'Mc-Xob Kwkvim-C-Øns Asn-Sbm-Gp-°P-Iƒ: SN - Apl - ZV

`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚
ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ
Sn.apl-ΩZv
Ckvem-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukv

tImgn-t°mSv, Xncp-h\- ¥
- ]- p-cw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xriq¿, IÆq¿
4 `mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
- ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ
Sn. apl-ΩZv
P\\w : ae-∏pdw Pn√-bnse sImSn-™n, 1917-˛¬.
]nXmhv : X´-cm-ń¬ AlvaZv Ipń
amXmhv : Imcm-S≥ ]mØp
Bdp hb- p-≈-t∏mƒ ]nXmhv ac-W-s∏-´p. AtXmsS kvIqƒ
hnZym- ` ymkw c≠mw- X - c - Ø n¬ sh®v Ah- k m- \ n- ∏ n- t °- ≠ n- h - ∂ p.
]n∂oSv hnZym-`ymkw ]≈n-Z¿kp-I-fn-te°v amdn. ^tdm-°nse duZ-
Øp¬ Deqw Ad-_nIv tImtf-Pn¬\n∂v Ad_n˛C-kvem-anI ]T\w
]q¿Øn-bm-°n. ]n∂oSv Imk¿-t°ms´ Benbm Ad-_nIv tImtf-Pp-
ambn _‘-s∏-´p. AhnsS A[ym-]-I-\m-bn.
CS-°m-eØv apkvenw eoKp-ambn _‘-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw hn`-
P-\m-\-¥cw Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an-bn¬ BIr-jvS-\m-bn. AXn¬
AwKXzw t\Sn. 1950-˛¬ sIm®n-bn¬ Pam-AØv {]h¿Ø-I-\mbn
\ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p. XpS¿∂v Pam-AsØ Ckveman tIcf imJ-bpsS
Jønw (sk-{I-´-dn), BIvSnwKv Aao¿, IqSn-bm-tem-N-\m-k-an-Xn-bw-Kw,
tI{µ {]Xn-\n[n k`mwKw F∂o ÿm\-ßƒ hln-®p. 1959 apX¬
1970 hsc Pam-AsØ Ckvem-an-bpsS apJ-]-{X-amb {]t_m-[-\-
Øns‚ apJy ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
Ckvem-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukns‚ A[y-£-\mbpw tkh-\-a-\p-
jvTn-®n-´p-≠v. sF.-]n.-F-®ns‚ hf¿®-bn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ]¶v hfsc
hep-Xm-Wv. 1988 Pqsse 10-˛\v \ncym-X-\m-bn.
IrXn- I ƒ:
`mc- X ob kwkv I m- c - Ø ns‚ ASn- s bm- g p- ° p- I ƒ
Hcp PmXn Hcp ssZhw
Ckv e m- a nse \thm- ∞ m\ {]ÿm- \ - ß ƒ
A_p¬ AAv e m
bphm- ° ƒ bpK- i n¬]n- I ƒ
Ckv e m- a nse C_m- Z Øv
B[p\nI Nn¥- I ƒ
X¿_n-bØv : F¥v, F¥n-\v, Fßs\?
kv{Xo Ckvem-anepw CXc kwkvIm-c-ß-fnepw
[¿a- k - a cw
knlv ¿
cq]hpw bmYm¿Yyhpw (hn- h ¿Ø- \ w)
\n¿am- W hpw kwlm- c hpw (hn- h ¿Ø- \ w)
JXv a p- ∂ p- _ p- ∆ Øv (hn- h ¿Ø- \ w)
ssZh- k - ¶ ¬]w Ime- L - ´ - ß - f n- e qsS (hn- h ¿Ø- \ w)
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
- ns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ 5
D≈-S°w
BapJw
`mKw 1
1. [¿a-kw-ÿm-]-I¿
Irjv W s‚ IY
Ipcp- t £- { X- b p≤w
{]hm- N - I - X zhpw Ah- X m- c hpw
Ah- X m- c - ß ƒ
`mc- X ob {]hm- N - I cpw apkv e nw- I fpw
2. am\-ZWvUw
AZr- i y- b m- Y m¿Yy- ß - f n- e p≈ hnizmkw
GI- s sZ- h Xz hn`m- h \w
]c- t emI hnizmkw
]mc- e u- I nI [m¿anI ho£Ww
aX- ÿ m- ] - I s‚ hnizm- k yX
{]hm- N - I s\ AwKo- I - c n- ° ¬
3. a\p-tjym¬∏-Øn-bpsS IY
Um¿hn- \ nkw
\c- h w- i - N - c n{Xw
\nbm- ≠ ¿Xmƒ a\p- j y≥
{]mIrX aX- t _m[w
a\p- j y- N - c n- { Xhpw `mc- X hpw
4. ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jWw
]pcm- X - X z- \ n- c o- £ - W - Ø ns‚ {]m[m\yw
DXv J - \ - \ hpw Kth- j - W hpw
Ime- \ n¿Wbw
AWp- i m- k v { X- Ø ns‚ klmbw
kXym- t \z- j W hnIm- c - Ø ns‚ A\n- h m- c yX
5. `mc-X-∏-ga
a\p- j y- N - c n- { X- Ø ns‚ Bcw`w `mc- X - Ø ntem?
"C¥y' F∂ \ma- t [bw
C¥ymNcn- { X- Ø nse hnhn[ L´- ß ƒ
6. `mc-Xob aX-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ
thZ- k w- l n- X - I ƒ
{_m“- W - ß ƒ
Bc- W y- I - ß ƒ AYhm h\y- I r- X n- I ƒ
D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I ƒ
sshZnI kmlnXyw F∂m¬
{][m\ D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I ƒ
sshZnI kmlnXy ]ńI
kv a rXn- I ƒ
CXn- l m- k - ß ƒ
]pcm- W - ß ƒ
thZmw- K - ß ƒ
jUv Z ¿i- \ - ß ƒ
7. h¿K hn`-P\w
h¿K- k n- ≤ m¥w
h¿W- t a- [ m- h nXzw C¥y- b n¬
h¿K-ta-[m-hnXzw Ckvem-anI ZrjvSym
hwi- ] m- c - º cyw
Pe- { ]- f - b - I Y
Ncn- { X- ] - c X
Xmh- g n- I ƒ
bms^- Ø ns‚ hwi- ] - c - º c
lmans‚ hwi- ] - c - º c
tians‚ hwi- ] - c - º c
\ncq- ] Ww
`mjm- h ¿K- ß ƒ
ico- c m- I rXn
aX- h ¿K- ß ƒ
8. kn‘p-XS kwkvImcw
taml≥P- Z m- t dmbpw lc- ∏ bpw
\K- c - k w- h n- [ m\w
Ir{Xn- a - I p- f hpw Ipfn- a p- d n- I fpw
hoSp-Iƒ 95
tZl- { ]- I r- X nbpw thj- ` q- j m- Z n- I fpw
Ifn- t °m- ∏ p- I ƒ
t£{Xhpw tZhm- e - b hpw
ap{Z- I ƒ
Krtlm- ] - I - c - W - ß ƒ
hntZ- i - _ ‘w
iv a im- \ - ß ƒ
Ime- \ n¿Wbw
9. Bcy-˛Z-kyp-{]iv\w
kwL¿j- Ø ns‚ cq£X
Akpc t\Xm- ° ≥am- c psS hn\miw
kwL¿j ImcWw
imco- c nI e£Ww
]Wv U n- X ≥am- c psS A`n- { ]mbw
Zkyp-°ƒ {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cp∂p
Xncp-bm-^nYpw {ZmhnUpw
10. kn‘p-X-Shpw saskm-s∏m-t´-an-bbpw
saskm- s ∏m- t ´- a nb
kpta- c n- b ≥ kwkv I mcw
saskm- s ∏m- t ´- a n- b ≥ Ncn- { X- Ø n- ∂ m- [ mcw
aX- h n- i zmkw
aXhpw kmaq- l nI \oXnbpw
lΩp- d m- _ nbpw A{am- s êpw
11. aX-]-c-amb ASp∏w
ssk‘h kwkv I m- c - Ø nse aXw
tZh- ] qP
12. kmwkvIm-cn--ssIIyw
ih- k w- k v I mc{Iaw
B`- c W \n¿amW coXn
hkv { Xm- e - ¶ mc coXn
{]fb IY-bpsS hym]vXn
Nn{X- Ø ns‚ adp- h iw
t\ml {]Ya ZqX≥
GIXz Z¿i\w
t\ml- b psS A\p- b m- b n- I ƒ
km_n aX- Ø ns‚ ]ucm- W n- I X
13. Zkyp Z¿i\w
thZw F∂m¬
thZ-Ønse apJy {]Xn-]mZyw
EtKzZw \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-Iƒ
Zmi- c m- ⁄ - b p≤w
`n∂-hn-cp-≤-amb c≠v Nn¥m am¿K-ßƒ
Kth- j - I ≥am- c psS \nK- a - \ - ß ƒ
D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I - f nse Z¿i\w
c≠p- X cw hnZym- i m- e - I ƒ
]p\¿P≥a- h mZw
D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I ƒ sshZnI aXsØ hna¿in- ° p∂p
{_m“- W ≥am- c psS Kpcp- ° ≥am¿ A{_m- “ - W ¿
Zkyp- Z ¿i- \ - Ø n¬\n- ∂ p- b n¿s°m≠ aX- ß ƒ
`mKw 2
14. Bcy≥am¿
aqe IpSpw_w
"{]Xv \ Hm°kv '
"\c- k nwlw'
"t_mLm- k v t Imbv ' tZh- ∑ m¿
an´m\n h¿Kw
lnss‰‰p hwiw
Acmapw Bcy\pw
Acmapw Jp¿- B \pw
C{µ≥ sIm≠p- h ∂ "bZp- ° ƒ'
`mjm sshPmXyw
Ncn- { X- ] - c X
15. skan-‰nIv h¿Kw
tiay-h¿K-°m-cpsS BZy Xd-hmSv
B[p-\nI ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS \nK-a-\-ßƒ
skan- ‰ n- ° p- I m- c psS ]em- b \w
Ad- _ n- I ƒ saskm- s ]m- t ´- a n- b - b n¬
B[p- \ nI Kth- j Ww
Ftd°v km{amPyw
A°mUv km{amPyw
laq- d m_n
CS- b Xzw skan- ‰ n- ° p- I m- c psS Ipe- s Øm- g n¬
16. skan‰n-°p-Im¿ CuPn-]vXn¬
am\o- t Øms‚ km£yw
ss__n- f ns‚ {]kv X m- h \
tbmtk- ^ ns‚ Ncn{Xw
tbmtk- ^ ns‚ X{¥w
tZiob hntcm[w
slIv t kmkv `c- W - Ø ns‚ t\´- ß ƒ
CS- b - c m- P m- ° - ∑ m- c psS tZio- b X
aqkm- \ - _ n- b psS ImesØ ^n¿- H u≥
`c- W - Ø nse Nne h¿K- ß ƒ
17. skan-‰nIv {]hm-l-Øns‚ hym]vXn
^n\ojy
Im¿tØPv
^n\o- j ycpw ]Wn- I fpw
{Io‰v
ssat\mkpw "abo≥'Imcpw
Cdm≥
sskdkv AYhm tImciv
Zp¬J¿ss\≥
bmPq- P v - ˛ - a m- P qPv
Zp¬J¿ss\≥ F∂ kw⁄°v \nZm\w
sskd- k ns‚ hwiw
18. BZphwihpw Bcy-h¿Khpw
Jp¿- B \pw Ncn- { Xhpw
BZp- h w- i - Ø ns‚ Bhm- k - t I{µw
`c- W - h ¿Kw
C¥y- b n¬
i‡nbpw {]`m- h hpw
Al-¶m-chpw Zpc-`n-am-\hpw
AXn- { I- a hpw {Iqc- X bpw
hmkv X p- h nZy
[\- i - ‡ nbpw P\- i - ‡ nbpw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
_lp- s sZ- h - h mZw

Cdapw Bcy\pw
BZns‚ hn\miw
19. lqZns‚ kap-Zmbw
Hcp {]mNo\ tcJ-bpsS IY
ba-\nse {]mNo\ cmjv{S-ßƒ
an\m- b n- b ≥kns‚ Imew
an\m- b n- b ≥ cmjv { S- Ø ns‚ tI{µw
epJv a m≥
epJv a ms‚ kZp- ] - t Ziw
t{ImUo- I rX XXz- ⁄ m\w
20. kaqZv hwihpw Bcy≥amcpw
kaq- Z ns‚ Bhm- k - t I{µw
kaqZv hwi- Ø ns‚ khn- t i- j - X - I ƒ
Ime- L ´w
inev ] - I em sshZKv [ yw
Im¿jnI P\X
_lp- s sZ- h Xzw
t_mLm- k v t Imbv J\\w
lnss‰‰v k pw ss__nfpw
sshZnI tZh-∑m¿
an´m- \ n- I ƒ
kaqZpw anØ- ∂ nbpw
ckm-h-l-amb Hcp IØv
21. cXv\-®p-cp°w
Bcy- h w- i - Ø ns‚ aqe- X - d - h mSv
skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS hym]vXn
skan-‰n-°p-Im-cpsS BZn tI{µw
c≠m- a sØ BZv
kaqZp hwiw
22. Bcy kwkvImcw
EtKzZ kwlnX
EtKzZ Imew
tZh- X - I ƒ
Bcy- k - a p- Z m- b - Ø ns‚ Ncn{Xw
IpSpw- _ - P o- h nXw
EtKz- Z - Ø nse kmlnXyw
Jp¿- B - t \mSp kmZriyw
23. `mc-Xob XXz-Nn¥
XXz- N n- ¥ - I ≥am- c psS {]]©hymJym\w
aX-ß-fpsS DZv`-hhpw hnIm-khpw
thZ- Ø nse ssZh- k - ¶ ev ] w
krjv S n k¶ev ] w
krjv S n- { Iaw
24. aXhpw bp‡n Nn¥bpw
a\x-imkv{X hnZ-Kv[≥am-cpsS \nK-a\w
imkv { X- Ø ns‚ ]cn- a nXn
d ¬ {]`p- h ns‚ Cuiz- c ≥
Jp¿- B s‚ ho£Ww
ssZhn- I - \ n- b - a - h y- h - ÿ nXn c≠p- h n[w
"A¬lJv '
thZ- Ø nse "EXw'
GI- X zhpw \m\m- X zhpw
b⁄w AYhm bmKw
ssZh- a mWv F√m- ‰ n- s ‚bpw A[n- \ m- Y ≥
ssZhw kI- e - ⁄ ≥
25. I¿a-Imfiw
Aiz- t a[ bmKw
Ncn- { X- ] - c X
Igp- X - b mKw
ku{Xm- a Wn bmKw
kpc- ] m\w
{_mlv a - W - ß ƒ H‰- t \m- ´ - Ø n¬
26. D]-\n-j-±m¿i-\n-I≥am¿
{]hm- l W ssPhen
D±m- e I BcpWn KuX- a ≥
bm⁄- h ¬Iy≥
kXy- I ma Pm_m- e ≥
kbp- K zm- s sc- I z≥
27. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse GI-Xz-Z¿i\w
thZhpw D]-\n-jØpw
{_lv a hpw Bflmhpw
{_lv a w AZzn- X obw
{_lv a w krjv S n- I ¿Ømhv
ssZzXhpw AssZz- X hpw
{_lv a - Ø ns‚ KpW- \ m- a - ß ƒ
28. BXvamhv
BXv a mhv `mc- X ob kmln- X y- ß - f n¬
£p{Zm- I miw
a\ v
kp]v X m- h ÿ
Bflm- h ns‚ Ah- ÿ m- ¥ - c - ß ƒ
Bflm- h ns‚ Ah- ÿ m- { Xbw Jp¿- B - \ n¬
Pohm-Xvamhpw ]c-am-Xvamhpw XΩn-ep≈ kam-Kaw
A¥y- \ mƒ
kq^n- I - f psS "^\m'bpw "_Jm'bpw
]Z- \ makqNn
Ah- e w- _ - I r- X n- I ƒ
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
BapJw
`mc-Xob aX-kw-kvIm-c-sØ-∏‰n Adn-bm-\p-≈ B{Klw a\- n¬ IS-
∂p-Iq-Sn-bn´v Imew C»n-bmbn. ]t£, Ign-hn-s‚bpw D]m-[n-I-fp-sSbpw
]cn-anXn {]kvXpX B{K-l-]q¿Øn°p apºn¬ hºn® hne-ßp-X-Sn-
bmbn \n∂p. auem\m A_p¬Iemw Bkm-Zns‚ "X¿Pp-am-\p¬
Jp¿-B≥' hmbn-®-t∏mƒ Pn⁄mk Cc-ń®p. sslµh thZ-ß-fnepw
D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnepw kvYew-]n-Sn® ssZh-k-¶¬]-ßƒ AXn¬ \njv]-
£-ambn \ncq-]n-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. A]q¿W-Xbpw A]-cym-]vX-Xbpw Ds≠-
¶nepw {]kvXpX \ncq-]Ww Hcp Imcyw sXfn-bn®p: _lp-ssZ-hXz
kn≤m¥w am{X-a√, GI-ssZh hnizm-khpw {]mNo-\-`m-c-Xob kmln-
Xy-ßƒ {]-N-cn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. Aßs\ `mc-Xo-b-tcbpw `mc-Xo-b-kw-kv-
Im-c-tØbpw ]‰n IqSp-X¬ ]Tn-°-W-sa-∂p-d-®p. XZzn-j-b-I-amb IrXn-
Iƒ In´m-hp-t∂-S-tØmfw tiJ-cn®p. Ah-bp-ambn \nc-¥cw a√-Sn®p.
Nnc-Ime kº¿°w tlXp-hmbn ]pXnb Nne \nK-a-\-ßƒ a\- n-ep-
Zn®p. Ah {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ tXm∂n. Aßs\ "{]t_m-[\w' amkn-
I-bn¬ "`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ' F∂ io¿j-
I-Øn¬ Hcp teJ\ ]c-ºc Bcw-`n®p. AXp- hm-bn® {]i-kvX-
cmb Nne kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw Ncn-{Xmt-\z-j-I-∑mcpw teJ-\-ßƒ°p
{K\v Y - c q]w \¬Ip- h m≥ Bh- i y- s ∏´p. Aß- s \- b mWv "`mc- X ob
kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ' H∂mw `mKw ]pd-Øn-d-°p-hm≥
Xocp-am-\n-®Xv.
C≥tUm˛Bcy-∑m-cpsS BK-a-\-Øn\p apºp-≈ `mc-Xob Pohn-
X-Øns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-I-fmWv CXn¬ apJy-ambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-
≈Xv. B hnZqc ImeØv km_n-a-X-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p `mc-X-Øn¬ IqSp-
X¬ {]map-Jy-sa∂v ChnsS ka¿Yn-°p∂p. temI-Ønse G‰hpw
{]mNo\ {]hm-N-I-aXw km_n-k-am-sW∂pw AXv alm-\mb t\ml-
bp-sSbpw ioYn-s‚bpw aX-am-sW-∂p-ap-≈ Nne apkvenw ]WvUn-X-
∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn\v Cu IrXn-bn¬ ap≥K-W\ I¬]n-®n-cn-°p∂p.
\qlpw C¥y≥ ]pcmW h¿Wn- X - \ mb a\phpw hmkv X - h - Ø n¬
HcmƒX-s∂-bm-hm-sa∂ Nne-cpsS A\p-am-\sØ ]n¥m-ßp-I-bmWv
sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. t\ml-bpsS ]n∑p-d-°m-cn¬ Hcp kwLw C¥y-bn¬
AYhm, kn\v[n¬h∂v A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n®p F∂ {In. 10˛mw iX-I-
Ønse apkvenw Ncn{X ]WvUn-X-\mb A_p¬l-k≥ akq-Zn-bpsS
A`n- { ]m- b - Ø n\v Dt]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mbn CX- c - k m- £ y- ß fpw CXn¬
FSpØpImWn- ® n- ´ p≠v . kn\v [ p- X m- g v - h - c - b n¬ Aøm- b ncw h¿j-
ßƒ°p apºv \ne-\n-∂Xpw Cu \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]q¿hm¿[-Øn¬ J\\
Kth- j Ww hgn Is≠- Ø n- b - X p- a mb kwkv I m- c - Ø n\v ASn- Ø d
]mInb Ic- ß ƒ Ah- c p- t S- X m- b n- c n- ° m- s a∂v A\p- a m- \ n- ° p- I bpw
Ah¿ {ZmhnU hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ `qK¿` imkv{X-
⁄- ∑ m- c psS A`n- { ]m- b - t ØmSv tbmPn- ° p- I bpw sNbv X n- ´ p≠v .
Aßs\ t\ml-bpsS ]p{X-\mb bm^n-Yns‚ k¥m\ ]c-º-c-bn¬s]-
´-h-cmWv {Zmhn-U-∑m¿ F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ Hcp-hn[w FØn-t®¿∂n-
cn-°p∂p.
Ncn-{X]chpw aX-]-chpw kwkvIm-c-]-c-hp-amb ]pXnb Nne \nK-
a-\-ß-fmWv Cu `mK-Ønse {][m\ D≈S-°-sa-¶nepw AtXm-sSm∏w
Ncn{X \n¿amW cwKØv B[p-\nI imkv{Xob kn≤n-Iƒ ssIh-cp-
Øn-Ø∂ D]m-[n-I-fn-te°pw am¿K-ß-fn-te°pw Ah D]-tbm-Kn®p
Ncn{Xw \n¿an-°p-hm≥ klm-b-I-amb XØz-kn-≤m-¥-ß-fn-te°pw
hnc¬ Nq≠n-b-Xmbn ImWmw. B ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb
hmb-\-°msc kw_-\v[n-®n-S-tØmfw A{]-k-‡-ambn tXm∂m-sa-
¶nepw `qcn-]£ kmam\y hmb-\-°msc kw_-\v[n-®n-S-tØmfw D]-
Im-c-{]-Z-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v tXm∂n. AXn-\m¬ Nne am\y-kp-lr-Øp-
°ƒ°v {]Xn-Iq-em-`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw B hiw FSp-Øp-I-f-
™n-ń√.
kl{km- _ v Z - ß ƒ°p apºv `mc- X - Ø n¬ \ne- h n- e n- c p∂ aX-
tØbpw kwkvIm-c-tØbpw ]‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ Hcp ]pkvXIw
F√m hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn-te°pw shfn®w hoip-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°m-h-
X√. CXnse \nK-a-\-ßƒ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn \ne-\n∂p hcp∂ [mc-
W-Iƒ°pw sFXn-ly-ßƒ°pw XnI®pw A\p-Kp-W-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-
∂n√. F∂p sh®v B \nK-a-\-ßƒ Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-ambn Xnc-kvI-cn-
°p-∂Xv icn-bm-hn√. kn‘p Xmgvh-c-bnse J\-\-K-th-j-W-ß-fpsS
êw ]pdØv hcpw-hsc Bcy-∑m-cmWv `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚
BZna inev]n-Iƒ F∂m-bn-cp-∂p-ht√m s]mXp-[m-cW. F∂m¬ Cu
\q‰m-≠ns‚ XrXob Zi-I-Øn¬ \S-Ø-s∏´ Kth-jWw hgn B
[mcW sX‰m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v sXfn-bn-°-s∏´p. AXpt]mse C∂v \ne-
hn-ep≈ ]e [mc-W-Ifpw Xncp-Ø-s∏-´pIq-sS-∂n√.
D]- c yp‡ J\- \ - Ø n¬\n∂p]e- _ v - [ - a mb Ah- i n- j v S - ß - f mWv
A°m-esØ `mc-X-sØ-∏-‰nbpw `mc-Xo-b-sc-∏-‰nbpw Nne hnh-c-ßƒ
\ap°v \¬In- b Xv . AhnsS\n∂v Inńb Bbn- c - ° - W - ° n\v ap{Z-
Ifnepw a‰pw ssk‘- h - ∑ m¿ D]- t bm- K n- ® n- c p∂ Nn{X en]n- b n¬
GXm\pw kwK- X n- I ƒ tcJ- s ∏´p InS- ° p- ∂ p≠v . F∂m¬ Ah
icn°pw hmbn-°-s∏-ń-ń√. a‰v e£-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]pcm-hkvXp
Kth-j-I-∑m¿ a\- n-em-°n-sb-SpØ Nne Imcy-ß-fmWv temI-Øns‚
apºn-ep-≈Xv. Ah-bm-Is´, CXc hymJym-\-ßƒ°v Akm-[y-amw-
hn[w JWvUn-X-ß-f-√-Xm\pw. F∂n-cp-∂mepw kml-NcysØfn-hp-
I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Ah AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.
kml-N-cy-sØ-fn-hp-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-ap≈ \nK-a-\-ßƒ°v am{Xta
Cu IrXn-bn¬ ÿew A\p-h-Zn-®n-´p≈q. B sXfn-hp-Iƒ Hmtcm-
s∂-SpØv kz¥-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ {]Y-a-ZrjvS-Øn¬ Zp¿_-
ehpw _men-i-hp-sa∂v tXm∂n-tb°mw. ]t£, {Ia-{]-Imcw \nc-Øn-
sh®v ka-{K-ambn ho£n-°p-tºmƒ CuSp‰ Hcp irwJ-e-bpsS ka-
RvP-k-k-Ωn-fn-X-amb IÆn-I-fmbn A\p-`-hs∏-Sp-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw. CXm-
WvXm\pw Kth-j-W-]-c-amb \nK-a-\-ß-fpsS kmam\y kz`mhw.
Hcp DZm- l - c W- Ø n- e qsS C°mcyw hni- Z - a m°mw. ssk‘h
kwkvImcw km_n-a-X-Øn¬ A[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v \mw A`n-
{]m- b - s ∏- S p∂p. J\- \ - Ø n¬ e_v [ - a mb Ah- i n- j v S - ß - f n¬ \n∂v
sXfnbpw{]Imcw, B P\X Ipfn°pw Ipfn-ap-dnIƒ°pw \¬In-bn-
cp∂ {]m[m-\y-am-Wv CXn-\m-kv]Zw. Hmtcm hoń\pw InWdpw Ipfn-
ap-dnbpw Ipfn-ap-dn-bn¬ \n∂v Aip-≤-Pew ]pd-tØ°v If-bm-\p≈
Im\-Ifpw Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. IqSmsX sIń-∏-SpØ Ir{Xn-a-Ip-
f-ß-fp-tSbpw Ah°v Np‰pw ]WnX Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fp-tSbpw Ah-in-
jvS-ßfpw Is≠Øn. CXn¬\n∂v Ah¿ Ipfn°pw tZl-ip-≤o-I-c-
W-Øn\pw I¬]n-®n-cp∂ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-Ip∂p. km_n aX-Øn-
¬ Znt\\ aq∂v XhW {]m¿Yn-t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-psh∂pw Hmtcm
{]m¿Y-\°pw Ipfn A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw D≈ kwKXn kn‘p-
X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ B aX-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-W-sa∂ \nK-a-\sØ ]n¥m-
ßp∂p. km_n-I-fpsS Hcp ]pcm-X\ tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p l¿dm≥ F∂v
Ncn{Xw hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v. {In. 13˛-mw iX-I-Øn¬t]mepw Ah-cpsS
]pcm-X\ tZhm-e-b-ßƒ B {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ÿnXn sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xmbn
apkvenw ]WvUn-X-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿ km£yw hln-°p∂p. l¿dm-t\m-S-
SpØ bas‚ Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-ß-fn¬ \ns∂-∂-
t]mse Ir{Xna Ipf-ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ J\-\-Øn¬ Is≠Øn-
b-Xmbn ]pcm-hkvXp \nco-£-I¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. Cu hkvXp-
XI- f psS shfn- ® - Ø n¬ ssk‘- h - k w- k v I mc ku[w ]Sp- Ø p-
b¿Ønb Ic-ßƒ km_n-b-∑m-cp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Hcphn[w Xocp-
am-\n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.
as‰mcp Imcyw IqSn CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ Nq≠n°mWn-°m-\p≠v.
C∂sØ Nne `mc-Xob kw⁄-Isf AXn{]mNo-\-amb CXc `mjm-
kw-⁄-I-fp-ambn kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°m-\p≈ {iaw Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬
\S-Øn-bn-´p≠v. {Zmhn-U-kw-⁄sb ""Xncp-bm-^nYp'' ambn kwtbm-
Pn-∏n-®Xv Hcp DZm-l-cWw. Ncn{X Kth-jW cwKØv CØ-cw kwtbm-
P\ {]{In-b-Iƒ k¿h-km-[m-c-W-amWv. Htc \maw hnhn[ `mj-I-
fn¬ hyXykvX cq]-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-I-sb-∂Xv ]pXp-a-bp≈ Hcp
Imcy-a√. Ad-_n-I-fpsS "C_v-\p-_mP' ]m›m-Xy-`m-j-I-fn¬ Aven pace
Bbpw "C_v-\p-ko\m' Avicenne Bbpw "C_v-\p-dpjvZv ' Averroes
Bbpw cq]m- ¥ - c - s ∏- ´ Xv ChnsS {]tXyIw kv a ¿Ø- h y- a mWv .
CXpt]mse `mc- X o- b - c psS thZhymk≥ Ad- _ n- k m- l n- X y- ß - f n¬
"_oZ_'bpw Bcy-`-S≥ "A¿P-_vldp' ambn-Øo¿∂n-cn-°p∂p. BI-
bm¬ CXc kw⁄-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-tºmƒ Hmtcm `mjbpw X\-
Xmb cq]-ssi-en-Iƒs°m-∏n®v am‰w hcp-ØpI kzm`m-hnIw am{X-
am-Ip∂p. Cu \ne°v D®m-cW kmayw t\m°n kw⁄m kwtbm-
P\w \S- Ø p- ∂ Xv s]mXp- h n¬ AwKo- I r- X - a mWv . F∂m¬ kml-
NcysØfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-an-√msX, shdpw D®m-cW kmZriyw
Bkv]-Z-am°n kw⁄m-kw-tbm-P\w sNøp-∂Xv ]e-t∏mgpw sX‰m-
bn-cn°pw. a‰v sXfn-hp-Iƒ A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn-°p∂ ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-bn¬
AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ kwtbm-P\w AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp Xc-
t°-Span-√-Xm\pw.
hnhn[ aX-kw-kvIm-c-ß-tfmSv _‘-s∏´v Pohn-°p-∂-h-cmWv `mc-
Xob P\X. At\I PmXn- I fpw D]- P m- X n- I fpw aX- h n- ` m- K - ß fpw
Ahm-¥c hn`m-K-ß-fp-ap-≠o -\m-ń¬. ]t£, Ah¿ ]c-kv]cw a\-
n-em-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂n√. sX‰mb [mc-W-Ifpw hntZz-j-I-ep-jn-X-
amb hnIm-c-ßfpw Ah¿ At\ym\yw h®p ]pe¿Øp∂p. CXv \mń-
\m-]-ØmWv. aX-ku-lm¿Zhpw kln-jvWp-X-bp-amWv Cu \mńs\
kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw A\p-t]-£-Wobw. Jp¿-Bs‚ ho£-W-Øn¬
a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw Hc-—-\-Ω-am-cpsS k¥-Xn-Ifpw Aßs\ GtIm-
Zc ktlm-Z-c-ß-fp-at{X. ]t£, hnim-e-X-c-amb B kmtlm-Zcy
t_m[w C∂v \mw Fhn-sSbpw ImWp-∂n√. ]c-kv]cw a\- n-em-°m≥
{ian-°p-∂-]£w ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw `mc-Xo-b¿°v ]c-kv]cw tbmPn-
°m≥ Ign-t™-°p-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°p∂p.
a\p-jy≥ H∂m-hWw, \∂m-hWw˛ CXmWv aX-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw
Znhy ktµiw. sslµh aXhpw CXn-\-]-hm-Z-a√. EtKz-Z-Ønse Ah-
km-\sØ a{¥w Cßs\ hmbn°w:
""bma-\kvXp thm at\m bYm h p klmkXn.''
"H∂mbv hct´ k¶¬]w \nßƒ˛
s°m∂mbv hct´ am\kw;
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
`mKw H∂v
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
H∂mbv hct´ \nßƒ°pƒ°mºpw

\∂m-bv_v`-hm-∑m¿ tbmPn-∏n≥!'
tacn-°p∂v Sn. apl-
ΩZv- - -
10˛-7˛-1974
A[ymbw H∂v
[¿a kwÿm-]-I≥
""bZm bZm ln [¿Ωky
•m\n¿`-hXn `mcX
A`yp-∞m-\-a-[¿Ωky
XZm-flm\w krPm-aylw.
]cn-{Xm-Wmb km[q\mw
hn\m-imb N ZpjvIrXmw
[¿Ω-kw-ÿm-]-\m¿∞mb
kw`-hman bptK bptK.''1
(tl `c- X - h w- i - P - \ mb A¿Pp\m, Ft∏m- s g- t ∏mƒ [¿a- Ø n\v
£Xhpw A[¿a-Øn\v A`yp-∂-Xnbpw `hn-°p-∂pthm, At∏m-sgms°
Rm≥ Bhn¿`q-X-\m-Ip∂p. injvS P\-ßsf c£n-∏m\pw ZpjvS P\-
ßsf in£n- ∏ m\pw, A- ß s\ [¿aw kwÿm]n- ∏ m- \ p- a mbn
bpKwtXmdpw Rm≥ Bhn¿`-hn°p∂p.)
{ioIr-jvW≥ A¿Pp-\-t\m-Sp-]-tZ-in-®-Xm-WnXv. KoX-bpsS Imew
sXms´-¶nepw [¿a-ÿm-]-I∑m-cn-ep≈ hnizmkw `mc-Xo-b-cn¬ \ne-
\n¬°p-∂p-sh∂v CXn¬ \n∂p a\- n-em°mw.
[¿a kwÿm-]-\-Øns‚ bmYm¿Yy-sØ-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\v
apºv KoX D]-tZ-in® {io IrjvWs\ Npcp-°-Øn-sem∂v ]cn-N-b-
s∏SpØmw.
IrjvWs‚ IY
sslµh hnizm-k-a-\p-k-cn®v, hnjvWp-hns‚ Hº-Xm-asØ As√-
¶n¬ F´m-asØ Ah-Xm-c-amWv {ioIr-jvW≥. At±-l-Øn\v hmkp-
tZ-h≥ (hkp-tZ-hs‚ ]p{X≥) F∂ t]cp≠v. temI-Øns‚ ]m]-
ßsf X∂n-te-°v- I¿jWw sNbvXv (hen-s®-SpØv) C√mbva sNøp-
∂-h≥ F∂mWv IrjvW-i-_vZ-Øns‚ A¿Yw. kz¥w AΩm-a\pw
ZpjvS-\p-amb Iwks\ \n{K-ln-°p-hm≥ th≠n-bmWv {ioIr-jvW≥
Ah-X-cn-®Xv.
t`mP-hw-i-P-\mb Iwks‚ ktlm-Z-cn-bmb tZh-Inbpw bZp-hw-
i-P-\mb hkp-tZ-h\pw XΩn¬ hnhmlw \S∂p. `¿XrKr-l-Øn-te°v
t]mIp-tºmƒ tZh-In-sbm-∂n®p Iwk\pw t]mbn. hgnat[y Hc-i-
cocn tI´p, tZh-In-bpsS F´m-asØ aI≥ Iwks\ h[n-°p-sa∂v.
Abmƒ {Ip≤-\mbn ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS t\sc hmfq-cn-sb-¶nepw hkp-
tZ-hs‚ A`-bm¿Y\ kzoI-cn®p tZh-Insb sIm∂n√. Abmƒ B
\h-Z-º-Xn-amsc ImcmKr-l-Øn¬ sh°p-Ibpw tZhIn {]k-hn-°p∂
Hmtcm Ip™n-s\bpw Xs∂ G¬]n-°-W-sa∂v imkn-°p-I-bp-am-Wp-
≠m-bXv. Iwk≥ ]nXm-hmb D{K-tk-\s\ cmPm-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂v
{`jvS-\m°n Imcm-Kr-l-Øn-en-Sp-Ibpw aYp-c-bn¬ cmPm-hmbn hmgp-
Ibpw sNbvXp.
tZh-In-bpsS F´m-asØ inip-hm-bn-cp∂p IrjvW≥. Nnß-am-k-
Øn¬ Hc¿[-cm-{Xn-bmWv IrjvW≥ `qPm-X-\m-bXv. hkp-tZ-h≥ inip-
hns\ tKmIp-e-Øn¬, \µ-tKm-]s‚ ]Xv\n-bmb btim-Z-bpsS Acn-
In¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn InS-Øp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS s]¨ss]-X-ens\
sIm≠ph∂v tZh-In°v sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ IrjvW≥
Aºm-Sn-bn¬ hf¿∂p.
tZh-In-bpsS F´m-asØ ]p{X-\mWv Irj-vW-s\-∂-dn-™-t∏mƒ
At±-lsØ h[n-°m≥ Iwk≥ ]e AS-hp-I-fp-sa-SpØp. A°m-eØv
Aºm-Sn-bn¬ P\n® inip°-sf-sbms° h[n-°p-hm≥ Iwk≥ DØ-
c-hn´p. F¶n-epw IrjvW≥ ssZh-KXym h[-Øn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-Sp-
I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.
Hcn- ° ¬ Irjv W s\ Iwk≥ Xe- ÿ m- \ - a mb aYp- c - b n- t e°v
£Wn®p. B £Ww IrjvW≥ kzoI-cn®p. At±lw AhnsS sN∂v
Iwks‚ bmK-im-e-bn¬ IS∂v, AXn¬ sh®ncp∂ henb hns√-
SpØv HSn®p. XpS¿∂v ]e kwL-´-\-ßfpw \S∂p. Ah-bn-se√mw
IrjvW-\mWv hnP-bn-®Xv. Ah-km\w Iwks‚ h[hpw \S∂p.
A\-¥cw IrjvW≥ Imcm-Kr-l-Øn¬ \n∂v kz¥w amXm-]n-Xm-
°-∑m-tcbpw Iwks‚ ]nXm-hmb D{K-tk-\-t\bpw hntam-Nn-∏n®p. D{K-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
tk-\s\ aYp-c-bn¬ cmPm-hmbn hmgn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

hkp-tZ-h≥ ]p{Xs\ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v kµo-]-Xn-bpsS B{i-a-
Øn-te-°-b®p. hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øo-I-cn®v IrjvW≥ Kpcp-Ipew
hn´p.
bmZ-h-hw-i-amWv A°m-eØv aYpc `cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Ah¿°v D{K-
\mb Hcp i{Xp-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p˛ Pcm-k-‘≥. At±lw A\-h[n
{]mhiyw aYp-c B{I-an®p. F¶nepw {ioIr-j-vWs‚ klm-b-tØmsS
bmZ-h-hwiw Xs∂-bmWv bp≤-ß-fn¬ Pbw hcn-®Xv. Pcm-k-‘≥
Iwks‚ izip-c-\m-bn-cp∂p. Iwks‚ ]p{X-∑m¿°p th≠n-bmWv
At±lw aYpc B{I-an-®n-cp-∂Xv. bmZ-h-hw-i-am-Is´, bp≤-Øn¬ hnP-
bn-®p-sh-¶nepw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw a‰pw XI¿∂p. BI-bm¬ {ioIr-
jv-W≥ aYpc Pcm-k-‘\v hn´p-sIm-SpØp Zzmc-I-bn-te°v amdn-Øm-
a-kn®p.
A\-¥cw {ioIr-jv-Ws‚ hnhmlw \S∂p. cp‹nWn, Pmw_-hXn,
kXy- ` ma, an{X- h nµ, kXy, Imfnµn, e£v - a W, `{Z F∂o F´v
kv { XoIsf At±lw thfnIgn®p. CXn\p ]pdta ]Xn- \ m- b ncw
kv{XoIsf {ioIr-jvW≥ thfn Ign-®-Xmbn ImWm-sa-¶nepw AXv
cq]-Im-Xn-i-tbm-‡n-]-c-amb B[ym-flnI h¿W-\-bm-bn-´mWv hymJym-
\n-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv.
Zzmc-I-bn¬ At\Iw X¿°-ßƒ am[yÿw hgn {ioIr-jv-W≥
]cn-l-cn®p. hfsc cmPm-°-∑msc {]Xn-jvTn-°p-Ibpw ÿm\-{`-jvS-
cm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F√mw [¿a-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬. ]t£,
At±lw cmP ]Zhn C—n-®n√. cmPm-°-∑m¿ kXyhpw [¿ahpw ]men-
°-W-sat∂ At±-l-Øn-\p-t±-iy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q.
]mWvUp-hns‚ k¥-Xn-I-fp-ambn {ioIr-jv-W\p khn-ti-j-amb
_‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ ]nXr-k-tlm-Zcn (AΩmhn)bmb
Ip¥n-bmWv ]©-]m-WvU-h-cpsS amXmhv. [rX-cm-jv{S-cmWv A∂v
cmPyw `cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Zptcym-[\\pw a‰pw ]mWvUp-]p-{X-∑msc hfsc
t{Zmln-®n-cp∂p. Ahsc Ac-°n-√-Øn-en´v sIm√p-hm≥ t]mepw Zptcym-
[-\≥ {ian-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ kztZiw shSn™v h\-
hmkw sNtø≠n h∂p. {ioIr- j v W ≥ [rX- c m- j v { S- h w- i - t Øbpw
]mWvU-h-∑m-tcbpw k‘n-bm-°p-hm≥ hfsc ]mSp-s]s-´-¶nepw Zptcym-
[-\m-Zn-Iƒ hg-ßn-bn√.
]©-]m-WvU-h-∑m-cn¬ a[y-a-\m-bn-cp∂p A¿Pp-\≥. Ct±lw BZn-
bn¬ ]m©men F∂ kv{Xotbbpw ]n∂oSv {ioIr-jv-Ws‚ ktlm-Z-
cn-bmb kp`-{Z-tbbpw IeymWw Ign®p. CtXmsS {ioIr-jv-W\pw
A¿Pp-\\pw XΩn-ep≈ aaX ZrV-X-c-ambn. Aß-s\-bn-cns° Ipcp-
t£{X bp≤w s]mń-∏p-d-s∏´p. C∂sØ U¬ln-tbm-S-SpØp InS-
°p∂ Hcp ÿe-am-bn-cp∂p Ipcp-t£{Xw.
Ipcp-t£{X bp≤w
]mWvUp-hn-s‚bpw Ipcp-hn-s‚bpw k¥-Xn-Iƒ XΩn¬ FXn¿]-
£-ß-fmbn \n∂v s]mcp-Xnb {]kvXpX bp≤-Øn¬ {ioIr-jv-W≥
kzm`m- h n- I - a mbpw ]mWv U - h - ] - £ - Ø m- b n- c p∂p. F∂m¬ Xs‚
ssk\y-sØ-s°m≠v Iuc-h-∑m-scbpw {ioIr-jvW≥ klm-bn-®p-sh-
∂mWv IY. bp≤-Øn\v apºv Iuc-h-∑msc {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXv
Zptcym-[\\pw ]mWvU-h-∑msc {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXv A¿Pp-\\pw
klm-bm¿Y-\-bp-ambn {ioIr-jvWs\ kao-]n-®p-sh∂pw, Ccp-h¿°pw
At±lw klmbw hmKvZØw sNbvXp-sh∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Ipcp-
]p-{X-∑msc {ioIr-jvW≥ Xs‚ ssk\y-sØ-s°m≠pw ]mWvU-h-
∑msc Xm≥ t\cn´pw klm-bn®p. Ipcp-t£{X bp≤-Øn¬ A¿Pp-
\s‚ tXcm-fn-bm-bn-´mWv {io Irjv-Ws\ ImWp-∂Xv.
tk\-Iƒ c≠pw apJm-ap-J-ambn AWn-\n-c∂p. {ioIr-jvW≥
A¿Pp-\s‚ tX¿sX-fn-®p-sIm≠p h∂p. A¿Pp-\≥ adp-]-£sØ
BI-am-\-sam∂v ho£n®p. Ccp-]-£Øpw bp≤-Øn-\v AWn-\n-c-∂-
Xmbn At±lw I≠Xv kz_-‘p-°-sf-bmWv. ]nXm-°-∑m¿, ]nXm-a-
l-∑m¿, Kpcp-`q-X-∑m¿, AΩm-h≥am¿, tkmZ-c-∑m¿, ]p{X-∑m¿, ]u{X-
∑m¿, Nßm-Xn-am¿, izip-c-∑m¿, kplr-Øp-°ƒ apX-emb _‘p-°sf
I≠-t∏mƒ A¿Pp-\s\ ssh¢_yw _m[n®p; Ah-b-h-ßƒ Xf¿∂p;
hmb- h - c ≠p; X\p- h n- d ®p; tcmam- © - a p- ≠ mbn; KmWv U o- h - N m]w
(hn√p)Ic-Øn¬ \n∂v Xms\ hgpXn hoWp; tZl-amsI Fcn-s]m-cn-
sIm≠p. At±lw IrjvW-t\mSv ]d™p: ""BcpsS Bh-iy-Øn-
\vth≠n, \mw cmPy--tØbpw kpJ-t`m-K-ß-tfbpw Imw£n-°-Wtam,
B Kpcp-\m-Y-∑m¿, ]nXm˛ ]nXm-a-l-∑m¿, ]p{X˛]u{X-∑m¿, AΩm-h-
∑m¿, izipc-∑m¿, kyme-∑m¿ F∂o _‘p-°ƒ Poh-t\bpw [\-
tØbpw ]cn-Xy-Pn®p bp≤-Øn-\nXm h∂p\n¬°p∂p. A√tbm a[p-
kq-Z\m, Ch¿ Rßsf sIm√p-∂-h-cm-sW-¶nepw icn, ss{Xtem-Im-
[n-]-Xy-Øn\v th≠n-t]mepw Chsc h[n-°phm≥ Rm≥ B{K-ln-
°p- ∂ n√. F∂n- ´ t√ `qan- b psS B[n- ] - X y- Ø n\v th≠n Rm\Xv
sNøpI.?''2
A¿Pp-\≥ Zp¿_-e-\m-hp-I-sb-∂m¬ ]mWvU-h-∑m¿ ]cm-P-b-a-S-
bp-I-sb-∂mW¿Yw. AXn-\m¬ IrjvW≥ kµ¿`-Øns‚ Kuchw
A¿Pp-\s\ [cn-∏n®p. F∂n´pw At±-lsØ ]nSn-Iq-Snb ssh¢_yw
\oßn-bn√. At∏mƒ {io IrjvW≥ [¿a-ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-
I-Xbpw A[¿a-\m-i\-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy-Xbpw At±-lsØ sXcy-
s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-\mbn, B[ym-flnI XØz-ß-fpsS kmc-k¿h-kz-amb
KoX D]- t Z- i n®p. Aßs\ A¿Pp- \ \v ⁄mt\m- Z - b hpw I¿a- i -
‡nbpw e`n®p. KoX-bn¬ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-tSbpw thZ-XØzß-fp-
tSbpw kmcw apgp-h≥ AS-ßn-bn-´p-s≠∂v hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂p."alm-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
`m-cX'Øn¬ {]]-©\w sNbvX bp≤-kw-`-h-ß-fpsS Hcp `mK-amWv

