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Stone Construction
Design of Stone
Buildings
Use Applications of
Stones
Classification of
Stones
Stone Introduction
Properties of Stones
Engineering Metals
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Strength of
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Presence of Mica, even less than 2-3% makes stone unsuitable for building purposes. Stones with silicates as
cementing materials are resistant to weathering.
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The more compact grained and heavier a stone, the more stronger it is. A crystalline stone is superior to a
non-crystalline texture. The specific gravity of good stone should be above 2.7.
Stones used for road metal, paving blocks, floor slabs and railway ballast have to withstand mainly abrasion or
wear and tear. Stone wall subjected to vibrations of machinery and moving loads should necessarily possess
toughness. Strongness and hardness itself depend on some factors:
Factors affecting strength, hardness and toughness
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The amount of soft and hard material in a specific sample of stone also matters.
Greater the amount of hard materials more will be the resistence to weathering.
c) Size and shape of the minerals is stones:
Crystalline solids are hard and compact, thus superioir to non-crystalline. Finer the
crystals, stronger the stones and vice versa, This property i.e fineness reduces the
pores in the stone.
d) Cohesion:
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It is the property of atoms or particles to attract each other. The fine grains have more
cohesive power than the coarser grains. Greater the cohesion in stone causes
increase in the hardness, strongness and toughness of stones. The property of
compactness also depends deeply on cohesion.
e) Porosity:
Stones in wet conditions and having pores in them allow a lower crushing strength
than normal. Porosity can reduce the strength upto 30 - 40% e.g limestone and
sandstone are affected by this property. Porosity is the property of a substance in
which it contains pores i it. It also reduces the resistence to a concentrated (point)
load.
f) Density:
If a stone is compact, dense, it would also be non-porous and strong , thus toughness
also depends upon density.
g) Cementing material:
Stones with silicates as cementing material will be resistant to weathering than those
with calcareous or ferruginous binding material. So, cementing material also affects
the choice of stone selection.
3) Resistence to heat:
Resistence to heat means that the stone must have a very low amount of expansion due to large increase in
temperature. Silicious materials are good at areas where resistence to fire is required.
4) Bio-deterioration:
Certain trees and creepers thrust theri roots in the joints of stones and have both mechanical and chemical
adverse effects. Special microbes can grow on the surface and in minute fissures, their by-products cause
flaking and discoloration.
5) Appearance:
The aesthetic aspect that is color, appearance and show of stones must also be considered when being used in
a project. Appearance depends on the color and the ease with which the stone can be dressed, rubbed or
polished.
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