Purification of

water
By: - Yerasi Jayasimha Reddy
CLASS: - 11A

Nandi Academy

Introduction
Water Purification is to remove all contaminates from water such as
bacteria, chemicals etc

25 ways of purification of water

First let us divide the purification of water

methods into 4parts:
Separation by Heat, Light, and Gravity. 4
methods
Chemicals.

10 methods
Filtration.
8 methods
Oxidation.
3
methods

Sedimentation, Boiling, Distillation and Ultraviolet light

separation come under the first separation method
Heat, Light and Gravity.

Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Hydrogen Peroxide, Silver,

Nontoxic organic acids, Lime and Mild alkaline agents,
Neutralizing chemicals, Coagulation-Flocculation, Ion
exchange come under the separation methods using
Chemicals.

Slow sand, Pressure sand, Diatomaceous Earth, Porous

Stone, paper or cloth, Charcoal, Reverse Osmosis,

Enzymes and Bacteria come under separation methods

using Filtration.

Aeration, Ozone, Electronic purification and Dissolved

oxygen generation are the separation methods come
under Oxidation
Heat, light and gravity

Sedimentation: - It is the tendency for

particles in suspension to settle out of the
fluid in which they are entrained and come
to rest against a barrier. This is due to their
motion through the fluid in response to the
forces acting on them: these forces can be
due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration, or
electromagnetism.

Boiling: - Boiling water is an effective

and quite simple method to clean water
from certain bacteria and contaminations
which can be killed below 100 c such as
Giardia, Cryptosporidium. (It will not
remove all pollutants or foreign particles).
This process is mostly used in rural areas
where they cannot get mineral water for drinking.

Distillation: - This is the method used

to separate liquids with different boiling
points. But also can be used to separate
other components with boiling point less
than 100 cfrom water.

Ultraviolet light separation: Ultraviolet light is a good bactericide, but has

no residual kill, and works only in clearly
filtered water. Still in its infancy stage is a
new technology involving super white light.
It is used in home water purifiers.

Purification using chemicals

Chlorine: - Purification of water using chlorine is called

Chlorination. Chlorine is added to water to disinfect it and kill
germs. Chlorine is available as compressed element gas,
sodium hypochlorite solution and solid calcium hypochlorite.

Industrial method of Chlorination.

Bromine: - Bromine is used for the

disinfection of swimming pool and cooling
tower water. It is not used for the disinfection of
drinking water.

Iodine: - Iodine is used in water purification

as Iodine Tincture solution. It is also used as an
eyedropper. Mostly used in survival cases.

Hydrogen peroxide: - Adding H2O2 to

water is safer than chlorine bleach in water
treatment process. Mostly H2O2 is used in
water treatment process for creating purified
water in emergency disaster situations.

Silver: - Silver prevents bacteria and algae from

building up in their filters
so that they can do their
job to rid drinking water of
bacteria, chlorine,
tihalomethanes, lead,
particulates and odor.

Non-toxic organic acids: - Should be used with caution

in large water plants only.

Lime and Mild alkaline agents: - Lime products soften

water by removing
carbonate and noncarbonate hardness.
This purifies the
water for
consumption,
provides better
tasting water and
allows soap products
to lather readily.

Neutralising chemicals: - Neutralising chemicals adjusts

the ph value to around 7. Calcium carbonate is used to treat
water with Ph
value more than
6. And synthetic
magnesium
oxide is used to
treat water with
a Ph below 6.

Coagulation-flocculation: - It is used to enhance the

ability of a treatment process to remove particles applied to
sedimentation and filtration. Such as rapid sand filtration.

Ion
exchange: - In ion exchange the harmful compounds
changed to benign compounds.

By Filtration

Slow sand: - Slow sand of 1 cubic meter passes about 2

litres/minute, and
does a limited
bacteria removal.

Pressure Sand: - Pressure sand of 1 cubic metre passes

about 40gpm (gallons per minute) or in litres 151.416litres per

minute and must be backwashed daily.

Diatomaceous Earth: - Diatomaceous Earth (DE or

Diatomite) precoat filtration has been a widely used method of
fluid

purification for over 100 years.

Porous stone: - Porous stone or ceramic are small but

expensive, and do not effect chemicals, bacteria or odors.

Paper or cloth: - Paper or cloth

filters ore disposable and filer to
one micron, but do not have much
capacity.

Charcoal: - Compressed char coal is the best type of

charcoal filter,
which can remove
chemicals and lead,
but I easily clogged
so should be used
with a sediment
prefilter.

Reverse Osmosis: - Uses a membrane

with microscopic holes that require 4 to 8 times the volume of

water processed to wash it in order to remove minerals and

salts, but not necessarily chemicals and bacteria.

Enzymes and Bacteria: - Enzymes and bacteria

combined contaminations and reduce sludge.

Using Oxidation

Aeration: - Aeration sprays water into the air to raise the

oxygen content, to break down odors, and to balance the
dissolved gases. However, it takes space, is expensive, and
picks up contaminations from the air.

Ozone: - Ozone is a very good bactericide, using highly

charged oxygen molecules to kill microorganisms on contact,
and oxidize and flocculate iron, manganese and other dissolved
minerals for post-filtration and backwashing.

Electronic purification and dissolved oxygen

generation: Electronic purification and
dissolved oxygen
generation creates super
oxygenated water in a
dissolved state that lowers
the surface tension of the
water and effectively
treats all three types of
contamination: physical, chemical and biological.

By: - Yerasi Jayasimha Reddy

Class: - 11A