`K-h-ZvKoX. ]Xn-s\´v A≤ym-b-ß-fn-embn 700 t«mI-ß-fp-≠n-Xn¬.
`mc-Xob Nn¥-I-∑m-cn¬ ]ecpw KoX°v hymJym-\-sa-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.
{][m\ temI-`m-j-I-fn¬ KoX-bpsS ]cn-`m-j-Iƒ h∂n-´p≠v. C¥y≥
XØz-im-kv{X-Øns‚ {][m-\- tc-J-bmWv `K-h-ZvKoX.
bp≤- Ø n¬ Iuc- h - ∑ m¿°mWv ]cm- P bw ]‰n- b Xv . Ah- c n¬
sIt¶a-∑m-cmb ]ecpw h[n-°-s∏´p. F√mw {ioIr-jvWs‚ A\p-
{K-lm-in- p-Iƒ sIm≠v Xs∂. Iuc-h-∑m-cpsS amXm-hmb Km‘mcn
bp≤-°-f-Øn¬ h∂v kzP\-ßƒ acn®pInS-°p-∂Xv I≠v hne-]n-
°p-Ibpw IrjvWs\ i]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-ht{X. B im]w At±-
l-Øn\v ên-s®-∂mWv ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv: ""ap∏-Ømdp h¿jw Ign-bp-
tºmƒ IrjvWs‚ hwihpw CXp-t]mse ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln®p \in-
°p-Ibpw an{X-ßƒ CXpt]mse hne-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw; IrjvW≥
Xs∂ \oN-l-kvX-ß-fm¬ ac-W-a-Sbpw''˛ CXm-bn-cp∂p Km‘m-cn-bpsS
im]w! 3
{ioIr-jvW≥ Zzmc-I-bn¬ aZyw \ntcm-[n-®n-cp∂p. F∂m¬ bZp-
°fpw, hrjvWn-Ifpw aZy-]m\w sNbvXph∂p. ]e Zp¿hr-Øn-Ifpw
AhnsS \rØ- a mSn. Irjv W ≥ Hcp Xo¿Ym- S - \ - Ø n\v ]pd- s ∏´p.
AtXmsS bZp-°-fpsS Zp¿hr-Øn-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ h¿[n®p. IrjvW≥
aSßnh∂-t∏mƒ Zzmc-Im-]-´Ww Hcp B`y-¥-c-k-a-c-cw-K-ambn amdn-
bn-cp∂p. IrjvW≥ aZy-a-Øc-- mb bmZ-h-∑msc {]l-cn®p sIm∂p.
bmZ-h-∑m-cn¬ tijn-®-h¿ IrjvWs‚ _‘p-°-tfmSv Ie-ln®p.
Aßs\ P\-ßƒ ]c-kv]cw s]mcpXn acn®p. {ioIr-jvW≥ sIm´m-
c-Øn¬ sN∂p, A¿Pp-\s\ hcp-Øp-hm≥ lkvXn-\-]p-c-tØ°v kmc-
Ynsb Ab®p. ""Rm≥ temI-tØmSv bm{X ]d-bm≥ t]mIp∂p;
A¿Pp-\≥ h∂v F√m-h-tcbpw c£n-®p-sIm≈pw˛'' sIm´m-c-Ønse
kv{XoI-tfmSv {ioIr-jvW≥ ]d™p. At±lw cmP-[m\n hn´p. h\-
Øn¬ sN∂v tbmK- \ n- c - X - \ mbn InS- ° p- I - b m- b n- c p- ∂ - t ∏mƒ, Hcp
thSs‚ Akv { Xw A_- ≤ - Ø n¬ {ioIr- j v W s‚ Imen¬ Xd®p.
thS≥ ]›m-Ø-]n®p am∏n-c∂p. {ioIr-jvW≥ Ahs\ km¥-z\-
s∏- S pØn. ASpØ £W- Ø n¬ B alm- ] p- c p- j ≥ sshIpWv T w
{]m]n®p.
lnµp-°-fpsS Hcp Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j-\mb {ioIr-jvWs‚ IY-
bpsS cXv\ ®pcp-°-am-WnXv. CXn¬ Ncn-{Xmwiw F{X-tØm-f-ap-
s≠∂v \ap-°-dn-™p-IqSm. GXm-bmepw {ioIr-jvW≥ A¿Pp-\\v
D]tZ-in-®-Xmbn ]d-bp∂ KoXm-XØz-ßƒ Gh¿°pw kzoIm-c-tbm-
Ky-amWv. Iq´-Øn¬ Hcp XØz-amWv \mw Bcw-`-Øn¬ D≤-cn® t«mI-
ß-fn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.
[¿aw ]pe¿Øp- I - s b- ∂ - X mWv a\p- j y- P - ∑ - Ø ns‚ km£m¬
e£yw. [¿a-kw-ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ t]cn¬ a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ kI-ew
_en-I-gn-°Ww. ]cn-]m-h-\-amb Ipe-_-‘tam IpSpw-_-kvt\-ltam
at‰-sX-¶nepw hnIm-ctam [¿a ÿm]-\-Øns‚ apºn¬ {]Xn-_-‘-
am-bn-°qSm. CXmWv KoX-bpsS ktµiw. Cu ktµiw Xs∂-bmWv
F√m kXy-{]-hm-N-I-≥am-cpw temI-Øns‚ apºmsI Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-
´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ \ΩpsS ]cn-K-W\°v IqSp-X¬ hnj-b-am-bn-´p-≈Xv
as‰m-∂mWv: [¿aw £bn®v, A[¿aw h¿[n-°p∂ L´-ß-fn-se√mw
[¿a-ÿm-]-I-∑m¿ Bhn¿`q-X-cm-hp-sa∂pw, [¿am-\p-km-cn-I-fmb injvS
P\-ßsf c£n-°p-Ibpw A[¿a i‡n-Isf \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI
F∂-XmWv Ah-cpsS BK-a-t\m-t±-iy-sa∂pw KoX ]d-bp∂p. CXv
Ckvem-anse {]hm-N-IXz kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ as‰mcp {]Xn-]m-Z-\-ssi-
en-bmWv. CXn¬\n∂v a\- n-em-t°-≠Xv KoX-bpsS Imew apX¬s°-
¶nepw `mc-Xo-b-cn¬ {]hm-N-IXz hnizmkw, As√-¶n¬ [¿a-kw-ÿm-
]-I∑m-cpsS BK-a-\-k-¶¬]w \ne-\n¬°p-∂ps-≠-∂mWv.
[¿aw F∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ KoX hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv B ]Z-Øn\v
\¬I-s∏-Sm-dp≈ ]cn-an-X-amb A¿Y-a√. Jp¿-B-\nse "Zo≥' F∂
i_vZ-Øn-\p≈ A¿Y-ssh-]peyw B i_vZ-Øn-\p≠v. A[¿a-Im-cn-
I- t fmSv kacw sNøp- ∂ Xv t]mepw [¿a- a mWv ; F∂√, AXn¬
Ihn™ as‰mcp [¿a-an-s√-∂mWv KoX-bpsS aXw:
""kz[¿Ωa]n Nmth£y
\ hnI-ºn-Xp-a¿-lkn.
[¿Ωym≤n bp≤m-—-vtdtbmf \yXv
£{Xn-bky \ hnZytX.''4
(kz[¿aw t\m°n-bmepw ap≥\n-›-b-Øn¬ \n∂v \o hyXn-N-en-°m-
\¿l-\√. Fs¥-∂m¬, [¿am-\p-km-cn-bmb bp≤-sØ-°mƒ t{ib-
kvI-c-am-bn´v £{Xn-b\v as‰mcp [¿a-an√.)
BI-bm¬ aX-kw-ÿm-]-\hpw [¿a-kw-ÿm-]\hpw hmkvX-h-
Øn¬ H∂pXs∂-bmWv. Ah XΩn¬ ]d-b-Ø° A¥-c-an√.
{]hm-NI
- X
- zhpw Ah-Xm-chpw
XØz- Ø n¬ ASp- ∏ - a ps- ≠ - ¶ nepw k¶¬]- Ø n¬ A¥- c - a p≠v
{]hm-N-I-Xzhpw Ah-Xm-chpw XΩn¬. {]hm-N-I-∑mcpw Ah-Xm-c-]p-
cp-j-∑mcpw Bhn¿`q-X-cm-Ip-∂Xv [¿a-kw-ÿm-]-\-Øn\v th≠n-bmWv.
]t£, {]hm-N-I≥ ssZhtam, ssZhmw-itam A√. tIhew a\p-jy-
\mWv. At±-l-Øn\v ssZh-Øns‚ ktµiw e`n-°p-∂p-sh∂v am{Xw.
F∂m¬ Ah-Xmc k¶¬]-Øn¬ ssZhw H∂p-In¬ icocw [cn-°pI
As√-¶n¬ ]c-Im-b-{]-thiw sNøpI F∂ A¿Y-apƒs°m-≈p∂p.
C∏-d™ c≠p cq]-ßfpw GI-ssZ-h-Øns‚ al-Xz-hp-ambn CW-
ßp-∂-X√. a\p-jy-a-\- p-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp∂ F√m Cta-Pp-Iƒ°p-a-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Xo-X-\mWv ssZhw F∂s{X Ckvem-anI in£Ww. ""Ah¿ h¿Æn-

°p-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw AXo-X\ -- m-bn-cn-°p∂p A√mlp''5 F∂mWv Jp¿-
B≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv.
Ckvem-anse {]hm-N-I-Xz-hn-`m-h\w Cß-s\-bmWv: A√mlp a\p-
jy-cn¬\n∂v Nne kh-nti-j- hy-‡n-Isf Xnc-s™-Sp-°p∂p. Xs‚
\n¿tZ-i-ß-f-S-ßnb ktµiw Ah¿°v \¬Ip∂p. B ktµiw P\-
ßsf D]-tZ-in-°m\pw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp PohnX coXn
sIń-∏-SpØv amXrI ImWn-°m\pw B hy‡-nIsf Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂p. Cß-s\-bp≈ hy‡n-Iƒ°mWv Ckvemw "\_n-am¿' Ft∂m
"dkq¬am¿' Ft∂m ]d-bp-∂Xv. \_n F∂m¬ {]hm-N-I≥; dkq¬
F∂m¬ ZqX≥.
ssZhhpw {]hm-N-I\pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w DS-abpw ASn-abpw
XΩn-ep≈ _‘-amWv. Hcp hy‡n B[ym-flnI aWvU-e-ß-fn¬
F{X D∂Xn {]m]n-®mepw, ssZh-Zm-k≥ F∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬\n∂v
At±lw ]pd-ØpI-S-°p-∂-X√. F∂m¬ a\p-jy\v kn≤-am-hp∂
B[ym-flnI ]Z-hn-I-fn¬ DXvIr-jvS-am-bn-´p-≈Xv {]hm-N-I-Xz-ÿm\w
Xs∂-bmWv.
{]hm-N-I-∑m¿°v ssZh-Øns‚ ktµiw e`n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\? CXn-
s‚ kphy-‡-amb Nn{Xw \ap°v e`n-®n-ń√. F¶nepw Htc-I-tZi
cq]w Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v \¬In-bn-´p≠v. AZr-iy-tem-IØv Hcp {]tXy-
I-Xcw krjvSn-I-fp≠v. Ahsc "ae-°p-Iƒ' F∂mWv Jp¿-B≥ hnfn-
®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Ah-cpsS icn-bmb bmYm¿Yyw \ap-°-dn-™p-IqSm.
F¶nepw Ah¿ ssZh-Øns‚ B⁄m-\p-h¿Øn-I-fmb Zmk-∑m-cm-
sW∂pw Ah¿ aptJ-\-bmWv ssZh-k-tµiw {]hm-N-I-∑m¿°v Ah-
X-cn∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂pw Jp¿-B≥ {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≠v. ssZh-k-tµ-
i- Ø n\v Jp¿- B ≥ \¬Inb kw⁄ "hlv b v ' F∂mWv . hlv b v
AYhm ssZh-k-tµiw a\p-jy¿°v e_v[-am-hp-∂Xv aq∂v {]Im-c-
Øn-em-Ip∂p:
1. {]hm-N-Is‚ a\- n¬ t_m[\w sNøpI.
2. adbv°p ]nd-In¬ \n∂v Ai-cocn tIƒ°pI.
3. A√mlp Hcp ZqXs\ Ab®v Xm\n-—n-°p∂ Imcyw B ZqX≥
aptJ\ t_m[\w sNøpI.
ssZh-k-tµiw e`n-°p-∂Xv Nne-t∏mƒ Pm{K-Xm-h-ÿ-bnepw a‰v
Nne-t∏mƒ kz]v\-Z¿i-\-cq-]Øn¬ \n{Zm-h-ÿ-bn-ep-am-bn-cn°pw. {]hm-
N-I-∑m-cpsS kXy-k-‘-X-bnepw Bflm¿Y-X-bn-ep-ap≈ hnizm-k-sam-
∂p-am-{X-amWv Ahsc AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m[mcw. F∂m¬ Nne-
t∏mƒ Xß-fpsS kXy-k-‘X sXfn-bn-∏m-\mbn {]hm-N-I-∑m¿ Akm-
[m-cW kn≤n-Iƒ ImWn-°m-dp≠v. CXn\v "BbØv' (AS-bmfw)
F∂p ]d-bp∂p.
{]hm-N-I-∑m¿°v ssZh-Øns‚ ktµ-i-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂Xv ae-°p-
Iƒ aptJ-\-bms-W∂v ]d-™p-ht√m. ae°v F∂ Ad_n i_vZ-
Øns‚ A¿Yw ZqX≥ F∂mWv . CXc skan- ‰ nIv `mj- I - f n¬
"amemJ' F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xpw CtX A¿Y-Øn-emWv. ae-°p-Iƒ a\p-
jytcm ssZh-ßtfm A√. ssZh-im-k-\-Iƒ {]Xy-£cw A\p-k-cn-
°p∂ ssZh-Øns‚ Zmk-∑m¿ am{X-amWv. Ah-cn-ep≈ hnizmkw
Ckvem-anse ASn-ÿm-\-hn-izm-k-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv. {]hm-N-I-∑m¿°v
ssZh-kt-µiw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp am[ya-ambn ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-
XpsIm-≠mWv, ae-°p-I-fn-ep≈ hnizm-k-Øn\v Ckvemw C{X-ta¬
{]m[m\yw Iev]n-®n-´p-≈Xv. ae-°p-I-fn¬ hnizm-k-an-√mØ Hcmƒ
ssZh-k-tµ-i-Ønepw Jp¿-B-\nepw hniz-kn-°pI kw`-hy-a√. ssZh-
k-tµiw sIm≠p-h-cp∂ ae-°ns‚ t]¿ "Pn_v-co¬' (K{_n-tb¬)
F∂m-Ip∂p.
Ah-Xm-c-k-¶¬]hpw {]hm-N-I-Xz-hn-izm-k-hp-ambn hni-Zmw-i-ß-
fn¬ s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-s≠∂Xv icn-bmWv. F∂m¬ XØz-Øn¬ ]d-
b-Ø° A¥-c-sam-∂p-an√. Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j-∑mcpw {]hm-N-I-∑m-sc-
t∏mse ssZh-Øm¬ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´-h¿ Xs∂. Ahcpw ssZh-
Øns‚ ktµ-i-ßfpw hn[n-hn-e-°p-I-fp-amWv P\-ßƒ°v {]t_m-
[\w sNøp-∂Xv. A[¿aw XpS®p \o°n [¿aw ÿm]n-°pI F∂
`mcn® I¿Ø-hy-amWv Ah¿°v \n¿-hln-∏m-\p-≈Xv. Cu \ne-I-fn-
sem∂pw {]hm-N-I-∑mcpw Ah-Xm-c-]p-cp-j-∑mcpw XΩn¬ hyXym-k-
an√.
F∂m¬ {]hm-N-I≥ Hcn-°epw Bcm-[y-\√. Fs¥-∂m¬ At±-
l-Øn\v ssZh-Xz-Øn¬ eh-teiw ]¶n√. At±-lhpw ssZhhpw XΩn-
ep≈ _‘w ASn-abpw DS-abpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-am-sW∂v ]d-™p-
ht√m. Ah-Xmc ]pcp-j≥ ssZh-Xz-Øns‚ {]Xo-I-am-sW∂ k¶-
ev]-Øn¬ Bcm-[y-\mbn hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. CXmWv Ccp k¶ev]-
ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ {][m-\-A¥cw.
Ah-Xm-cß
- ƒ
lnµp-°-fpsS hnizm-k-{]-Imcw ]Ø-h-Xm-c-ß-fp≠v: am’yw,
Iu¿aw, hmcmlw, \c-knwlw, hma\w, ]c-ip-cm-a≥, {iocm-a≥, {ioIr-
jvW≥, _e-cm-a≥, Iev°n. Ch-bn¬ I¬°n Hgn-®p≈ HºXv Ah-
Xm-c-ßfpw Ign™p t]mbn. Ien-bp-K-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-°m-\n-cn-°p∂
I¬°n am{X-amWv Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂Xv. C∏-d™ Hmtcm Ah-Xm-c-
sØ°pdn®pw lnµp-°ƒ°v ]pcm-W-ß-fp≠v. ]pcm-W-ßƒ ]Xn-s\-
´m-Ws{X. CXn¬ "`hn-jy-]p-cmWw' hcm≥ t]mIp∂ Imcy-ß-sf-
°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ {KŸ-amWv. "`mK-hXw' F∂ {KŸhpw `mhn-
Im-cy-ß-sf-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v.
Ah-km\ Ah-Xm-c-sØ-∏‰n `hn-jy-]p-cm-W-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Cß-s\-bmWv:
""GX-kvan-∂-¥tc tæ—˛
BNm-tcyW ka-\znXx
alm-aZ CXn-JymXx
injy-im-Jm-k-a-\znXw.''6
(At∏mƒ tæ—≥ [A\y-tZ-i-°m-c≥] Bb Hcp BNm-cy≥ [Bflo-
b-Kpcp] At±-l-Øns‚ injyK-W-ß-tfm-sSm∏w {]Xy-£-s∏Spw. At±-
l-Øns‚ \maw alm-aZ [apl-ΩZv] F∂m-bn-cn°pw.)
Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw Ah-Xm-c-ßƒ Ccp-]-Øn-\m-emWv.
Ccp-]-Øn-aq∂pw Ign™p. GXm-bmepw Cu Ah-Xmc k¶¬]w BZn
Bcy- ∑ m¿°p- ≠ m- b n- c pt∂m F∂p kwi- b - a mWv . Bcy- ∑ m- c psS
G‰hpw {]mNo-\-amb {KŸw EtKz-Z-as{X. AXn¬ Ah-Xm-c-sØ-∏‰n
kqN- \ - s bm- ∂ p- a n- s √- ∂ mWv thZ- h n- Ø p- I - f mb Nne ]m›m- X y≥
]WvUn-X-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw.
C¥y-bn¬ ]n¬°m-e-ØpZv`-hn® Nne sslµ-h-a-X-\-ho-I-cW
{]ÿm-\-ßƒ Ah-Xmc k¶¬]sØ FXn¿Øn-´p≠v. I_odn({In.
1440-˛1518) s‚ ]cn-jvI-cW {]ÿm\w HcpZm-l-cWw. {]kn≤ Ncn-
{X-Im-c-\mb tUm. Xmcm-Nµv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""At±lw (I_o¿) Ah-
Xm-c-hm-ZsØ ]c-ky-ambn \ntj-[n-®n-cp∂p...........(At±lw ]d™p:)
"{]]-©-Øns‚ DS-a-ÿ-\m-b-ssZhw, Zp¿_-e-∑mcpw {]_-e-∑mcpw
XΩn-ep≈ Ak-aXzw I≠n-´v, {io cma-\mbn Ah-X-cn®p F∂v Ah¿
(lnµp-°ƒ) ]d-bp∂p.' I_o¿ ]d-bp-∂p: "P\n-°p-Ibpw acn-°p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ bmsXm-cm-fpsS apºnepw inc- p-Ip-\n-°p-hm≥ ]mSp-≈-X√;
Bfp-Iƒ ]d-bp∂ Zim-h-Xm-c-ß-fp-ambn F\n°v Hcp _‘-hp-an√.''7
BIbm¬ Ah-Xm-c-k-¶¬]w Bcy-a-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-
amb Hcp kn≤m-¥-am-sW∂v tXm∂p-∂n√. B kn≤m¥w ]n¬°me
krjvSn-bm-bn-cn-°m≥ sXfn™ km[y-X-bp≠v. F∂m¬ Ah-Xmc
k¶¬]-Ønse XmØzn-I-hiw, AXm-bXv, [¿a-kw-ÿm-]-\m¿Yw
alm-]p-cp-j-∑m¿ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-SpI F∂ hiw kp{]-[m-\-amWv.
AXv Ckvem-anse {]hm-N-IXz hnizm-k-tØmSv XnI®pw s]mcp-Ø-
s∏-Sp-∂p-ap≠v.
Hmtcm hn`m- K - Ø n- s ‚bpw kmt¶- X n- I - k w- ⁄ - I ƒ XΩn¬
hyXymkw ImWpI km[m-c-W-amWv. ]t£, XØz-Øn¬ Ah H∂m-
bn- c n°pw Xm\pw. kmt¶- X nI kw⁄- I - f n- e p≈ sshhn[yw
ap≥\n¿Øn, XØz- Ø n- e p≈ ASp∏w Ah- K - W n- ° p∂ ]£w
bmsXmcp hn⁄m-\hpw ]ptcm-K-an-°p-I-bn√. CXp-t]m-se-bmWv aX-
]-c-amb kmt¶-XnI kw⁄-I-fpsS ÿnXnbpw.
Xß-fpsS aXm-Nm-cy-∑msc ]pcm-X-\-`-mc-Xo-b¿ Ah-Xm-c-sa-∂mWv
hnfn- ® n- c p- ∂ Xv . Ah- c psS Hcp kmt¶- X nI kw⁄- b t{X AXv .
AXns‚ hn`m-h-\-bp-ambn Ckvem-anI hn`m-h\ s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂ns-
√∂v sh®v, `mc-X-Øn¬ {]hm-NI \ntbmKw D≠m-bn-ń-s√∂v hnNm-
cn-°p-∂Xv icn-bm-hn√. Fs¥-∂m¬ Jp¿-B-\nse kmam\y XØz-
Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ `mc-X-Ønepw ssZh-Zq-X-∑mcpw {]hm-N-I-
∑mcpw h∂n-´p-s≠∂v Dd-∏mWv. Jp¿-B-\n¬ A√mlp ]d-bp∂p:
""F√m Hmtcm P\-k-ap-Zm-b-Ønepw \mw ZqXs\ \ntbm-Kn-®n-´p≠v.
"A√m-lp-hn\v C_m-ZØv sNøWw; XzmKq-Øns\ ssIsh-Sn-bWw.'
(CXm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ ZuXyw! '')8
KoX-bn¬ ]d™ [¿a-kw-ÿm-]-\-Øns‚ as‰mcp kmt¶-XnI
kw⁄-bmWv GI-ssZ-h-Øn-\p≈ C_m-ZØv. "C_m-ZØv' F∂m¬
]c- a - a mb Hc- [ n- I m- c - i - ‡ n- ° p- a p- º n¬ k¿hm- fl \m Xe- I p- \ n®v
AXns‚ B⁄m\n-tcm-[-ßƒ A£cw{]Xn \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øp-I-sb-
∂-mWv A¿Yw. CXp-X-s∂-bmWv [¿a-kw-ÿm-]\wsIm≠pw hnh-
£n-°p-∂Xv. A[¿a-Øn\v ta[m-hn-Xzhpw B[n-]-Xyhpw t\Sn-s°m-
Sp-°p-Ibpw AXns\ \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ bXv\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ZpjvS-
i-‡n-I-fpsS t]cmWv "XzmKqØv'. AXns\ ssIsh-Sn-bpI F∂p
]d-™m¬ AXns‚ ta[m-hnXzw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I-sb-∂m-W¿Yw.
Npcp-°-Øn¬ alm-]p-cp-j-∑m-cpsS Bhn¿`m-h-Øns‚ Dt±-iy-ambn
KoXbpw Jp¿-B\pw ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv B¥-cm¿Y-Øn¬ H∂p Xs∂-
bmWv.
dkq¬am¿ F√m Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-Ønepw \nbp-‡-cm-bn-´ps-≠-
∂mWv {]kvXpX Jp¿-B-\nI kq‡w ]d-bp-∂Xv. thsd ]te-S-ß-
fn¬ CtX Bibw Jp¿-B≥ Bh¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-®n-´p≠v. Hcn-SØv ]d-
bp∂p:
""Hmtcm P\-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-\p-ap≠v, ssZh-Zq-X≥. Xß-fpsS ZqX≥
h∂m¬ P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ [¿am-\p-kmcw hn[n Iev]n-°-s∏Spw.''9
as‰m-cn-SØv ]d-bp∂p:
""Hcp ap∂-dnbn-∏p-Im-c≥ ({]hm-N-I≥) Ign™pt]mbn-ń-√mØ
H‰ P\-hn-`m-K-hp-an√.''10
""F√m Hmtcm P\-X-°p-ap≠v Hcp am¿K-Z¿in ({]hm-N-I≥).''11
F√m Hmtcm P\-hn-`m-K-Ønepw ssZh-Zq-X≥am¿ h∂n-´p-s≠-∂mWv
D]-cn-kq-Nn-X-amb Jp¿-B≥ hmIy-ßƒ Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn {]kvXm-hn-
°p-∂Xv. F¶n¬ a\p-jy-\m-K-cn-I-X-bpsS AXn-{]m-No-\- tI-{µ-ß-
fn-sem-∂mb `mc-X-Ønepw {]hm-N-I≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-ń-´p-s≠∂p
kn≤w. AXn-\m¬ `mc-Xo-b-cpsS [m¿anI k¶¬]w GtXm Hcp
{]hm-N-I-a-X-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-am-sW∂p Xo¿®!
`mc-Xob {]hm-NI
- cpw apkvenw-Ifpw
as‰√m P\-k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fn-epsa-∂-t]mse `mc-Xo-b-cnepw {]hm-N-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
I≥ AYhm {]hm-N-I≥am¿ h∂n-cn-°p-sa-∂p≈ kwKXn Jp¿-Bs‚

kmam\y {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ°v AwKo-I-
cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ Bcm-bn-cp∂p Cu {]hm-N-I≥? At±-
l-Øns‚ Ducpw t]cpw GXm-bn-cp∂p? Cu {]iv\-Øn\v Jfin-
Xhpw IWn-i-hp-amb Hcp-Øcw e`n-°pI Ffp-∏-a√. `mc-X-Øn¬
\nbp-‡-\mb {]hm-N-Is‚ IY Jp¿-B≥ ]d-™n-ń√. ]d-™n-cp-
∂p-sh-¶n¬ At±-lsØ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ
bmsXmcp sshap- J yhpw ImWn- ° p- a m- b n- c p- ∂ n√. t\ml (\qlv ) ,
A{_lmw (C_vdmlow), tamkkv (aqkm), tbip-{InkvXp (Cukm)
XpSßn H´-t\Iw alm-]p-cp-j-∑msc apkvenw-Iƒ {]hm-N-I-∑m-cmbn
AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p≠v. Jp¿-B≥ hnh-cn-
®-Xp-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS {]hm-N-I-Xz-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ°p bmsXmcp
kwi-b-Øn\pw CS-bn-√m-Ø-XmWv ImcWw.
F∂m¬ Jp¿-B-\n¬ {]tXy-I-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-s√-∂p-h®v, `mc-
X-Øn¬ {]hm-NI \ntbm-Kta D≠m-bn-ń-s√∂p hnNm-cn-®p-IqSm. F√m
P\-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ°pw \nbp-‡-cmb {]hm-N-I-∑msc Jp¿-B≥ ]cn-
N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-ń-√t√m. A√mlp Jp¿-B-\n¬ Acp-fn-s®-øp∂p: ""(Hm
apl-ΩZv \_o), Xm¶ƒ°v apºpw \mw ZqX-∑msc \ntbm-Kn-®n-´p≠v.
Ah-cn¬ Nne-cpsS hrØm¥w Xm¶ƒ°p \mw IY\w sNbvXp X∂p.
(F∂m¬) \mw IY\w sNbvXp-X-cm-Ø-hcpw A°q-´-Øn-ep≠v.''12
F√m {]hm-N-I-∑m-cnepw hniz-kn-°-W-sa-∂mWv Jp¿-Bs‚ A\p-
im-k\w. bmsXmcp {]hm-N-I-t\mSpw hnth-N-\m-a-t\m-`mhw A\p-
h¿Øn-°m≥ ]mSn√. apl-ΩZv \_n(k)bpsSbpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-
sSbpw icn-bmb \ne-]mSv {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠v Jp¿-B≥ ]-d-bp∂p:
""ssZh-Zq-X≥ Xs‚ \mY-¶¬\n∂v Ah-X-cn®p Inń-b-Xn¬ hniz-
kn-®n-cn-°p∂p. (AXp-t]m-se-bmWv) kXy-hn-izm-kn-Ifpw. Ah-sc√mw
A√m-lp-hnepw Ahs‚ ae-°p-I-fnepw thZ-ß-fnepw ZqX-∑m-cnepw
hniz- k n®p. ZqX- ∑ m- c n¬ Hcm- t fmSpw hnth- N \w ImWn°p- ∂ n√!
(CXs{X Ah-cpsS \ne-]mSv.)''13
Cu \b-{]-Jym-]-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv apkvenw-Iƒ
]q¿h {]hm-N-I-∑m-cn-se√mw hniz-kn-°p-∂Xv. B alm-flm-°-fpsS
\ma- ß ƒ D®- c n- ° p- t ºmƒ Ah¿ "Asse- l n- emw' F∂m- i w-
kn°p∂p. "At±- l - Ø n\v kam- [ m\w `hn°s´' F∂mWv B
hm°ns‚ A¿Yw. BI-bm¬ `mc-Xob {]hm-N-I-∑m-scbpw AwKo-I-
cn-®m-Z-cn-∏m≥ ta¬ {]am-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ
IS-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. Jp¿-B-\n¬ t]cp-≤-cn-®n√ F∂Xv Hcp {]Xn-_-
‘-am-hp-∂n√. C{km-tb¬ hwi-Øn¬ \nbp-‡-cmb {]hm-N-I-∑m-
cn¬ ]e-cp-sSbpw \ma-ßƒ Jp¿-B≥ {]kvXm-hn-®n-ń√. iaq-th¬,
bi-ømhv, bl-kvtI¬, bnc-aymhv, \nln-Ωmhv F∂o t]cp-Iƒ DZm-
l-cWw. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Ahsc {]hm-N-I-∑m-sc∂ \ne-bn¬ apkvenw-
Iƒ _lp-am-\n-°p∂p.
F∂m¬ `mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cy-∑m-cn-semcp hy‡n-sbbpw apkvenw-
Iƒ {]hm-N-I-\mbn AwKo-I-cn-®n-ń-s√-∂Xv icn-bmWv. F¥m-Wn-
Xns‚ Imc-Ww? Ah-cpsS bYm¿Y hy‡nXzw apkvenw-Iƒ°p Xncn-
®-dn-bm≥ Ign-™n√ F∂-Xp-Xs∂.
H∂m-a-Xmbn, ]pcm-X-\-`m-c-Xo-b¿°v hy‡n-I-fpsS Poh-N-cn{Xw
Ipdn-®p-h-bv°p∂ ]Xn-hn-√m-bn-cp∂p. X∂n-anØw `mc-Xob aXm-Nm-
cy-∑m-cpsS hy‡n-Xztam {]t_m-[-\tam Ckvem-anI am\-Z-WvU-a-\p-
k-cn®p hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ apkvenw-Iƒ°v Ign-™n√. Ncn-{X-Imc-
∑m- s c- t ∏mepw AXy¥w Ipg- ° nb Hcp ÿnXn- h n- t i- j - a m- W nXv .
]WvUn‰v Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp Fgp-Xp∂p:
""C¥y-bpsS {]mNo-\-N-cn{Xw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \ap°v hen-sbmcp
hnj-a-ap≠v. ]pcm-X\ Bcy-∑m¿˛Ct¥m-B-cy-∑m¿ F∂mWv Chsc
hnfn-®ph-cp-∂Xv˛ Ncn{Xw Ipdn-®p-h-bv°p-∂-Xn\p Xosc D’p-I-cm-bn-
cp-∂n√.''14
c≠m-a-Xmbn `mc-Xo-bm-Nm-cy-∑m-cpsS hy‡n-Xz-ßƒ bp‡n-°n-W-
ßm-Ø sFXn-ly-ß-fmepw sI´p-I-Y-I-fmepw Bh-cWw sNø-s∏-
ń-cn-°p-I-bmWv. Ah¿ Ncn{X ]pcp-j-∑mtcm shdpw IYm-]m-{X-ßtfm
F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°pI t]mepw hnj-a-amWv. F∂n-´t√, Ah-cpsS
hy‡nXzw Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂Xv?
IqSmsX `mj, BNmcw, aX-hn-izmkw, C¥y-°m¿ XΩn¬Ø-
Ωn-ep≈ sshcp-[y-ßƒ apX-em-b \nc-h[n {]Xn-_-‘-ßƒ thsdbpw.
]pcm-X\ `mc-X-Øn-te°v Xncn™pt\m°p-∂-]£w, C∂-sØ-°mƒ
hfsc k¶o¿-Wam-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ Ahÿ F∂p-ImWmw. ]c-
kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-amb \nc-h[n ssZh-k-¶¬]-ßƒ, Ah-Xm-c-kn-≤m¥w,
]p\¿P-∑-hmZw, NmXp¿h¿-Wy-kw-kvImcw, Hcp XØz-Ønepw tbmPn-
∏n-°m-\m-hmØ Z¿i-\-ßƒ BZn-bmb k¶o¿W-X-Iƒ \nd™ `mc-
X-sØ-bmWv apkvenw ]fin-X-∑m¿°v ImWm≥ Ign-™Xv. ssZhnI
ktµiw sIm≠-\p-Kr-lo-X-amb Hcp kapZm-b-Øns‚ e£-W-ß-
sfm∂pw Ah¿°v {]Xy-£-ambn ImWm≥ km[n-®n√. X∂n-anØw
Ah¿ `mc-Xob {]hm-N-I-∑msc Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw apXn¿-∂n√.
F∂m¬ ]ucm- W nI apkv e nw ]fin- X - ∑ m- c n- e mcpw `mc- X ob
kwkvImcw ]Tn-°p-hm≥ {ian-®n-ń-s√∂p [cn-°-cpXv. Nne hn⁄m-
\-Ip-Xp-In-Iƒ AXn-\p-th≠n hfsc ]mSp-s]-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. ]t£,
`mc-Xo-b-a-Xm-Nm-cy-∑m-cpsS hy‡n-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®p icn-bmb Hcp \nK-
a-\-Øn-se-Øp-hm≥ Ah¿°pw Ign-™n-ń√. kp{]-kn≤ tZi-k-©m-
cnbpw ]fin-X-\p-amb A_q-d-bvlm≥ apl-Ω-Zp¬ _odq\n ({In. 973˛-
1048) C°q-´-Øn¬s]-Sp∂p. At±lw `mc-X-Øn¬ h∂p ]Xn-aq-∂p-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
h¿jw `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-sØ-∏‰n ]T\w \SØn. `mc-Xo-b-`mj

