (small)
0.65 (moderate)
0.40 (small)
0.27 (small)
0.11 (small)
0.40 (small)
0.23 (small)
mass; Kvert: vertical stiffness.

Effects of Fatigue On Running Mechanics: Spring-Mass Behavior in Recreational Runners After 60s of Counter-Movement Jumps

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Effects of Fatigue on Running Mechanics:

Jorge Lopes Storniolo

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Leonardo Alexandre Peyr-Tartaruga

All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate,

Available from: Leonardo Alexandre Peyr-Tartaruga

Note. This article will be published in a forthcoming issue of

Section: Original Research

Effects of fatigue on running mechanics: Spring-mass behavior in

Gabriela Fischer1, Jorge L. L. Storniolo1,2 and Leonardo A. Peyr-Tartaruga1

Laboratory of Locomotion Physiomechanics, Department of Pathophysiology and

Word Count: 3157 words

, whereas a reduction in contact time is frequently observed for

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