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Datura herb and its main alkaloid hyoscine are parasympatholytic with
anticholinergic and central nervous system depressant effects.
It is used in cerebral excitement.
Along with morphine, it is used as preoperative medication.
It is used in treatment of ashma and cough
5. Hyoscine hydrobromide is used in motion sickness, gastric or duodenal ulcers
Experiment-2
the various
are somnine,
alkaloids
somniferinine, withananine, pseudo-ithanine, tropine, pseudotropine, cuscohygrine, anferine andanhydrine. Two acyl steryl glucosides, sitoindoside
VII and sitoindoside VIII, have been isolated from root. The leaves contain steroidal
lactones, which are commonly called withanolides. The withanolides have C28
steroidal nucleus with C9 side chain and a six-membered lactone ring.
Uses1.
2.
adaptogenic
3.
chronic fatigue
4.
dehydration
5.
bone weakness
6.
neurodegenerative disorders
Cautions:Do not taste the crude drug because it might be harmful to the human body in crude
form.
Experiment-3
Aim-To study the macroscopic characters of Vinca
Reference- 1.Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P., Gokhle S. B., Pharmacognosy, Reprint 2007,
Edition 39th , Nirali Parkashan, Page no. 484-487.
2. Shah N. B., Nayak B. S., Experimental Pharmacognosy, First Edition April,2008, S.
Vikas Page no. 184-186
Theory:
VINCA
Synonym- Periwrinkle
Bio. Source- It consists of dried whole plant of Catharanthus roseus Don belonging to
family Apocyanaceae
MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:
Leaves
Color- Green
Shape- Simple,petiolate, ovate or oblong, unicostate, reticulate, entire, brittle and
oppositely arranged
Apex- Acute and mucronate Lamina- glabrous somewhat shiny Margin- Entire with
acute base
Flowers
Color- Violet, pink, white or carmine red in color
Shape- Flowers are bractate, pedicillate, complete, hermaphrodite, normally 2-3 cm in
cymarose axillary clusters.
Fruits are follicles with several black seeds Odour- characteristics
Taste-Bitter
Chemical constituentsIt mainly contains indole alkaloids (0.1-1.5%) of which vincristine and vinblastine are
medicinally important. Vinblastine contains indole alkaloid part called catharanthine
and dihydroindole alkaloid part called vindoline.Other alkaloids present are ajmalicine,
serpentine and tetrahydroalstonine.
Uses1.
2.
3.
4.
Experiment-4
Use1. Antihypertensive
2. Tranquillising agent and used in certain neuro-psychiatric disorders
Cautions:Do not taste the crude drug because it might be harmful to the human body in crude
form.
Experiment-5
Aim-To study the macroscopic characters of Nuxvomica.
Reference- 1.Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P., Gokhle S. B., Pharmacognosy, Reprint 2007,
Edition 39th , Nirali Parkashan, Page no. 476-479.
2. Shah N. B., Nayak B. S., Experimental Pharmacognosy, First Edition April,2008, S.
Vikas Page no. 151-153
Theory
NUXVOMICA
Synonyms- Kuchla, karaskara, crow fig, semen strychni
Bio. Source- It consists of dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nuxvomica Linn. Belonging
to
family loganiaceae
MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:
Color-outer surface is grey to greenish grey
Odour-None
Taste- Intensly bitter
Size- 10-30 mm in diameter and 406 mm in thickness
Shape- Disc shaped somewhat flat or irregularly bent and concavo-convex.
Margin- rounded or acute
2.
CNS stimulant
3.
Respiratory stimulant.
4.
Experiment-6
Aim-To study the transverse section and powder microscopy of Rauwolfia
References- 1.Kokate C.K., Practical Pharmacognosy, Edition 11 th, Vallabh Parkashan,
Page no. 76-78.
2. Shah N. B., Nayak B. S., Experimental Pharmacognosy, First Edition April,2008, S.
Vikas Page no. 151-153
Requirements- sample (rauwolfia root entire & powder), microscope, Glass slide,
Coverslip, glycerine (50%), phloroglucinol, HCl
Theory
Synonym- Rauwolfia root, serpentina root, choota chand, sarpagandha
Bio. Source- It consists of dried roots and rhizomes of Rauwolfia serpentina Benth,
belonging to Family Apocyanaceae
MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERSTransverse section of root
1 CORK- stratified with 1-7 laters of small cells, 1-3 layers of larger cells, suberised,
larger cells lignified.
2. PHELLODERM- 10-12 rows of cellulosic parenchyma
prisms
and
Cautions:Do not taste the crude drug because it might be harmful to the human body in crude
form.
Experiment-7
Aim-To study the transverse section of Datura and Vinca
References - 1.Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P., Gokhle S. B., Pharmacognosy, Edition 41,
Reprint 2008, Nirali Parkashan, Page no. 501-502
2. Shah N. B., Nayak B. S., Experimental Pharmacognosy, First Edition April,2008, S.
Vikas Page no. 109-111
Requirements- sample (Datura leaf and catharanthus leaf), microscope, Glass slide,
Coverslip, glycerine (50%)
THEORY
Synonym- Datura herb
Bio. Source- It consists of the dried leaves and flowering tops of Datura metel
Linn. And other species of Datura belonging to Family Solanaceae
MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:
Study of transverse section1.