]Tn®p. ]e {_m“W ]fin-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw injyXzw kzoI-cn®p.
A∂sØ `mc-Xo-b-cpsS Ncn-{X-sØ- ]p-c-kvI-cn®p Ad-_n-`m-j-bn¬
Hcp {KŸw cNn®p˛"InXm-_p¬lnµv'. IqSmsX `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-ß-
tfbpw hn⁄m-\-ß-tfbpw At±lw Ad-_n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w
sNbvI-bp-ap-≠mbn. ]t£, AsXm∂pw `mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cy-∑m-cpsS
hy‡n-Xz-Øn-te°v shfn®w hoip-∂n√. `mc-Xo-bsc a\- n-em-°p-
hm- \ p≈ {ia- Ø n¬ ]cm- P bw kΩ- X n- ° p- I - b mWv A¬ _odq\n
sNbvXXv: ""Fs‚ Ign-hns‚ ]c-am-h[n D]-tbm-Kn®p In´m-hp-t∂-S-
tØmfw tcJ-Iƒ tiJ-cn-®n´pw Ah-cpsS F√m \ne-I-sf-°p-dn®pw
]cn-]q¿W-ambn Adn-bm-\p≈ {ia-Øn¬ Rm≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏-ń-cn-°p-
I-bm-sW-∂p-thWw ]d-bp-hm≥.''15
C¥y-°m-cpsS aX-sØbpw kwkvIm-c-sØbpw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn¬
as‰mcp aX-°m-c-∂p≈ hnj-a-X-I-sf-∏‰n A¬ _odq\n ]d-bp-∂p:
""C¥y-°m¿°pw \ap°pw XΩn-ep≈ AI¬®°v ]e Imc-W-ß-fp-
ap≠v. P\-k-©bw ]c-kv]cw tbmPn-°p∂ hnj-b-ß-fn-se√mw \mapw
Ah-cp-ambn hntbm-Pn-∏m-Wp-≈Xv.''16
`mj, aXw, BNmcw BZn-bm-b-h-sb√mw {]kvXpX AI¬®°v
Imc-W-ß-fmbn At±lw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p. apkvenw-I-fpsS aX-
`mj F°m-eØpw Ad-_n-bmWv. Ah-cpsS {]m¿Y-\-Iƒ, kvtXm{X-
ßƒ, Io¿Ø-\-ßƒ F√mw Ad-_n-bn-emWv. aX-]-c-amb kmt¶-
XnI i_vZ-ßfpw Ad-_n-bn-ep-≈-XmWv. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS aX-`m-j-bm-
hs´, kwkvIr-Xhpw. As√-¶n¬ kwkvIr-X-a-b-amb {]mtZ-inI `mj-
Iƒ. `mjm-]-c-amb AI¬®-aqew apkvenw-I-fpsS aXm-Nm-cy-∑m-cpsS
hy‡nXzw `mc-Xo-b¿°pw `mc-Xob ]pWy-]p-cp-j≥am-cpsS hy‡nXzw
apkvenw-Iƒ°pw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ {]bm-kw- t\-cn´p. apkvenw-Iƒ Xß-
fpsS aXm-Nm-cy-∑msc \_n, dkq¬, Jeo^, Camw XpS-ßnb Ad_n
kw⁄- I - f n- e mWv kv a cn- ° m- d p- ≈ - s X- ¶ n¬, `mc- X o- b ¿ Xß- f psS
]pWy-]p-cp-j-∑msc Ejn, al¿jn, ap\n, amap\n, Kpcp apX-emb \ma-
ß-fn-emWv hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. CØcw kmt¶-XnI kw⁄-I-fpsS
bYm¿Y- s]m-cpƒ ]c-kv]cw Adn-bp-∂n√. \_n F∂Xv apl-Ω-Zns‚
Hcp ]cym-b-]-Z-am-sW-∂s{X Nne `mjm-\n-L-≠p-I¿Øm-°ƒt]mepw
[cn-®p-h-im-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ {]hm-N-I≥ F∂p-am-{Xta
AXn-\¿Y-ap≈q. AXp-sIm-≠mWv C_vdmlow \_n, aqkm \_n,
Cukm \_n F∂pw a‰pw apkvenw-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv.
IqSmsX apkvenw-I-fpsS aX-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ H´p-ap-°mepw Ad-
_n-`m-j-bn-emWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. `mc-Xob aX kmln-Xy-ßtfm,
kwkvIr-X-Ønepw. AXpw hymh-lm-cnI `mj-bn-e-√-Xm\pw. AXn-
]p-cm-X-\hpw kwkvIrX ]fin-X-∑m¿°p-t]mepw Zp¿{K-l-hp-amWv
Ah- b psS `mjm- s sien. AXy¥w \nKq- V - ß - f mb XØz- ß ƒ
t]mepw Ihn-X-I-fntem, Ihn-X-t]m-ep≈ KZy-ß-fntem BWv {]Xn-
]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈Xv. thZ-ßƒ, D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ apX-em-bh a\- n-em-h-
W- s a- ¶ n¬, kwkv I r- X - ] - fi n- X - ∑ m¿°p- t ]mepw Zo¿L- I m- e sØ
X] pw ITn-\-{h-Xhpw th≠n-h-cp∂p. BI-bm¬ `mc-Xo-b-cpsS aX-
km-ln-Xy-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v `mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cy-∑m-cpsS hy‡n-Xz-
sØ-∏‰n icn-bmb Hcp \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cpI CXc aX-ÿ¿°v
£n{]-km-[y-a√.
CXn-s\√mw ]pdta ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv `mc-Xo-b¿ aX XØz-ßƒ
A\y-∑m¿°v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ _lp-ep-_v[≥am-cm-bn-cp∂p.
Aßs\ sNøp-∂Xv \njn-≤-am-sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS [mcW.
tizXm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xp -t\m-°pI:
""thZmt¥ ]caw Kplyw
]pcm-Ievt] {]tNm-ZnXw
\m{]-im-¥mb ZmXhyw
lm ]p{Xmb injymb hm ]p\x.''
(]pcm-X\ ImesØ thZm-¥-Øn¬ ]c-a-c-l-ky-amb Cu ⁄m\w
]d-™n-´p≠v. Aim-¥-\mb hy‡n°v AXv ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°-cpXv.
Abmƒ {]nb-]p-{Xt\m injyt\m Bbmepw sIm≈mw.)17
]p{X-∂pw injy-∂pw-IqSn ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ ]mSn-√mØ Hcp
cl-ky-⁄m\w apkvenw-I-sf-t∏m-ep≈ A\y-a-X-ÿ-∑m¿°v Adn-
bn-°p∂ {]iv\w Xs∂ D¤-hn-°p-∂n-√t√m. iq{Z-∑m¿°pw iq{Z-∑m-
sc-t∏m-ep-≈-h¿°pw thZw D]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xns\ [¿a-imkv{Xw I¿i-
\-ambn hne-°n-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv. Bcym-h¿Ø-Øn\p ]pd-Øp-≈-h-
sc√mw iq{Z-∑m-cm-bmWv KWn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. sslµ-h-[¿a imkv{X-
ß-fn¬ G‰hpw {]am-Wn-°-s∏-Sp∂ a\p-kvarXn ]d-bp∂p:
""]ufivd-Im-›u-{U-{Z-hnUmx Imwt`m-Pm-b-h -
\m-»Imx ]mc-Zm-]¬ln-hm-›o\mx Incm-Xm-Z-cZmx Jimx:''18
(]u{fiw [Imcq-j-cmPyw AYhm DØ-c-_w-Kmƒ], Hu{Uw [Hdo ],
{ZhnUw [sX∂n¥y], Imwt`mPw [sX°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ Imivao-chpw
Im^n-dn-ÿms‚ `mK-ßfpw], bh\w [{Ko°v, Atd_ym apX-em-bh],
iIw [knØn-b-tZiw], ]mcXw, ]m¬loIw, No\w [No\], IncmXw
[lnam-e-b-Øn\p kao-]-ap≈ Hcp tZiw], ZcXw [hnj-ap-≠m-Ip∂
Hcp tZiw], Jiw F∂o cmPy-ßƒ ]men-®-h-sc√mw iq{Z≥am-cmbn
`hn®p.)
C°q-´-Øn¬ bh-\-∑m-cm-bmWv apkvenw-Isf `mc-Xo-b¿ IW-°m-
°n-bn-cp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ C∂pw apkvenw-Isf "tPm\¿', "tPm\-
I¿', "tbm\¿' (bh-\¿) F∂p hnfn-®p-h-cp∂p.
iq{Z-∑m¿°pw iq{Z-∑m-cmbn KWn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h¿°pw Xß-fpsS
thZ-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ Adn-bn-°p-hm≥ ]mSn-s√-∂mWv sslµ-h-[¿a-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. `K-h-ZvKoX A[ymbw 4, t«mIw 7, 8
2. Ibid A[ymbw 1, t«mIw 33-˛35.
3. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hmfyw 4, t]Pv 502
4. KoX A[ymbw 1, t«mIw 31
5. Jp¿-B≥ A[ymbw 6, kq‡w 100
6. `hn-jy-]p-cmWw ]¿∆w 3, ImWvUw 3, A[ymbw 3, t«mIw 5
7. Influence of Islam on Indian Culture p.163
8. Jp¿-B≥ A[ymbw 16, kq‡w 36
9. Ibid A[ymbw 10, kq‡w 47
12. Ibid 4: 78
13. Ibid 2 : 285
14. hniz-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]Pv 11
15. A¬_odq\n I≠ C¥y t]Pv 17
16. Ibid p.1
17. D≤-cWw: hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ By cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xy-mb≥, t]Pv 622
18. a\p-kvarXn A[ymbw 10, t«mIw 44
19. Ibid 4: 81
20. Ibid 4: 99
21. B]-kvXw-_-[¿Ω-kq{Xw
22. A¬_odq\n I≠ C¥y t]Pv 15
imkv{Xw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂Xv. a\p-kvarXn ]d-bp∂p:

""tbmlyky [¿Ω-am-NjvtS bss›-hmZn iXn-{hXw
tkmkw{hXw \ma-Xax kl-tX-ss\-h-a-÷Xn.''19
(bmsXmcp {_m“-W≥ iq{Z\v [¿ahpw {hXhpw icn-bmbn D]-tZ-in-
°p-∂pthm Ah≥ B iq{Z-t\m-Sp-IqSn A‘w-{h-X-sa∂ A‘-Im-c-
Øn¬ a·-\m-Ip∂p.)
iq{Z-cp≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬ sh®p-t]mepw thtZm-®m-cWw ]mSp-≈-
X√. ""\ iq-{Z-P\ k∂ns[u''20 (iq{Z-∑m-cpsS kao-]-Øn¬ thZw
sNm√-cp-Xv). ""thZw tI´ iq{Zs‚ ImXn¬ Cubhpw Ac°pw Dcp-
°n-sbm-gn-°Ww, thZ-ap-®-cn® iq{Zs‚ \mhv AdpØp th¿s∏-Sp-
ØWw.''21 --
Cß-s\-bp≈ Hcp kml-N-cy-Øn¬ apkvenw aX-]-fin-X≥am¿°v
`mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cy≥am-cpsS hy‡nXzw hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-™n-
s√-¶n¬ AXn¬ Ahsc Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p Imcy-an√. hmkvX-h-Øn¬
AXn\p ImcWw `mc-Xo-b-cpsS tem`-a-t\m-`m-h-amWv. Dkv_-°n-kvXm-
\n¬ \n∂v C¥y-bn¬ h∂v ]Xn-aq∂v h¿jw \nc-¥-c-ambn {iaw \S-
Ønb A¬_o- d q\n ]cm- P - b - s ∏- S p- I - b m- W p- ≠ m- b - s X∂p ]d- ™ p-
ht√m. CXns‚ ImcWw At±lw Xs∂ shfn- s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ Xp
ImWpI: ""Ah¿ (`mc-Xo-b¿) \sΩ ]nim-Np-°-sf-t∏m-se-bmWv IW-
°m-°p-∂Xv. \ΩpsS thjhpw BIr-Xn-bpw Ah-cpsS Ipń-Isf t]Sn-
∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ D]m-[n-I-fmbn kzoI-cn®p hcn-Ibpw sNøp∂p.''22
CX-c≥am-tcmSv C{Xbpw Ad-t∏mSpw Ah-⁄-tbmSpw IqSn s]cp-
am-dn-bn-cp∂ Hcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ aX-X-Øz-ß-sfbpw kmwkvIm-cnI
aqey-ß-sfbpw a‰p-≈-h¿s°-ßs\ {Kln-°m-s\m°pw? CXmWv `mc-
Xob aXm- N m- c y≥am- c psS hy‡nXzw hne- b n- c p- Ø p- h m≥ apkv e nw-
Iƒ°p Ign-bm-Xn-cp-∂-Xns‚ Hcp {][m\ Imc-W-sa∂p tXm∂p∂p.
F∂m¬ C∂sØ \ne AX√; C∂v `mc-Xo-b-cpsS ASn-ÿm-\
aX-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ ]eXpw D]-e-_v[-amWv. Ah-bn¬ NneXv {]mtZ-
inI `mj-bn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-ń-´p-ap≠v. Ah hmbn®v `mc-Xo-
b-a-Xm-Nm-cy≥am-cpsS hy‡nXzw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-t™°pw. ]t£,
apkvenw ]fin-X≥am¿ B hgn°v th≠{X {i≤ sNep-Øp-∂n-
s√∂p tJZ-]q¿hw ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. auem\m A_p¬Iemw
Bkm-Zn-s\t-∏m-ep≈ alm-]-fin-X≥am¿ Cu cwKØv Imse-SpØp
h®n-cp∂p. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS ssZh-k-¶¬]-ß-sf-∏‰n At±lw Xs‚
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
hnJym-X-amb Jp¿-B≥ `mjy-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p≠v. ]t£, AXp

Xotc A]q¿Whpw A]-cym-]vX-hp-amWv. IqSmsX `mc-Xo-b-cpsS ASn-
ÿm-\-km-ln-Xy-ß-sf-b-√, Ah-sb-°p-dn® ]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X≥am-
cpsS \ncq-]-W-ß-sf-bmWv At±lw apJy-ambpw Ah-ew-_n-®n-´p-≈Xv.
]m›m-Xy≥ aX-ho-£Ww as‰m-∂mWv. Ah-cpsS \nK-a-\-ß-fpsS
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp aX-sØ-°p-dn®p h√ Xocp-am-\hpw FSp-°pI
hnj-a-as{X.
thZ-ßƒ, D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ, CXn-lm-k-]p-cm-W-ßƒ apX-em-b-h-
bmWv `mc-Xo-b-a-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ. Chsb \njv]-
£-_p≤ym ]Tn®p icn-bmb Hcp \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm-\mWv {ian-t°-
≠Xv. F∂m¬ AXn\v tbmKy-cmb hy‡n-Iƒ \ap-°n-∂n√.
tIhew A]-cym-]v-Xhpw ]cn-an-X-hp-amb Hcp {ia-Øns‚ ê-
amWv Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ ht∂-
°m≥ [mcmfw km[y-X-bp≈ kvJen-X-ßƒ Adn-hp≈ alm≥am¿
kvt\l-_p≤ym Xncp-Øp-sa∂ {]Xo-£-tbmsS Nne A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ
ChnsS {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂p. kXym-t\z-j-W-hn-Im-c-a-√msX as‰mcp \n£n-
]vX-Xm¬]-cyhpw CXns‚ ]nd-In¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-ń-s√∂v GXm-≠p-d-
∏mbn ]d-bm≥ Ignbpw.
A[ymbw c≠v
am\-Zfiw
\nc-h[n \mK-cn-I-X-Iƒ temI-Øp-Zn-°p-Ibpw Db-cp-Ibpw AkvX-
an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. Ch-bn¬ Nne-sX-¶nepw icn-bmb ssZh-
k-tµ-i-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep-S-se-Sp-Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcy-
Øn¬ Ncn{Xw kwi- b n- ° p- ∂ n√. PqX- \ m- K - c n- I X Hcp- Z m- l - c Ww.
tamk p apX¬ {InkvXp-h-sc-bp≈ {]hm-N-I-∑m-cmWv AXn\v ASn-
Ø- d - ] m- I n- b Xv . ]t£, tbip- h ns‚ Ime- a m- b - t ∏m- t g°pw AXv
Bflmhv \jvS-s∏´v tIh-e-samcp ]mc-º-cy-ambn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-ń-cp∂p.
AXn-\m¬ PqX-kw-kvIm-csØ ip≤n-sN-øm-\mbn tbip-{InkvXp \S-
Ønb {ia- ß - s fm∂pw hnP- b n- ® n√. Ah- k m\w ss{Ikv X - h Xzw
as‰mcp \mK-cn-I-X-bmbn hf-cp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬
ss{IkvXh \mK-cn-I-Xbpw Poh-—-h-ambn cq]w amdn. At∏m-gmWv
Atd-_n-bm-bn¬ Ckvemw Bhn¿`-hn-®Xv. Ckvem-ans‚ \h-ssN-
X\yw ss{I-kvXh \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS i‡n-sI-Sp-Øp-Ibpw k¿hYm
]ptcm- K - a - t \m- ∑ p- J hpw hnπ- h m- fl - I - h p- a mb as‰mcp \mK- c n- I X
kwÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXv kakvX temI-\m-K-cn-I-X-I-fn¬
kzm[o\w sNepØn. Ckvemw ]pkvX-I-Ønepw apkvenw-Iƒ ivaim-
\-Øn-ep-ambn HXp-ßn-b-tXmsS Ckvem-anI \mK-cn-I-Xbpw tNX-\-
b‰ ań-embn.
Ncn{X hnZym¿Ynsb kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw AXn-]p-cm-X-\-amb
Hcp kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ km£m¬ ASn-ÿm-\-ß-sf-s¥∂p \n¿W-
bn-°pI Xptemw hnj-a-at{X. Nne AS-bm-f-ß-sfm-gnsI as‰mcp hn[n-
\n¿Wm-bI tcJbpw Abmƒ°p-]e-_v[-am-hp-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°m-h-
X√. {]kvXpX AS-bm-f-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®p-thWw, AXv cq]-sa-Sp-
ØXv ssZhn-I-X-Øz-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øntem, ùXnI XØz-ß-
fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øntem F∂p \n¿W-bn-°pI. ssZh \n¿Zn-jvS-ß-
fmb XØz-ß-fpsS AkvXn-hm-c-Øn-t∑¬ s]mßn-h-∂n-´p≈ kwkvIm-
c-ku-[-Øn-s‚-Xmb Nne e£-W-ßƒ Jp¿-B≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-
∂p≠v. Ahsb Hcp am\-Z-fi-ambn kzoI-cn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv. Ah
Xmsg hnh-cn-°p∂p.
AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßf
- n-ep≈ hnizmkw
ssZh-\n¿ZnjvS XØz-ß-fn¬ {]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-am-bn-´p-≈Xv
AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-fmWv. a\p-jys‚ ⁄mt\-{µn-b-ßƒ°p hnt[-
b-am-hmØ bmYm¿Yy-sØ-bmWv "AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yyw' F∂n-hnsS
hyh-l-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. ssZhw, ssZh-Zq-X≥am¿ (ae-°p-Iƒ), ac-Wm-\-
¥c PohnXw, kz¿Kw, \cIw BZn-bm-bh DZm-l-cWw. CØcw
bmYm¿Yy-ß-fpsS `mhm-`m-h-ß-sf-∏-‰ntbm kz`mh KpW-ß-sf-∏-
‰ntbm Hcp Xocp-am-\-hp-sa-Sp-°p-hm≥ a\p-jy-_p-≤n°p km[y-a√.
ImcWw, Ahs‚ ⁄m\ ZrjvSn°v Ah AtKm-N-c-ß-fs{X. Ah-
bpsS bmYm¿Yyw I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ ]‰p∂ bmsXmcp D]-I-c-Whpw
D]-e-_v[-a√. a\p-jys‚ ⁄m\-Zr-jvSn°v tKmN-c-am-hp∂ GXp hnj-
bhpw Zriy {]]- © - Ø n¬s]- ´ - X mWv . AZriy {]]- © - h p- a mbn
Ahs‚ C{µn-b-ßƒt°m D]-I-c-W-ßƒt°m bmsXmcp _‘-hp-
an√.
F∂m¬ ssZhw Xnc-s™-SpØv {]hm-N-IXz ]Zw A\p-{K-ln®
Nne hy‡n-Iƒ°v AØcw bmYm¿Yy-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ kq£vahpw
kpZr-V-hp-amb ⁄m\w e`n-°p∂p. AXpw AZr-iy-am¿tKW. {]hm-
N-I-∑m-cpsS kXy-k-‘hpw ss[cy-]q¿h-hp-amb {]h-N-\-a-√msX CX-
c-∑msc kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw Ah-bpsS kXym-hÿ At\z-jn-°p-
∂-Xn\v as‰mcp hgn-bp-an√. CXmWv AZr-iy-{]-]-©-Øns‚ icn-bmb
\ne-]mSv.
Jp¿-B≥ {]kvXpX AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßsf "ssK_v' F∂mWv
hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv; Zriy-{]-]-©sØ "ilm-ZØv' F∂pw. ssK_ns‚
bmYm¿Yyw ssZh-Øn\v am{Xta Adnbq. {]hm-N-I≥am¿°v AZr-
iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-fn¬ NneXv Ah≥ Adn-bn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂p. {]hm-N-
I- ∑ m¿ Ah P\- ß sf DZv t _m- [ n- ∏ n- ° p- I bpw sNøp∂p. GXp
\ne°pw Hcp {]hm-N-I≥ aptJ-\-b-√msX AZriyw Adn-bpI km[y-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
a√. AXmWv Jp¿-B≥ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv: ""AZr-iyw Adn-bp-∂-h-

\m-Ip∂p A√mlp. Ahs‚ AZr-iy-sØ-∏‰n B¿°pw Adn-bn∏p
\¬Ip-∂-X√˛Ah≥ CjvS-s∏´ ZqX-∂-√msX.''1
AXn-\m¬ ssZhw, ssZh-Zq-X≥, kz¿Kw, \cIw, I¿a-êw, ac-
Wm-\-¥c PohnXw XpS-ßnb AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßsf kw_-‘n®
hn`m-h\ GsXmcp kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ ImWp-∂pthm, B kwkvIm-c-
Øns‚ \njv]Øn {]hm-NI {]t_m-[-\-am-bn-cn-°msX \n¿hm-l-an√.
Fs¥-∂m¬ AØcw AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ßƒ {]hm-N-I-∂-√msX
a‰m¿°pw e_v[-a√. BI-bm¬ ta¬∏-d™ AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-
fn-ep≈ hnizm-ksØ ssZh-\n¿ZnjvS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {]Y-a-e-£-
W-ambn \ap°v AwKo-I-cn°mw. Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""Cu {KŸw
(Jp¿-B≥) Hcp am¿K-Z¿i-\-amWv ˛ A°m-cy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√. AZr-
iy-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p∂ `‡-P-\-ßƒ°v''2
ssZhnI am¿K-Z¿i-\-ß-f-S-ßnb Jp¿-B≥ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v
{]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-amb D]m[n AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-Øn-ep≈ hnizm-
k-am-sW∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ AXn¬ \n∂v Hcp Imcyw hywKy-¥-tcW
kn≤-am-hp-∂p≠v. ssZhn-I-am¿K-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw ASn-ÿm-\-
]-c-amb khn-ti-jX AZr-iy-bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-sf-°p-dn® {]Xn-]m-Z-\-am-
bn-cn-°p-sa-∂-XmWXv. ssZhw, ssZh-Zq-X≥, I¿a-êw, kz¿K-\-c-I-
ßƒ, ac- W m- \ - ¥ c PohnXw AYhm ]c- t emIw F∂n- h - s b- ∏ ‰n
{]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b-a-X-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ hy‡-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p≠v.
GI-ssZ-hXz hn`m-h\w
{]hm-N-I-∑m-cm¬ {]t_m-[n-X-amb aX-X-Øz-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-
\-ß-fn¬ cq]wsIm≈p∂ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ c≠m-asØ e£Ww
GI- s sZ- h Xz hn`m- h - \ - a mWv . F√m Hmtcm {]hm- N - I \pw Cu
BZ¿isØ Du∂n-bp-d-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ kn≤m-¥n-°p∂p.
]t£, Cu cwKØv Hcp Ncn{X bmYm¿Yyw \mw khn-tijw {i≤n-
t°-≠-Xp≠v. GsXmcp {]hm-N-I-s‚bpw A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ At±-l-
Øns‚ bYm¿Y {]t_m-[-\-Øn¬ \n∂v A\-¥c ImeØv hyXn-N-
en-®n-´p≠v. AtXmsS ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ A‘-hn-izm-k-ßfpw A\m-
Nm-c-ßfpw krjvSn-]q-Pm-]-c-amb k{º-Zm-b-ßfpw a‰pw Ah-cpsS
kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ \pg™p IS∂p, Aßs\ Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ AXv
X\n _lp-ssZ-h-Xz-abamb Hcp kwkvIm-c-ambn A[x-]-Xn°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Cu kmam-\y-kz-`m-h-Øn¬ \n∂v PqX-aXtam
{InkvXp-a-Xtam Ckvemw aXtam H∂pw Xs∂ Hgn-h√. C∂sØ
apkvenw-I-fn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw acn®p aä-d™ alm-]p-cp-j≥am-
sctbm Ah-cpsS ivaim-\-ß-sftbm ]qPn-°p-∂-h-cmWv. BI-bm¬
A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS hyXn-N-e-\sØ ho£n®v, kwkvIm-csØ hne-
bn-cp-Øp∂ ]£w bmsXmcp kwkvIm-c-sØbpw krjvSn-]q-P-bn¬
\n∂v ip≤-am-bn-°m-WpI C°m-eØv km[y-a√.
sslµ-h-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°pw
A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ°pw krjvSn-]q-P-Iƒ°pw Iøpw IW-°p-an√. F∂m¬
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ DXv]Øn GI-ssZ-h-Xz-k-¶¬]-Øn¬
\n∂m-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°p-hm≥ Ignbpw.
C∂sØ ss{IkvX-h-temIw s]mXp-hn¬ {XnXz-hm-Zn-I-fmWv.
]nXmhv, ]p{X≥, ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv ˛ Cu aq∂pw IqSnb H∂mWv Ah-
cpsS ssZh-k-¶¬]w. F∂m¬ tbip-{InkvXp Hcp {]hm-N-I-\m-bn-
cp- ∂ p- s h∂pw, GI- s sZ- h - X z- s Ø- b - √ msX as‰mcp ssZh- k - ¶ ¬]-
sØbpw At±lw D]-tZ-in-®n-ń-s√∂pw A\-¥c ImeØv ss{IkvXh
kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ \pg-™p-I-S-∂-XmWv {XnXz-hn-izm-k-sa∂pw Jp¿-
B≥ \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp∂p. \ne-hn-ep≈ kphn-ti-j-ßƒ
Xs∂ AXn-te°v sXfn-hp-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p-ap≠v.
CXp-t]m-se-bmWv \ne-hn-ep≈ `mc-Xob aX-Øn-s‚bpw ÿnXn.
as‰√m aX-ß-sfbpw At]-£n®p IqSp-X¬ ]g-°-ap≈ H∂m-b-Xn-
\m¬ `mc-Xo-b-aXw IqSp-X¬ Itø-‰-ßƒ°pw hyXn-bm-\-ßƒ°pw
hnt[- b - a mbn Ft∂- b p≈q. F∂n´pw ip≤- a mb GI- s sZ- h Xz
k¶¬]sØ {]tZym-Xn-∏n-°p∂ Nne tcJ-Iƒ C∂pw {]mNo\ `mc-
Xob kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv AZv`pXw. EtKz-Z-Ønse
]e a{¥-ßfpw hninjym, "\mk-Zob kq‡w' CXn-te°p-Ø-tam-
Zm-l-c-W-amWv. t]msc-¶n¬ D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ip≤-amb GI-Xz-k-
¶¬]sØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p.
]c-temI hnizmkw
ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-Øn-ep≈ hnizm-k-amWv as‰mcp e£Ww.
ac-W-tØmsS a\pjy PohnXw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂n-s√∂pw ac-Wm-\-
¥-chpw Pohn-Xw XpS-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-amWv {]hm-N-I≥am¿ ]Tn-∏n-®n-´p-
≈Xv. CXn-s\-Xnsc ùXnI Nn¥-I≥am¿, ac-W-tØmsS a\p-jy-Po-
hnXw F-t∂-°p-ambn Ah-km-\n-®p-sh∂v hmZn-°p∂p. a\p-jys‚
I¿a-^-esØ apJy-ambpw A\-¥c Pohn-X-tØm-SmWv {]hm-N-I-a-
X-ßƒ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv. AXm-bXv Cu Pohn-X-Øn¬ kpIrXw
{]h¿Øn-®-h\v B Pohn-X-Øn¬ kZv^-ehpw, ]m]w sNbvX-h\v
Zpjv^-ehpw D≠mhpw. Cu XØz-amWv {]hm-N-I≥am-sc√mw kzP-
\-Xsb DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®n-cp-∂-sX∂p Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""(kXv-I¿an-
Iƒ°p) kphn-ti-jhpw (ZpjvI¿an-Iƒ°p) Xm°oXpw \¬Ip-∂-h-
cm-bn-´-√msX ssZh-Zq-X-∑msc \mw \ntbm-Kn-°p-∂n√.''3
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-chpw I¿a-^-e-sØ-∏‰n Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p≠v.
]t£, as‰mcp k¶¬]-Øn-emWv I¿Ω-êw C∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
]p\¿P-∑-k-¶¬]-Øn¬. Cu P∑-Øn¬ ]pWyw sNbvX-h≥ ASpØ
P∑-Øn¬ kpPm-X\pw ]m]w {]h¿Øn-®-h≥ \oN-\p-ambn ]cn-W-an-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
°p-sa-∂mWv `mc-Xo-b-cpsS hnizmkw. F∂m¬ ]pcm-X\ `mc-Xo-b¿

]p\¿P≥a-Øn¬, As√-¶n¬ AXns‚ {]kvXpX hymJym-\-Øn¬
hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂n√. {]XypX, ]mc-eu-InI I¿a-^-e-Øn-emWv Ah¿
hniz- k n- ® n- c p- ∂ Xv . ]p\¿P- ∑ - h mZw, AYhm AXns‚ C∂sØ
hymJym\w ]nev°me krjvSn-bm-sW∂v Nne \ncq-]-I≥am¿ hy‡-
am-°n-bn-´p≠v. {io. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""thZ-Ønse
Ejn-am¿ Cu temI-Øp-\n∂v hn`n-∂-amb as‰mcp temI-ap-s≠∂v
hniz- k n- ® n- c p∂p. Ahn- t S- ° mWv ac- W m- \ - ¥ cw kXv I ¿an- I ƒ
t]mhpI. Ah¿ AhnsS B\-µ-]q¿∆w Pohn-°p-∂-XmWv. Xmsg-bp≈
]mXmfw A‘- I m- c - a bamb \c- I - t em- I - a mWv . Ahn- t S- ° mWv
ZpjvI¿an-Iƒ t]mhp-∂Xv.... sshZnI ImesØ Ejn-am¿°p ]p\¿P-
∑-hm-Z-hp-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.''4
thZ-Im-eØv Pohn® {]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b¿ ]c-tem-I-Ønse I¿a-
^-e-ß-fnepw kz¿K-\-c-I-ß-fn-ep-amWv hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]t£,
]n¬°m-eØv kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ [m¿an-I-t_m[w Atº XI¿∂p.
Xmgv∂-hn-`m-K-ßƒ Zmcn-{Zyhpw ASn-a-Øhpw Ak-a-Xzhpw A\p-`-hn®p
s]mdp-Xn-ap-´p-Ibpw kº-∂-Xbpw kpJ-Po-hn-Xhpw Hcp ]nSn Ipeo-
\≥am-cpsS IpØ-I-bm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ AXn-s\-Xn-cn¬
cq£-amb hna¿i\w s]mßn-h∂p. ]c-tem-I-hn-izmkw P\-lr-Z-b-
ß-fn¬ \n∂v A¥¿[m\w sNbvXp. XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ aX-t\-Xm-°ƒ°v
]p\¿P≥a-hmZw Bhn-jvI-cn-t°-≠n-h∂p. [¿aw icn°pw ]men-°m-
Ø-h¿ ho≠pw Cl-Øn¬ Xs∂ P\n-°p-sa∂pw, B P≥a-Øn¬
kq-Ict\m ip\-It\m iq{Zt\m Bbn cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw Zm¿i-
\nI cwKØv kn≤m-¥n-°-s∏´p. P\-ßƒ A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Zpcn-X-
]q¿W-amb PohnXw ap÷≥a-Ønse I¿a-^-e-am-sW∂pw hcpw P≥a-
Øn¬ kpJ-Po-hnXw e`n-t°-≠-Xn\v kXvI¿a-a-\p-jvTn-°p-I-b-
√msX as‰mcp ]cn-lm-c-an-s√∂pw XZzmcm h∂p-IqSn. Cl-Øn¬ sh®p-
Xs∂ òIc in£ A\p-`-hn-t°≠n hcn-I-sb-∂Xv a\p-jys\ kw_-
‘n-®n-S-tØmfw IqSp-X¬ òXn-X-am-Wt√m. GXm-bmepw {]kvXpX
Bibw {]N-cn-®-tXmsS hna¿i-\-ßƒ°v Hc-dp-Xnbpw s]mdp-Xnbpw
h∂p. Cß-s\-bmWv ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ \n∂v ]p\¿P≥a kn≤m-
¥-Øn-te-°p-≠mb ]cn-Wm-asa-∂v kmwIr-Xym-b≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-
Sp∂p: ""Aß- s \- b p≈ hna¿i- I - ∑ m- c p- ≠ m- b - t ∏mƒ D]- \ n- j - X v I m-
esØ [m¿an-I-t\-Xm-°ƒ°v ]p\¿P≥a-hmZw Bhn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-
Xmbn h∂p. Chn-sS-bp≈ kmap-Zm-bn-I-t¢-i-ßƒ, Hmtcm Bflmhpw
aS-ßn-h∂v, Xm¥m-ßƒ sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xn-\p≈ in£ A\p-`-hn-t°-
≠-Xn\v th≠n-bp-≈-XmWv F∂-h¿ hmZn®p. kmap-Zm-bn-I-t¢-i-ßsf
ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv, kap-Zm-b-Ønse {]`p-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw Nqj-I≥am-
cp-sSbpw apºn¬ Cß-s\-sbmcp {]iv\w Bhn¿`-hn-®Xv. F∂m¬
]p\¿P≥a-hmZw sIm≠v {]kvXpX t¢i-ß-fn¬°q-Sn-Øs∂ AXn-
\p≈ \nhm-c-Whpw km[n-X-ambn. hfsc ka¿Y-amb Hcp I≠p-]n-
Sn-Ø-am-bn-´p≠v CsX-∂-Xn\v kwi-b-an√.''5
Npcp-°-Øn¬, {]mNo-\-`m-c-Xo-b¿ ]c-tem-I-Ønepw ac-Wm-\-¥c
Pohn-X-Ønse kpJ-Zpx-J-ß-fn-ep-amWv hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]p\¿P≥a-
hmZw A\-¥-c-Im-eØv IS∂p-Iq-Snb Hcp "_nZv-AØpw' Ir{Xn-a-kn-
≤m-¥-hp-amWv.
]mc-eu-InI [m¿anI ho£Ww
GsXmcp kwkvIm-c-Ønepw kZm-Nm-c-Zp-cm-Nm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn® Nne
k- ¶ ¬]- ß - f p- ≠ mhpw. A\o- i z- c - h m- Z - Ø n- e - [ n- j v T n- X - a mb tIhe
ùXnI kwkvIm-c-ßƒ t]mepw AXn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ß-f√.
Ah-bn-ep-ap≠v Nne kZm-Nm-c-ßfpw Zpcm-Nm-c-ßfpw. AXn-\m¬ tIh-
e-amb kZm-Nm-c-Zp-cm-Nmc k¶¬]w Hcp {]hm-N-I-a-X-Øns‚ e£-
W-am-sW∂v ]d-™p-IqSm.
F∂m¬ [¿am-[¿a-k-¶¬]w as‰m-∂mWv. AXns‚ ho£-W-K-
Xnbpw `n∂-amWv. AXnse kZm-Nm-c-Zp-cm-Nm-c-k-¶¬]w ac-Wm-\-¥c
Pohn-X-Øn¬ A\p-`-hn-°p-hm-\n-cn-°p∂ kpJ-Zpx-J-ß-tfbpw c£m-
in-£-I-tfbpw B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p∂p. AXm-bXv ac-Wm-\-¥cw kpJm-
\p-`q-Xn°pw kZv^-e-kn-≤n°pw Imc-W-am-hp∂ I¿a-amWv kZm-Nmcw;
As√-¶n¬ [¿aw. hn]-co-X-am-bXp Zpcm-Nm-chpw A[¿ahpw. Cu
ho£m-K-Xn-bmWv F√m {]hm-N-I≥amcpw [¿am-[¿a-ß-fpsS \n¿h-
N-\-Øn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. Jp¿-B\pw Aßs\ Xs∂.
as‰mcp hn[w ]d-™m¬, a\p-jym-flm-hns‚ DXvI¿j-Øn\v Imc-
W-am-hp-∂Xv [¿ahpw A√m-ØXv A[¿a-hp-amWv. At∏mƒ ]c-tem-
I-Po-hn-X-Ønse kpJ-Zpx-J-ß-sfbpw a\p-jym-flm-hns‚ DXvI¿jm-
]-I¿j-ß-sfbpw B{i-bn-®mWv aX-[m¿anI k¶¬]w \ne-sIm-≈p-
∂Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv [m¿anI ]cn-[n-Isf AXn-ew-Ln-°p-∂Xv
Bfl- t {Zm- l - a m- s W∂v Jp¿- B ≥ {]tXyIw Xm°o- X p- s N- b v X Xpw:
""A√m-lp-hns‚ koa-Iƒ ([m¿anI ]cn-[n-Iƒ) h√-h\pw AXn-ew-
Ln-°p-∂-]£w kz¥w Bflm-hns\ t{Zmln-®-Xp-Xs∂.''6
CtX ho£-W-K-Xn-bmWv `mc-Xob kwkvIm-chpw AwKo-I-cn-®n-
´p-≈Xv. `mc-Xo-b-Z¿i-\-{]-ÿm-\-ß-fn-sem-∂mb sshti-jnI Z¿i\w
B ho£-W-KXn hy‡-am-bn-Øs∂ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. "sshti-
jn- I - k q{Xw' F∂ Z¿i- \ - { K- Ÿ - Ø ns‚ Bcw- ` - Ø n¬ AXns‚
I¿Øm- h mb IWm- Z ≥ (Dt±iw {In. ap. 150) ]d- b p∂p: ""Rm≥
[¿asØ hymJym- \ n- ° p- I - b mWv . euIn- I - k p- J hpw ]mc- { XnI
kpJhpw bmsXm-∂n-\memtWm e`n-°p-∂Xv, AXmWv [¿aw.''7
""B [¿a-sØ-°p-dn®p {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\v {]mam-Wn-I-am-bn-´p-
≈Xv thZ-amWv.''8
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-Ønse kpJ-Zpx-J-ß-tfm-SmWv [¿am-[¿a-

ßsf `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvImcw apJy-ambpw _‘n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. ]t£,
AtXm-sSm∏w sFln-I-t£-ahpw [¿am-flm-°ƒ°v e_v[-am-hp-∂p-
sh-¶n¬ AXv [¿a-Øns‚ as‰mcp ê-amWv. ]c-temI tam£-Øn\p
]pdta Cl-tem-I-t£-asØ `‡-P-\-ßƒ°v Jp¿-B\pw hmKvZØw
sNøp-∂p-≠t√m: ""B-Wm-Is´, s]Æm-Is´, kXy-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-
s°m≠v h√-h\pw kXvI¿aw {]h¿Øn-®m¬ Ah\v t£a-]q¿W-
amb Hcp kpJ-Po-hnXw (ChnsS) \mw {]Zm\w sNøp-∂XmWv. Xßƒ
{]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xn¬ G‰hpw D-Ø-a-amb I¿a-Øns‚ tXmXn¬ B
kXvI¿an-Iƒ°v (]c-Ønepw) Ah-cp-tS-Xmb I¿a-êw \¬Ip-∂-
Xm-bn-cn°pw!''9
[¿am-\p-jvTm-\-Øns‚ AYhm kXvI¿a-Øns‚ kZv^-e-ß-fmWv
]mc-{Xn-I-tam-£hpw sFln-I-t£-ahpw. Ch c≠pw F√m ssZhn-I-
a-X-ßfpw hmKvZm\w sNbvXn-´p≠v. imiz-X-tam-£-Øn-\mWv k¿thm-
]cn {]mapJyw I¬]n-®-sX-t∂-bp≈q. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS aXhpw C∏-d-
™-Xn\v FXn-c√. kpZo¿L-amb [m¿an-tIm-]-tZiw \¬Inb tijw
{ioIr-jvW≥ A¿Pp-\s\ DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®-Xmbn KoX D≤-cn-°p∂p:
""£n{]w `hXn [¿Ωmflm
iiz-—m¥ow \nK-—Xn
Iut¥b {]Xn-Pm-\oln
\ ta `‡x {]W-iyXn.''10
(ta¬{]-Imcw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ `‡≥ AXn-thKw [¿am-flm-hmbn
`hn-°p-Ibpw Ah\v imiz-X-amb a\x-im¥n e`n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
tl Ip¥o- ] p{Xm, {]Xn⁄ sNøpI, Fs‚ `‡- \ m- b - h ≥ Hcp
ImeØpw \mi-a-S-bp-∂-X√ F∂v.)
aX-ÿm-]I
- s‚ hnizm-kyX
aX- ÿ m- ] - \ - Ø n- e qsS _lp- P - \ - ß - f psS `‡n- _ - l p- a m\w
NqjWw sNøp-hm≥ Nne kzm¿Y-X-Xv]-c≥am¿ DZy-an-t®°pw. F∂m¬
Ah¿°v kXy-k-‘-Xtbm Bflm¿Y-Xtbm D≠m-hn-s√∂v hninjym
]d-tb-≠-Xn-√t√m. AXn-\m¬ Hcp aX-Øns‚ kXy-Xbpw Ak-Xy-
Xbpw hnth-Nn-°p-∂-Xn\v B aX-ÿm-]-Is‚ bYm¿Y Poh-N-cn{Xw
]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠Xv AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-amWv. F√m am\-Z-fi-ßfpw
sh®v Af∂p Xn´-s∏-Sp-Ønb tijta At±-l-Øns‚ aXw ssZh-
\n¿Zn-jvStam kzbw-Ir-Xtam F∂v Xocp-am-\n-°m≥ ]‰q.
ssZh-\n-bp-‡-\mb {]hm-N-I≥ k¿thm-]cn DXvIr-jvS -[m¿anI
\ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øp∂ Bfm-bn-cn°pw. kXy-k-‘X, BXvam¿YX,
hniz- k v X X BZn- b mb KpW- ß - f n¬ At±- l sØ Ih- ® p- h - ° p∂
as‰mcp hy‡n kap-Zm-b-Øn-ep-≠m-hp-I-bn√. Nn¥n-°p∂ GsXm-cp-
Ø∂pw AØcw DXvIr-jvS-Kp-W-ßƒ {]hm-N-I\v A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-
´p-≈-Xm-sW∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ {]bm-k-an√. as‰m-cmƒ°pw A\p-{K-
ln- ° - s ∏- S m- Ø Xpw AXy¥w \nKq- V - h p- a mb Hcp ⁄m\- a m¿Kw
X\n°p e_v[-am-bn-´p-s≠-∂m-Wt√m {]hm-N-Is‚ Ah-Im-i-hmZw.
At±-l-Øns‚ DXvIr-jvS-kz-`m-h-N-cy-I-f-√msX B hmZsØ AwKo-
I-cn-∏n-°p∂ as‰m-cp-]m-[nbpw \ΩpsS apºn-en√. {]hm-N-I-Xz-hmZn
DXvIrjvS kz`mhn-bm-bm¬ Xs∂ t]mcm; B hkvXpX BZyta
kphn-Zn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw. F¶nte At±-l-Øns‚ hmZw P\-
ßƒ ]cn-K-W-\-bn-se-Sp-°p-I-bp≈q.
hnizm-ky-X-sb∂ KpW-amWv {]hm-N-Is\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw
G‰hpw {][m-\-am-bn-´p-≈Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv {]hm-N-I≥am¿ {]hm-
N-IXz {]Jym-]-\-tØm-sSm-∂n®v, Xß-fpsS hnizm-kyX kzP-\-ßsf
A\p-kva-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ FSpØp]d-™n-´p-≈Xv. t\ml,
lqZv, kzmenlv, temØv, ipsF_v (bnt{Xm), tamkkv apX-emb
{]hm-N-I≥am¿ Xß-fpsS {]hm-N-IXzw {]Jym-]\w sNbvXXv Cu
hm°p-I-fn-em-bn-cp∂p: ""C∂o eIpw dkq-ep≥ Aao≥'' (\nßƒ°p
hniz-kvX-\mb Hcp ZqX-\s{X Rm≥)11
apl-ΩZv \_n(k)bmIs´ {]hm-N-I-Xz-{]-Jym-]-\-Øn\v F{Xtbm
apºv Xs∂ hniz-kvX-X-bn¬ k¿h{X JymXn t\Sn-°-gn-™n-cp∂p.
X∂n-anØw Bfp-Iƒ At±-lsØ "A¬-A-ao≥' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-
cp-∂-sX∂v Ncn{Xw ]d-bp∂p.
`mc-Xob aXm-Nm-cy≥amsc kw_-‘n-t®-S-tØmfw Cu cwKØv
\ap-s°mcp hnjaw t\cn-Sp-∂p≠v. Ah-cpsS bYm-X-Y-amb Poh-N-
cn{Xw Bcpw Fgp-Xn-h-®n√. Ahsc Np‰n-∏‰n {]N-cn® IY-I-fm-Is´,
AXn-cp-I-hn™ {]iw-k-bp-sSbpw AXn-i-tbm‡n Ie¿∂ kvXpXn-
bp-sSbpw thj-a-Wn-™mWv \mw ImWp-∂Xpw. AXn-\m¬ Ah-cpsS
bYm¿Y Pohn-XsØ ∏‰n Hcp ]nSn-]mSpw \ap°p e`n-°p-∂n√. F∂n-
cp-∂mepw Hcp Imcyw a\- n-em-hp∂p. Ah-cpsS kXy-k-‘-Xsbtbm
Bflm¿Y-Xsbtbm hnizm-ky-Xsbtbm i{Xp-°ƒt]mepw tNmZyw
sNbvXn-ń-√. Ah¿ D∂X [m¿anI \ne-hmcw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
∂mWv CXn¬ \n∂pw A`yq-ln-t°-≠Xv.
{]hm-NI
- s\ AwKo-Ic
- n-°¬
ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® am\-Z-fiw-sh®p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂-]£w `mc-
Xo-b-a-Xm-Nm-cy≥am-cn¬ Nne-sc-¶nepw {]hm-N-I-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°m≥ km[y-
X- b p≠v . Hcmsf {]hm- N - I - s \∂v AwKo- I - c n- ° p- ∂ - X ns‚ A¿Yw
Abmsf Bcm- [ n- ° p- I - s b- ∂ √; BZ- c n- ° p- I - s b∂p am{X- a mWv .
ss__n-fn¬ ]d™ {]hm-N-Isc \mw BZ-cn°pw t]mse. bmsXmcp
krjvSn-sbbpw Bcm-[n-°phm≥ Ckvemw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n√. F∂m¬
alm-flm-°sf BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw X≈n-∏-d-bm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Bh-iy-amWv. Ah-cpsS Aaqey D]-tZ-i-ßsf am\n-°pI; Ah¿

\¬Ip∂ in£-W-sØbpw ioe-\-sØbpw AwKo-I-cn-°pI; Ah¿
Pohn®p ImWn® amXrI Ign-bp-∂n-S-tØmfw ]n¥p-S-cpI, CXmWv
{]hm-N-I≥amsc BZ-cn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xn-\¿Yw.
{]hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sS-sb√mw auenI {]t_m-[-\-ßƒ H∂m-bn-cp-
∂p-sh-∂mWv Jp¿-B≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. BZ¿i-e-£y-ßfn¬ Ah
XΩn¬ Imcy-amb A¥-c-sam∂pw ImWp-I-bn√. F∂m¬ am¿K-ßƒ
hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-bn-cn°pw. Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""\nß-fn¬ Hmtcm hn`m-
K-Øn\pw Hmtcm I¿a-am¿Khpw \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-bp-amWv \mw (ssZhw)
\n›-bn®p X∂n-´p-≈Xv. A√mlp C—n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ \nßsf Bk-
Iew Htc-sbmcp P\-hn-`m-K-am-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. (]t£, Ah≥ Aßs\
C—n-®n√. Fs¥-∂m¬) \nßƒ°v \¬In-b-Xn¬ \nßsf ]co-£n-
°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv Ahs‚ Dt±iyw. AXn-\m¬ kpIr-X-ß-fn¬ Rm≥
Xm≥ F∂ ań¬ (a’-c-]q¿hw) apt∂-dpI. Ah-km\w A√m-lp-hn-
¶- t e- ° m- W t√m \nß- f psS aS°w. At∏mƒ \nßƒ `n∂X
ssIs°m-≠n-´p≈ Imcy-ß-sf-∏‰n \nßsf Ah≥ Adn-bn-®p-sIm-
≈p-∂-XmWv.''12
]q¿h-\-_n-am-sc√mw kXy-am¿Kmh-ew-_n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬
Ah-cpsS am¿K-Z¿i\w a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn\v A\p-I-c-Wob amXr-
I-bmWv. ]Xn-s\´p ap≥{]-hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS \ma-ßƒ FSp-Øp-]-d™
tijw apl-ΩZv \_n(k)tbmSmbn A√mlp DW¿Øp∂p: ""A√mlp
k∑m¿Kw Imń-s°m-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-h-cs{X Ah¿. AXp-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS
am¿K-Z¿i-\sØ A\p-K-an-°pI.''13
BI-bm¬ ]q¿h-a-X-ß-tfbpw {]mNo\ thZ-ß-tfbpw \ntj-[n-
°p-hmt\m am‰n-a-dn-°p-hmt\m A√ apl-ΩZv \_n(k) h∂n-´p-≈Xv.
]ns∂tbm, Ahsb ÿnco- I - c n- ° p- h m\pw ]n¥m- ß p- h m- \ p- a mWv .
C°mcyw Jp¿-B≥ ]e ÿe-ß-fnepw Bh¿Øn®p ]d-™n-´p≠v.
DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, 2:97; 3:2; 5: 48; 6: 92 t\m°pI.
Cß-s\-sb√mw ]d-b-W-sa-¶n¬ XmØzn-I-ambn aX-ß-sf√mw
H∂m-bn-cn-°Ww. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Aß-s\-bm-Wp-Xm\pw. Htc kcn-
Øn¬ \n∂v \n¿K-fn®, hnhn[ ssIh-gn-I-fmWv bYm¿Y aX-ßƒ.
]t£, ]n¬°m-eØv ]e Itø-‰-ßfpw \S-Ø-s∏´p. C√m-Xn-cp∂
]eXpw IS∂pIqSn. D≠m-bn-cp∂ ]eXpw tNm¿∂p-t]mbn. Imem-¥-
c-Øn¬ Ah Ae-t¶m-e-s∏´p Ir{Xna aX-ß-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p. C∂p
\mw ImWp-∂Xv AØcw aX-ß-sf-bmWv. Ah At\ym\yw Igp-
Ø-dp-°p-hm≥ XZ-\p-bm-bn-Isf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-psh-¶n¬ AXn-
sem´pw B›-cy-s∏-Sm-\n√. F∂m¬ bYm¿Y aXw CXn¬ \n∂pw
]cn-ip-≤-as{X!
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. Jp¿-B≥ 72: 26, 27
2. Ibid 2: 1, 2
3. Ibid 18: 56
4. hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ t]Pv 552
5. Ibid P. 553
6. Jp¿-B≥ 65: 1
7. ""bmtXmf `ypZ-b\nx t{ibk kn≤nx k [¿Ωx''
8. sshti-jn-I-kq{Xw, D≤-cWw: hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ t]Pv 825
9. Jp¿-B≥ 16 : 97
10. `K-h-ZvKoX 9: 31
11. Jp¿-B≥ 26: 107, 125, 143, 162, 178; 44: 18 apX-em-bh t\m°pI.
12. Ibid 5: 48
13. Ibid 6: 90
A[ymbw aq∂v
a\p-tjymXv]-Øn-bpsS IY
`mc-X-Øns‚ {]mNo\ Ncn-{X-Øn-te°v {]th-in-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv
a\p-tjym-Xv]-Øn-sb-∏‰n B[p-\nI imkv{Xw FØn-t®¿∂ \nK-a-
\-ßƒ samØ-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xp-]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Icp-Xp∂p.
ss__n-fnse "DXv]Øn' ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv:
""btlm-h-bmb ssZhw \nesØ s]mSn-sIm≠v a\p-jys\ krjvSn-
®n´v Ahs‚ aq°n¬ Poh-izmkw DuXn, a\p-jy≥ Poh-\p≈ tZln-
bm-bn-Øo¿∂p.''1
Cßs\ Hcp kp{]-`m-X-Øn¬ a\p-jys\ aÆn¬ \n∂v ssZhw
krjvSn-®p-sh-∂mWv ss__nƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv. a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS
Imehpw ss_-_nƒ {]kvXm-h-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ IW-°m-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
°-s∏-ń-´p≠v. {In. ap. 4004˛mam≠n-em-Ws{X AXv \S-∂Xv.

B[p-\nI imkv{Xw ss__n-fns‚ {]kvXpX krjvSnhnh-c-Whpw
Ime-\n¿W-bhpw sX‰m-sW∂pw a\p-jy≥ e£-°-W-°mb h¿j-
ßƒ°p-apºv CXc Pohn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ]cn-W-an®p ]cn-jvI-cn-®p-≠m-
b-Xm-sW∂pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ Ft∏m-gmWv, GXn-S-ØmWv
BZn-a-a-\p-jy-h¿Kw D¤-hn®Xv? C°m-cy-sØ-∏‰n \c-hw-i-imkv-{X-
Øn\v IWn-i-ambn Hcp Xocp-am-\-Øn-se-Øm≥ C∂pw Ign-™n-ń√.
]t£, Npcp-ßn-bXv A©p-e£w kwh-’-c-ßƒ°p-apºv a\p-jy≥
DZv`-hn®p F∂v imkv{X-Im-c≥am¿ Dd-∏n®p]d-bp∂p. \c-hw-i-im-
kv{X-⁄≥amsc D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v tUmIvS¿ F. Aø-∏≥ (C¥ym
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ `qK¿` \nco-£-W-h-Ip-∏p-ambn _‘-ap≈ Hcp {]Xn-
`m-im-en-bmWv Ct±lw) Xs‚ "`mc-X-∏-ga' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-
bXv ImWpI: ""a\p-jys‚ DZv`hw 5,00,000 sIm√-ßƒ°v apºm-
sW∂v Xo¿®-bmWv. a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy-°p-c-ßp-Ifpw Npcp-ßn-bXv
c≠-c-t°mSn kwh-’-c-ßƒ°p-apºv Htc "apcSn'¬\n∂v Xcw Xncn-
™-h-cmWv. a\p-jys\ a‰p P¥p-°-fn¬\n∂v th¿Xn-cn-°p∂ khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ \memWv. 1) \nh¿∂p \n¬°¬ 2) ssIIƒ, ssII-
fpsS s]cp-hn-c¬, Ch a‰p P¥p-°-tf-°m-f-[nIw D]-tbm-Kn-°¬ 3)
Xe-t®m-dns‚ hep-∏hpw hnIm-khpw 4) Bbp-[-ß-fp-≠m-°pI, `mj
ssIImcyw sNøpI.''2
c≠-c-t°mSn kwh-’-c-ßƒ°p-apºp apX¬ A©p-e£w kwh-
’-c-ßƒ°v apºp-h-tc-bp≈ AXn-Zo¿L-amb Hcp Ime-b-f-hn-\p-≈n¬
a\p-jy≥ DZv`-hn®p F∂p ]d-bmt\ \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Øn\v Ign-™n-
´p-≈q-sh-∂mWv apI-fn-ep-≤-cn-®-Xn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-hp-∂Xv. ]t£,
c≠p tImSn kwh-’-c-ßƒ°p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ a\pjy kZr-i-cmb P¥p-
°ƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v imkv{X-⁄≥am¿°-`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. AØcw
Pohn-I-fpsS ]√p-Iƒ lnam-e-b-km-\p-°-fn¬\n∂pw a‰pw Is≠-Sp-
Ø-Xmbn Ah¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. {io. Aø-∏≥ Xs∂ ]d-bs´:
""\m¬°m-en-bmb Hcp hm\-c-{]m-b≥, Ccp-Im-en-bmbn \nh¿∂-Xns‚
Ncn{Xw \ap°p ]q¿W-ambn Adn-bm≥ Ign-™n-ń√. lnam-eb km\p-
°- f n¬ a\p- j y- k - Z r- i - c mb "hm\- c - ß ƒ' c≠p- t ImSn kwh- ’ - c -
ßƒ°p apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-bn¬ \n∂p \ΩpsS BZn-]n-Xm-°ƒ
]cn- W - a n- ® p- ≠ m- b - X mhmw. Ah- b psS ]√p- I ƒ am{Xta CXphsc
Is≠-Ø-s∏-ń-´p≈q. B{^n-°-bn¬, c≠p Imen≥ta¬ \nh¿∂p
\S∂v h\y-ar-K-ßsf \mbm-Sn-bn-cp∂ Hcp PmXn "hm\-c≥am¿' (Apes)
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp-Iƒ I≠p-In-ń-bn-´p≠v.''3
Um¿hns‚ ]cn- W ma kn≤m- ¥ - Ø ns‚ ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n- e mWv
B[p-\nI imkv{X-⁄≥am¿ a\p-tjym-Xv]-Øn-bpsS Ncn{Xw sa\-
s™- S p- ° p- h m- \ p- Z y- a n- ° p- ∂ Xv . AXn- \ m¬ ]cn- W m- a - h m- Z - s Ø- ∏ ‰n
samØ-Øn-sem∂p a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xp≠v.
Um¿hn-\nkw
]cn-Wma kn≤m¥w Hcnw-•o-jp-Im-c-\mb Nmƒkv-Um¿hn (1809˛-
1882) t\mSp _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv {]Nm-c-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ ]cn-
Wm-a-hm-Z-Øns‚ BZna {]tW-Xmhv At±-l-a-s√∂pw Nne¿°-`n-{]m-
b-ap≠v. Um¿hn≥ ]Tn-∏n¬ Aam-¥-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p. FUn≥_tdm
bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ sshZyw ]Tn-°m≥ tN¿∂p-sh-¶nepw ]co-£-
bn¬ tXm‰-Xn-\m¬ sshZy-]-T\w At±-l-Øn\v Dt]-£n-t°-≠n-h∂p.
F∂m¬ \nco-£-W-]m-Shw At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. sXs° Ata-
cn-°-bpsS IS-temcw k¿th sNøp-hm≥ ]pd-s∏´ "_oKnƒ' F∂
I∏- e n¬ Hcp {]IrXn imkv { X- ⁄ - s \∂ \ne- b n¬ At±lhpw
t]mbn. ImWp-∂-sX¥pw tiJ-cn-°p-hm\pw \nco-£n-°p-hm-\p-ap≈
hmk\ {]IrXn At±-l-Øn\v kΩm-\n-®n-cp∂p. At±lw kky-ßƒ,
]md-Iƒ, {]mWn-Iƒ, P¥p-°ƒ, t^mkn-ep-I¬ (ineo-`-hn® Aÿn-
Iƒ) F∂nh tiJ-cn®p. Hmtcm Xpd-ap-J-Øp-\n∂pw Xs‚ tiJ-c-
ßƒ Cw•-≠n-te-°-b®p. ]e IS-tem-c-ßfpw Xm≠n, Hcp Znhkw
_oKnƒ sXs° Ata-cn-°-bpsS ]Sn-™m-dp≈ Kme-]m-tKmkv Zzo]p-
I-fn¬ \¶q-c-an´p. Ahn-SsØ P\-ß-fpsS AXn-{]m-Ir-X-amb kz`mhw
I≠-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øn\v tXm∂n, Htc-Xcw Pohn-Iƒ Xs∂-bt√
amdn-amdn ]e-Xcw Pohn-I-fmbn ]cn-W-an-®-sX∂v. B Zzo]p-I-fnse
]£n-Isf I≠-t∏mƒ B tXm∂¬ H∂p-IqSn Dd®p. Um¿hn≥ Xs‚
ssIh-i-ap≈ t^mkn-ep-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n®p. BZysØ Pohn-Iƒ ]Xp-
s°-∏-Xps° C√m-Xm-hp-∂Xpw ]Icw ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw kmZr-
iyhpw Nne-Xn¬ am{Xw hyXym-k-hp-ap≈ Pohn-Iƒ D≠m-hp-∂Xpw
At±lw Is≠Øn. Aßs\ ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-Øns‚ _oPw At±-l-
Øns‚ a\- n¬ A¶p-cn®p.
20 h¿jw Xs‚ hmZ-Øn\v ]‰nb sXfn-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn®p. _oKn-
fn-em-cw-`n® ]T\w XpS¿∂p. Aßs\ kp{]-kn-≤-amb Xs‚ "h¿tKm-
Xv]Øn' (Origin of Species) F∂ IrXn 1859˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn®p. CXn-
emWv h¿K-]-cn-Wma kn≤m¥w ka¿Yn-®n-´p-≈Xv.
Pohn-I-fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-sØ-∏‰n Um¿hn≥ \¬Inb hni-Zo-I-c-W-
Øn-\mWv Um¿hn-\nkw (Darwinism) F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. a\p-jys‚
G‰hpw ASpØ ]q¿hn-I¿ hm\-c-∑m-cm-sW∂pw hm\-cs‚ hme‰p
\c-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p-sh∂pw Um¿hn≥ kn≤m-¥n-®-Xmbn Hcp [mc-W-
bp≠v. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Um¿hn≥ Aßs\ Xo¿Øp]d-™n-ń√. hm\-
c\pw \c\pw Htc ]q¿hn- I - \ n¬ \n∂p Dcp- Ø n- c n- ™ - X m- s W∂p
am{Xta At±lw ]d-™n-´p≈q.4
Um¿hn≥ Xs‚ _oKnƒbm-{X-bn¬ A©p-sIm√w Ign®p. AXn-
\n-Sbn¬ ]e kwK-Xn-Ifpw a\- n-em°n. Nne \nK-a-\-ß-fn-se-Øn-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
t®¿∂p. Cu \nK-a-\-ß-sf-bmWv Um¿hn-\nkw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv.

P¥p-°ƒ DXv]m-Z\w \S-Øp∂p. DXv]m-Z-\-tØmXv hfsc Db¿∂-
XmWv. km¬a≥ F∂ a’yw {]Xyp-Xv]m-Z\ ImeØv 28 aney≥
ap´-Iƒ DXv]m-Xn-∏n-°p∂p. Cu ap´-I-sf√mw hncn™v Ip™p-ßƒ
]pd-Øp-h∂v ]q¿W hf¿®-sbØn, CtX tXmXn¬ ]ptcm-K-an-®n-cp-
∂p-sh-¶n¬ H‰ PmXn a’yw sIm≠p-Xs∂ kap{Zw \nd-tb-≠-Xm-
bn-cp∂p. ]t£, A{]-Imcw Hcn-°epw kw`-hn-°p-∂n√. ImcWw,
{]IrXn ChnsS Hcp \nb-{¥-W-ta¿s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. Pohn-Iƒ `£-W-
Øn\pw ÿe-Øn\pw th≠n ISpØ a’cw \S-Øp∂p. Cu ka-c-
Øn¬ _e-lo-\-ß-fm-bh \in-°p-Ibpw A¿l-X-bp-≈h am{Xw
AXn-Po-hn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. CXmWv {]IrXn \S-Øp∂ Xnc-s™-
Sp∏v; AYhm "{]IrXn \n¿[m-cWw.'
Pohn-Iƒ {]kvXpX kwL-´-\-ß-fn¬ B¿Pn® KpW-ßƒ, As√-
¶n¬ sshhn-[y-ßƒ ASpØ Xe-ap-d°p ssIam-dp∂p. Cu {]{In-b-
bn-eqsS At\I Xe-ap-d-Iƒ aptºm´p \oßp-tºmƒ BZna amXm-]n-
Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂pw hyXym-k-s∏´v ]pØ-\mb KpW-hn-ti-j-ß-tfmSp
IqSnb Pohn-Iƒ DZv`-hn-°p∂p. Aß-s\-bmWv h¿K-]-cn-Wmaw kw`-
hn-°p-∂-sX∂v Um¿hn≥ kn≤m-¥n-°p∂p. Cu kn≤m-¥sØ ]n∂oSv
]mc-º-cy-imkv{Xw Iptd-°qSn hnI-kn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
\c-hwiNcn{Xw
\c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Um¿hn-\n-k-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-
emWv a\p-jy-N-cn{Xw sa\-s™-Sp-°m≥ {ian-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v ]d-™p-
ht√m. AXn-{]m-No\ Pohn-I-fp-tS-sX∂v Ah¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-
in-jvS-ß-fs{X {]kvXpX Ncn-{X-\n¿am-W-Øn-\m-kv]Zw. Cu Ah-
in-jvS-ßƒ \nc-¥c Kth-jW \nco-£-W-ßƒ°v hnj-b-am°n. Ah-
bn¬ Nne a\p-jy-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Øn. AXn-\m¬ arKw a\p-
jy-Xz-Øn-te°p ]ptcm-K-an-°p∂ CS-th-f-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp∂
Pohn-I-fp-tS-Xm-hWw Ah-sb∂v A\p-am-\n-°-s∏´p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn,
c≠p-Im-en-t∑¬ \S-°p-Ibpw h\y-ar-K-ßsf th´-bmSn Xn∂p-Ibpw
sNøp∂ Hcp Xcw hm\-c≥am¿ (Apes) B{^n-°-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-
sh∂v Ahn-sS-\n∂v e_v[-amb t^mkn-ep-I-fn¬ \S-Ø-s∏´ Kth-
jWw sXfn- b n®p. CXp- t ]mse \nh¿∂p \S- ° p- I bpw F∂m¬
]q¿W a\p-jyXzw {]m]n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≈ Nne Pohn-
I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ Pmh-bn¬ \n∂pw No\-bn¬ \n∂pw Is≠-Sp-
Øn-´p≠v. BZyw ]d™ Pohn°v "Pmhm a\p-jy≥' (Pithecanthropus)
F∂pw, c≠m- a - t Ø- X n\v "s]°n- ß p- a - \ p- j y≥' ( Sinanthropus) F∂pw
imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ t]cn-ń-cn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ a\p-jy-h¿Kw ]e imco-
cnI ]cn- j v I m- c - ß - t fbpw ]n∂n´v kºq¿W a\p- j y- X z- Ø n- t e°v
Imse-Sp-Øp-h-®Xv Ft∏mƒ, FhnsS sh®v F∂p Xocp-am-\n-°p-hm≥
imkv{X-⁄\v C\nbpw Ign-™n-ń√. H∂m-a-tØbpw c≠m-a-tØbpw
lna-bp-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww Pmhm˛No\m a\p-jy-cpsS DZv`-h-
sa∂v hnZ-Kv[≥am¿ Duln°p∂p.5 B L´-Øn-\m-Is´, e£-°-W-
°mb kwh-’-c-ß-fpsS ssZ¿Ly-ap-≠p-Xm\pw. Pmhm-a-\p-jy\pw
No\m-a-\p-jy\pw km£m¬ a\p-jy-c√; a\p-jy-k-Zri Pohn-Iƒ
am{X-amWv. a\p-jys‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fn¬s]´ \nh¿∂p \S-°¬
apX-emb KpW-ßƒ Ah-bv°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p am{Xw. AØcw
Pohn-I-fp-tS-sX∂v Kth-j-I-∑m¿ Icp-Xp∂ inem-bp-[-ßƒ C¥ym
D]-`q-J-fi-Øn¬\n∂pw B{^n-°-bpsS ]e `mK-Øp-\n∂pw Is≠-
Sp-Øn-´p≠v. F∂m¬ C¥y-bn¬ \n∂v e`n® I∑-gp-Iƒ°v Xmc-X-
tay\ ]g°w Ipd-bp-as{X.
Pmhm-a-\p-jy≥ \nh¿∂p \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Xe Db¿Øn \S-
∂n-cp-∂n√. B C\-Øn¬ s]´ \me©p Xe-tbm-Sp-Iƒ hnZ-Kv[≥am-
cpsS ]cn-tim-[-\°v hnj-bo-`-hn-®n-´p≠v. kwkm-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Ign-
hns‚ e£-W-ßƒ A¬]-amtb AXn¬ I≠p≈q. tUm. bqPn≥Zp-
_mbv F∂ imkv{X-Im-c-\mWv Pmhm-a-\p-jys‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ
I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv. Xs‚ Bbp-jvImew apgp-h≥ AtX-∏-‰n-bp≈ Kth-
j-W-Øn¬ At±lw sNe-h-gn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
s]°n-ßp-a-\p-jy≥ F∂ t]cn¬ \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿ hnfn-
°p∂ BZna No\m-a-\p-jys‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ Is≠-Ønb IY
hnNn-{X-amWv. s]°n-Mvsa-Un-°ƒ tImtf-Pn¬ s{]m^-k-dm-bn-cp∂
tPm. tUhn-Uvk≥ ªm°n-\mWv {]kvXpX Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ e_v[-
am-bXv. No\-bnse acp-∂p-jm-∏p-I-fn¬ ]√p-th-Z-\°v sImSp-°m-dp≈
acp-∂p-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ ineo-`-hn® (Fossil) ]e-Xcw ]√p-Iƒ sh°m-
dp≠v. tUm. ªm°v Hcp jm∏n¬, ]√p-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ hen-sbmcp
AW-∏√v Is≠Øn. B ]√p-In-ńb ÿew s]°n-ßn¬ \n∂v hfsc
Zqc- a - √ mØ Nu°u- ´ n- b ≥ Kpl- b m- b n- c p∂p. Nu°u- ´ n- b ≥ Kpl-
bn¬\n∂v 45˛Hmfw No\m-a-\p-jy-I-]m-e-ßfpw Aÿn-Ifpw I≠p-
Inń. lrt{Zm-K-_m-[n-X-\m-bn-cp∂p tUm. ªm°v. F∂n´pw At±lw
cm{Xn-ap-gp-h≥ em_-d-´-dn-bn-en-cp∂p ]Wn-sb-SpØncp∂p. Hcp Znhkw
cmhnse Xs‚ `rXy≥ I≠Xv tUmIvS-dpsS arX-tZ-l-amWv. At±-
l-Øns‚ aSn-bn¬ s]°n-ßp-a-\p-jys‚ Xe-tbm-Sp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
imkv{Xo-bm-t\z-j-W-Øn¬ hnZzm-∑m¿ A\p-jvTn-®n-´p≈ hne-s∏´
XymK-ßƒs°m-cp-Øa ZrjvSm-¥-am-WnXv.
\nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy≥
]pcm-X\ a\p-jy-s\-°p-dn®v \ap°p IqSp-X¬ Adnhp \¬In-bXv
\nbm-≠¿Xmƒ (Neanderthal) a\p-jys‚ Ah-in-jvS-ß-fmWv. Ah
e`n® IY ckm-h-l-amWv. P¿a-\n-bnse Upk≥ F∂ sNdp-]p-g-°-
SpØv "\nbm-≠¿' F∂p t]cmb Hcp ÿe-ap≠v. Ahn-SsØ Hcp
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Kpl-bn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp∂ Iqen-°m¿°v Iptd Aÿn-Iƒ Inń.

Ah¿ AsX√mw s]dp- ° n- s b- S pØv tUmIv S ¿ ^pƒtdm´p F∂
Hcmƒ°v kΩm-\n®p. F®v. jm^v lukns‚ ]cn-tim-[-\°v Ah
hnt[-b-ambn.
P¿a-\n-bnse t_m¨ (Bonn) bqWn-th-gv-kn-‰n-bnse ico-c-imkv{X
hnZ-Kv[-\m-bn-cp∂p s{]m^-k¿ jm^v lukv. 1857˛¬, X\n°v Hcp
{]tXyI PmXn a\p-jys‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ ssIh-∂n-cn-°p∂p F∂v
jm^v lukv {]kn≤w sNbvXp. At±lw {]Xn-`m-im-en-bm-bn-cp∂p.
{]kvXpX Ah-in-jvS-ß-fn¬ At±lw \nc-¥c \nco-£Ww \SØn.
B[p-\nI a\p-jys‚ ]ptcm-Km-an-bmWv \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy-s\∂v
At±lw kn≤m-¥n®p.
CtX Ime-ØmWv {^©p-Im-c-\mb _qsj-Z-s]¿sXkv F∂ hnZ-
Kv[≥, X\n°v ]mco-kn¬ \n∂v A[nIw Zqc-a-√mØ tkmw \Zo-X-S-
Øn¬ \n∂v ssIh-∂n-´p≈ I∑-gp-Iƒ a\p-jy-\n¿an-X-am-sW∂p
sXfn-bn-°p-hm≥ {ian-®n-cp-∂Xv. A©p-e-£-tØmfw h¿j-ß-fpsS
]g-°-ap≈ Nne aÆ-ń-I-fn¬ \ns∂-Sp-Ø-Xm-bn-cp∂p {]kvXpX I∑-
gp-Iƒ. CXns‚ A¿Yw A©p-e£w h¿j-ßƒ°p apºv a\p-jy≥
inem-bp-[-ßƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wt√m. jm^vlu-kns‚ \nK-a-
\-ßƒ Xmsg sImSp-°p∂p.
* \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ Xmgvh-c-bn¬ \ns∂-SpØ Aÿn-Iƒ \mfn-Xp-
hsc \ΩpsS Adn-hn¬ s]ń-ń-√mØ, Btcm-Ky-hm-\mb Hcp PmXn
a\p-jys‚ Ah-in-jvS-ß-fmWv.
* B a\p-jys‚ Imew AXy¥w {]mNo-\-amWv; bqtdm-∏nse
sI¬‰v (Celt) h¿K-ßƒ°pw F{Xtbm apºv.
* lna-bp-K-Ønse ]pXp-Xmb P¥p-°-fpsS ka-Im-en-I-\m-bn-cp∂p
\nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy≥.
t_m¨ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bnse as‰mcp s{]m^-k¿ {]kvXpX \nK-
a-\-ßsf FXn¿°p-Ibpw thsdmcp hymJym\w {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. t]Sn®p Kpl-bn¬ t]msbm-fn® Hcp djy≥ ]´m-f-°m-c-t‚-
XmWv {]kvXpX Aÿn-Iƒ F∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-
{]mbw. ]t£, Cw•-≠nse hnZzm-∑m-cn¬ ]ecpw jm^vlu-kns‚
hmZ- t ØmSv tbmPn- ° p- I - b mWv sNbv X Xv . Um¿hn- \ n- k - Ø n¬
Ah¿°p≈ aXn-∏m-bn-cp∂p AXn\p ImcWw. Nne¿ ]c-ky-ambn
A\p-Iq-en-°p-Itbm {]Xn-Iq-en-°p-Itbm sNømsX \njv]-£-X -
]m-en®p. "C\nbpw sXfn-hp-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v ]n∂o-Smhmw Xocp-am\w
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv'-˛ CXm-bn-cp∂p tXmakv lIvk-en-bpsS \ne]mSv.
\nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy-s\-°p-dn®p ]T\w ]ptcm-K-an®p. Ahs‚
ico-cm-Ir-Xn-t]mepw Xn´-s∏-SpØn. A©Sn Hcw-Kpew As√-¶n¬
A©Sn A©w-Kpew Dbcw. 1600 kn.-kn. Xe-tbm-Sns‚ L\w, DS-
ens‚ \ofw IqSpw, ]t£ AwK-ß-fpsS \ofw Xmc-X-tay\ Ipdbpw,
hoXn-IqSn, \ofw Ipd™ ImeSn, IÆns‚ aosX s\‰n-sb√p Db¿∂p
\n¬°pw, hmbv`mKw \o≠Xv ˛ Cß-s\-sbm-s°-bmWv Kth-j-I≥am¿
\nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jys‚ BIrXn Nn{Xo-I-cn®p h®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.
F∂m¬ \nd-sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw tZlw tcmam-hr-X-am-bn-cpt∂m
At√-sb∂pw Ah¿°p Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™n√. Xe-tbm-Sn\v Iń
IqSn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw, Xe-t®m-dns‚ ap≥`mKw hnI-kn-°msX ImWp-
∂-Xp-sIm≠v Nn¥m-i‡n B[p-\nI a\p-jy-s\-t∏mse hf¿∂n-´p-
≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw A\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂p.
\nh¿∂p \S-°p-hm≥ km[n-®-t∏m-gmWv a\p-jy\v ssIIƒ IqSp-
X¬ {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-hm\pw Bbp-[-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-hm\pw Ign-™-
sX∂v imkv-{X-Im-c≥am¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Bbp-[-
\n¿amWw a\p-jy-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn¬ henb ]¶v hln-
°p-∂p≠v. inem-bp-[-ß-fmWv H∂m-asØ ]Sn-bn¬ a\p-jy≥ D]-
tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ B L´-Øn\v inem-bp-K-sa∂p ]d-bp∂p.
inem-bp-KsØ imkv{X-Im-c≥am¿ c≠mbn Xcw Xncn-°p∂p. {]mNo\
inem-bpKw, \ho\ inem-bpKw F∂n-ßs\. A\-¥cw, bYm-{Iaw
sh¶-e-bpKw, Ccp-ºp-bpKw F∂o bpK-ßƒ hcp∂p.
{]mIrX aX-t_m[w
kmwkvIm-cnI hnIm-k-Øn¬ Bbp-[-\n¿am-W-sØ-t∏m-se-Øs∂
kuµ-cy-t_m-[-Øn\pw [¿a-t_m-[-Øn\pw henb ÿm\-am-Wp-≈Xv.
\nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy≥ I√p-sIm≠pw F√p-sIm≠pw ]e-X-c-Øn-
ep≈ Bbp-[-ßƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p. Nn∏n-
Iƒ sIm≠pw F√p-Iƒ sIm≠pw B`-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
∂Xv Ahs‚ kuµ-cy-t_m-[-Øns‚ e£-W-amWv. acn-®p-t]m-b-hsc
Ipgn-®n-Sp-tºmƒ ]tc-X-\p-th≠n `£y-t]-b-ßfpw B`-c-W-ßfpw
ih- t Øm- s Sm∏w ad- h v s N- b v X n- c p- ∂ psh∂Xv Ahs‚ aX- t _m- [ -
tØbpw ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-Øn-ep≈ hnizm-k-tØ-bp-amWv ImWn-
°p-∂Xv. tUm. Aø-∏≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""]q¿W a\p-jyXzw {]m]n-°p-
∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ BZna a\p-jy≥ XXz-hm-Znbpw ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-
hn-X-Øn¬ hnizm-kn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v ImWn-°p∂ sXfn-hp-Iƒ
]eXpw ivaim-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv Inń-bn-´p-≈Xv. ]cn-Wm-a-K-Xn-bn¬
Pmhm-a-\p-jy-tc-°mƒ A¬]w Db¿∂ \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ (Neanderthal)
a\p-jy¿ ihw ad-hp-sN-bvXn-cp∂ ka-bØv Nmbn-ey-s∏mSn arX-tZ-
l- Ø n¬ hnX- d n- b n- c p∂p. A¥y- b m- { X- ° m- c psS Bh- i y- Ø n- \ mbn
`£y-t]-bm-Zn-Ifpw ih-°p-gn-bn¬ \nt£-]n-®n-cp∂p.''6 as‰m-cn-SØv
At±lw Ipdn- ° p∂p: ""\nbm- ≠ ¿Xmƒ a\p- j y≥ I√p- s Im≠pw
F√psIm≠pw ]e Xc-Øn-ep≈ Bbp-[-ßƒ D≠m-°n-bn-cp∂p. Nn∏n-
Iƒ sIm≠pw F√p- sIm≠pw B`-c-W-ßƒ D≠m-°n-bn-cp∂p. acn-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
®pt]mbhsc Ipgn-®n-Sp-tºmƒ Ah¿°p-th≠n `£Ww, B`-c-W-

ßƒ apX-em-bh ih-tØm-sSm∏w \nt£-]n-°p-∂-Xn\p ]pdsa ih-
Øn≥ta¬ Nph∂ Nmbw tX°p∂ k{º-Zm-bhpw Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-
cp∂p. aX-t_m-[-Øns‚ A¶p-c-ß-fmWv Cu {Inb-I-fn¬ ebn-®n-cn-
°p-∂Xv.''7
Kth-j-I-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw, GI-tZiw aq∂p e£w
h¿jw-\nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy≥ bqtdm-∏nepw B{^n-°-bnepw Gjy-
bpsS Nne `mK-ß-fnepw A[n-h-kn-®n-cp∂p. Ahn-S-ß-fn-se√mw B
h¿Kw \in-®p-t]mbn. bqtdm-∏n¬ bYm¿Y a\p-jy¿ Ah-cpsS ÿm\w
Itødn. GXm≠v Fgp-]-Xn-\m-bncw h¿j-ßƒ°p-ap-ºm-WnXv kw`-
hn-®Xv. Atd-_y-bnepw B{^n-°-bnepw \m¬]-Xn-\m-bncw h¿jw
apºp-hsc \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp-
Iƒ ASpØ ImeØv Is≠Øn. ê-kvXo-\n-∂-SpØ Im¿sΩ¬
ae-bn¬ bYm¿Y a\p-jy\pw \nbm-≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy\pw CS-I-e¿∂p
Pohn-°p-Ibpw c≠p h¿K-°m-cp-tSbpw ico-c-{]-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ k¥-
Xn-Iƒ AhnsS D≠m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. No\m-a-\p-jy\pw \nbm-
≠¿Xmƒ a\p- j y\pw \camwk- ` p- ° p- I - f m- b n- c p∂p. At\ym- \ yw
sIm∂p-Xn-∂p∂ h¿Kw £tW\ \in®p t]mhp-∂-Xn¬ A¤p-X-
an√. e£-°-W-°mb h¿j-ßƒ°p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ a\p-jy≥ aX-t_m-
[-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ hkvXpX B t_m[w {]Ir-Xym-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂
Jp¿-Bs‚ hmZ-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_e-I-as{X!
a\pjyNcn-{Xhpw `mc-Xhpw
a\p-jy-N-cn{Xw Ft∏mƒ, FhnsS Bcw-`n®p Fs∂m∂pw Xn´-
s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Kth-j-I-∑m¿°v C\nbpw Ign-™n-ń-s√∂p \mw ]d-™p-
I-gn™p. ]Xn-\m-bncw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]g-°-ap≠v a\pjy Ncn-{X-Øn-
s\∂v imkv{X-⁄≥am¿ A`yq-ln-°p∂p. F∂m¬ AXn\v A\n-
tj-[y-amb tcJ-I-sfm-∂p-an√. \m¬]tXm AºtXm \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n-
∏p-d-ap≈ Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂ Nne tcJ-Iƒ Xßƒ°v ssIh-
∂n- ´ p- s ≠∂p am{Xta imkv { X- I m- c ≥am¿ Ah- I m- i - s ∏- S p- ∂ p≈q.
AXn\p apºp≈ Ncn-{Xm-XoX Ime-sØ-°p-dn®p h√Xpw Adn-bp-∂-
Xn\v `qK¿` hkv X p- ° - f mWv GIm- { ibw. F∂m¬ Cu cwKØv
C\nbpw ]ptcm-K-an-t°-≠-Xm-bn-´m-Wn-cn-°p-∂Xv.
C¥y-sb- w-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ ]pcm-X\
Ncn-{X-Øn-te°p shfn®w hoip∂ Imcy-amb tcJ-I-sfm∂pw ssIh-
∂n- ´ n√. Pmhm- a - \ p- j y- t ‚tbm s]°nßp a\p- j y- t ‚tbm \nbm-
≠¿Xmƒ a\p-jy-t‚tbm Ah-in-jvS-ß-sfm∂pw `mc-X-Øn¬ \n∂v
e`n-®n-ń√. F∂m¬ inem-bp-[-ßƒ Inń-bn-´p≠v. thZ-ßƒ, ]pcm-W-
ßƒ apX-emb ]gb kmlnXy IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw inem-en-Jn-X-
ßƒ, sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb tcJ-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Ncn-{Xmw-i-ßƒ tiJ-
cn-°p-hm-\mWv apJy-ambpw B[p-\nI C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ {ian-