Datura leaf is dorsiventral i.e. having distinct upper and lower surfaces.
2.
3.
Epidermal cells are polygonal with thin cuticle, anticlinical walls, slightly straight
on the upper surface, wavy on the lower surface.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
The space between collenchyma and vascular bundle is occupied by 6-8 rows of
cortical parenchymatous cells some of which are filled with calcium oxalate
THEORY:
VINCA
Synonym- Periwrinkle
Bio. Source- It consists of dried whole plant of Catharanthus roseus Don belonging to
family Apocyanaceae
MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:
Study of transverse section-
1.
2.
3.
Epidermal cells are polygonal with thin cuticle; anticlinal walls are straight on
the upper surface and wavy on the lower surface.
4.
5.
6.
7.
T.S. of root shows thin cork, composed of several layers of uniformly arranged,
thin-walled cells
2.
3.
Below cortex is a large wood, which consists of vessels, tracheids and fibres
transversed longitudinally by medullary rays.
4.
5.
1.
The powder is greyish in colour with characteristic odour and bitter and acrid
taste.
2.
3.
Starch grains, nearly all simple, spherical-ovoid with distinct central hilum are
found scattered or parenchymatous cells of cortex.
4.
Experiment-9
Theory
NUXVOMICA
Synonyms- Kuchla, karaskara, crow fig, semen strychni
Bio. Source- It consists of dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nuxvomica Linn. Belonging
to
family loganiaceae
MACROSCOPIC CHARACTERS:
Study of transverse section1.
2.
Epidermis- large, thick walled lignified cells with slit like pits.
Epidermal trichomes- thick walled, bent, twisted, and lignified with about 10
longitudinal ribs on the limb.
3.
4.
5.
embryo and endosperm both contain aleurone grains and fixed oil globules
6.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Endosperm cells from central region are large and very thick walled while those
from outer part, small and relatively thin walled.
A few fragments of endosperm show faint plasmodesma
Experiment-10
Aim-To perform the chemical test of Nuxvomica and datura
References- 1. Kokate C.K., Purohit A.P., Gokhle S. B., Pharmacognosy, Reprint 2007,
Edition 39th, Nirali Parkashan, Page no. 476-479.&501-502
2. Shah N. B., Nayak B. S., Experimental Pharmacognosy, First Edition April,2008, S.
Vikas Page no. 151-153
3. Kokate C.K., Practical Pharmacognosy, Reprint 2007, Edition 4 th, Vallabh Parkashan,
Page no. 66-67.
Requirements- Sample (Nux-vomica powder), Test tubes, test tube stands and
holders, watch glass, UV lamp, Bunsen burner , Conc. H 2SO4, Conc. HNO3, Ammonium
Vanadate, methanolic Potassium KOH, Acetone, K2Cr2O7,
Theory
NUXVOMICA
Synonyms- Kuchla, karaskara, crow fig, semen strychni
Bio. Source- It consists of dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nuxvomica Linn. Belonging
to
family loganiaceae
THEORY
Synonym- Datura herb
Bio. Source- It consists of the dried leaves and flowering tops of Datura metel Linn.
And other species of Datura belonging to Family Solanaceae
Chemical tests:
The thin section of nuxvomica seed is defatted and performs the following tests1.
2.
3.
A thick section of drug is treated with iodine solution and concentrated sulphuric
acid. Endosperm cell walls stain blue (due to hemicellulose)
THEORY
2.
Experiment-11
Aim-To perform the chemical test of Rauwolfia and Cinchona
References- 1.Kokate C.K., Practical Pharmacognosy, Edition 11 th, Vallabh Parkashan,
Page no. 76-78.
2.
Powdered
drug
is
treated
with
sulphuric
acid
and
pdimethylaminobenzaldehyde, a bluish-violet to red color is developed. The test is
specific for indole alkaloids.
1% tincture of drug shows fluorescence in UV light.
CINCHONA
Synonym- Peruvian bark, Jesuits bark
Bio. Source- It consists of dried stem or root bark of the plant Cinchona succirubra,
C. ledgeriana, C. calisaya, C. officinalis and other species of Cinchona belonging to
family Rubiaceae
Chemical tests:1.
Heat the cinchona powder with glacial acetic acid. Reddish brown fumes on the
cooler part of the test tube are seen.
2.
Coarse powdered bark is treated with lime and extracted with alcohol. The
alcoholic extract is evaporated and residue is taken up with dilute sulphuric Acid, the
liquid gives a blue fluorescence.
3.
Thalleioquin test- To 10ml of the extract, add 0.25 ml of bromine water and 2
ml of dilute ammonia solution are added and heated if necessary, a bright green
colouration is produced.
Experiment-12
Aim-To perform TLC of given sample.
Edition
Procedure:-1. Prepare the TLC plate and keep it for the saturation. Make the extract
of the powdered drug and the spot it on the saturated TLC plate. Make the solvent
system and let it saturate it for the half an hour. The run the solvent system till 3/4 th of
the plate. Dry the plate on the hot plate and then spray it by the spraying agent. Let it
get air dried and the mark the spot and trace the spot on the tracing paper.
Results: - Report the Rf value.
Rf Value =
Distance travelled by solute
Distance travelled by solvent
Cautions:-
Do not misuse the chemicals and keep the plate properly in the solvent chamber.