°p-∂Xv. Ihn-I-fpsS k¶¬]-kr-jvSn-I-fmWv thZ-]p-cm-Wm-Zn-Iƒ. Ah-
bn¬ apßn-Ø∏n Ncn-{Xmw-i-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°pI Ffp-∏-a-s√∂v ]d-
tb-≠-Xn-√t√m. IqSmsX I¬]nX IY-I-sfbpw Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-ß-
tfbpw XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ ]e-t∏mgpw Ign-bp-∂-Xp-a√. DZm-l-
c-W-ambn, {ioIr-jvW≥ Hcp Ncn{X ]pcp-jt\m, shdpw IYm-]m-
{Xtam F∂ Imcyw Ct∏mgpw X¿°-Øn-en-cn-°p-I-bmWv. C∂sØ
cq]-Øn-ep≈ ]pcm-X\ kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬ Xs∂ ]n¬°m-e-sØ-gp-
Xn-∏n-Sn-∏n® Nne `mK-ß-fp-ap-s≠∂v \ncq-]-I∑m¿ ka¿Yn-®n-cn-°p∂p.
"C¥y-°m¿°v Ncn-{X-an√, Ncn-{X-i-I-e-ß-tf-bp≈q' F∂mWv Hcn-
°¬ {_nójv ]m¿e-sa‚n¬ hn≥Ã≥ N¿®n¬ lmky-kz-c-Øn¬
{]kvXm-hn-®Xv. \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I-∑m-cpsS A{i-≤bpw A\m-ÿ-bp-
amWv At±-l-sØ-s°m≠v CXp ]d-bn-®Xv. {Ko°p-Im-cpsS B{I-
aW ({In. ap. 323)Øn\p tij-amWv `mc-X-Øn¬ Ncn-{X-Imew Bcw-
`n-®Xv. AXn\p apºp≈ Imew, `mc-X-sØ- w-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Ncn-
{Xm-Xo-X-Im-e-amWv. F{Xbpw A]q¿W-amWv C¥y-bpsS Ncn-{X-sa∂
kwKXn \mw ad-°-cpXv. D≈-Xp-Xs∂ sshtZ-inI Ic-ß-fm¬ Fgp-
X-s∏-´-Xs{X. Npcp-°-Øn¬ C¥ym Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]cn-anXn hfsc
hy‡- a mWv . AXns‚ ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ FØn- t ®- c p∂ \nK- a - \ -
ßƒ°pw Cu ]cn-anXn _m[-I-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂p hninjym ]d-tb-
≠-Xn-√t√m.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. DXv]Øn 2:7
2. `mc-X-∏-ga t]Pv 22,23
3. Ibid P. 23
5. 6,00,000 sIm√w apºm-cw-`n®v, GI-tZiw {In. ap. 22,000 sIm√w hsc \o≠p-
\n∂ B Zo¿L-Im-e-Øn-\p-≈n¬ \mtem At©m {]mhiyw `qan-bpsS
]e `mKØpw lna-bpKw Bh¿Øn-°-s∏´p. (`mc-X-∏-ga t]Pv 21)
6. `mc-X-∏-ga t]Pv 6
7. Ibid P. 27, 28
A[ymbw \mev
]pcm-hkvXp Kth-jWw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Ncn-{Xm-XoX Ime-ß-fnse kw`-h-ßƒ a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ C∂v Nne

am¿K- ß ƒ \ne- h n¬ h∂n- ´ p≠v. AXns\ klm- b n- ° p∂
imkv{Xkn≤m¥-ßfpw I≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. ]t£ hnZ-Kv[-
∑m¿°-√msX B am¿K-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-hkvXpX-
Iƒ a\- n-em-°pI km[y-a√.
a\p-jys‚ ùXn-Im-h-in-jvS-ßƒ, a\p-jy≥ D]-tbm-Kn® inem-
bp-[-ßƒ, temtlm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, a¨]m-{X-ßƒ, a\p-jy≥ Xma-kn®
Kpl-Iƒ, Ah-bn¬ ap{Z-Ww-sNbvX Nn{X-ßƒ, Iem-\n¿an-Xn-Iƒ,
{]Xn-a-Iƒ, a\p-jys‚ arX-i-cocw AS°wsNbvX ivaim-\-ßƒ
BZn-bmb ]pcm-X-\m-h-in-jvS-ß-fmWv Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Im-esØ kw`-
h-ßƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p≈ Hcp am¿Kw. ]t£, Ah \¬Ip∂ kqN-
\-I-fn¬\n∂v Ncn-{X-\n¿amWw \S-ØpI £n{]-km-[y-amb Imcy-a√.
\nc-¥c Kth-j-Whpw \nco-£-Whpw AXn-\m-h-iy-amWv. AXp-sIm-
≠p-Xs∂ AXv km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS tPmen-b-s√∂pw ]cn-Nb kº-
∂-cmb {]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fpsS IrXy-am-sW∂pw hy‡-amWv.
]pcm-hkvXp \nco-£-W-Øn\v B[p-\n-I-imkv{Xw Nne am¿K-
ßfpw kq{X-ßfpw Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-´p≠v. Ah-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ {]mY-anI
]cn-N-b-sa-¶nepw Ncn{X hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°p-≠m-hWw. F¶n¬ am{Xta
B[p-\nI Ncn{X Kth-j-I-∑m-cpsS \nK-a-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v HscØpw
]nSnbpw Ah¿°v e`n-°p-I-bp≈q. A√m-Ø-]£w B \nK-a-\-ß-f-
{Xbpw tIhew Ahn- i z- k - \ o- b - a mbn tXm∂n- t b°pw. AXn- \ m¬
{]kvXpX am¿K-ß-tfbpw kq{X-ß-tfbpw ]‰n ChnsS Hcp kw£n-
]vX-hn-h-cWw \¬Ip-∂-Xm-h-iy-am-sW∂v Icp-Xp∂p.
]pcm-XXz\nco-£W
- Ø
- ns‚ {]m[m\yw
]pcm-XXz \nco-£Ww hfsc ]ptcm-K-an® Hcp Ime-am-WnXv. ]pcm-
XXz imkv{Xw (Archaeology) \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv CuPn-]vXnse
kp{]-kn≤ ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ (Pyramids) tIhew A¤pX hkvXp-°-fm-
bn-cp∂p. C∂m-Is´, Ah ]pcm-X\ CuPn]vXns‚ Ncn{Xw hnfn-t®m-
Xp∂ hne-s∏´ tcJ-I-fm-Ip∂p. {]mNo-\-Im-esØ CuPn-]vXp-Im¿
ac-Wm-\-¥-c-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ZrV-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ahn-
SsØ {]`p-h¿K-Øns‚ B⁄m-i‡n A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-Whpw Aew-
L-\o-b-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw A∂sØ ASn-a-h¿K-ß-fp-tSbpw km[m-
c-W-°m-cp-tSbpw PohnXw A-Xy¥w t¢i-`q-bn-jvT-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw
B Iq‰≥ ih-Ip-So-c-ßƒ aqI-`m-j-bn¬ hnfn-t®m-Xp∂p. ]t£, ]pcm-
XXz hnZ-Kv[-∑m-cpsS {ih-W-]p-S-ßƒ°-√msX B IY {ihn°m≥
Ign-™n√.
Kn -bnse ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ ]Wn-b-W-sa-¶n¬ a\p-jy-e-£-ß-fpsS
F¥p-am{Xw Imbn-I-i-‡nbpw F{X-am{Xw tZio-b-k-ºØpw sNehp
sNbvXn-cn-°-W-sa∂p t\m°pI! F®v.Pn. sh’v Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Cu
]nc-an-Up-I-fn¬ G‰hpw hen-b-Xn\v 450 ASn-bmWv s]m°w. AXn¬
48,83,000 S¨ Xq°w hcp∂ I√p-I-fp≠v. Cu Is√ms° h©n-I-
fn¬ Ib‰n, \oe \Zn-bn-eqsS sIm≠p-h∂v a\p-jy-cpsS Ic-_-ew-
sIm≠v ]nSn- ® p- I - b ‰n, bYm- ÿ m- \ w h®n- ´ p- ≈ - X mWv . Ch- b psS
\n¿amWw Hcp alm-bp-≤-tØ°mƒ A[nIw CuPn-]vXns\ £oWn-
∏n-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww!1''
ASn- a - e - £ - ß - f p- s Sbpw km[m- c - W - ° m- c p- s Sbpw imco- c n- I hpw
kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Ign-hp-Iƒ ]c-am-h[n NqjWw sNbvXn-´-√msX
B Iq‰≥ ih-°-√-d-Iƒ sIń-s∏m-°m-\m-hn-s√∂v hfsc hy‡-amWv.
CXn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ a\- n-em-hp-∂p≠v, CuPn-]vXnse {]mNo\ `c-
W-ta-[m-hn-I-fmb ^d-thm-∑m-cp-sSbpw {]`p-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw B⁄m-
i-‡n-bpsS A{]-Xn-tcm-[y-Xbpw km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS Pohn-X-t¢-i-ß-
fpsS ]mc-ayhpw!
CuPn-]vXn-s\-t∏m-se-Øs∂ ]pcm-X\ \mK-cn-I-Xbpw hn⁄m-
\-im-J-Ifpw hf¿∂ph∂n-´p≈ Hcp a\p-jy-hmk tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p
saskm-s]m-t´-anb. {Ko°p-`m-j-bn¬ "\Zn-I-fpsS CS' F∂mWv B
]Z-Øn-\¿Yw. "^pdmØv' (bq{^-ókv) F∂pw "ZnPveØv' (ssS{Kokv)
F∂pw t]cp≈ c≠p \Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-emWv saskm-s]m-t´-anb ÿnXn
sNøp-∂Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv {Ko°p-Im¿ AXn\v B t]¿ sImSp-
ØXpw. ln{_p- ` m- j - b n¬ "\{lmbow' F∂pw Ad- _ n- ` m- j - b n¬
"amss_-\-∂-lvssd≥' F∂pw "CdmJv' F∂pw AXns\ hnfn-°p∂p.
F√mw AtX A¿Y-Øn¬ Xs∂. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bpsS {]mNo\
Ncn{Xw C∂pw kphn- Z n- X - a mWv . Cdm- J nse {]mNo\ \K- c - ß ƒ
Fßs\ hf¿∂p-sh∂pw, Ahn-S-Øp-Im-cpsS hn⁄m-\-im-J-Iƒ
F{]-Imcw ]ptcm-KXn {]m]n-®psh∂pw C∂v GsXmcp Ncn-{X-hn-
Zym¿Yn°pw Adnbmw. C°m-cy-ß-sfms° shfn-®-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-∂Xv
]pcm-hkvXp \nco-£-W-am-Ip∂p. Npcp-°-Øn¬, ]pcm-XXz imkv{X-
Øns‚ {]m[m\yw Hcn-°epw Ah-K-Wn®p X≈m-h-X√. F∂m¬
Zu¿`m- K y- s a∂p ]d- b s´, as‰√m cwK- ß - f n- e p- s a- ∂ - t ]mse Cu
cwKØpw C∂-sØ apkvenw-I-fpsS ]¶v Xptemw hnc-f-amWv.
DXvJ\
- \
- hpw Kth-jW
- hpw
`qan-°-Sn-bn¬ aä-d™p InS-°p∂ Ncn-{X-tc-J-Iƒ J\\w
sNbv s X- S p- ° p- ∂ Xpw J\- \ - Ø n¬ In´p∂ ]pcm- h - k v X p- ° - s f- ∏ ‰n
]T\w \S-Øp-∂Xpw IqSp-X¬ ]ptcm-K-an®p hcn-I-bmWv. AXn\v Nne
imkv{Xob \nb-a-ß-fp≠v. B imkv{Xob \nb-a-ß-sfbpw am¿K-ß-
sfbpw kn≤m- ¥ - ß - s fbpw hni- Z o- I - c n- ° pI ChnsS Dt±- i y- a n√.
F∂m¬ ]pcm-XXz \nco-£-I-∑m-cpsS \nK-a-\-ßƒ ASn-ÿm\ cln-
X-amb shdpw Dulm-t]m-l-ß-fm-sW∂v km[m-cW hmb-\-°m¿
sX‰n-≤-cn-°m-Xn-cn-t°-≠-Xn-\mbn AXn-{]-[m-\-amb Nne Imcy-ßƒ
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
ChnsS kqNn-∏n-°p∂p.
`qan-°-Sn-bn¬ Hcp ]pcm-X\ \K-c-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ InS-∏p-
s≠∂v Fßs\ Adnbmw? CXn\p Nne- am¿K-ßƒ imkv{X-Im-c-
∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p≠v. h√ Bh-iy-Øn\pw \new Inf®p adn-
°p-tºmƒ ASn-bn¬ ]gb aXn-ens‚ AS-bmfw It≠°mw. B Ah-
injvSw XI¿∂-Sn™ sIń-S-ß-fpsS Hcp `mK-am-bn-cn°pw. AhnsS
kq£v-a-\n-co-£Ww \S-Øp-∂-]£w GtXm ImeØv \in®p \mam-
h-ti-j-amb Hcp \K-c-Øns‚ ]e Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw Is≠-∂p-hcpw.
AØcw Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ hmbn®p ]Tn-°m≥ hnZ-Kv[≥-am¿°v km[n-
°p-∂-XmWv.
Nne-t∏mƒ Ipgn-°m-sX-Øs∂ ]pcm-X\ \K-c-ß-fpsS Ah-in-
jvS-ßƒ InS-°p∂ ÿew Is≠-Øm≥ Ignbpw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn,
]cn-kc ÿe-ß-fn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn Hcn-SØv , Hcp {]tXyI
taSp ImWp-∂p-sh∂p hbv°pI. kq£va ]cn-tim-[-\-bn¬, XI¿∂-
Sn™ Ah-in-jvS-ß-fpsS Iqºm-c-am-W-sX∂v It≠°mw. B taSns‚
]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ DS™ a¨]m-{X-°-jW-ßtfm CjvSn-I-Itfm Ds≠-
¶n¬ hnti-jn®pw. AØcw taSp-Iƒ Inf-®p-t\m-°p∂ ]£w ]pcm-
X\ \K-c-ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ e`n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.
]pg-°-c-I-fn¬\n∂pw Kpl-I-fn¬\n-∂p-amWv {]mNo\ inem-bp-K-
Øn¬ a\p-jy¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ I√m-bp-[-ßƒ [mcm-f-ambn e`n-
®n- ´ p- ≈ - s X∂v A\p- ` - h - ÿ - ∑ m¿ ]d- b p∂p. aW¬ Iqºm- c - ß ƒ
Im‰ns‚ {]h¿Ø\w aqew \nc-∏m-bn-Øo-cp-tºmƒ AXn-\n-S-bn¬
inem-bp-[-ßƒ ImWm-dp-≠s{X. kzn‰vk¿em-≠nse Hcp XSmIw h‰n-
h-c-≠-t∏mƒ AhnsS {]mNo-\-a-\p-jy¿ \n¿an® hoSp-I-fpsS Ah-in-
jvS-ßƒ Is≠-Øn-b-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p.
`qan-°-Sn-bn¬ sIń-Stam aXntem Dt≠m F∂v Adn-bm-hp∂
thsdmcp am¿K-an-XmWv: th\¬°m-eØv Hcp -h-btem at‰m ]cn-
tim-[n-°pI. ASn-bn¬ Npa-cp-s≠-¶n¬ AXns‚ apI-fn-ep-≈ sNSn-
Iƒ°v CXc sNSn-Isf At]-£n®v ]® IqSn-°mWpw. ImcWw,
aXn-en-t∑¬ Xßn-\n¬°p∂ \\hv aÆn-ep-≈ \\-hn-s\-°mƒ IqSp-
X-ep-≠m-hp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v B \\hv hen-s®-SpØ sNSn-Iƒ thKw
sXgpØp hfcpw. s\t√m tKmXtºm BsW-¶n¬ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ hnf-
bp-Ibpw sNøpw.
{]mNo-\-Im-eØv Hcn-SØv P\-hm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cpt∂m F∂-dn-bm≥
aÆp ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ aXn. P\-hm-k-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ t^mkv^-dkv
ehWw IqSp-X-ep-≠m-bn-cn°pw.
Cßs\ ]e am¿K-ß-fp-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®mWv `qK¿`-\n-co-£Ww \S-
Øp-∂Xv. J\\ k{º-Zm-bhpw ]cn-jvI-cn-®p-h-cp∂p. Ct∏m-gsØ
k{º-Zmbw GXm-≠n-ß-s\-bmWv: J\\w \S-Øp∂ ÿew sNdp-N-
Xp-c-ß-fmbn (Grids) th¿Xn-cn®p, Hmtcm NXp-c-tØbpw \of-Ønepw
hoXn-bnepw F. _n. kn. Un, 1, 2, 3, 4 F∂n-ßs\ \º-dn´v AS-bm-f-
s∏-SpØpw. At©m Btdm AwKpew Bg-Ønte Hc-h-kcw Ipgn-
°p-I-bp≈q. B Ipgn-I-fnse aÆns‚ \nd-hy-Xymkw kq£va-ambn
]cn-tim-[n°pw. Hmtcm NXp-c-Ønepw ImWp∂ hkvXp-°fpw Ah-
bpsS ÿm\w ka-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂p F{X AwKpew Xmsg-bm-sW∂
hkvXp-Xbpw IrXy-ambn tcJ-s∏-SpØpw. In´p∂ km[-\-ßfpw Ah-
bpsS Xchpw kz`m-hhpw dnt∏m¿ń¬ ImWn-t°-≠Xv hfsc Bh-
iy-amWv. Fs¥-∂m¬ Ah-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Kth-j-I-
∑m¿°v Nne \nK-a-\-ß-fn-se-Øn-t®-tc-≠Xv. ka-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂v C{X
Xmg-Øv-h®p C∂ km[\w I≠p-In-ń-sb-∂-dn-bp-∂-Xns\ B{i-bn-
®n-cn-°p∂p, {]mtbW B km[-\-Øns‚ Ime-\n¿Wbw. aÆns‚
\nd-hy-Xymkw Nne-t∏mƒ Hcp ]pcm-h-kvXp-hns‚ apgp-h≥ Ncn{Xw
shfn-°p-sIm-≠p-h-cp-hm≥ klm-bn-s®-∂p-hcpw. C‰-en-bnse t]mws]-
\-Kcw Ipgn-®-t∏mƒ Ft∂m NØp aÆm-bn-Øo¿∂ Hcp \mb-bpsS
BIrXn I≠p- ] n- S n- ° m- s \mØp. aÆns‚ \nd- h y- X ym- k - Ø n¬\n-
∂mWv Cu ]co-£-W-Øn\v {]tNm-Z\w e`n-®Xv. Nmc-Øn-\p-≈n¬
I≠ Zzmc-Øn¬ "πmÃ¿ Hm^v ]mcokv' (Hcp Xcw kna‚ v) F∂
{ZmhIw Hgn-®p-t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ AZv`p-X-sa∂p ]d-bs´, Hcp \mb-bpsS
cq]-amWv Inń-bXv. c≠m-bncw h¿j-ßƒ°p apºv (G.Un. 79˛¬)
A·n-]¿h-X-Øns‚ s]mń-sØ-dn-bn¬ NØp-t]m-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p B
Pohn F∂v Kth-j-I-∑m¿ Xocp-am-\n®p.
hoSp-I-fpsS ac-Øq¨ {Zhn®p s]mSn-bm-b-tijw AXns‚ ÿew
I≠p-]n-Sn-°m\pw aÆns‚ \nd-hy-Xym-k-amWv \nco-£-Isc klm-
bn-°pI. Cw•-≠nepw a‰pw ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØp {]`p-°-∑m-cpsS arX-
tZ-l-ßƒ I∏-en¬ adhp sNøp∂ Hcp ]Xn-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Cu
hkv X pX I≠p]nSn- ° - s ∏- ´ Xv "k´¨lq' F∂n- S - Ø p- \ n∂v Hcp
I∏¬J-_¿ (Ship burial) Is≠-Øn-b-tXm-sS-bmWv. AhnsS J\\w
sNbvX-t∏mƒ Ccp-ºm-Wn-bpsS Xpcp-ºp-aqew aÆns‚ \ndw amdn-b-
Xmbn I≠p. B ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ \S- Ø - s ∏´ Kth- j - W - a mWv
{]kvXpX I∏¬J-_-dns‚ IY ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp-hm≥ CS-h-cp-
Øn-bXv.
Ime-\n¿Wbw
]pcm-X-Xz-\n-co-£-W-Øn¬ G‰hpw hnj-a-I-c-amb H∂mWv Ime-
\n¿Wbw. Hcp ]pcm-X-\-hkvXp GXv Ime-Øn-s‚-Xm-sW∂v Xocp-
am-\n-°m≥ hfsc {]bm-k-ap≠v. Imew ]g-Ipw-tXmdpw km[\w F∂m-
Wp-≠m-b-sX∂p \n›-bn-°pI IqSp-X¬ {]bm-k-I-c-am-bn-cn°pw. Ncn-
{X- I m- c - ∑ m¿ Im- e sØ Ipdn- ° p- h m≥ D]- t bm- K n- ° p∂ bpK- ß ƒ˛
{]mNo-\-in-em-bpKw, \ho-\-in-em-bpKw, Xm{a-bpKw, sh¶-e-bpKw, Ccp-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
ºp-bpKw F∂n-Xym-Zn-Iƒ˛icn-bmb Hcp Ime-\n¿W-b-sØ-b√ Ipdn-

°p-∂sX∂v \mw {]tXyIw a\- n-em-°Ww. AØcw {]tbm-K-ßƒ
Xmc-X-tay-\-bp≈ ImesØ˛GXv GXn-s\-°mƒ apºp-≈Xv, As√-
¶n¬ ]nºp-≈Xv F∂-Xns\˛am{Xta Ipdn-°p-∂p≈q. Hcp kw`hw
sh¶-e-bp-K-Øn¬ \S-∂p-sh-∂p- ]-d-™m¬ Ccp-ºp-bp-K-Øn\v apºm-
W-Xp-≠m-b-sXt∂ A¿Y-ap≈q. F∂m¬ Cu bpK-\n¿Wbw Xs∂
F√m `q{]- t Z- i - t Ø°pw Htc- a m- X ncn _m[- I - a √. Fs¥- ∂ m¬,
{]kvXpX bpK-ßƒ bYm-{Iaw IS-∂p-t]m-bn-ń-√mØ \nc-h[n `q{]-
tZ-i-ß-fp≠v. Ht´sd cmPy-ß-fn¬ sh¶-e-bp-Ktam teml-bp-Ktam
D≠m-bn-ń-s√-∂s{X imkv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS \nK-a\w. inem-bp-K-
Øn¬\n∂v Ccp-ºp-bp-K-Øn-te°p t\cn´p {]th-in® cmPy-ß-fp-ap≠v.
]›n-ta-jy-bnse sh¶-e-bpKw Cw•-≠nse sh¶-e-bp-K-tØmSv kam-
\- a - √ . ]›n- t a- j y- b nse sh¶- e - b p- K - Ø n¬ Cw•≠v inem- b p- K -
Øn¬\n∂p aptºm´p IS-∂n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. BI-bm¬ C∂ kw`hw
C∂ bpK-ØnemWv \S-∂-sX∂p Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ ]d-bp-tºmƒ, AXv
GXp `q{]-tZ-i-sØ-°p-dn-®mtWm ]d-bp-∂-sX-¶n¬ AXn\v am{Xw
_m[-I-am-t°-≠-XmWv. Ahn-SsØ Hmtcmtcm bpK-ß-fp-sSbpw Ime-
b-f-hp-Iƒ {]tXyIw ]cn-tim-[n®v Ime-K-W\ sNtø-≠-Xp-am-Ip∂p.
icn-bmb \nc-t]-£-amb Ime-\n¿Wbw Akm-[y-am-b-Xn-\m-emWv,
B[p- \ nI Ncn- { X- I m- c - ∑ m¿ kmt]- £ - I mew˛GXv GXn- s \- ° mƒ
]g°w IqSn-bXv, As√-¶n¬ Ipd-™Xv F∂ Xmc-X-ay-Imew˛ kzoI-
cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. km[-\-ß-fpsS \n¿am-W-coXn, Ah \nt£-]n® aÆń
apX-em-bh ]cn-tim-[n-®mWv C°mcyw Kth-j-I≥ Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv.
`qK¿`- Ø ns‚ Bgw IqSpw- t Xmdpw Ime- ∏ - g - ° hpw IqSp- s a- ∂ mWv
s]mXp kn≤m¥w.
]pcm- h kv X p \nco- £ - W - Ø n¬ a¨]m- { X- ß - f psS {]m[m\yw
FSpØp ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. Ffp-∏-Øn¬ DS™pt]mhp-∂Xpw,
F∂m¬ \in- ° msX hf- s c- ° mew Ah- t i- j n- ° p- ∂ - X p- a m- W t√m
a¨]m{Xw. £tW\ DS-bp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v a¨]m-{X-ß-fpsS hnX-cWw
Npcp-ßnb Hcp hrØ-Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cn-°pI kzm`m-hn-I-
as{X. A[n-I-Imew Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ a¨]m-{X-°-jW-ßƒ
{]mtbW F√m ]pcm-X\ \K-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw e`n-°p-hm≥ km[y-X-
bp-≠p-Xm\pw. ]≠p- apX¬t° Ipi-h-∑m¿ a¨]m-{X-ßƒ ]e-Xcw
h¿W-ßƒsIm≠pw Nn{X-th-e-IƒsIm≠pw tamSn-s∏-Sp-ØpI ]Xn-
hm-bn-cp∂p. C°m-c-W-Øm¬ ]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-Is‚ "A£-c-ame'
F∂v a¨]m-{X-°-jW-ßƒ hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. a¨]m-{X-ß-
fpsS BIr-Xnbpw \ndhpw Ae-¶m-c-am-Xr-Ibpw a‰pw ]cn-tim-[n®v
Ah°p Ime-\n¿Wbw sNøm≥ Ignbpw.
AWp-im-kv{X-Øns‚ klmbw
]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-j-W-Øn¬ AWp-im-kv{X-Øns‚ klm-bw-IqSn
C∂p D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn hcp-∂p≠v. tdUntbm Im¿_¨ ]co-£-
W-sa-∂mWv AXns‚ t]¿. DXvJ-\-\-Øn¬ e`n-°p∂ acw, F√v
apX-emb hkvXp-°-fpsS Imew tdUntbm Im¿_¨ ]co-£Ww
hgn I≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ Ignbpw. Icn-bpsS Hcp hI-t`-Z-amWv tdUntbm
Im¿_¨. AXnse AWp-°-fpsS FÆw Xn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv Kth-
j-I-∑m¿ Ime-\n¿Wbw sNøp-∂Xv. Poh-\p≈ F√m hkvXp-°-fnepw
{]kvXpX AWp-°-fpsS BI-ØpI ka-am-sW∂pw Poh≥ t]mbm¬
Ah Ipd-™p-h-cp-sa∂pw hnZ-Kv[-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p.
C{]-Imcw Xs∂ as‰mcp ]co-£-W-ap≠v˛^vtfmdo≥ ]co-£Ww.
aÆn-ep≈ ^vtfm-dos\ F√p-Iƒ hen-s®-Sp°pw. Htc-ÿ-e-Øp≈
^vtfmdo≥ Xpey-am-bn-cn-°p-at√m. AXn-\m¬ AhnsS Htc ImeØv
\nt£-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ c≠p F√p-Iƒ hen-s®-Sp-°p∂ ^vtfmdo\pw ka-
\n-e-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww. AYhm Aß-s\-b-√msX ImWp-∂p-sh-¶n¬
^vtfmdo≥ IqSp-X-ep≈ F√v, Ipd™ F√n-s\-°mƒ Bbp v A[n-
I-cn-®-Xm-sW∂p \n›-bn-°m-hp-∂-XmWv.
tUmk≥ F∂ Hcp h°o-ens‚ I≈-t°- n\v Xpºp-≠m-°m≥
Ign-™Xv Cu ^vtfmdo≥ ]co-£Ww am¿tKW-bmWv. B IY-bpsS
Npcp°w: tUmk≥ kmbv]n\v Fßp-\nt∂m Hcp a\p-jy-X-e-tbmSpw
Nnºm≥kn F∂ Ipc-ßns‚ Hcp XmSn-sb√pw Inń. Abmƒ hfsc
]Wn-s∏´v Ah°v kz¥w hI-bmbn \ndw sImSpØv ]n¬‰vUu¨
F∂n-SØv Ipgn-®n´p. ]gb Aÿn-Iƒ [mcmfw In´m-dp≈ Hcp ÿe-
am-bn-cp∂p ]n¬‰vUu¨. {_nójv ayqkn-b-Ønse `qK¿`-im-kv{X-
⁄\pw Xs‚ ]cn-N-b-°m-c-\p-am-bn-cp∂ Hcmƒ°v tUmk≥ B
\nt£]w ImWn-®p-sIm-SpØp. henb I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-sa∂ \ne-bn¬
]n¬‰v Uu¨ a\p-jys‚ IY temI-saßpw {]kn-≤-ambn. At\Iw
teJ-\-ßfpw {KŸ-ßfpw AXns\ Np‰n-∏‰n ]pd-Øp-h∂p. a\p-jys‚
ASpØ ]q¿hn-I≥ Nnºm≥kn-bm-sW-∂p-t]mepw temIw sX‰n-≤-cn-
°m-\n-S-bmbn.
Dt±iw Ac \q‰m-≠p-Imew apgp-h≥ imkv{X-⁄-∑msc I_-fn-
∏n® {]kvXpX tUmk≥ h©-\-bpsS D≈p-I≈n ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-
h- ∂ Xv {_nó- j v a yq- k n- b - Ø n- s e- X s∂ as‰mcp imkv { X- I m- c - \ mb
Hm°v e n- b s{X. ^v t fm- d o≥ ]co- £ - W - Ø n- e q- s S- b mWv At±lw
]n¬‰vUu¨ a\p-jys‚ cl-kyw-]p-d-Øn-´Xv.
Cßs\ imkv{Xo-bm-t\z-jW cwKØv \S-°p∂ I≈-t°-kp-Iƒ
I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p≈ am¿K-ßfpw C∂p \ne-hn¬h-∂n-´p≠v. AXn-\m¬
\q‰n-°-W-°n\p h¿j-ß-fmbn Cu cwKØv Kth-jW \nco-£-W-
ßƒ \SØn, Aaqey hn⁄m-\-k-º-Øp-Iƒ kw`m-h\ sNbvX
]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X-∑msc temIw AXy-[nIw _lp-am-\m-Z-c-ß-tfm-
Sp-IqSn kvacn-°p∂p. F∂p-sh®v ]m›m-Xy-hn-Zzm-∑m¿ Cd-°p-aXn
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
sNøp∂ F√m Nc-°p-Ifpw tNmZyw sNømsX AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≈-

W-sa-∂n√. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS _em-_ew ]cn-tim-[n-®p-thWw GXv
A`n- { ]m- b hpw sIm≈p- I tbm X≈p- I tbm sNøp- ∂ Xv . AXmWv
hn⁄m-\-tØm-Sp -Im-Wn-t°≠ \oXn.
kXym-t\z-jW hnIm-cØ
- ns‚ A\n-hm-cyX
CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ Ncn{X \n¿am-W-cw-KsØ _m[n® Nne A\m-
imky {]h-W-X-I-sf-∏‰n Hcp hm°v ]d-™p-sIm-≈s´. ]uc-kvXy-
cpsS ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-\n¿am-W-Øn\v hen-sbm-c-f-thmfw t\XrXzw
sImSp-ØXv ]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X-∑m-cmWv. ]uc-kvXy cmPy-ß-fn¬
]m›m-Xy≥ tImbva-Iƒ tImf\n ÿm]n-®n-cp∂ Hcp Ime-L-´-Øn-
emWv {]kvXpX Ncn-{X-\n¿amWw an°-hmdpw \S-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬
B Ncn- { X- \ n¿am- X m- ° ƒ Xß- f psS cmjv { So- b Xm¬]- c y- Ø ns‚
kzm[o-\-X-°-Sn-a-s∏´v Ncn-{X-\n¿am-W-Øn¬ th≠{X kXy-k-‘-
Xbpw hnizm-ky-Xbpw ]pe¿Øn-bn-s√∂pw, ]uc-kvXy-cm-Py-ß-fpsS
Ncn-{XsØ ]£-]m-X-]-c-amb Hcp {]tXyI ho£-W-tIm-Wn-eq-sS-
bmWv ho£n-®-sX∂pw ]cs° Bt£-]-ap≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, `mc-
X-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-\n¿am-W-Øn¬ "`n∂n-∏n®p `cn-°pI' F∂ Xß-
fpsS Bkq-{Xn-X-\bw {_nó-jp-Im¿ icn°pw \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-bn-
´p≠v. CsXmcp \·-bm-Ym¿Yy-amWv. AXn-\m¬ ]Sn-™m-d-∑m-cpsS
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb \nK-a-\-ßƒ kwi-b-Zr-jvSn-tbm-sS-b-√msX t\m°m≥
km[y-a√.
F∂m¬ ]£-]m-X-°p‰w Btcm-]n-°-s∏´ ]m›m-Xy-cmWv Hcp
Imcyw ]d-™n-´p-≈-sX-∂p-h®v {]Y-a-Zr-jvS-Øn¬Xs∂ AXns\
]p—n®p X≈p-∂Xpw icn-b√. ]ns∂tbm, B kwKXn ka¿Yn-t°-
≠-Xn-\mbn Ah¿ Ah-ew-_-am-°nb sXfn-hp-Ifpw tcJ-Ifpw ]cn-
tim-[n®v, Ah-bpsS _em-_-e-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv AXns\
AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠Xpw Xnc-kvI-cn-t°-≠Xpw. kXym-t\z-j-W-hn-Imcw
GsXmcp Ncn{X hnZym¿Yn°pw A\n-hm-cy-as{X.
`mc-X-Ønse Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Ime kw`-h-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p-tºmƒ
c≠p Xc-Øn-ep≈ {]h-W-X-I-fmWv s]mXp-hn¬ \mw ImWp-∂Xv.
Hcp Iq´¿ AsXms° ]m›m-Xy≥ hnZzm-∑m-cpsS ]£-]m-X-P-\y-amb
sI´p-I-Y-I-fmbn ]p—n®p X≈p-Ibpw, ]pcm-W-ß-fn-sebpw CXn-lm-
k-ß-fn-sebpw Nne kqN-\-Isf B[m-c-am°n XnI®pw hn]-co-X-amb
as‰mcp Ncn-{X-ho-£Ww Na®p hnSp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. ]pcm-W-ß-fnepw
CXn-lm-k-ß-fnepw kqNn-X-amb IY-IƒXs∂ ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ßfpw
Ht´sd Ahy-‡-ß-fp-amWv. Ah XΩn-ep≈ sshcp[yw Ah-km-\n-
∏n-°m≥t]mepw \ΩpsS amaq¬tk-h-I-∑m¿-°p Ign-bp-∂n√. Ahy-
‡hpw ]q¿hm-]-c-hn-cp-≤-hp-amb H∂ns\ as‰m-∂n-s‚ hymJym-\-
Ønt\m hni-Zo-I-c-W-Ønt\m B[m-c-am-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv?
as‰mcp hn`mKw bmsXmcp _p≤n-hn-Nm-chpw \S-Øm≥ Iq´m-

°msX ]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X-∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂-sX¥pw IÆp-a-S®p G‰p
]d-bp∂p. DXv]-Xn-jvWp-°-sf∂p kzbw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ Ch-cpsS
\ne-]mSpw bp‡n-k-l-a√. A‘-amb A\p-I-cWw bmsXmcp _p≤n-
Po-hn°pw `qj-W-a√. Npcp-°-Øn¬, ]m›m-Xysc A∏Sn ]p—n®p
X≈p-∂Xpw A‘-ambn A\p-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw, c≠pw AXn-cp-I-hn-®n-
ep-I-fmWv. icn-bmb am¿Kw a[y-am¿K-a-t{X. AXm-bXv imkv{XcoXym
sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ \mw hkvXp-X-Ifmbn AwKo-I-cn-
°pI. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp∂ \nK-a-\-ßƒ°pw
kn≤m-¥-ßƒ°pw {]mapJyw \¬IpI. A{]-Imcw sXfn-bn-°-s∏-
Sm-Øh kwi-bm-kv]-Z-ambn IW-°m-°p-Ibpw bmsXm-∂n\pw sXfn-
hm-bp-∂-bn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI. CXmWv hn⁄m\ {]tW-Xm-
°ƒ kzoI-cn-t°≠ am¿Kw. hmb-\-°m-cs\ sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p-I-sb-
∂Xpw alm-]m]w Xs∂-bmWv.
]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw kXym-t\z-jW
am¿K- Ø n¬ hcn® XymK- ß ƒ°pw A[zm- \ - ß ƒ°pw as‰ßpw
XpeyX ImWp-I-bn√. Ahsc I≠-am\w ]p—n®p X≈p∂ amaq-em-
cm-[-I-∑m¿°v CØcw XymKm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fpsS h√ ]mc-º-cy-hp-
apt≠m? ]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X-∑m¿ ssh⁄m-\nI cwKØv shń-sØ-
fn- b n® ]mX- I - f n¬ k©- c n- ® p- s Im- ≠ mWv ]uc- k v X y¿ h√Xpw
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂Xv. kz¥w ZrjvSn-bp-]-tbm-Kn®p bmsXm∂pw I≠p]nSn-
°p-hm≥ amaq-em-cm-[-I-cmb Cu ]WvUn-X-∑m¿°v Ign-™n-ń√. F∂n-
cns°, Ahsc IÆ-S-®m-t£-]n-°p-∂Xv IrX-Lv\-X-b-s√-¶n¬ as‰-
¥mWv?
]m›m-Xy≥ ]WvUn-X-∑mcpw a\p-jy-cmWv. Ah¿°pw a\p-jy-
k-l-P-amb sX‰p-]‰mw. Ah-cpsS \nK-a-\-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw Aim-kv{Xo-
b-amhmw; BWv Xm\pw. ]t£, AXn-s‚- t]-cn¬ Ahsc ]p—n-®p-X-
≈pI Ffp-∏-am-sW-¶nepw, \oXn-b√; hn⁄m-\m-t\z-j-I¿°v `qj-
W-hp-a√. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-ap-≈ \nK-a-\-ßƒ \mw AwKo-I-
cn-°pI Xs∂-thWw. Ah Bcp-∂-bn®p F∂Xv Hcn-°epw {]i-v\-
am-h-cpXv. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n≥_ew t]msc-∂p-tXm-∂p∂ \nK-a-\-ßƒ
\mw AwKo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xn√. Ign-hp≈-h¿ Ah-sb-°p-dn®p Kth-j-W-
\n-co-£Ww XpS¿∂p \S-Øp-I-bmWv th≠-Xv. Aßs\ Ahsb
Xncp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv. F∂m¬ {ia-I-c-amb Cu I¿Ø-hyw \nd-th-
‰p-∂-Xn\p ]Icw £n{]-km-[y-amb Bt£-]-i-c-ßƒ sXmSp-Øp-hn-
Sm-\mWv amaq¬ {]nb-cpsS hmk\. Cu \bw F∂pw ]cm-P-b-s∏-ń-
t´-bp≈q; C∂pw Aß-s\-Øs∂. CXp-t]m-se-Ø-s∂-bmWv ]m›m-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Xy≥ ]WvUn-X-∑msc IÆ-S-®-\p-I-cn-°p∂ \b-Øns‚ ÿnXnbpw.

kXym-t\z-jW hnIm-c-a-√msX as‰mcp hnIm-chpw hn⁄m-\-cw-
KØv `qj-W-a√. ]£-]mX hnIm-c-sØ-°mƒ B]-¬°-c-ambn as‰m-
∂p-an√!
Ipdn∏v:
1. temI-N-cn-{X-kw-{Klw t]. 73
A[ymbw A©v
`mc-X∏
- g- a
"`mcXw', "C¥y' Fs∂ms° ]d-bp-tºmƒ \mw hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv
Gjym `qJ-WvU-Øns‚ a[y-`m-K-Øp-\n∂v sXt°m´v \o≠p-In-S-°p-
∂Xpw `q]-S-Øn¬ DØc A£mwiw 80 4',28''\pw 370 17',53''\pw,
]q¿h-tc-Jmwiw 680 7',33''\pw 970 24' 47'' \pw CSbv°p ÿnXn-sN-øp-
∂-Xp-amb `qhn-`m-K-sØ-bmWv. CXns‚ Ct∏m-gsØ hnkvXo¿Ww
32,76, 141 NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰dpw, P\-kwJy 55 tImSn-bp-amWv. F∂m¬
Ign™ Ime- ß - f n¬ `mc- X - Ø ns‚ hnkv X o¿W- Ø nepw AXn- c - f -
hnepw ]e-t∏mgpw am‰-ßƒ kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂n-´p-s≠∂p Ncn{Xw ]d-
bp∂p. Hcp ImeØv t]¿jy≥ km{amPyw C¥y-hsc \o≠pInS-∂n-
cp-∂p-hs{X. 1947 BKÃv 14-˛\p `mc-X-Ønse Hcp `mKw ]mIn-ÿm≥
F∂ t]cn¬ th¿s∏-´p-t]mbn. Cßs\ `mc-X-Øns‚ `qan imkv{X-
]-chpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb AXn¿Øn-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw hyXym-k-s∏-
ń-cp-∂-Xm-bn-´mWv Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \mw ImWp-∂Xv.
F∂n-cp-∂mepw CX-c- `q-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂v C¥ym-`q-J-fisØ
th¿Xn-cn®p \n¿Øp∂, {]Ir-Xn-]-c-amb Nne AXn-c-S-bm-f-ßƒ AXn-
{]m-No\ Imew apX¬ Xs∂ \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. D]-`q-J-fi-
Øns‚ aq∂p-`m-K-ßfpw kap-{Z-ß-fm¬ Np‰-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. AXp-sIm-
≠mWv AXv Hcp]`qJ-fi-am-bXv. {]kvXpX Bgn-Iƒ `mc-XsØ
a‰p `qJ-fi-ß-fn¬\n∂v th¿s]-SpØn \n¿Øp∂p. hS-°p-`mKw ]¿h-
X-\n-c-I-fmWv. kp`-{Zhpw Kwò-c-hp-amb tIm´-Iƒ IWs° \o≠p-
In-S-°p∂ {]kvXpX ]¿hX ]w‡n-bmWv Gjy-bpsS a‰p `mK-ß-
fn¬\n∂v D]-`q-J-fisØ hyXn-cn-‡-am-°p-∂Xv. Gjy-bnse aq∂v
D]-`q-J-fi-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw hep-XmWv `mcXw. ]mao¿ D∂-X-XSw
apX¬ sX°p-In-g-°mbn \o≠p-In-S-°p∂ B ]¿h-X-\n-c°v 1500 \mgn-
I-tbmfw ssZ¿Ly-ap≠v. \mep-\m-gn-I-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ Db-c-ap≈ \qdp
sImSp-ap-Sn-Iƒ B ]¿h-X-\n-c-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p. temI-Øn¬
ht®-‰hpw s]m°w IqSnb "Fh-dÃv' sImSp-apSn AXn-sem-∂m-Ip∂p.
29,028 ASn-bmWv AXns‚ Dbcw. "lnam-ebw' F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-
≤-amb {]kvXpX ]¿h-X-\n-c-bmWv ]pcm-X\ `mc-XsØ hntZ-io-
bm-{I-a-W-ß-fn¬\n∂v c£n®p t]m∂Xv. ]pcm-X\ ImeØv lnam-
ebw Xm≠n C¥y- b n- t e°p hcm≥ H‰ am¿Kta D≠m- b n- c p-
∂p≈q˛"ssI_¿Npcw'.
AXn-{]m-No-\-Im-eØv `mc-X-Øns‚ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ÿnXn
C∂-tØ-Xn¬\n∂v Xptemw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ncn-{Xm-t\z-
j-I-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. 5000 h¿j-Øn-\p-apºv ]©m_v, cP-]p-
Øm\, _olm¿, _wKmƒ F∂o {]tZ-i-ß-fpƒs°m-≈p∂ DØc
`mc-X-ta-Je sh≈-Øm¬ aqS-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-sh∂p Nne¿ ]d-bp∂p.
CsXmcp AZv`p-X-ambn tXm∂mw. F∂m¬ CØcw am‰-ßƒ `mc-X-
Øn\v am{X-a√, a‰p ]e `qhn-`m-K-ßƒ°pw kw`-hn-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn
Ncn{X Kth-j-I-∑m¿°-`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. Icn-¶-Sepw Imkv]n-b≥ ISepw
Bd¬ ISepw apºv H∂mbn tN¿∂p InS-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-b-s∏-
Sp∂p. sXs° C¥y- b psS ÿnXnbpw ap≥Im- e Øv C∂- t Ø-
Xn¬\n∂v `n∂- a m- b n- c p∂p. AXns‚ ]Sn- ™ m- d p- ` mKw aU- K m-
kv I ¿hsc \o≠p- I n- S - ∂ n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂p ]d- b - s ∏- S p∂p. e¶m- Z zo]v
(kntem¨) U°m-t\mSp tN¿∂mWv \ne-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv. {]mNo-\-
Im-eØv `mc-X-Øn¬-\n∂v Bkvt{X-enb hsc Ic-am¿K-ambn Xs∂
t]mIm-am-bn-cp-∂p-hs{X. kn‘p \Zn kap-{Z-Øn¬ tNcm≥ kzev]ta
Zqc- a p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p- ≈ q- s h∂pw kc- k z- X n- \ Zn kap- { Z- t ØmSp IqSn-
t®¿∂mWv InS-∂n-cp-∂-sX∂pw ]d-bp∂p.
]pcm-X\ ImeØv `mcX D]-`q-J-fi-Øn¬ hkn-®n-cp∂ P\-
ßƒ°p XΩn¬ h√ ASp-∏tam kº¿°tam D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. Hcp
P\X F∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m≥ X° bmsXmcp _‘hpw Ah¿°n-S-
bn¬ C√m-bn-cp∂p. tUm. Xmcm-Nµv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""kwkvIr-X-Ønse
{]mNo\ IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v \ap°v a\- n-em-hp-∂Xv C¥y-bnse
hnhn[ tKm{X-ßƒ ]e {]tZ-i-ß-fn-ep-amWv ]m¿Øn-cp-∂-sX-∂mWv.
Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ bmsXmcp kº¿°-hp-an-√m-bn-cp∂p. Zp¿K-a-ß-fmb
`b-¶-c-h-\-ßƒ Ahsc At\ym\yw AI-‰n-bn-cp∂p.''1
BI-bm¬ {]mNo\ ImesØ `mcXw GIo-Ir-X-am-bn-cp-∂n√.
aXtam kwkvIm-ctam `mjtbm hym]mc _‘tam H∂pw `mc-Xob
P\-h¿K-ßsf GIo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂n√. AJ-fi-`m-cXw {]mNo-\-Im-esØ
kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw XnI-®p-samcp Ab-Ym¿Y k¶¬]-am-bn-cp∂p.
a\p-jy-Nc
- n-{X-Øns‚ Bcw`w `mc-XØ
- ntem?
a\pjy Ncn-{Xm-cw`w C¥y-bn¬\n-∂m-sW∂v Nne¿ A`n-{]m-b-
s∏-Sp∂p. kntem-Wnse "BZw-ae'sb∏‰n ap≥Imew apX¬ apkvenw-
Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Hssc-Xnlyw {]N-cn-®n-´p≠v. a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ BZna
]nXm-sh∂v PqX˛ ss{IkvXh˛apk¬am-∑m¿ hniz-kn-°p∂ BZw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
B ae-bn-emWv t]m¬ kz¿K-Øn¬\n-∂n-d-ßn-bXv. AhnsS ImWp∂

Im¬∏m-SmWv Cu IY°v \nZm\w. AXv BZ-an-t‚-Xm-sW∂p apkvenw-
Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv C¥y-bpsS Hcp `K-am-bn-
cp-∂t√m kntem¨. At∏mƒ {]kvXp-X sFXn-ly-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬ a\pjy Ncn-{Xm-cw`w C¥y-bn¬\n-∂m-sW∂v ]d-bp-hm≥
ck-ap≠v.
F∂m¬ CØcw sFXn-ly-ßƒ°v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb bmsXmcp
ASn-ÿm-\-hp-an√. BZw F∂Xv Hcp hy‡n-bpsS \matam, A√
a\p-jy≥ F-∂¿Y-Øn-ep≈ kmam-\y-\m-atam F∂p Xo¿Øp ]d-
bm-\m-hn√. ln{_p-`m-j-bn-ep≈ ss__nƒ ]gb \nb-a-Øn-emWv
BZmwi_vZw BZy-ambn D]-tbm-Kn®p ImWp-∂-sX∂v Ncn-{Xm-t\z-
j-I-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p. ln{_p-hn¬ B i_vZ-Øn\v a\p-jy≥ F∂pw
A¿Y-ap≠v. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw ]d-bp-∂Xv ImWpI: ""a\p-jy-i-
_vZ-Øns‚ ]cymbw IqSn-bmWv ln{_p-`m-j-bn¬ BZmw.''2
Jp¿-B\pw BZw-i-_vZsØ a\p-jy-]-cym-b-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ {]tbm-
Kn-®n-´p≠v. Htc kw`hw c≠n-S-ß-fn¬ Bh¿Øn-®-t∏mƒ Hcn-SØv
BZw F∂pw as‰m-cn-SØv a\p-jy≥ F∂¿Y-ap≈ "_i¿' F∂p-
amWv Jp¿-B≥ {]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv. A[ymbw 2, kq‡w 34˛-¬ ssZhw
ae-°p-I-tfmSv BZ-an\v kmjvSmwKw sNbvhm≥ \n¿tZ-in-®-Xmbn ]d-
bp∂p. AtX Imcyw A[ymbw 15, kq‡w 28, 29˛¬ Bh¿Øn-®-
t∏mƒ, BZ-an\v ]Icw _i¿ F∂mWv Jp¿-B≥ {]tbm-Kn-®Xv. Cu
{]tbm-K-Øn¬\n∂v BZ-an-s‚bpw _i-dn-s‚bpw A¿Yw H∂m-sW∂p
kqNn-X-am-hp∂p.
IqSmsX, ae-°p-I-fpsS kmjvSmw-K-Øn-e-¥¿`-hn® XØzw GsX-
¶n-ep-samcp a\p-jy-hy-‡n-sb-am{Xw _m[n-°p-∂-X√. {]XypX, am\-
h- I p- e - Ø n\v s]mXpth _m[- I - a s{X. Jp¿- B s‚ Zrjv S n- b n¬,
ssZth— bYm-hn[w \S-∏n¬ hcp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ AZr-iy-k-Xz-
ß-fmWv ae-°p-Iƒ. Ah-tcmSv BZ-an\v kmjvSmwKw \an-°p-hm≥
B⁄m-]n-®-Xns‚ Xm¬]cyw, `qan-bn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ {]mXn-\n[yw
hln°p∂ a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ CwKn-X-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®p h¿Øn-°p-
hm-\p≈ Blzm-\-at{X. Cu kwK-Xn-bm-Is´, GsX-¶n-ep-samcp a\p-
jy-hy-‡nsb am{Xw _m[n-°p-∂-X-√t√m. AXn-\m¬ ]cm-ar-jvS- Jp¿-
B≥ kq‡- Ø n¬ a\p- j y≥ F∂ A¿Y- Ø n- e mWv BZw F∂
i_vZw {]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v hnNm-cn-°p-hm-\mWv IqSp-X¬ \ymbw
ImWp-∂Xv.
a\p-jys‚ Ncn-{Xm-cw`w `mc-X-Øn¬\n-∂m-sW∂ k¶¬]-Øn\v
ASn-ÿm-\-an-s√-¶nepw, e£-°-W-°n\v h¿j-ßƒ°p -ap-ºp-Xs∂
`mc-X-Øn¬ a\p-jy-hmkw Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp≠v. DXvJ-
\\ imkv{X-⁄-∑msc D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v {io. sI. Zmtam-Z-c≥ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv ImWpI: ""DXvJ-\\ imkv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS ASpØ
ImesØ Kth-j-W-ß-fpsS ê-ambn C¥y-bnse BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-
I-fpsS ùXn-I-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ]e Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw I≠p-In-ń-
bn-cn-°p∂p. Cu Ah-in-jvS-ß-fn¬ Nne-Xn\v c≠p e£-Øn-e-[nIw
sIm√sØ ]g- ° - a p- s ≠∂p Nne imkv { X- ⁄ - ∑ m¿ A\p- a m- \ n-
°∂p.'' 3
{]mNo\ inem-bp-K-sØbpw \ho\ inem-bp-K-sØbpw {]Xn-\n-
[m\w sNøp∂ H´-\-h[n Bbp-[-ßfpw D]-I-c-W-ßfpw `mc-X-Øns‚
\m\m-`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂pw I≠p-In-ń-bn-´p-≈-Xmbn imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿
Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn sX∂n-¥y-bnse \¿aZm Xoc-ß-
fn¬\n∂pw ]›n-a-L-´-Øns‚ Xmgvh-c-I-fn¬\n∂pw e`n® ]e D]-
I-c-W-ßfpw {]mNo\ inem-bp-K-Ønse {]mIrX a\p-jy¿ D]-tbm-
Kn-®-h-bmWv. _√mcn Pn√-bnepw ssakq-cnepw \S-Ø-s∏´ Kth-j-
W- ß - f n¬\n∂p \ho\ inem- b p- K - Ø nse a\p- j y¿ D]- t bm- K n®
At\Iw D]-I-c-W-ßƒ I≠p-In-ń-bn-´p≠v.4
Ncn-{X-Øns‚ A\-¥-c-L-´-ß-fn¬ ]e-t∏m-gmbn a\p-jy-X-e-ap-d-
Iƒ `mc-X-Øn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Aßs\ Ah-cpsS
`mjbpw aXhpw kwkvIm-c-hp-sa√mw ChnsS {]N-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿
`mc-Xo-b-cmbn amdp-I-bpw-sNbvXp. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Hcp an{i-kw-kvIm-
c-amWv `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvImcw. AXns‚ IpØI GsX-¶n-ep-samcp
{]tXy-I-h¿K-Øn\v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-h-X√.
"C¥y' F∂ \ma-t[bw
C¥y-bpsS t]cn-s\-°p-dn®v kzev]-sam∂v ]cm-a¿in-t°-≠-Xp≠v.
BZn-bn¬ Cu D]-`q-J-fi-Øn\v C¥y F∂ t]cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.
B \ma-t[bw Xs∂ CXc \mSp-I-fn¬\n-∂p≈ Cd-°p-a-Xn-bmWv.
F∂n- c p- ∂ mepw, B \ma- t [- b - Ø n\v Ime- ∏ - g °w hfsc IqSpw.
{]mNo\ Cdm-\n-b-°m-cpsS aX-km-ln-Xy-ß-fnepw a‰pw B \maw
ImWp-∂p≠v. ]fin‰v s\lvdp Fgp-Xp∂p:
""lnµp F∂ hm°v \ΩpsS ]pcm-X-\-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ Hcn-SØpw
ImWm-\n√. Hcn-¥y≥ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ CZw-{]-Ya-ambn AXn-s\-°p-
dn®v {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂Xv {In. ]n. F´mw iX-I-Ønse Hcp Xm{¥nI
{KŸ-Øn-em-sW-∂-dn-bp∂p. AhnsS "lnµp' F∂-Xn\v Hcp P\X
F∂m- W ¿Yw; Hcp aX- Ø ns‚ A\p- b m- b n- I ƒ F∂√. ]t£,
"AhkvsX'bnepw ]pcm-X\ t]¿jy-\nepw B hm°v ImWm-\p-≈-
Xp-sIm≠v AXv hfsc ]pcm-X-\-am-sW∂p Xo¿®-Xs∂. A∂pw Ahn-
sS-\n∂v Hcm-b-n-ctam A[n-Itam sIm√-°m-e-tØm-fhpw ]›n-ta-jy-
bn-sebpw at[y-jy-bn-sebpw P\-ßƒ AXp-]-tbm-Kn-®Xv C¥y-bnse
AYhm kn‘p-\-Zn-bpsS A°sc Xma-kn-°p∂ P\-sØ-°p-dn-°m-
\mWv. "C≥Ukv' F∂v Cw•o-jn¬ ]d-bp∂ \Zn°v ]≠pw C∂p-
ap≈ C¥y≥ \ma-t[-b-amb "kn‘p' F∂-Xn¬ \n∂mWv lnµp,
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
lnµp-kvXm≥ F∂pw Ct¥mkv, C¥y F∂p-ap≈ hm°p-Iƒ hcp-

∂Xv.'' 5
{]mNo\ t]¿jy-\n¬ kIm-c-Øn\p ]Icw lIm-c-am-Wp-]-tbm-
Kn®p ImWm- d p- ≈ Xv . DZm- l - c - W - a mbn, kwkv I r- X - Ø nse "tk\'
t]¿jy- \ n¬ "tl\'bpw "tkma' "tlma'bpamWv . CXp- t ]mse
\ΩpsS "kn‘n's\ Cdm≥Im¿ "lnµv' F∂m-Wp-®-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. "lnµv'
kndn-b-\n-te°pw bh-\-`m-j-bn-te°pw ]I¿∂-t∏mƒ "CµnI'bmbn.
{Ko°p-Im-cn¬\n∂v bqtdm-∏n-te°v sN∂-t∏mƒ AXv "C≥Uy' F∂p-
®-cn-°-s∏´p. Ah-km\w `mc-X-Øn-te°v Cd-°p-aXn sNbvX-t∏mƒ
"C¥y'bpambn. CXmWv C¥y F∂ \ma-t[-b-Øns‚ IY.
]pcmX\ Ad-_n-Ifpw Cu \mńs\ "lnµv' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-
∂Xv. C¥y-bnse Ccpºv Ad-_n-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ kp{]-kn-≤-am-bn-cp∂p.
C¥y≥- C - c p- º p- s Im≠v \n¿an® hmfns\ Ad- _ n- I ƒ "apl- ∂ Zv ' ,
"lnµp-hm\n', "lpµphm\n' F∂n-ßs\ h¿Wn-°m-dp≠v. {]hm-N-Is‚
Bhn¿`m-h-Øn\p apºp-Xs∂ Ad-_n-°-hn-Iƒ B hm°p-Iƒ Xß-
fpsS Ihn-X-I-fnep]tbm-Kn-®-Xn\v [mcmfw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ ImWmw.
am{X-a√, Ad-_n-Iƒ Xß-fpsS s]Ïp-™p-ßƒ°v "lnµv' F∂v
\ma-I-cWw sNøpI k¿h-km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p. ]pcm-X\ ImeØv
`mc-Xo-bcpw Ad-_n-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-bmWv CsX√mw Ipdn-
°p-∂Xv.
Cu _‘w-aqew H´-t\Iw C¥y≥hm-°p-Iƒ Ad-_n-bn-te°pw
Ad-_n-hm-°p-Iƒ C¥y≥ `mj-I-fn-te°pw ]I¿∂n-´p≠v. kwkvIr-
X-hm-°p-I-fn¬ NneXv Jp¿-B-\nepw ÿew ]nSn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-
c-W-ambn, C©n-°v "k≥P-_o¬' F∂pw I¿∏q-c-Øn\v "Im^q¿'
F∂p-amWv Jp¿-B≥ {]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv. kwkvIr-X-Ønse "irwK-
t_c'Øns‚ Ad_n cq]-amWv "k≥P-_o¬.' Im^qdpw I¿∏q-chpw
XΩn-ep≈ _‘w kphy-‡-amW-t√m.
Atd-_y-°v {]mNo\ kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ "A¿h-ÿm≥' F∂m-
Ws{X t]¿. {InkvXp-hn\v 3000 h¿j-ßƒ°p apºp-Xs∂ Ad-_n-
Ifpw C¥ybpw XΩn¬ ASp- Ø - _ ‘w ]pe¿Øn- b n- c p- ∂ - X mbn
ImWp∂p. ^nen∏v sI. ln‰n F∂ Ata-cn-°≥ s{]m^-k¿ Xs‚
"lnÃdn Hm^v Zn Ad_vkv' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p:
""Its (Arabia) South eastern people were possibly the ones who acted as intermedi-
aries between Egypt, Mesopotomia and the Punjab-the three focal centres of earli-
est trade." (]pcm-X\ ImesØ apJy-hym-]m-c-tI-{µ-ß-fmb CuPn]vXv,
saskm-s]m-t´-anb F∂o \K-c-ß-fp-sSbpw ]©m-_n-s‚bpw CS-bn¬
a[y-h¿Øn-I-fmbn \ne-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv Atd-_y-bpsS Z£nW ]q¿h-
`m-KsØ P\-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww.)
Ckvem-an\p apºv Ad-_n-Iƒ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ ]e tZh-∑mcpw
C¥y-bn¬\n∂v Ib-‰p-aXn sNbvX-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v A\p-am-\n-°-
s∏-Sp∂p. "kphmAv' (inh≥), "D m' (Dj v) apX-em-bh DZm-l-
cWw. BI-bm¬ ]pcm-X-\ Imew apX¬ Ad-_n-Ifpw `mc-Xo-bcpw
XΩn¬ ùXn-Ihpw B[ym-fln-I-hp-amb _‘w \ne-\n-∂p-t]m-∂n-
cp∂p. AXmWv C¥y≥ hm°p-Iƒ Ad-_n-bnepw Ad_n hm°p-
Iƒ C¥y≥ `mj-I-fnepw IS∂pIqSm≥ Imc-W-sa∂v a\- n-em°mw.
Cu \mń\v ]ucm-WnI Bcy≥ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ ImWp∂ \ma-
amWv `mcXw. `c-X≥ F∂ Bcy-cm-Pmhv `cn-®n-cp-∂ cmPyw F∂
A¿YØn-em-hWw B \maw kzoI-cn-°-s∏-´Xv. ]pcm-W-{]-Imcw c≠p
`c-X-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ `cWw \S-Øn-bn-´p≠v. {iocm-as‚ A\p-P\pw
ssItI-bn-bpsS ]p{X-\p-amb `c-X-cm-Pm-hmWv H∂m-a≥. Ct±lw
Atbm[y-bnse A[n-]-Xn-bmbn cp∂p. Zpjy-¥-cm-Pm-hn\v imIp-¥-f-
bn¬ P\n® ]p{X-\mWv c≠masØ `c-X≥. Ct±lw C¥ym cmPyw
apgp-h≥ Pbn-®-S-°nbXmbn sFXnlyw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. CtX `c-
X-t\mSp _‘-s∏´mhWw `mc-X-\maw \ne-hn¬ h∂Xv.
C¥y°v ]ucm- W nI kmln- X y- ß - f n¬ as‰mcp t]cp- I qSn
ImWp∂p ˛"Bcy-mh¿Øw.' Bcyw F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿Yw ]hn{Xw,
t{ijvTw, D∂Xw Fs∂m-s°-bmWv. Bcy-P-\-Øns‚ A[n-hmkw
aqew ]pWy-am-bn-Øo¿∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-hWw C¥y°v B t]¿ h∂Xv.
]t£, lna-hm\pw hn‘y\pw at[y-bp≈ DØ-c-ta-J-e-bmWv Bcy-
mh¿Øw F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-sX∂pw Z£n-tW¥y Bcym-
h¿Ø-Øn\p ]pd-Øm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p. EtKz-
Z-Øn-s‚bpw bPp¿th-Z-Øn-s‚bpw ImeØv Bcy≥ P\-X-bpsS A[n-
hmkw DØ-tc-¥y-bn¬ ]cn-an-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-ht{X.
C¥ymNcn-{X-Ønse hnhn[ L´-ßƒ
C¥y≥ ]pcmW IY-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ncn-{Xm-XoX kw`-
h-ßsf hymJym-\n-s®m-∏n-°p-hm≥ ASpØ Ime-Ømbn Hcp {iaw
\S-°p-∂p≠v. AXns‚ Hcp-t±iyw temI-sØ-ßp-ap≈ kwkvImc
\mK-cn-I-X-I-fpsS BZna inev]n-Iƒ `mc-Xo-b-cm-sW∂v hcp-Ø-emWv.
CXn\v c≠p hi-ß-fp≠v. H∂v A`n-am-\-Øn-t‚Xpw at‰Xv A]-am-\-
Øn-t‚-Xp-amWv. temI-Øp-≠mb \n¿amW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS Ah-
Im-in-Iƒ C¥y-°m-cm-sW-¶n¬, kwlmc {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS DØ-
c-hm-Zn-Ifpw Ah-cm-sW∂p hcpw. F∂m¬ c≠m-a-Xp-]-d™ êw
H´pw A`n-am-\-I-c-a√ Xs∂.
Cu Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cn¬ Nne¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂Xv `mc-X-Øn¬\n-
∂mWv a\p- j y- N - c n- { X- Ø ns‚ Bcw- ` - s a- ∂ mWv . a\p- t jym- X v ] Øn
apX¬ {In. ap. 6000 hsc-bmWv `mc-X-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ H∂m-asØ L´-
sa∂v Ah¿ hmZn-°p∂p. {In. ap. 6000˛emWs{X alm {]f-b-ap-≠m-
bXv. {]f-b-Øn¬ c£-{]m-]n® GI hy‡n sshh-kzX a\p (hnh-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
kzms‚ ]p{X-\mb a\p) BsW∂p ]pcm-W-ßƒ ]d-bp∂p. AXp-

t]mse BZysØ a\p-jy-hy-‡nbpw Hcp a\p-hm-bn-cp-∂p: kzbw-`ph
a\p. Cßs\ ]pcm-W-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v ]Xn-\mep a\p-°ƒ (NXp¿Z-i-
a-\p-°ƒ) D≠v.
ss__nƒ {]Imcw a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ BZn-]n-Xm-hmb BZmw
{In. ap. 4004˛emWv krjvSn-°-s∏-´Xv. F∂m¬ C¥y≥ ]pcm-W-{]-
Imcw, kzbw-`p-h a\p-hns‚ Imew IrX-bp-K-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Øn-emWv.
]pcm-W-ßsf D≤-cn®v "Bcy-`m-cXw' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ {io. Fw. cma-
Ir-jvW≥ \mb¿ ]-d-bp-∂p: ""IrX-bp-K-Ønse a\p apX-ep≈ hiw-
]-c-º-c-bmWv \Ωp-tSXv F∂ ]pcm-WsØ \ntj-[n-°m≥ B[p-\n-
I-N-cn-{X-Im-cs‚ Iøn¬ tIm∏n-√.''6 At±lw XpS-cp∂p: ""a\p apX¬
{ioIr- j v W ≥hsc 94 Xe- a p- d tb ]p- c m- W - ß - f n¬ h¿Wn- ° - s ∏- ´ n-
´p≈q.'' 7 {ioIr-jvWs‚ Imew Ien-bp-K-am-cw-`-Øn-es{X: ""{ioIr-
jvWs‚ Pohn-X-Im-eØv {In. ap. 3104˛¬ Ien Bcw-`n-°p∂p.''8
]pcm-W-Ønse {]kvXpX {]kvXm-h-\-Isf \ap-s°m∂p hni-I-
e\w sNbvXp-t\m°mw. ]pcm-W-Øn¬ \mep bpK-ß-fmbn Imew hn`-
Pn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p: IrX-bpKw, t{XXm-bpKw, Zzm]-c-bpKw, Ien-bpKw.
Hmtcm bpK-Øn-s‚bpw Ime-b-fhpw IW-°m-°n-bn-´p≠v. IrX-bpKw
4800 Znhy-h¿jw. Hcp Znhy-h¿jw 360 a\p-jy-h¿jw. At∏mƒ IrX-
bpKw 17,28,000 a\p-jy-h¿j-am-bn-cn°pw. t{XXm-bpKw 3600 Znhy-h¿jw
(12,96,000 a\pjy h¿jw). Zzm]-c-bpKw 2400 Znhy-h¿jw (8,64,000 a\p-
jy-h¿jw). Ien-bpKw 1200 Znhy-h¿jw (4,32,000 a\pjy h¿jw).
At∏mƒ \mepw-tN¿∂ NXp-cypKw 43,20,000 a\p-jy-h¿j-am-bn-cn°pw.
C{Xbpw Imew Ign-bp-tºmƒ temI-a-h-km-\n®v ho≠pw krjvSn-bm-
cw-`n-°p-sa-∂mWv ]pcm-W-aXw. {ioIr-jvW-s‚bpw kzbw-`ph a\p-
hns‚bpw CS-°p≈ Ime-b-fhv 38 ,88,000 a\p-jy-h¿j-am-sW∂p
ta¬ IW-°p-sIm≠v ImWp∂p. F∂m¬ kzbw-`ph a\p-hn-s‚bpw
{ioIr-jvWs‚bpw CS-°p -]p-cmW {]Imcw 94 Xe-apd am{X-am-Wp-
≈Xv. At∏mƒ Hcp Xe-ap-d-bpsS icm-icn Ime-b-fhv \mev]-sØm-
∂m-bn-c-Øn-ap-∂q-dn¬ ]cw a\p-jy-h¿j-am-sW-∂p-h-cp∂p. CsX-ßs\
a\p-jy-_p≤n kΩ-Xn°pw?
IqSmsX cmam-b-W-I-Ym-\m-b-I-\mb {iocm-as‚ Imew t{XXm-
bp-K-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-am-sW∂v ImWp∂p.9 alm-`m-c-X-Ønse Hcp
{][m\ IYm-]m-{X-amb {ioIr-jvWs‚ P\\w Ien-bp-K-Øns‚ Bcw-
`-Øn¬ {In. ap. 3104˛emsW∂pw ]d-bp∂p.10 Cu c≠v Ime-L-´-
ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]pcm-W-{]-Imcw Zzm]-c-bpKw F∂ AXn-Zo¿L-amb
Hcp L´w Ign-bp-∂p≠v: 8,64,000 a\p-jy-h¿jw! cmam-bW IYm-\m-
b-I-\mb {iocm-a\pw ]Xv\n koXbpw Pohn-®n-cp-∂Xv C{Xbpw hnZq-
c-amb Hcp Ime-Øm-bn-cp-∂psht∂m?
CΩm-Xncn Nne {]iv\-ß-fmWv ]pcm-W-I-Y-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ Ncn{X \n¿amWw \S-Øm-\p-Zy-an-°p-∂-h¿°v A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-
t°≠n hcp∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ ]pcm-W-I-Y-Isf B[m-c-am°n Ncn{Xw
\n¿an-°p-∂Xv XnI-®pw Aim-kv{Xo-b-am-Ip∂p. {]kn≤ Ncn-{X-Im-c-
\mb tUm. Xmcm-Nµv C¥ym-N-cn-{XsØ hn`-Pn-®n-´p-≈Xv A©p L´-
ß-fm-bn-´mWv. Cu hn`-P\w IqSp-X¬ bp‡n-bp-‡-ambn tXm∂p∂p.
At±lw Hmtcm L´-Øn-s‚bpw {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw B L´-
Ønse Ncn{X \n¿am-W-Øn-\m-[m-c-amb Icp-°fpw sXfn-hp-Ifpw
{]tXyIw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p≠v. Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Im-esa-∂p hnti-jn-∏n-
°-s∏-Sp∂ {]Y-a-L-´-Ønse kw`-h-ßƒs°m∂pw ]pcm-W-I-Y-I-sf-
b√, ]pcm-X-\m-h-in-jvS-ß-sf-bmWv At±lw B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv. At±-
l-Øns‚ Ime-hn-`-P-\-Øns‚ Hcp kw£n]vX hnh-cWw NphsS
ImWn-°p∂p.
1. a\p-tjym-Xv]Øn apX¬ {In. ap. 3500 hsc-bp-≈- Imew. ine-
Ifpw teml-ßfpw sIm≠p≈ Bbp-[-ß-fn¬\n∂pw D]-I-c-W-ß-
fn¬\n∂pw B`-c-W-ß-fn¬\n∂pw a‰p-amWv {]kvXpX L´-Øns‚
Ncn{Xw \ap°v e`n-°p-∂Xv. aÆp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb ]m{X-ßƒ, {]Xn-
a-Iƒ, A°m-esØ ih-kw-kvImc ÿe-ß-fn¬\n∂v Is≠-SpØ
Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ, ]md-°-√p-I-fnepw Kplm-`n-Øn-I-fnepw \n¿an-X-amb
Nn{X-ßƒ apX-emb ]pcm-h-kvXp-°ƒ \ap°v [mcmfw Inń-bn-´p≠v.
Cu L´-Øn¬ {]mIr-X-Po-hn-X-Øn¬\n∂p a\p-jy≥ ]Xp-s°-∏-
Xps° ]ptcm-K-an-®p-h-cp-t∂-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Imew
F∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ \mw s]m-Xp-hn¬ hnh-£n-°m-dp-≈Xv Cu L´-
amWv.
2. {In. ap. 3500 apX¬ {In. ap. 600 hsc-bp≈ Imew. Cu c≠mw
L´-Øn-emWv Bcy≥ P\-h¿K-ßƒ C¥y-bn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-
®Xpw Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-chpw `mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw aX-hp-sams°
ChnsS thcp-d-®Xpw. Cu L´-Ønse C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-\m-kv]-Z-am-
bn-´p-≈Xv ]pcm-X-\-ß-fmb kvamc-I-ßfpw Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw kwkvIr-
X-Ønse {]mNo\ kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw a‰p-amWv. Cu Ime-Øn\v
Bcy-∑m-cpsS A[n-hm-k-L´w F∂p ]dbmw.
3. {In. ap. 600 apX¬ {In. ]n. 700 hsc-bp≈ Imew. C°m-
eØmWv ]pXnb P\-h¿K-ßƒ C¥y-bn¬ IS-∂p-h∂v A[n-hm-k-
ap-d-∏n-®Xv. \qX-\-ß-fmb kwkvIm-c-ßfpw aX-ßfpw XØz-Nn-¥m-
{]-ÿm-\-ßfpsa√mw DS-se-Sp-ØXpw Cu L´-Øn-emWv. `mc-X-Øn¬
hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb `c-W-Iq-S-ßƒ CZw-{]-Y-aambn \ne-hn¬ hcn-Ibpw
XI¿∂p t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xpw Cu L´-Øn¬Xs∂. hntZ-in-I-
fpsS k©m-c-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ, IrXn-Iƒ, \Ωp-sS-Xs∂ inem-en-Jn-X-ßƒ,
\mW-b-ßƒ, kvamc-I-ßƒ, kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh Cu L´-
Øns‚ Ncn{X \n¿am-WsØ klm-bn-°p∂p.
4. {In. 7˛-mw iXIw apX¬ apKƒkm-{am-Py-Øns‚ ]X\w hsc-
bp≈ Imew. Cu L´-Øn-emWv `mc-X-Øn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ B[n-
]Xyw ÿm]n-®Xv. {_nó-jvIm-cpsS B[n-]Xyw Bcw-`n-®Xpw Cu
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
L´-Ønse {][m\ kw`-h-ambn IW-°m°mw. t]¿jy≥`m-j-bnse

Ncn-{X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, k©m-cn-I-fpsS bm{Xm-hn-h-cW-ßƒ, hnhn[ C¥y≥
`mj-I-fnse kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, \mW-b-ßƒ, inem-en-Jn-X-ßƒ˛
Ch-bmWv Cu ImesØ Ncn-{X-Øn\v B[mcw. C¥ym Ncn-{X-Ønse
"a[y-Imew' F∂v hnfn-°p-∂Xv Cu L´-sØ-bmWv.
5. \memw L´w Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xv 18˛-mw iX-I-Øn-es{X. B[p-
\nI L´-sa∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv AXn-\p-ti-j-ap≈ Ime-sØ-∏-‰n-bmWv.
C¥ym-cmPyw Htc `c-W-Iq-S-Øn≥ Iogn¬ GIo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p-sh-∂-
XmWv Cu L´-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX. AtXmsS C¥y-bpsS ]mc-º-
cy-kw-kvImcw ]m›m-Xy≥ kzm[o-\-Øn¬ hcn-Ibpw ]pXnb kcWn
shń-sØ-fn-bn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C¥y-bn¬ tZiob {]ÿm-\-
am-cw-`n®Xpw C¥y kzmX{¥yw {]m]n-®Xpw C°m-e-ØmWv. C°m-
e-Ønse Ncn{Xw hyh-ÿm-]n-X-am-bn-Øs∂ Fgp-X-s∏-ń-´p≠v.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. Alvse lnµvIo apJvX-k¿ XmcoJv by tUm. Xmcm-Nµv t]Pv 38
2. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw hmfyw 1 t]Pv 809
3. C¥y-bpsS Bflmhv t]Pv 10
4. Ibid P. 12
5. C¥ysb Is≠-Ø¬ t]Pv 95
6. Bcy-`m-cXw t]Pv 30
7. Ibid P. 30
8. Ibid P. 29
9. Ibid P. 29
10. Ibid P. 29
A[ymbw Bdv
`mc-Xob aX-km-ln-Xy-ßƒ
hf-sc-b-[nIw aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fp≠v `mc-Xob P\-Xbv°v. C{X-tbsd
]pcm-X\ aX-km-ln-Xy-ß-fpsS DS-a-I-fmb as‰mcp P\-hn-`mKw temI-
sØ-hn-sSbpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-X√. Nne {KŸ-ßƒ°v \mepw A©pw
kl-{km-_vZ-ß-fpsS ]g-°-ap≠v.
thZ-kw-ln-X-I-fmWv `mc-Xo-b-cpsS G‰hpw {]mNo\ kmln-Xy-
ßƒ. kwln-X-I-tfmSp _‘-s∏-Sp∂ {_m“-W-ßƒ, Bc-WyI-ßƒ,
D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ F∂o kmln-Xy-ßfpw sshZn-I-km-ln-Xy-kw-Lm-
X- Ø n- e m- W pƒs∏- S p- Ø - s ∏- ´ n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv . IqSmsX CXn- l m- k - ß ƒ,
]pcm-W-ßƒ, Z¿i-\-kq-{X-ßƒ, kvarXn-Iƒ, As√-¶n¬ [¿a-im-kv{X-
ßƒ˛Aßs\ FÆn-Øn-´-s∏-Sp-ØpI Ffp-∏-a-√mØ {]mNo-\-{K-Ÿ-
ßƒ! Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw C∂v D]-e-_v[-ß-fm-Wp-Xm\pw. {]mNo\
`mc-Xo-b-sc-∏-‰nbpw Ah-cpsS aX-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Pohn-
X-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]Tn-°p-hm≥ ta¬]-d™ IrXn-Iƒ hfsc D]-I-cn-
°p-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an√. F∂m¬ Ch-sbm∂pw icn-bmb Ncn{X
{KŸ-a√. ]fin‰v Ph-l¿em¬s\lvdp Fgp-Xn-bXv F{Xbpw icn-
bmWv: ""thZ-ßƒ, D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ, cmam-bWw, alm-`m-cXw F∂n-
ßs\ Nne alm {KŸ-ßƒ Ah¿ (Ct¥m Bcy-∑m¿) cNn®p h®n-
´p≠v. \ΩpsS ]q¿hn-I-∑m-cpsS \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ß-tfbpw BNm-c-a-cym-Z-
I- s fbpw Nn¥m- k - c - W n- I - s fbpw Ah \ap°v hnh- c n- ® p- X cp∂p.
F¶nepw Ah icn-°p≈ Ncn-{X-am-sW∂p ]d-™p-IqSm. kwkvIrX
`mj-bn-ep≈ GI Ncn-{X-{KŸw I¬l-Ws‚ "cmP-X-cw-KnWn'bs{X.
Imivao-cns‚ Ncn-{X-am-WXv.''1
`mc-Xo-b-a-X-km-ln-Xy-ß-sf-∏‰n Hcp hnl-K-ho-£Ww \S-Øp-∂Xv
]n∂oSv {]kvXm-hn-°p∂ hnj-b-ß-fpsS {]m[m-\yhpw ÿm\hpw
{Kln-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-I-cn°pw. AXn-\m¬ sshZn-I-km-ln-Xy-Ønse
Hmtcm kwLm-X-sØ-∏-‰nbpw eLp-hmbn \ap-s°m∂p ]cn-N-b-s∏Smw.
thZ-kw-ln-XI
- ƒ
Adnhv F∂¿Y-ap≈ "hnZv' F∂ [mXp-hn¬\n-∂mWv thZ-i-_vZ-
Øns‚ \njv]Øn. ]t£, kmt¶-Xn-I-ambn shfn-]mSp aptJ\ e`n®
Znhy-amb Adn-hn\v am{Xta thZ-sa∂v t]cp≈q. thZ-ßƒ Cuizc
t{]m‡-am-sW-∂s{X `mc-Xo-b-cpsS hnizmkw.
`mc-Xo-b-th-Z-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ At\I {KŸ-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-
∂p≠v. Ah-sbms° Htc Ime-L-´-Øn¬ \ne-hn¬ h∂-h-b√. Dt±iw
c≠m-bn-c-tØmfw h¿j-ßƒ hcp∂ Hcp kpZo¿L Ime-L-´-Øn-\p-
≈n¬ ]e-t∏m-gmbn \ne-hn¬h∂ Hcp kmln-Xy-{]-]-©-amWv thZ-
ßƒ. Cu kmln-Xy-kw-Lm-XsØ Nne ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ h®v ]fin-
X-temIw ]e Xc-ß-fmbn ]Ip-Øn-´p≠v. {][m-\-hn-`-P\w kwln-X-
Ifpw {_m“-W-ß-fp-am-bn-´mWv. kwln-X-I-fmWv G‰hpw {]mNo-\ -
{K-Ÿ-ßƒ. A°q-´-Øn¬ EtKzZ kwln-X-bt{X G‰hpw ]pcm-X\w.
AXn\v {In. ap. 3500 sIm√w apX¬ {In. ap. 1500 sIm√w-hsc Ime-∏-
g°w Kth-jI ]fin-X-∑m¿ I¬]n-®n-´p≠v. ]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X-
∑m-cpsS s]mXp-hmb A`n-{]mbw _n. kn. 2000 apX¬ 1500 hsc-
bp≈ Hcp Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv EtKz-Z-kw-lnX \ne-hn¬ h∂n-´p-≈-
sX-∂mWv. `mc-Xob ]fin-X-\mb _me-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-I≥ EtKz-Z-
Øn\v {In. ap. 3500 h¿jsØ ]ga I¬]n-°p∂p.
A£-cm-`ymkw \ne-hn¬ hcp-∂-Xn\p apºv Hcp CSb h¿K-amb
(Postoral People) Bcy-∑m¿ thZ-ßƒ kpc-£n-X-ambn \ne-\n¿Øn-t∏m-
∂- X n- ¬ ImWn® ipjv I m- ¥ nbpw \njv I ¿jbpw AZv ` p- X m- h lw
Xs∂. AXy¥w kq£va-X-tbmsS ]Zm-\p-]Zw lrZn-ÿ-am-°nbpw
ASn-°Sn Bh¿Øn®p sNm√nbpw a‰p cq]-Ønepw Xe-ap-d-bmbn
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
]I¿∂p sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠mWv kwln-X-Iƒ kpc-£n-X-ambn \ne-

\n¿Øn-t∏m-∂Xv. EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X°v h≈-tØmƒ Fgp-Xnb hnh¿Ø-
\-Øns‚ Bap-J-Øn¬ k¿Zm¿ sI.Fw. ]Wn-°¿ ]d-bp∂p: ""thZ-
Øn\v ]mT-t`-Z-ß-fn√. C{X ]pcm-X-\hpw `mc-X-Øn-emsI {]N-cn-
°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp _rl-Zv{K-Ÿ-Øn\v ]mT-t`-Z-ß-fn-√m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv
B›-cy-am-Wt√m. {ipXn-hm-Iy-ßƒ°p hyXymkw hcm-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn
BZy-Imew apX¬t° sNbvX \njvI¿j-Iƒ sIm≠mWv, k¿h-X-
»p-≤hpw F√m-hcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp ]mTw C∂v \ne-hn-
en-cn-°p-∂Xv.''2
XpS¿∂v B \njvI¿j-Iƒ F¥m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw At±lw hnh-
cn-°p∂p: ""thZ-Øn\v ]Z-]mTw Fs∂m-∂p≠v. AXm-bXv, kwln-X-
bn-ep≈ F√m hm°p-I-sfbpw k‘n-bnepw kam-k-Øn-epw-\n∂v
th¿s]-SpØn {]tXy-I-ambn FSp-°p∂p. CXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂p {Ia-]mTw
F∂p thsd- s bm- ∂ p≠v . ]Z- ] m- T - Ø nse Hmtcm hm°pw FSpØv
AXns‚ apºn-esØ hm°pw ]nºn-esØ hm°pw Iqń-t®¿Øp≈
]mT-amWv AXv. AXn-s\-Øp-S¿∂mWv PSm-]mTw. PSm-]m-T-sa-∂m¬
Iqń-bn-W-°nb ]mT-sa-∂¿Yw. CXn¬ sX‰v IS-∂p-Iq-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-\mWv
L\-]mTw. ]Z-]m-Thpw {Ia-]m-Thpw Atßm-´p-an-tßm´pw aptºm´pw
]ntºm´pw Iqń-bn-W-°n-bmWv L\-]mTw. ]Z-]m-T-Øn¬ {]tXy-I-
ambn A]-{K-Yn-®n-´p≈ hm°p-Isf XncnsI Iqń-bn-W°n kwln-X-
bm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ \nb-a-ß-fs{X {]Xn-imJyw. Ch-s°√mw ]pdta,
EtKz-Z-Øn\v Hc-\p-{I-a-Wn-I-bp≠v. AXn¬ Hmtcm a{¥hpw AXns‚
Ejn, Oµ v, tZhX F∂n-hbpw kwln-X-bn-ep≈ {Ia-Øn¬ sImSp-
Øn-cn-°p∂p. C{Xbpw henb \njvI¿j temI-Øn¬ thsd Hcp
{KŸ-Øn\pw D≠m-bn-ń-√-Xs∂. CXn≥^-e-ambn ap∆m-bn-c-Ø-™q-
dp-h¿j-Øn¬ Ipd-bmsX ]g-°-ap≈ kwln-X-bpsS ]mTw C∂pw
]cn-ip-≤-am-bn-Ø-s∂-bn-cn-°p∂p.''3
Cu hmb- \ m- c o- X n- s b- ∏ ‰n A¬_o- d q- \ nbpw kqNn- ∏ n- ® n- ´ p≠v . 4
F∂m¬ F√m kwln-X-Iƒ°pw Cu ]cn-ip≤n Ah-Im-i-s∏-´p-IqSm.
Fs¥-∂m¬ ip¢-b-Pp¿th-Z-Øn\v hyXykvX ]mT-ß-fp-s≠∂v \ncq-
]-I-∑m¿ ka¿Yn-°p∂p. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Ah¿
thZ-ß-fpsS Oµ- p-Ifpw (hrØ-ßƒ) hymI-c-Whpw D®m-c-Whpw
kzc-ßƒt]mepw lrZn-ÿ-am-°n-h-®-Xm-tem-Nn°p-tºmƒ B›cyw
tXm∂n- t ∏mhpw. Akm- [ m- c - W - a mb Hcp IrXy- a m- b n- c p∂p AXv .
F∂m¬ C∂pw AtX-{]-Imcw ip≤-amb cq]-Øn¬ a{¥-ßƒ e`n-
®n-´p-s≠∂v CXn-\¿Y-an√. Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ ip¢-b-Pp¿th-Z-kw-
ln-X-bn¬ am[y-µn-\t‚bpw IWz-t‚bpw hyXykvX imJ-I-fn¬ ]mT-
t`-Z-ap-≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n√.''5
kwln-X-Iƒ \mep {KŸ-ß-fmWv. 1. EIv, AYhm EtKz-Z-kw-
lnX. 2. bPp v, AYhm bPp¿th-Z-kw-lnX. CXp-Xs∂ c≠p-]-£-
ß- f mbn Xncn- ® n- ´ p≠v . H∂v ip¢- b - P p¿thZw; at‰Xp Irjv W - b -
Pp¿thZw. 3. kmaw, AYhm kma-th-Z-kw-lnX 4. AY¿hw, AYhm
AY¿h-th-Z-kw-lnX.
EtKzZw, bPp¿thZw, kma-thZw F∂o aqs∂Æw "{Xbo' F∂
t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Aa-c-tImiw F∂ kwkvIrX \nL≠p
]d-bp∂p: ""CXn thZm -kv{Xb kvXbo.''
AY¿h- t h- Z - k w- l nX hfsc ]n∂o- S mWv \ne- h n¬ h∂Xv .
_p≤s‚ Ime-Øn\v apºv thZ-]m-finXyw t\Sn-bn-cp∂ alm-]-fin-
X-∑msc "{Xbo ]mcw-K-X¿' F∂p hnfn-®p-h-∂n-cp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂p Xs∂
aq∂p thZ-ßƒt° A∂v {]mamWyw I¬]n-®n-cp-∂p≈q F∂v A\p-
am-\n°mw. kmwIr-Xymb≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""_p≤s‚ Imew ({In. ap.
563-˛483) hsc thZ-ßƒ aq∂m-sW∂v Icp-X-s∏-ń-cp∂p. kpin-£n-X-
cmb {_m“-W-]-fin-X-∑msc "{Xbo-]m-cw-K-X¿' (Xn∂w thZm\mw
]mcKp˛{XoWmw thZm\mw ]mcKmx) F∂p hnfn-®n-cp∂p.''6
kwln-X-Iƒ FÆ-Øn¬ \mep-s≠-¶nepw BZy-tØ-Xn¬\n∂v
a‰p-≈-h-bn-te°v [mcmfw a{¥-ßƒ ]I¿Ø-s∏-ń-´p≠v. kma-th-Z-
kw-ln-X-bn¬ 75 a{¥-ß-sfm-gn®p _m°n-bp-≈-sX√mw EtKz-Z-Øn¬\n-
s∂-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-XmWv. b⁄-ß-fn¬ sNmt√-≠-Xn-\m-bn-´mWv Ah
kw{K-ln-®n-´p-≈Xv. ip¢-b-Pp¿thZØnepw [mcmfw EtKz-Z-a-{¥-ßƒ
]I¿∂n-´p-≠v. ip¢ bPp¿-thZkwlnX hfsc ]n∂oSv Fgp-Xn-t®¿Ø-
Xm- s W∂pw AXns‚ I¿Ømhv bm⁄- h - e v I y- a p\n ({In. ap.
650)bmsW∂pw Nne ]fin-X-∑m¿°-`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. bm⁄-h-evIy-
\m¬ \n¿an-X-amb B `mK-Øn\v "hmP-k-t\-b-kw-lnX' F∂pw
t]cp≠v.
{_mlvaW
- ß
- ƒ
kwln-X-Iƒ°v hfsc tij-amWv {_m“-W-ßƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂n-
´p-≈Xv. kwln-X-Ifpw {_m“-W-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ Ime-hy-Xymkw
200 apX¬ 600 hsc- sIm-√-ß-fm-sW∂v ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿ A`n-
{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Hcp ]m›m-Xy≥ thZ-]-fin-X-\mb am¿ń≥ tlKv-
sF-X-tcb{_m“-W-Øns‚ BwK-e-`m-jy-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬
Ipdn-®n-´p-≈Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""{_m“-W-ß-fn¬ `qcn-`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw
\n¿amWw _n. kn. 1400˛s‚bpw 1200˛s‚bpw CS-bn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v
]d-bp-hm≥ \mw aSn-°p-∂n√. kwln-X-Iƒ°v {_m“-W-ß-fpsS Ime-
sØ-°mƒ 200 h¿jw apX¬ 500˛-600 h¿jw hsc-bp≈ Hcp Ime-
L-´-Øns‚ ]ga th≠n-hcpw. Aßs\ kwln-X-Iƒ an°-hmdpw 1400
_n.kn.°pw 2000 _n.kn.°pw CS-°p≈ Ime-L-´-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-
h-bm-sW∂v \ap°v In´p∂p.''7
{_m“- W - ß ƒ kwln- X - I ƒ°p tijw D≠m- b - X m- s W- ¶ nepw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
thZ-{]-]-©-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. kwln-Xbpw {_m“-

Whpw XΩn¬ hyXym-k-ap≠v. kwln-X-Iƒ an°-hmdpw ]Zy-cq-]-Øn-
emWv. {_m“-W-ßƒ KZy-cq-]-Ønepw. {_m“-W-ß-fpsS apJy-{]-
hrØn kwln-X-I-fnse a{¥-ßsf hymJym-\n-°-emWv. b⁄ (bmK)
hn[n-Ifpw Ah-bn¬ a{¥-ßƒ°p≈ ÿm\hpw {_m“-W-ßƒ hnh-
cn-°p∂p.
Hmtcm kwln-X°pw Ht∂m AXn-e-[n-Itam {_m“-W-ß-fp≠v.
EtKz-Z-Øn\v sFX-tcbw, Iujo-XIn F∂o c≠p {_m“-W-ßfpw
kma- t h- Z - Ø n\v Xmfiy- a - l m- { _m- “ Ww, AYhm ]©- h nwiw,
jUvhnwiw, ssPan-\obw F∂o aq∂p {_m“-W-ßfpw ip¢-b-Pp¿th-
Z-Øn\v iX-]Y {_m“-Whpw IrjvW-b-Pp¿th-Z-Øn\v ssXØn-cob
{_m“-Whpw AY¿h-th-Z-Øn\v tKm]-Y-hp-amWv C∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂
{_m“- W - ß ƒ. BZn Bcy- ∑ m- c psS Bcm- [ - \ m- k - { º- Z m- b - ß ƒ
{]mtbW bmK-ßfpw b⁄-ß-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. C∂p \mw "_en' F∂p
]d-bp∂ I¿a-Øns‚ ]pcm-X\ cq]-am-Ip∂p b⁄w. b⁄ coXn-
Iƒ ]e-Xm-bn-cp∂p. b⁄-ß-fn¬ ]ip, BSv, IpXnc apX-emb arK-
ßsf h[n®p tlman-®n-cp∂p.
C{Xbpw hnh- c n- ® - X n¬\n∂v kwln- X - I fpw {_m“- W - ß fpw
tN¿∂-XmWv sshZn-I-km-lnXyw F∂v hy‡-am-bt√m. thZ-ßsf
a{¥-ß-fmbpw {_m“-W-ß-fmbpw hn`-Pn-®n-´p-s≠∂v ssPan\n ({In.
300) ]d- b p∂p. 8 F∂m¬ B[p- \ nI Ime- Ø p- S - s e- S pØ Nne
sslµh \thm-∞m-\-{]-ÿm-\ -t\-Xm-°ƒ thZ-sa-∂Xv kwlnX
am{X-am-sW∂v hmZn-®n-´p≠v. Bcy-k-amP ÿm]I\mb {io. Zbm-
\µ kc-kzXn A°q-´-Øn¬ {]i-kvX-\t{X. F∂m¬ Npcp°w t]c-
√msX Cu \ho\ hmZw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n√. {]K-ev` ]WvUnX-\mb
{io. hnth-I-m\-µ-kzman Zbm-\-µs‚ {]kvXpX \ne-]m-Sns\ tNmZyw
sNbvXn-´p≠v. "hnth-Im-\-µ-kzm-an-I-fpsS FgpØpIƒ' F∂ {]kn-
≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv t\m°pI: ""thZ-ßƒ kwln-X-Iƒ am{X-
am-sW-∂p≈ BZ¿iw hfsc B[p-\n-Ihpw ]tc-X-\mb {io. Zbm-\-
µ-kzm-an-I-fm¬ D∂-bn-°-s∏-´-Xp-am-Ip∂p. CXv km[m-cW P\-ß-fpsS
CS-bn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p-an√. kwln-X-bn¬ ]pXnb A¿Y I¬]\
sNbvXp sIm≠v sshZnI kn≤m-¥sØ apgp-h≥ hymJym-\n-°m≥
Dt±-in-®mWv Cu Imcyw Cßs\ sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ sshj-
ay-ßƒ At∏mgpw Ah-ti-jn-®-tX-bp≈q. Cu kn≤m-¥-ßfpw A¿Y-
I-ev-]-\-I-fp-sa-√m-ap-≠m-bn´p IqSn {_m“-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-
te°v Xs∂ ]ns∂bpw \n-]-Xn-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXXv.''9
EtKz-Z-Øns‚ BKw-e-`m-jm-hn-h¿Ø-I-\mb an. Sn.sI. {Ko^nØv
Xs‚ BapJ°pdn-∏n¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""{]m¿Y-\-Ifpw kvXpXn-I-fp-a-S-
ßnb a{¥-ßƒ, a{¥-ß-fpsS {]tbm-K-ßfpw hni-Zo-I-cW-ß-fp-
apƒs°m-≈p∂ {_m“-W-ßƒ F∂o {Ia-Øn¬ thZ-ßƒ \mepw
Cuc-≠mbn hn`-Pn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p.''10
"B]-kvXw_w' F∂ [¿a imkv{X-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""a{¥
{_m“- W - t bm¿thZ \ma- t [bx'' (thZ- s a- ∂ Xv a{¥- ß fp- s Sbpw
{_m“W-ß-fp-sSbpw \ma-t[-b-am-sW∂v kmcw.)
BI-bm¬ a{¥-hn-`m-Khpw {_m“W hn`m-Khpw thZ-ß-fn¬ s]´-
Xm-sW∂v s]mXpth AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p.
BcWyIßƒ AYhm h\y-Ir-Xn-Iƒ
{_m“-W-ß-tfmSv ]nev°m-eØv tN¿°-s∏´ {KŸ-]-c-º-c-°mWv
"Bc-Wy-I-ßƒ' F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv. AcWy (h\)Øn¬sh®p injy-
∑m¿°p-]-tZ-in®p sImSpØ hn⁄m-\-a-S-ßn-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-hWw Cu
{KŸ-k-aq-l-Øn\v Bc-Wy-I-ß-sf∂ t]cp-≠m-bXv. F√m thZ-ß-
tfmSpw _‘-s∏´v Bc-Wy-ap-s≠∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ C∂p-
]-e-_v[-amb Bc-Wy-I-ß-fn¬ \mse-Æ-amWv {]tXyI {]m[m-\y-
ap-≈h.
1. sFX-tc-bm-c-WyIw. CXv EtKz-Z-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sFX-tcb
{_m“- W - Ø nse Bc- W y- I - a mWv . A©v ]©nIbpw ]Xn- \ ©v
A[ym-bhpw˛ Cß-s\-bmWv sFX-tc-bm-c-Wy-I-Øns‚ {Iao-I-cWw.
2. Iujo-X-Iym-c-WyIw. CXv Iujo-X-In-{_m-“-W-Øns‚ Hcp
`mK-am-Ip∂p. sFX-tcb {_m“-W-Ønse hnj-b-ß-fmWv CXn-epw
{]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈Xv. ca-Wob `mj-bn¬ Ah hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´ps-≠∂v
am{Xw.
3. ssXØn-co-bm-c-WyIw. ssXØn-cob {_m“-W-tØmSp tN¿∂
Bc-Wy-I-am-WXv. ]Øv A[ym-b-ß-fp≠v.
4. _rl-Zm-c-WyIw. bPp¿th-Z-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ iX-]Y {_m“-
W-Øns‚ Ah-km\ Imfi-am-WnXv. a‰p-≈-hsb At]-£n®v ]cn-
am- W - Ø n¬ _rl- Ø m- b XpsIm≠mWv CXn∂v _rl- Z m- c - W yIw
F∂ t]¿ kn≤n-®Xv.
D]-\n-jØ
- p-Iƒ
Bc-Wy-I-ßsf XpS¿∂ph∂ `mK-amWv D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ. Hmtcm
thZ-kw-ln-Xm-`m-K-Øn\pw {_m“-Whpw Hmtcm {_m“-W-Øn\pw
Bc-Wy-Ihpw Hmtcm Bc-Wy-I-Øn\pw D]-\n-j-Øp-ap-s≠-∂mWv
amaq¬aXw.
"D]', "\n' F∂o c≠p D]-k¿K-ßƒ "kZv' F∂ [mXp-thmSv
tN¿∂p-f-hmb Hcp- hm-°mWv "D]-\n-jXv.' D]: ASpØp. \n: KmVw.
kZv: Ccn-°pI˛CXmWv ]ncn-s®-Sp-°p-tºmƒ B hm°n-\¿Yw. ]t£,
F√mw tNcp-tºmƒ (Kpcp-hns‚) ASp-Øn-cp∂p {i≤-tbmsS ]Tn-°¬
F∂¿Yw hcp∂p. B[ym-flnI Kpcp Xs‚ ASp-Øn-cp∂p ]Tn-°p∂
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
{i≤m-ep-hmb injy-t\mSv D]-tZ-in®, AXn-Kq-V-amb hnZy-I-f-S-ßn-

b-Xn-\m-emWv D]-\n-j-Øn\v B \maw h∂-sX∂v hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.
D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ°v ""thZm¥w'' F∂pw t]cp≠v. thZ-Øns‚
A¥y-Øn¬ D]-\n-jØv hcp-∂-XpsIm-≠mWv thZm¥w F∂p ]d-
bp-∂Xv. thZm-¥-Øn\v thZ-Øns‚ Ah-km\w F∂¿Y-Øn\v ]pdta,
thZ-Øn¬ \n∂v A¥n-a-ambn {Kln-t°≠ XØzw F∂pw A¿Y-
amhmw. Fs¥-∂m¬ thZ-Ønse {][m-\-X-Øz-amb {_“-hn-Zy-bmWv
D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I - f nse {]Xn]m- Z yw. thZ- Ø ns‚ I¿a- I m- W v U - a mWv
{_m“-W-sa-¶n¬ ⁄m\-Im-WvU-amWv D]-\n-jØv.
D]-\n-j-—-_vZm¿Yw CXm-sW-¶nepw, ]n∂oSv {_“-hn-Zy-bpƒs°m-
≈p∂ GXv {KŸhpw D]-\n-j-Ømbn hyh-l-cn-°-s∏´p. Aßs\
\nc-h[n {KŸ-ßƒ D]-\n-j-sØ∂ t]cn¬ hnc-Nn-X-ambn. AIv_¿
N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS ImesØ ({In. 1542˛-1605) ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ Hcp {KŸ-
sa-gp-Xp-Ibpw A√m-lp-hns‚ Imcy-ß-fpƒs°m-≈n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
AXn-\m¬ AXns\ "At≈m-]-\n-jØv' F∂p t]cn´p. Cßs\ \nc-
h[n D]-\n-j-Zv{K-Ÿ-ßƒ ]n¬°m-eØv hnc-Nn-X-ß-fm-bn-´p≠v. D]-
\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS BsI kwJy 200˛Hmfw hcp-at{X. t_mws_-bnse
\n¿W-b-km-K¿ {] p-Im¿ 112 D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v.
EtKz-Z-Øn\v 21˛-Dw bPp¿th-Z-Øn\v 109˛Dw kma-th-Z-Øn\v 1000˛-hpw
AY¿h-th-Z-Øn\v 21-˛Dw imJ-I-fp-s≠∂pw Hmtcm imJ°pw A\p-
_-‘-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Hmtcm D]-\n-j-Øp-s≠∂pw {iocma≥ l\p-
ams\ Adn-bn-°p-∂-Xmbn ap‡n-tIm-]-\n-j-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v. 11
D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ G‰hpw {]mNo-\hpw {]mam-Wn-I-hp-am-bXv ]Xn-
aq-s∂Æ-as{X. _n. kn. 700˛\pw 100˛\panS-°mWv Ah cNn-°-s∏-ń-
´p≈-sX∂v kmwIr-Xym-b≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW-
s‚bpw tUm. Sn. Fw.]n. alm-tZ-hs‚bpw A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ {]mNo-
t\m-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS Imew _p≤\v apºpw _n. kn. 1000-˛am≠n-\n-
∏p-d-hp-amWv.
sshZnI kmlnXyw F∂m¬
sshZn-I-km-lnXyw F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ C∂p-t±-in-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv
a{¥-ßfpw {_m“-W-ßfpw Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-amWv.
Ch A]u-cp-tj-b-ßfpw AI¿Ør-I-ßfpw {_“-t{]m-‡-ß-fp-am-
sW-∂s{X {]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b-cpsS hnizmkw. AXn-\m¬ Ahbv°p
"{ipXn' ({_“m-hn¬ \n∂v Ejn-am¿ t\cn´p tI´Xv) F∂v t]cmbn.
"{ipXn' F∂ \ma-Øn\v as‰m-c¿Yhpw I¬]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. Xeapd
Xe-apdbm hIv{Xm-\p-h-Iv{X-ambn ]I¿∂p-h-∂Xv F∂v. A£-cm-
`ymkw \ne-hn¬ hcp∂ Ime-Øn\v apºv, Hcp CSb h¿K-ambn
Np‰n\S-∂n-cp∂ Bcy-h¿K-Øns‚ {]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy-am-Wt√m thZ-
ßƒ; hnti- j n®pw kwln- X m- ` m- K - ß ƒ. Xß- f psS Aaq- e y- a mb
hn⁄m-\-k-ºØv B hn`mKw kwc-£n®p h∂Xv Hm¿a-i-‡n-bpsS
GI klmbw sIm≠msW∂v kv]jvSw. {ihWw hgn-bmWv ]n≥
Xe-ap-d-Iƒ ap≥X-e-ap-d-I-fn¬ \n∂v Ah ]I¿s∂-Sp-ØXv. AXp-
sIm-≠m-hWw thZ-ßƒ "{ipXn' (tIƒ°-s∏-´Xv) F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-
≤-am-bXv.
apkvenw-Iƒ Jp¿-B\v Iev]n-°p∂ AtX ÿm\-amWv {]mNo-\-
`m-c-Xo-b¿ thZ-ßƒ°pw Iev]n-®n-cp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ krjvSn F∂¿Y-
ap≈ "IrXw' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv thZ-sØ- w-_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw
A\m-Z-c-ambn Ah¿ Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂p. Jp¿-Bs\ "aJveqJv' (krjvSn)
F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns\ apkvenw-Iƒ ImWp-∂Xpw AtX \ne-
bn-em-Wt√m. kwkvIrX alm-I-hn-bmb Imfn-Zm-k≥ Hcn-°¬ "a{¥-
IrX' F∂p-]-tbm-Kn®p t]mbn. `h-`qXn s\‰n Npfn®p shdp∏v {]I-
Sn-∏n®p. "a{¥-IrX' F∂v ]d-hm≥ ]mSn√ F∂m-bn-cp∂p `h-`q-Xn-
bpsS ]£w. Fs¥-∂m¬ Ejn-am¿ a{¥-ßsf cNn-®-h-c√; Z¿in-®-
h¿ am{X-amWv.12
a{¥-ßƒ Hmtcmtcm Ejn-am-cm¬ Bhn-jvIr-X-ß-fmWv. Ah
{]mtbW IhnXm cq]-Øn-es{X. Ah-bn¬ kvXpXn-Ifpw {]m¿Y-\-
I-fp-amWv ÿqe-Zr-jvSn-Iƒ°v ImWm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Ah°v
]nd-In¬ Kwò-chpw \nKq-V-hp-amb Bi-b-ßƒ \ne-sIm-≈p∂p. a{¥-
{Z-jvSm-°-fmb al¿jn-am¿ hmZn-®n-cp∂p: ""F∂n¬ Cuiz-c≥ {]th-
in-®n-cn-°p∂p'' F∂v.13 CXp hgn kwln-X-Iƒ Cuiz-c-h-N-\-ams-
W∂pw kzbw IrX-a-s√-∂pw hmZn-°p-I-bmWv Ah¿ sNbvXXv. AXn-
\m¬ a{¥-ßsf B \ne°v Xs∂ hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.
{][m\ D]-\n-jØ
- p-Iƒ
thZ-ß-fpsS Ah-km\ `mK-amWv D]-\n-j-Øp-I-sf∂pw AXn-
\m¬ Ah°v thZm¥w F∂v t]cp-s≠∂pw \mw I≠p. {][m\ D]-
\n-j-Øp-Isf Ime-\n¿Wbw sNbvXp, \mep ]mZ-ß-fn-embn kmwIr-
Xym-b≥ Xcw Xncn-®n-´p≠v. AXn-ß-s\-bmWv:
1. {]Y-a-]m-Z-Ønse D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ({In. ap. 700): (i) Cuiw (ii)
OmtµmKyw (iii) _rl-Zm-c-WyIw.
2. ZznXo-b-]m-Z-Ønse D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ({In. ap. 600˛-500): (iv) sFX-
tcbw (v) ssXØn-cobw.
3. XrXo-b-]m-Z-Ønse D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ({In.ap.500˛-400): (vi) {]iv\w
(vii) tI\w (viii) ITw (ix) apfiIw (x) amfiqIyw.
4. NXp¿Y-]m-Z-Ønse D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ({In. ap. 200-˛100): (xi)
Iujo-XIn (xii) ssa{Xn (xiii) tizXm-iz-Xcw.
ChnsS Hmtcm kwln- X - t bmSpw _‘- s ∏´p \n¬°p∂
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
{_m“Ww, Bc- W yIw, D]- \ n- j Øv F∂n- h - b psS Hcp ]ńI

ImWn°mw.
sshZnI kmlnXy ]ńI

kwlnX {_m“Ww Bc-WyIw D]-\n-jØv
EtKzZw 1 sFX-tcbw 1 sFX-tcbw 1 sFX-tcbw
2 Iujo-XIn 2 Iujo-XIn 2 Iujo-XIn
1 XmWvUy-alm, ssPan-\o-tbm-]- 1 OmtµmKyw
AYhm \n-jZv {_m“Ww 2 tI\w
]©-hnwiw
kma-thZw 2 jUvhnwiw
3 ssPan-\obw
ip¢-bPp¿ 1_rl-Zm-cW
- yIw
iX-]Yw
thZw 2 Cuiw
1 ssXØn-cobw
IrjvWb- P
- p¿ ssXØn-cobw ssXØo-cobw 2 ITw
thZw 3 ssa{Xn
4 tizXm-izXcw
1 {]iv\w
AY¿h-thZw tKm]Yw 2 apWvUIw
3 amWvUqIyw
Ipdn∏v : Cutim-]-\n-jØv ip¢-b-Pp¿th-Z-Øns‚ Ah-km-\sØ A[ym-b-am-bmWv

C∂v \ap°v e`n-°p-∂Xv. sFX-tcbw, Iujo-XIn, OmtµmKyw, tI\w, _rl-Zm-c-
WyIw, ssXØn-cobw F∂n-hbpw Hcp {_m“-W-Øn-s‚tbm Bc-Wy-I-Øn-s‚tbm
Awi-am-bn-´mWv \mw ImWp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ ITw, tizXm-izXcw, {]iv\w, apWvUIw
F∂nh Aß-s\-b√. Ahbpw \jvS-s∏-´p-t]mb GtXm {_m“-W-Øn-s‚tbm Bc-
Wy-I-Øn-s‚tbm A\p-_-‘-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww. ]t£, B {_m“-W-ßfpw
Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw C∂v D]-e-_v[-ß-f√. ssa{Xnbpw amWvUq-Iyhpw {][m\ D]-\n-
j-Øp-I-fpsS ]ń-I-bn¬ ]n∂oSv Iqń-t®¿°-s∏-´-h-bm-sW∂v \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ Icp-
Xp∂p.
kvarXn-Iƒ
as‰mcp Xcw aX-km-lnXy kwLm-X-Øn-\mWv "kvarXn' F∂v
]d-bp-∂Xv. Ch-bn¬ apJy-ambpw lnµp-°-fpsS BNm-c-k-{º-Zm-b-
ß-fmWv {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈Xv. AXn-\m¬ Ah "[¿a'imkv{Xw F∂
t]cnepw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. {ipXn-sb-t∏m-se-Øs∂, kvarXnbpw B[n-
Im-cnIhpw {]am-W-tbm-Kyhpw Xs∂. Ccp-]Xv kvarXn-Iƒ C∂v \ne-
hn-ep≠v. 1. a\p 2. A{Xn 3. Imiy-]≥ 4. lmco-X-I≥ 5. bm⁄-
h¬Iy≥ 6. Di-\kv 7. AwKn-ckv 8. ba≥ 9. B]-kvXw-_≥ 10.
kwh¿Ø- I ≥ 11. ImXymb≥ 12. _rl- k v ] Xn 13. ]cm- i - c ≥ 14.
Km¿Ky≥ 15. iwJ≥ 16. enJn-X≥ 17. `£≥ 18. KuX-a≥ 19. iX-]-
Y≥ 20. hkn-jvT≥ F∂o BNm-cy-∑m-cpsS t]cn-emWv Ah Adn-b-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv. B¿.kn. U‰v ]d-bp∂p: ""Ch-bn¬ G‰hpw {]mNo-\-ß-
fmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂h B]-kvXw-_-[¿a-kq-{Xhpw KuX-a-[¿a-kq-
{Xhpw hkn-jvT-[¿a-kq-{X-hp-amWv. _p≤s‚ Ime-tØm-S-SpØv a\p-
kv a r- X nbpw cNn- ° - s ∏´p. CS- ° m- e - Ø p- ≠ mb ]cm- i - c - k v a r- X n-
bpƒs∏sS as‰-√m -[¿a-im-kv{X-ßfpw ]n¬°m-e-ß-fn¬ \n¿an-X-am-
bn-´p-≈-XmWv.''14
""KuX-a≥, t_m[m-b-\≥, B]-kvXw-_≥, hkn-jvT≥ F∂n-h-
cpsS [¿a-kq-{X-ßƒ°v _n.kn. 600˛-300 hsc ]ga I¬]n-°m-hp-∂-
XmWv. Ah-bn¬ KuX-a-kq-{X-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ ]g°w IqSpw.''15
CXn-lm-kß
- ƒ
`mc-Xo-b-cpsS as‰mcp kmlnXy kwLm-X-amWv CXn-lm-k-ßƒ.
]pcm-hrØw, AYhm ]pcm-X\ IY F∂mWv Cu hm°n-\¿Yw. IYm-
I-Y-\-co-Xn-bmWv Ch-bn¬ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Ah [¿aw, A¿Yw,
Imaw, tam£w F∂o Imcy-ßsf D]-tZ-in-°p∂p. cmam-bWw, alm-
`m-cXw F∂o c≠p _rlXv Imhy-ß-fmWv C∂v CXn-lmk \ma-
Øn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. cmam-b-W-Øn¬ Atbm[y `cn-®n-cp∂ cmP-
hw-i-Øn-s‚bpw, alm-`m-c-X-Øn¬ lkvXn-\-]pcw tI{µ-am°n `cn-
®n- c p∂ cmP- h w- i - Ø n- s ‚bpw hotcm- N nX IY- I - f mWv {]]- © \w
sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. cmam-bWw H∂√; ]e-Xp≠v. hmevaoIn, Xpf-ko-Zm-
k≥, Iº≥ F∂n-h-sc√mw cmam-bWw cNn-®n-´p≠v. IqSmsX B[ym-
fln-I-cm-am-bWw F∂ as‰m-∂p-ap≠v. F∂m¬ thZ-hym-k-ap\n Fgp-
Xn-b-sX∂v hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ alm-`m-cXw Ht∂-bp≈q. AXn¬ Hcp
e£-Øn¬]cw t«mI-ß-fp≠v. KpWm-Vy≥ sshimen `mj-bn¬
cNn® "_rlZv IY' bpw AXn¬ \n∂v kwkvIr-X-Øn-te°v ]cm-
h¿Ø\w sNbvX "IYm-k-cn-Xvkm-Kc'hpw CXn-lm-k-ambn IW-°m-
°-s∏-Sp-∂n√. Fs¥-∂m¬ AXn\v s]mXp-hmb Hcp IYm X¥p-hn√.
AXn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏´ IY-Iƒ hoc IY-I-fp-a√. IqSmsX [¿aw,
A¿Yw, Imaw, tam£w F∂o KpW-ßƒ km[n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n hnh-
cn-®n-´p-an√. F∂m¬ {]kvXpX e£-W-ßƒ XnI-™-h-bmWv cmam-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
b-Whpw alm-`m-c-Xhpw. kp{]-kn≤ B[ym-flnI IrXn-bmb `K-h-

ZvKoX alm-`m-c-X-Øns‚ Hcp `mK-amWv.
]pcm-Wß
- ƒ
`mc-Xo-b-cpsS as‰mcp aX-km-ln-Xy-kw-Lm-X-amWv ]pcm-W-ßƒ.
Ch-bn¬ k¿Kw (temI-krjvSn), {]Xn-k¿Kw (\miw), hwiw, a\z-
¥-c-ßƒ (a\p-°-fpsS hmgvN-Im-e-ßƒ), hwim-\p-N-cnXw (hwi-ß-
fpsS XpS¿®-bmb Ncn{Xw) Cßs\ A©p hnj-b-ß-fmWv apJy-
ambpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°pI. ]pcm-W-ßƒ ]Xn-s\-´mWv. 1. {_“w 2.
]mZvaw 3. hnjvWp-]p-cmWw 4.hmb-hyw 5. alm-`m-K-hXw 6. \mc-Zobw
7. am¿°-WvtUbw 8. Bt·bw 9.`hnjyw 10. {_“-ssh-h¿Øw 11.
ssewKnIw 12. hmcmlw 13. kvImµw 14. hma\w 15. Iu¿aw 16. am’yw
17. KmcpUw 18. {_“mWvUw F∂n-h-bt{X AXv.
thZmw-Kß
- ƒ
thZ-ß-fpsS D≈-S-°-tØm-S-s√-¶nepw Ah-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp∂
a‰p Nne IrXn-I-fp≠v. Ch°v thZmw-K-sa∂v ]d-bp∂p. thtZm-‡-
amb I¿a-ßƒ hgn-t]mse A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂-h-bt{X
{]kvXpX hIp∏v. in£, hymI-cWw, Oµ v, \ncp‡w, tPymXnjw,
I¬]w F∂o Bdv hnj-b-amWv thZmw-K-ß-fn¬ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂Xv.
AXn-\m¬ "thZmw-K-jƒ°w' F∂ t]cn¬ Ah hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂p.
in£ thZ-hm-Iy-ß-fpsS D®m-cWw XpSßnb Imcy-ßsf kw_-‘n-
°p-∂Xpw, hymI-cWw thZ-`mj sX‰p-Iq-SmsX D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠p-∂-
Xn-\m-h-iy-amb \nb-a-ßsf kw_-‘n-°p-∂Xpw, Oµ v thZ-Ønse
Ihn-X-I-fpsS hrØw apX-em-b-h-sb- w-_-‘n-°p-∂-Xp-amWv. thZ-
Ønse ISpØ ]Z-ß-fpsS A¿Yw sImSp-°p∂ \nL-≠p-hn-\mWv
\ncp-‡-sa∂v t]¿. bmkvIm-Nm-cys‚ \ncp‡w DZm-l-cWw. tPymXn-
j-sa-∂m¬ \£-{X-K-Wn-X-imkv{Xw AYhm {Kl-imkv{Xw (Astrol-
ogy) BWv. BNm-c-{I-a-ßsf hnh-cn-°p∂ imkv{X-amWv I¬]w.
jUvZ¿i-\ß
- ƒ
CXn-\p-]p-dta H´-\-h[n Z¿i-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ \ne-hn¬ h∂n-´p≠v.
Z¿i-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ Akw-Jy-amWv. F∂m¬ Bdv Z¿i-\-ßƒ IqSp-X¬
{]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p. kmwJyw, tbmKw, \ymbw, sshti-jnIw,
]q¿h-ao-amwk, DØ-c-ao-amwk F∂n-h-bm-Wnh. Ch°v "jUvZ¿i-\-
ßƒ' F∂p t]¿. Hmtcm Z¿i-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw \nc-h[n IrXn-Iƒ
\ne-hn-ep≠v.
`mc-Xob ]pcm-X-\-km-ln-XysØ eLp-hmbn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-
I-bmWv Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. XpS¿∂p {]Xn-]m-Zn-°m≥
t]mhp∂ hnj-b-ß-fpsS {]mam-Wyhpw B[n-Im-cn-I-Xbpw a\- n-em-
t°-≠-Xn\v Cu Npcp-ßnb hnh-cWw D]-I-cn°pw.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. hniz-N-cn-{X-kw-{Klw t]Pv 11
2. BapJw t]Pv 4
3. Ibid P. 5
4. A¬_o-dq\n I≠ C¥y t]Pv 83
6. Ibid P. 553
7. Ah-Xm-cnI t]Pv 35, 36
8. D≤-cWw: hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ t]Pv 543
9. FgpØp \º¿ 240˛-ambm-h-Xn-∏-Xn∏v (1940)
10. D≤-cWw: C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-acw t]Pv 71
12. `mc-Xob XØz-Nn¥ by tZhn-{]-kmZv Nt´m-]m-[ymb t]Pv 339 t\m°pI.
13. Ibid P. 336
14. History of Civilization of Ancient India P. 136
15. Ibid P. 133
A[ymbw Ggv
h¿K hn`-P\w
temI-Øp≈ a\p-jyscsb√mw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Nne ASn-ÿm\
h¿K-ß-fmbn Xncn®p \n¿Øp-hm≥ {ian-®n-´p≠v. ico-cm-IrXn, `mjm-
km-PmXyw F∂n-h-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-
c-∑m¿ h¿K-hn-`-P-\-Øn-\p-Zy-an-®n-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-
Im-c-∑m¿ Bfp-Isf Xcw Xncn-®n-cp-∂Xv hwi ]mc-º-cy-Øn-s‚tbm
aX-hn-izm-k-Øn-s‚tbm ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p. GXm-bmepw h¿K-
hn-`-P\w imkv{Xo-b-am-sW∂v ]d-™p-IqSm. Fs¥-∂m¬ k¶-c-h¿K-
a- √ msX C∂v temI- s Ø- h n- s Sbpw Ah- t i- j n- ° p- ∂ n- s √- ∂ - X mWv
bmYm¿Yyw.
h¿K-kn-≤m¥w
Hcp {^©p- { ]- ` phpw Adp- ] n- ¥ n- c n- ∏ - \ p- a m- b n- c p∂ tImav S v Un.
tKm_n-t\m-hmWv bqtdm-∏n¬ BZy-ambn h¿K-kn-≤m¥w D∂-bn-®Xv.
{In. 1853-˛¬ At±lw t\m¿Un°v h¿K-hmZw Bhn-jvI-cn®p. bqtdm-
∏nse kI- e - a m\ kmwkv I m- c nI ]ptcm- K - X nIƒ°pw \n¿amW
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw km-£m¬ tlXp-`q-X-∑m¿ shfp-Ø-\n-d-ap≈,

Zo¿L-Im-b-cmb t\m¿Un°v h¿K-am-sW∂pw, Ah¿°-√msX P\-
\m-b-IXzw hln-°m-\¿l-X-bn-s√∂pw At±lw hmZn®p. ]m›m-Xy≥
P\X B hmZw kl¿jw kzmKXw sNbvXp. kzev]w Xma-kn-®m-
sW-¶nepw P¿a≥Im¿ {]kvXpX kn≤m¥w kzmb-Ø-am-°n-b-tXmsS
A]-IS taJe _lp-Zqcw hym]n-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠mbXv. bqtdm-∏n¬
am{X-a√ CuPn]vXv, saskm-s]m-t´-anb, C¥y F∂p th≠ temI-
sØ-hnsS kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw hf¿∂n-´pt≠m, Ahn-sS-
sb√mw AXn-\p≈ Imc-W-°m¿ Bcy-h¿K-am-sW∂v Ah¿ hmZn®p.
ln‰- v e dpw At±- l - Ø ns‚ imkv { X- I m- c - ∑ mcpw Ncn- { X- I m- c - ∑ mcpw
{]kvXpX hmZw {]N-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ FSpØ X{¥-ßƒ°pw AS-hp-
Iƒ°pw Iøpw IW- ° p- a n√. Bcy∑m- c psS Nn”- a m- b n- c p∂p
kzkvXnIw. Xßƒ Bcy-∑m-cms-W∂ AhIm-i-hm-Z-Øn≥ta¬
\mkn-Iƒ kzkvXn-IsØ HutZym-KnI Nn”-ambn AwKo-I-cn®p.
hmkvX-h-Øn¬ h¿K-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øns‚ BZysØ D]-⁄m-Xm-
°ƒ C{km-tb¬ h¿K-am-bn-cp∂p. ss__nƒ ]gb \nb-ahpw a‰v
PqX-km-ln-Xy-ßfpw CXn\p km£yw hln-°p-∂p≠v. "btlm-h-bpsS
P\w' F-∂mWv Xßsf C{k-mtb¬°m¿ hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≈Xv. Cu
kwKXn Jp¿-B\pw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p≠v: ""Rßƒ ssZh-]p-{X-∑mcpw
ssZh-Øns‚ CjvS-P-\-ß-fp-ams-W∂v PqX-{In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ Ah-Im-
i-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p!''1
temI-hm-gvN°v ssZh-Øm¬ {]tXyIw Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Hcp
h¿K-amWv Xß-sf∂v blq-Zn-Iƒ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn "temI-N-
cn{X'Øn¬ {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m\pw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂p.2
]m›m-Xy-cn-te°v Cu h¿K-ta-[m-hn-Xz-kn-≤m¥w kw{I-an-®Xv PqX-
∑m-cn¬\n∂pw {Ko°p-Im-cn¬\n-∂p-amWv. ]m›m-Xy-cpsS B[ym-flnI
t\Xr- X zw blq- Z - ∑ m¿°m- b n- c p∂p. ùXnI \mb- I Xzw {Ko°p-
Im¿°pw. F∂m¬ Xß-fm¬ D∂n-X-amb Cu h¿K-ta-[m-hnXzw Ah-
km\w blq-Z-∑m¿°p-Xs∂ FXn-cmbn {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p-sh-∂Xv Ncn-
{X-ssh-Nn-{Xy-as{X. ln‰ve-dpw At±-l-Øns‚ \mkn-∏-Sbpw blq-Z-
∑msc Iq´-s°me \SØn. X∑qew Ah-cn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`m-K-Øn\v
P¿a-\n-sbbpw Ahn-SsØ Xß-fpsS _‘p-an-{Xm-Zn-I-sfbpw kº-
Øp-°sfbpw Dt]-£n®p Ae™p Xncn-tb≠n h∂p. D∂X io¿j-
\mb Hcp imkv{X-\m-b-I-\m-bn-cp∂p tdm_¿´v sF≥-kvss‰≥. PqX-
\mb GI Imc- W - Ø m¬ At±- l - Ø n- \ p- t ]mepw P¿a\n A`bw
\¬In-bn√. "hmsf-Sp-Ø-h≥ hmfm¬ \in°pw' F∂m-Wt√m B]v-
XhmIyw.
h¿K-ta-[m-hn-Xz-Øn¬ Du‰wsIm≠n-cp∂ Cu \mkn-I-fpsS KXn
Ah-km\w F¥mbn F∂v Ign™ c≠mw -a-lm-bp-≤-Øn¬ temIw
I≠-XmWv. ]t£, Ah-cpsS ]n¥n-cn-∏≥ kn≤m-¥-ßfpw h¿Ko-b-
hm-Zhpw ]cn-jvIr-X-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ t]mepw C∂pw kPo-h-ambn \ne-
sIm-≈p∂p. sXt° B{^n-°-bnepw Ata-cn-°-bnepw shfpØ h¿K-
°m¿ Idp- Ø - h - t cmSv A\p- h ¿Øn- ° p∂ {Iqc- \ bw Ip{]- k n- ≤ - a m-
Wt√m.
h¿K-hn-`-P\ kn≤m-¥-Øn\v imkv{Xo-b-amb bmsXm-c-Sn-Ø-d-bp-
an-s√∂pw AXv Nne kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS ambm-krjvSn am{X-am-sW∂pw
sFIy-cmjv{S kwL-S-\-bpsS Hcp eLp-]-{XnI kbp-‡nIw sXfn-
bn-®n-´p≠v.3
\c-hw-i-im-kv{X-Im-c-∑mcpw B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw sXmen-
bpsS \ndw, ico-c-Øns‚ Dbcw, Xe-ap-Sn-bp-sSbpw aq°n-s‚bpw
BIrXn BZn-bmb Nne e£-W-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv
a\p-jysc hnhn[ h¿Kß-fmbpw h¿W-ß-fmbpw Xcw-Xn-cn-°m≥ DZy-
an-®n-´p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ Ah¿ kzcq-]n® e£-W-ß-sf√mw XnI™,
Ie¿∏n-√mØ Hcp ip≤-h¿KsØ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-hm≥ temI-Øn-
∂n√. C∂p≈ GXv h¿Khpw k¶-c-at{X.
h¿W-ta-[m-hnXzw C¥y-bn¬
h¿Wm-{i-a-[¿a-Øn\pw h¿K-ta-[m-hn-Xz-kn-≤m-¥-Øn\pw Ip{]-
kn≤n t\Snb Hcp cmPy-amWv \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ \ΩpsS C¥y. AXn-
{]m-‡\ Imew apX¬ ChnsS tZhm-kp-c-bp-≤-ßfpw Bcy-Z-kyp-kw-
L¿j-ßfpw PmXn-t∏m-cp-Ifpw h¿W-k-a-c-ßfpw \S-amSn hcp∂p.
Cu kwL- ´ - \ - ß - f n¬ Blp- X n- s N- ø - s ∏´ a\p- j ym- fl m- ° ƒ°v
ssIbpw IW-°p-an√. CsXmcp A\n-tj[y Ncn{XkXyw am{X-amWv.
Bcy-∑m-cpsS G‰hpw {]mNo\ kmln-Xy-sa∂v an°- N-cn{X Kth-j-
I≥amcpw kΩ-Xn-°p∂ EtKz-Z-Øn¬ Xs∂ NmXp¿h¿Wy-Øn\v ASn-
Ød ]mIn-b-Xmbn ImWmw.4
CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-hWw A\-¥c ImeØv `mc-X-Øn¬
NmXp¿h¿Wy hyhÿ \S-∏n-em-bXv. B [¿a-Øn¬ G‰hpw D∂-X-
h¿Ww AYhm PmXn {_m“-W-cm-bn-cp∂p. ImcWw, Ah¿ {_“m-
hns‚ t{ijvTmw-K-amb apJ-amWv. G‰hpw Xmgv∂ h¿Ww iq{Z-∑mcpw.
Ch¿ {_“m-hns‚ ImemWv. {_m“-W-∑m¿°v {]tXy-I-mh-Im-i-
ßfpw ]Z-hn-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah [¿a-kq-{X-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-
´p-ap≠v. PmXn hyXym-km-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ [m¿anI \S-]-Sn-Iƒ Hcp
ImeØv `mc-X-Øn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp-∂-Xm-sW-∂-Xn¬ Ncn{Xw kwi-bn-
°p- ∂ n√. F∂m¬ NmXp¿h¿Wy hyh- ÿ n- X n°v ]pXn- s bmcp
hymJym\w C∂sØ DXv]-Xn-jvWp-°ƒ sImSpØp ImWp-∂p≠v.
]pcm-X-\-ssl-µh kmln-Xy-Øn¬ a\p-jysc \mep PmXn-bmbn Xncn-
®n- ´ p- ≈ Xv P\- \ - Ø n- s ‚tbm h¿K- Ø n- s ‚tbm ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n- e -
s√∂pw, I¿a-ß-fp-sSbpw KpW-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-sW-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
∂p-amWv Ah-cpsS hymJym\w. CXn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-ambn ]pcm-X\

kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬\n∂v Nne D≤-c-Wn-Ifpw Ah¿ FSpØpImWn-°p-
∂p≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v `K-h-ZvKo-X-bn¬\n∂v Cu t«mIw D≤-cn-
°p∂p:
""NmXp¿h¿Æyw abm krjvSw
KpW-I¿Ω hn`m-Kix
Xky-I¿Øm-c-a]n amw
hn≤y-I¿Øm-c-a-hybw.''5
(KpW-ß-sfbpw I¿a-ßsfbpw hn`-Pn®p \mep -h¿W-ßƒ [{_m“-
W≥, £{Xn- b ≥, sshiy≥, iq{Z≥ F∂o PmXn- I ƒ ] F∂m¬
krjvSn-°-s∏´p. Cßs\ NmXp¿-h¿Wy-kr-jvSn-bpsS I¿Øm-hm-sW-
¶nepw, Rm≥ H∂n-s‚bpw I¿Øm-h-√mØ Ahy-b-\m-Ip∂p.)
CXp- t ]mse alm- ` m- c - X - Ø n¬\n∂pw Hcp t«mIw D≤- c n®p
ImWp∂p:
""GI-h¿Æ-anZw ]q¿Æw
hnizam-koZv bp[n-jvTnc
I¿Ω-{Inbm hnti-tjW
NmXp¿h¿Wyw {]Xn-jvTnXw.''
Bibw GXm≠v ta¬]-d-™-Xp-Xs∂.
ta¬Im-Wn® ]pØ≥ hymJym-\-Øns‚ icnbpw sX‰pw ChnsS
]cn-tim-[n-t°-≠-Xn√. F∂m¬ Cu hymJym\w Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v
h¿j-ßƒ `mc-X-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂p-t]m∂ h¿W-k-a-csØ \ntj-[n-
°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-a√. AsXmcp Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-bmbn Ah-ti-jn-
°pI Xs∂ sNøp∂p.
h¿K-ta-[m-hnXzw Ckvem-an-I Z
- rjvSym
am\-h-k-a-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw hniz-km-tlm-Z-cy-Øn-s‚bpw aX-at{X
Ckvemw. Ckvem-anI ZrjvSym a\p-jy-sc√mw Htc A—-\-Ω-am-cpsS
k¥-Xn-Ifpw GtIm-Z-c-k-tlm-Z-c-ß-fp-am-Ip∂p. Jp¿-B-\n¬ A√mlp
]d-bp∂p: ""tl am\h kap-Zm-bta, Hcp ]pcp-j-\n¬ \n∂pw Hcp
kv{Xobn¬\n-∂p-amWv \nßsf \mw krjvSn-®Xv. \mw \nßsf ]e
h¿K-ßfpw tKm{X-ß-fp-am-°n-sh-®Xv \nßƒ ]c-kv]cw Xncn-®-dn-tb-
≠-Xn\p th≠n-bt{X. ssZh-Øn-¶¬ \nß-fn-te-‰hpw t{ijvT≥ IqSp-
X¬ ssZh-`-‡n-bp-≈-h-\m-Ip∂p, \n›bw.''6
am\-h-k-a-Xz-sØ-∏‰n Hcp XØz-{]-`m-jWw \SØn hnc-an-°p-I-
b√ {]hm-N-I≥ sNbvXXv. B kn≤m¥w {]hrØn aptJ\ \S-
∏n¬h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Jpssd-io-hw-i-P¿°v Ad-_n-Iƒ°n-S-
bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ _lp-am-\y-ÿm\w {]kn-≤-amWv. Ah-cpsS Iq´-
Øn¬s∏´ I\y-Ibpw Ipeo-\-bp-am-b- ssk-\-_ns\ {]hm-N-I≥,
ap≥s]mcp ASn-a-bm-bn-cp∂ sskZn\v thfn-I-gn-®p-sIm-SpØp. F∂m¬
B hnhm-l-_‘w hf-sc-°mew XpS¿∂p \n∂n√. kwK-Xn-h-im¬
sskZv ssk\-_ns\ hnhm-l-_-‘-Øn¬ \n∂v tamNn-∏n®p. A\-
¥cw B Ipeo-\sb hnhmlw sNbvXXv {]hm-N-I≥ Xs∂-bmWv.
Cu amXr-Im-\-S-]Sn hgn At±lw Ckvem-anse ka-Xz-kn-≤m¥w
A¿Y- i - ¶ - ° nSw \¬ImØ hn[- Ø n¬ \S- ∏ n¬ hcp- Ø p- I - b mWv
sNbvXXv. a\p-jy-k-a-XzsØ ÿnco-I-cn-°p∂ CØcw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
F{X- t h- W - s a- ¶ nepw {]hm- N - I s‚ Ncy- b n¬\ns∂- S p- Ø p- ≤ - c n- ° m-
\p≠v.
{]hm-N-Is‚ hntbm-Km-\-¥cw al-Ømb {]kvXpX Ckvem-anI
kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ {]tbm-K-h-¬°-c-W-Øn¬ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°v Nne
]mI-∏n-g-Iƒ kw`-hn®p. Ah-km\w Ckvem-anI i‡n-bpsS Zu¿_-
ey-Øn\v AXv Imc-W-ambn `hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {]hm-N-I\p tijw
`c-W-t\-Xr-Xz-Øns‚ A¿l-∑m¿ Jpssd-in-Ø-d-hm-´p-Im-cm-sW∂pw,
Jpssd- i n- I - f psS Iq´- Ø n¬- X s∂ {]hm- N - I s‚ G‰hpw ASpØ
IpSpw-_-ß-fm-sW∂pap≈ Nne hmZ-ßfpw {]Xn-hm-Z-ßfpw s]mń-
∏p-d-s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXns‚ t]cn¬ I£n-Iƒ cq]w {]m]n-°p-Ibpw
\nc-h[n kwL-´-\-ßƒ \S-am-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXp ImWn-°p-∂Xv,
h¿K-ta-[m-hn-Xz-hm-Zhpw hwi-ta-∑m-kn-≤m-¥hpw F{X ]cn-jvI-cn®
kap-Zm-b-sØbpw \in-∏n-°m≥ t]mcp∂ alm-am-c-I-ß-fm-sW-∂s{X.
F∂m¬ h¿K-ß-fp-sSbpw tKm{X-ß-fp-sSbpw AkvXnXzw Hcp
bmYm¿-Yy-amWv. h¿Ko-bm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ta[m-hnXz kn≤m-¥sØ
am{X-amWv Ckvemw \ntj-[n-°p-∂Xv; h¿K-ß-fp-sSbpw hwiß-fp-
sSbpw AkvXn-Xz- sØ-b√. AXw-Ko-I-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ Bh-
iy-IX hnh-cn-°p-I-bp-amWv Jp¿-B≥ sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv. ]c-kv]cw Xncn-
®-dn-bp-hm≥ h¿K-hn-`-P\w DX-Ip-∂p. BI-bm¬ Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am¿°v
h¿K-hn-`-P\w Hcm-h-iy-amWv. Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ h¿K-hn-`-P-\-Øns‚
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Ncn-{X-c-N\ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xpw.
Nne ASn-ÿm\ khn-ti-j-X-Isf Bkv]-Z-am°n am\-h-cm-insb
hnhn[ h¿K-ß-fmbn Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-°p∂p. {][m-\-
ambpw \mep Imcy-ß-fmWv Cu hn`-P-\-Øn-\m-kv]-Z-am°n ImWp-
∂Xv. 1. hwi-]m-c-ºcyw 2. `mj 3. ico-cm-IrXn 4. kmwkvIm-cn-Im-Nm-
c-ßƒ. Ch-tbm-tcm-∂n-s\-∏-‰nbpw ChnsS kw£n-]vX-ambn hnh-
cn°mw:
hwi-]m-cº
- cyw
ss__nfpw {]mNo-\-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw hwi-]m-c-º-cysØ ASn-
ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.
ss__n-fn-s‚bpw {]mNo\ apkvenw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cp-sSbpw ho£-
W-Øn¬ temI-sØ-ßp-ap≈ a\p-jy-a-lm-P-\-k-©bw BZn-bn¬
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
GI-hw-i-am-bn-cp∂p. Htc A—-s‚bpw AΩ-bp-sSbpw a°ƒ. BZn-a-

a-\p-jys‚ t]cs{X "BZmw' AYhm "BZw.' At±-l-Øn¬ \n∂p
ssZhw Hcp kv{Xosb krjvSn®p. Ah-cpsS t]cmWv "l∆.' Ahsc
ssZhw BZ-an\v CW-bm°n. B c≠p Zº-Xn-am-cn¬\n-∂mWv a\p-
jy-k-ap-Zmbw P∑wsIm≠Xv.
a\p-jy-hwiw s]cpIn. Ah¿ \m\m-Zn-°p-I-fn-te-°p- hym-]n-°m≥
XpSßn. Hcp hn`mKw AXn-{Iaw {]h¿Øn-®-Xn-\m¬ Ah-tcmSp ssZh-
Øn\v A\njvSw Df-hmbn. AXn-{I-an-Isf Hcp ]mTw ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥
ssZhw \n›-bn®p. Hcp alm Pe-{]-fbw!
Pe-{]-fb IY
a\p-jy-cpsS CS-bn¬ \oXn-bp-≈-h\pw kmXzn-I-\p-amb Hcp hy‡n-
bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p˛ema-°ns‚ ]p{X-\mb t\ml. At±-l-Øn\v ssZh-
Øn-¶¬\n∂v \n¿tZ-i-ap-≠mbn: ""kIe PU-Øn-t‚bpw Ah-km\w
Fs‚ ap≥]n¬ h∂n-cn-°p∂p; `qan Ah-cm¬ AXn-{IawsIm≠p \nd-
™n-cn-°p∂p; Rm≥ Ahsc `qan-tbm-SpIqSn \in-∏n°pw; \o tKm^¿a-
cw-sIm≠p Hcp s]Íw D≠m-°pI.''7
t\ml s]Íw D≠m°n. At±-lhpw IpSpw-_hpw AXn¬ Ibdn.
AXn¬ `qan-bn-ep≈ arK-ß-fn¬\n∂pw BIm-i-Øn-ep≈ ]d-h-I-
fn¬- \ n∂pw BWpw s]Æp- a mbn Cuc- ≠ v - C - W - I - s fbpw Ib‰n.
\mev]Xp cmhpw \mev]Xp ]Iepw ag-s]bvXp. Hcp alm Pe-{]-
fbw! kIe Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw {]f-b-Øn¬ \in®p. t\mlbpw s]´-
I-Øn¬ Ib-dn-bhcpw am{Xw c£-s∏´p. sh≈w AXns‚ IrXyw
\nd-th-‰n-b-tijw ]n≥h-en™p. t\mlbpw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw I∏-
en¬ \n∂n-dßn. A\-¥cw t\ml-bpsS ]n∑p-d-°m-cmWv `qX-e-saßpw
hym]n-®Xv: ""`qan-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ kIe Poh-Pm-e-ßfpw \in-®p-
t]mbn;..... t\mlbpw Ah-t\m-Sp-IqsS s]´-I-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-hcpw
am{Xw tijn®p. sh≈w `qan-bn¬ \q‰-ºXp Znhkw s]mßn-s°m-
≠n-cp∂p.''8
ss__nfn¬ h¿Wn-°-s∏´ Cu {]f-b-IY samØ-Øn¬ Jp¿-
B\pw D≤-cn-®n-´p≠v˛hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn¬ Gd-°ptd sshhn-[y-ap-s≠-
¶nepw. CØ-c-samcp {]f-b-IY {]mNo\ `mc-Xo-b-km-ln-Xy-ß-fnepw
ÿew]nSn-®-Xmbn ImWmw.
Ncn-{X-]c
- X
t\ml-bpsS ImeØv kw`-hn-®-Xmbn ]d-bp∂ {]f-b-IY temI-
{]-kn-≤-am-sW-¶nepw, AXv kw`-hn-®Xp Xs∂tbm F∂v ]ecpw
kwi-bn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ Cu ASpØ ImeØv Gjym-ssa-\-dn¬
Is≠-Ønb Hcp I∏-ens‚ Ah-injvSw {]kvXpX IY-bpsS kw`-
hy-X-bn-te°v Aev]w shfn®w hoip-∂p≠v. {io. Sn.kn. i¶-c-ta-
t\m≥ At±-l-Øns‚ "iZm-_vZ-ßƒ°-∏p-d-Øp-\n-∂p≈ i_vZ-ßƒ'
F∂ IrXn-bn¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Hcp temI-{]-f-b-sØ-∏-‰nbpw t\ml-
bpsS I∏-en-s\-∏-‰nbpw {InkvXp-a-X-N-cn-{X-Øn-ep≈ IY ]e¿°pw
kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-at√m. temIw apgp-h≥ Hcp alm-{]-f-b-Øn¬
apßn-sb∂pw t\ml-bpsS I∏-en¬ GXm\pw a\p-jycpw arK-ßfpw
c£-s∏-´p-sh-∂p-amWv IY. Cu kw`-h-ßƒ hmkvX-h-Øn¬ \S-∂-
h-bm-sW-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-ap-≈n-S-tØmfw sXfn-hp-Iƒ CXp-hsc e`n-
®n- c p- ∂ n√. ]t£, ASpØ ImeØv Gjym- s sa- \ - d n¬ Acm- d m‰v
(Araraat) ]¿h-X-\n-c-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ GI-tZiw Bdm-bncw ASn Db-
c-ap-s≈mcp apIƒ\n-c-∏n¬, Hcp I∏-ens‚ hn√n amXncn Hcp km[\w
Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p. \ne-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂v teiw Db¿∂p \n¬°p-
∂Xpw Ipd®p XSn-®-Xp-amb Hcp tcJ-t]mse am{X-am-WXv Ct∏mƒ
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. I√pw aÆpw emhbpw \nd™p Dd®p InS-°p-I-
bmWv a‰p-`m-K-ß-sf√mw. GI-tZiw \m\q-‰-º-XSn \ofhpw \q‰-º-
XSn hoXn-bp-ap≈ Hcp Xma-c-bn-X-fns‚ BIr-Xn-bmWv òa-amb Cu
hn√n-°p-≈Xv. GI-tZiw ]Xn-s\-´Sn Ipgn-®-t∏mƒ AXns‚ ASn-`mKw
I≠p. t\ml-bpsS I∏-ens‚ Af-hp-Iƒ tI´p-tIƒhn {]Imcw \ap-
°-dnbmw. Ah Cu Af-hp-I-tfmSv tbmPn-°p-∂p≠v. Xp¿°n-bnse
thyma-tk-\mw-K-ß-fmWv BZy-ambn Cu km[\w Is≠-Øn-bXv.
Ah-cpsS ssk\y-h-Ip∏v hI Kth-j-W-im-e-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-
ßƒ tiJ-cn-®p-h-cp∂p.''9
t\ml-bpsS s]Íw Ah-km\w Acm-dmØv ]¿h-X-Øn¬ sN∂p-
d- ® - X mbn DXv ] - Ø n- ] p- k v X Iw 10 hy‡- a m- ° n- b n- ´ p≠v . ]t£,
"A¬PqZo' F∂n-S-ØmWv I∏-ep-d-®-sX∂p Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p. Cu
sshhn[yw auem\m A_p¬ Iemw BkmZv Xs‚ "X¿Pp-am-\p¬
Jp¿-B≥' F∂ D¿Zp `mjy-Øn¬ ]cn-l-cn-®n-´p≠v. Acm-dm‰v ]¿h-
X-Ønse "PqZo' F∂p-t]-cmb inJ-c-Øn-emWv Ah-km\w I∏¬
Dd-®-sX∂v At±lw ka¿Yn-°p∂p.11 BI-bm¬ t\ml-bpsS Ime-
Øp-≠m-b-Xmbn ]d-bp∂ {]f-b-IY Hcp Ncn{X h-kvXp-X-bm-hm≥
km[y-X-bp-s≠∂v {]kvXpX I≠p-]n-SnØw sXfn-bn-°p∂p.
Xmh-gn-Iƒ
t\ml-bpsS ImesØ {]f-b-Øm¬ I∏-en¬ c£-s∏´ At±-l-
Øns‚ IpSpw- _ - s am- g n®p at‰- h cpw \nt»jw \in- ® p- s h- ∂ mWv
ss__nƒ aXw. AX-\p-k-cn®p ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb a\p-jy-scms° t\ml-
bpsS k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬s]-´-h-cmWv. I∏-en¬\n∂v ]pd-Øp-h-∂
ImeØv t\ml°p aq∂p ]p{X-∑m-cm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv: tiw, lmw,
bms^Øv. Ch-cpsS Xmh-gn-∏-ńI Gd-°ptd DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬
hnh-cn®p ImWmw. ss__nƒ I¿Øm-°-fmb blq-Z-∑m¿°v Xß-
fpsS hwi-amb C{km-tb-ens‚ Xmh-gn-hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ {]tXyI
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Xm¬]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ B `mKw khn-kvXcw {]Xn-

]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v. tians‚ hwi-]-c-º-c-bn-emWv C{km-tb¬ Dƒs∏-ń-´p-
≈Xv. lman-s‚bpw bms^-Øn-s‚bpw ]c-º-c-I-sf-∏‰n {lkz-ambn
am{Xta ss__nƒ {]Xn- ] m- Z n- ® n- ´ p≈q. ss__nƒ ImWn- ° p∂
{]Imcw B aq∂p hwi-]-c-º-c-Ifpw NphsS hnh-cn°mw:
bms^-Øns‚ hwi-]c
- º
- c
t\ml-bpsS ]p{X-\mb bms^-Øn\v Ggp ]p{X-∑m-cp-≠mbn: 1.
tKmsa¿ 2. atKmKv 3. amZmbn 4. bmhm≥ 5. Xq_m¬ 6. tasi°v 7.
Xocmkv. Ch-cn¬ tKmsa-dn-s‚bpw bmhm-s‚bpw ]n∑p-d-°msc am{X-
amWv DXv]-Øn-∏p-kvXIw FSp-Øp-]-d-™n-´p-≈Xv.
tKmsa-dn\v aq∂v ]p{X-∑m¿ PmX-cmbn: 1. AkvI-\mkv 2. co^Øv
3.tXmK¿Ωm.
bmhms‚ ]p{X-∑m¿ \mep t]cm-bn-cp∂p: 1. Feoim 2. X¿ioiv
3.InØow 4. tZmZm\ow.
bms^Øv k¥-Xn-Iƒ Zzo]p-I-fn-emWv A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®-sX-∂p-
IqSn DXv]Øn hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p≠v.
lmans‚ hwi-]c
- º
- c
t\ml-bpsS as‰mcp ]p{X-\mb lman\v \mev ]p{X-∑m-cp-≠mbn:
1. Iqiv˛Ct±-l-amWv A_vko-\n-b-°m-cpsS ]nXm-a-l≥ 2. an{kbow˛
]pcm-X\ CuPn-]vXp-Im-cpsS ]nXm-a-l≥. 3. ]qØv. 4. I\m≥˛ ^n\o-
jy-°m-cpsS ]nXm-a-l≥.
Iqin\v A©p ]p{X-∑m¿ PmX-cmbn: 1. sk_m 2. lhoem 3.
sk_vXm 4. cam 5. sk_vX°m.
cam-bpsS ]p{X-∑m¿ c≠p-t]¿. im_m, sZZm≥.
_mt_¬ (_m_n- t em¨), Fsc°v (CdmJv), A°mZv
(Im¬Unb), I¬s\ F∂o \K-c-ß-fpƒs∏-Sp∂ io\m¿tZ-isØ
`cn-®n-cp∂ \nwtdmZp hwiw Iqins‚ Xmh-gn-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p.
lmans‚ as‰mcp ]p{X-\mb an{k-bo-an\v Ggv ]p{X-∑m¿ P\n®p:
1. eqZow 2. A\maow 3. elm_ow 4. \^vXqlow 5. ]{Xqkow 6.
Ikvfqlow 7. I^vtXmcow. ^ne-kvXo-\n¬ ]m¿∏p-d-∏n-®n-cp∂ sên-
kvXy-cpsS ]nXm-a-l≥ Ikvfq-lo-am-bn-cp∂p.
lmans‚ thsdmcp ]p{X-\mb I\m¬ ]Xn-s\m∂p ]p{X-∑msc
P\n-∏n®p: 1. kotZm≥ 2. tlØv 3. sb_q-ky≥ 4. Atam-cy≥ 5.
Kn¿K-iy≥ 6. lnhy≥ 7. A¿°y≥ 8. ko\y≥ 9. A¿∆m-Zy≥ 10.
skam-cy≥ 11. lamXy≥.
tians‚ hwi-]c
- º
- c
bms^-Øns‚ tPyjvT-k-tlm-Z-c-\mb tian\v A©p ]p{X-∑m¿
PmX-cmbn: 1. Gemw˛{]mNo\ Cdm≥Im-cpsS Ipe-]Xn. 2. A»q¿˛
A o-cn-b-∑m-cpsS Ipe-]Xn. 3. A¿∏-£mZv. 4. eqZv. 5. Acmw.
C°q-´-Øn¬ A¿∏-£m-Zn-s‚bpw Acm-an-s‚bpw Xmh-gn-I-sf-
w-_-‘n-®p-am-{Xta ss__nƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p≈q. Acm-ans‚ ]n∑p-
d-sb-°p-dn®p C{X-am-{X-amWv hnh-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv:
Acm-ans‚ ]p{X-∑m¿ \m-ep-t]¿:1. Dukv 2. lqƒ 3. tKsY¿ 4.
aiv
F∂m¬ A¿∏-£m-Zns‚ hwi-]-c-º-c-sb-∏‰n kpZo¿L-ambn {]Xn-
]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v. C{km-tb¬ hwiw A¿∏-£m-Zns‚ Xmh-gn-bn¬s]-´-Xm-
bn-cp∂p. AXm-hWw AXn\v ImcWw.
A¿∏-£mZv ime-ln-s\bpw, imelv Gs_-cn-s\bpw DXv]m-Zn-
∏n®p. (CtX Gs_-cn-t\mSp _‘-s∏-´mWv F{_m-b-hw-ihpw F{_m-
b-`m-jbpw [ln{_p] DZv`-hn-®Xv.)
Gs_-dn\v c≠p ]p{X-∑m¿ PmX-cmbn. t]eKpw tbm‡m\pw
(AYhm, sX°≥ Ad-_n-I-fpsS Ipe-]-Xn-bmb JlvØm≥.)
t]e-Kn¬\n∂v cbq, cbq-hn¬\n∂v icqKv, icq-Kn¬\n∂v \mtlm¿,
\mtlm--cn¬\n∂v tXclv (AYhm Bk¿), tXcln¬\n∂v A{_lmw
(C_vdmlow), \mtlm¿, lmcm≥ F∂n-h¿ bYm-{Iaw P∑-sa-SpØp.
A{_-lm-an\v aq∂p `mcy-am-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. 1. an{kp-Im-cn-bmb
lmKm¿. Ch-cpsS ]p{X-\mWv bnivam-tb¬. 2. kmdm. Ch-cn¬\n-
∂mWv bnkvlmIv PmX-\m-bXv. 3. IØqdm. Ch-cn¬-\n∂v Bdp ]p{X-
∑m¿ P\n®p: i) kn{am≥ ii) tbmIvim≥ iii) saZm≥ iv) anZym≥ v)
bniv_m°v vi) iqhlv.12
\ncq-]Ww
ss__n-fnse {]kvXpX hwi-hn-h-c-∏-ńI ]e ]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-
X-∑m-cp-sSbpw \ncq-]-W-Øn\v ]m{X-am-bn-´p≠v. Hcp hn`mKw AXp
]s‰ Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-ambn X≈p∂p. as‰mcp hn`m-K-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-
b-Øn¬ Cu h¿K-hn-`-P\w hwi-]-ctam `mjm-]-ctam A√; adn®v
cmjv{So-bhpw `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpw am{X-amWv. F∂m¬ imkv{Xo-b-
amb At\z- j - W - Ø ns‚ tijw ss__n- f n¬ ]d- ™ - \ m- a - ß ƒ
an°Xpw Ncn- { X- ] - c - a m- s W∂p sXfn- ™ n- ´ p≠v . auem\m kønZv
kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""DXv]-Øn-]p-kvX-I-Ønse hwi-hn-
h-c-∏-ń-I-sb-°p-dn®p kmam-\y-ambn ho£n-°p-tºmƒ, ê-kvXo-\nepw
]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw A[n-h-kn-®n-cp∂ P\-hn-`m-K-ß-sfbpw ÿe-ß-
sfbpw ]‰n am{X-amWv AXn¬ {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≈-sX∂v a\- n-em-
hp∂p. DZm- l - c - W - a mbn kndnb, A o- c nb, _m_n- t em- W nb,
Im¬Unb, anUnb, kokm-\nbm, CuPn]vXv, Uam-kvI v, en_nb,
B{^n°, ko\m, Atd-_nb apX-emb ê-kvXo-\n-t\m-S-SpØ {]tZ-
i-ß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv AXn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈Xv. B enÃn¬ hy‡n-
I-fpsS \ma-ßƒ°p ]Icw kap-Zmb \ma-ß-fmWv ImWn-®n-´p-≈Xv.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
hy‡n-I-fpsS \ma-ß-fmbn ImWn-®-Xp-t]mepw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ kap-

Zm-b-ß-fpsS \ma-ß-fmWv. B kap-Zm-b-ß-fpsS hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ
Ct∏mgpw ê- k v X os‚ Ab¬]- ° Øv ÿnXn- s N- ø p- ∂ p- s h- ∂ Xv
\ΩpsS A`n-{]m-bsØ Dt]m-Zv_-e-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.''13
`mjm h¿K-ßƒ
C∂p temI- Ø p≈ F√m `mj- I fpw GtXm Hcp aqe- ` m- j -
bn¬\n∂v ]ncn™p, kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS am‰-Øn\v hiw-h-Z-ambn cq]m-
¥- c - s ∏- ´ - X m- s W∂v Duln- ° - s ∏- S p∂p. F∂m¬ A\p- I q- e - a mb
imkv{Xob sXfn-shm∂pw Cu k¶¬]-Øn-\n-Xp-hsc e`n-®n-ń√.
F∂n-cn-°nepw C∂p≈ AkwJyw `mj-Isf Npcp°w Nne aqe-`m-
j-I-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v `mjm Kth-j-I-∑m¿ Ah-Im-
i-s∏-Sp∂p. `mj-I-fpsS kmPmXy sshPm-Xy-amWv Cu hn`-P-\-Øn\v
\nZm\w.
GXm≠v HºXp h¿K-ambn `mj-Isf Kth-j-I-∑m¿ hn`-Pn-®n-
´p≠v:
1. Bcy≥ `mj- I ƒ. kwkv I rXw, Cw•ojv , {^©v , P¿a≥,
kv ] m\njv , C‰m- e n- b ≥, {Ko°v , em‰n≥, djy≥, B¿ao- \ n- b ≥,
t]¿jy≥ F∂n-h-sb√mw Bcy≥ `mj-I-fn-epƒs∏-Sp∂p. Ch-bpsS
]e aqe-[m-Xp-°fpw H∂m-sW∂pw hymI-c-Whpw hmN-I-L-S-\bpw
GXm≠v Htc tXmXn-em-sW∂pw Kth-j-I-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.
2. skan-‰nIv `mj-Iƒ. ln{_p, Ad_n, A_vko-\n-b≥, A o-
cn-b≥, ^n\o-jy≥ F∂o `mj-Ifpw Ah-tbmSp tN¿∂ a‰p Nne
`mj-Ifpw CXn¬ s]Sp∂p. Ch-bnse ]e [mXp-°fpw hymI-c-Whpw
hmN-I-L-S-\bpw Bcy≥`m-j-I-fn¬\n∂pw Xptemw hyXy-kvX-am-
sW∂pw AXn-\m¬ `n∂-amb as‰mcp `mjm-Ip-Spw-_-Øn-emWv Ah-
bpsS ÿm\-sa∂pw Ah¿ ImWp∂p. skan-‰nIv h¿K-°m¿ sX°≥-
A-td-_y-bnepw B{^n-°-bpsS hS-°p-In-g°p `mK-ß-fn-ep-amWv BZn-
bn¬ Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp-∂-sX∂pw Duln-°-s∏-Sp∂p.
3. lman- ‰ nIv `mj- I ƒ. ]pcm- X \ CuPn- ] v X pIm¿, tIm]v ‰ nIv
(Jn_vØv) hwi-°m¿, s_¿_-dn-Iƒ, tkmam-en-Iƒ, Ing-°≥ B{^n-
°- b n¬ A[n- h - k n- ® n- c p∂ FtXym- ] y°m¿ BZn- b mb h¿K- ß ƒ
kwkm-cn® `mj-Iƒ Cu h¿K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂p.
4. Sptd- \ n- b ≥, AYhm bqd¬˛Bƒt´- b nIv `mj- I ƒ. em∏v
em≠nse `mj, ssk_o-cn-b-bnse Nne `mj-Iƒ, amKn-bm¿ S¿°njv
`mj, AYhm Sm¿S¿˛a©p, apKƒ `mj-Iƒ BZn-bm-bh Cu h¿K-
Øn¬ s]´-Xm-sW∂pw, sImdn-b≥`m-jbpw {Zmhn-U-`m-jbpw XΩn¬
kmcq]yaps≠∂pw Nne¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.
5. No\m-`m-j-Iƒ. Gjy-bpsS sX°p-In-g-°p≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬
hkn-°p∂ P\-ßƒ kwkm-cn-°p∂ No\, _¿a, kbmw, Sn_‰v apX-
emb `mj-Iƒ Cu h¿K-Øn¬s]-Sp∂p. Cu `mjm-h¿K-ßfpw ta¬]-
d™ `mj-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw AXy¥w AKm-[-amWv. ]o°n-
ßn¬ kwkm-cn-°p∂ No\m-`m-j-bn¬ 420 aqe-]-Z-ßƒ am{Xta D≈q-
hs{X.
6. Ata-cn-°-\n-¥y≥`m-j-Iƒ. Ata-cn-°-bnse {]mNo\ \nhm-
kn-Iƒ "dUv C¥y≥kv' F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Ah¿
kwkm-cn-°p∂ hnhn-[-Xcw `mj-I-fmWv ChnsS hnh-£n-°p-∂Xv.
7. _m≥-‰p-`m-j-Iƒ. B{^n-°-bn¬ `qa-[y-tc-J-bpsS Aev]w
hS°p apX¬ sXs° A‰w hsc-bp≈ P\-ßƒ kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xv
{]kvXpX `mj-I-fmWv.
8. {Zmhn-U-`m-j-Iƒ. Xangv, sXep¶v, ae-bmfw, I¿Wm-SIw, Xpfp,
sImSIv, XpZh, tImS, tKmfiv, {_mlpbn F∂nh {ZmhnU `mjm-
h¿K-Øn¬ s]Sp∂p.
9. aebm˛t]mfn-t\-jy≥`m-j-Iƒ.
`mjm- S n- ÿ m- \ - Ø n- e p≈ h¿K- h n- ` - P \w Atß- b ‰w k¶o¿W-
amWv. AXn\v imkv{Xo-b-amb ASn-ÿm-\-sam-ń-√-Xm\pw.
ico-cm-IrXn
h¿Ko-I-c-W-Øn\v B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ kzoI-cn® as‰m-c-
h-ew_w ico-cm-Ir-Xn-bm-Ip∂p. tcmaw, \ndw, s]m°w, Xe-bp-sSbpw
aq°n-s‚bpw hep∏w apX-emb e£-W-ßsf Bkv]-Z-am°n am\-h-
cm-insb Ah¿ hnhn[ h¿K-ß-fmbn Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-°p∂p.
1. sImt°-jy≥ h¿K-ßƒ. Ch¿Xs∂ aq∂v D]-h¿K-ß-fp≠v.
i) t\m¿Un°v ii) B¬ss]≥ iii) a[y-[-cWn.
2. at¶mƒ: a™-\n-d-°m¿.
3. \ot{Km: Idp-Ø-h¿K-ßƒ.
sNºn® Xe-apSn, shfp-Ø-\ndw, \o≠- X-ebpw aq°pw, Db¿∂
icocw˛ Ch-bmWv t\m¿Un°p h¿K-ß-fpsS kmam\y e£-W-ßƒ.
t\m¿sh, kzoU≥, t]mf≠v, hS-°≥P¿a\n, sX°≥ djy F∂n-
hn-S-ß-fn-emWv Cu h¿K-ßsf km[m-cW ImWp-∂Xv.
shfpØ \ndw, Dcp≠ Xe F∂n-h-bmWv B¬ss]≥ h¿K-ß-
fpsS e£-W-ambn IW-°m-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv. kzn‰vk¿em≠v, sX°≥
P¿a\n, djy, {^m≥kv, hS-°≥ C‰en, t]¿jy, ]mao¿ ]oT-`qan
F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-emWv Cu h¿K-ßsf ImWpI.
Ccp-\ndw, IdpØ Xe-apSn, \o≠ Xe Ch-bs{X a[y-[-cWn
h¿K-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ. {]mNo\ kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw {Zmhn-U-
∑mcpw Cu h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-sW∂p ]d-bp∂p.
a™- \ ndw, Npcp- f mØ Xe- a pSn, Ipd- ™ - t cmaw, Dcp- ≠ - X e,
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Db¿∂ Ihn-sf-√p-Iƒ, ]c∂ apJw, a[y-a-amb Dbcw, Dd∏pw Iń-

bp-ap≈ icocw F∂n-h-bmWv a™-h¿K-ß-fpsS e£-W-ßƒ. lnam-
e-b-Øns‚ Z£n-W-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw No\ apX¬ Ata-cn-°-h-scbpw
Cu h¿K-ßsf ImWp∂p. Ata-cn-°-bnse sdUv-C≥Uy≥kv Cu
h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-Ip∂p.
68 C©v Dbcw, ]™n-t]m-se-bp≈ Xe-apSn, IdpØ \ndw, Dd®
icocw, \ofw Ipd™ Imep-Iƒ, \o≠ ssIIƒ, XSn®p tatem´p
aS-ßnb Np≠p-Iƒ, D¥nb s\‰n, ]c∂ aq°v F∂n-h-bs{X \ot{Km-
I-fpsS kmam\y e£-W-ßƒ. Ch-cn¬ c≠p {][m-\ -im-J-I-fp≠v.
Hcp Iq´sc B{^n-°-bnepw as‰ Iq´sc ate-jy-bnepw ImWp∂p.
F∂m¬, B{^n- ° - b n- e p- ≈ - h - c m- W s{X e£- W - s amØ bYm¿Y
\ot{Km-Iƒ. atejym \ot{Km-I-fpsS \ndw GXm≠v tNm°-sse‰pw
Dbcw a[ya-hp-amWv.14
B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ h¿K hn`-P-\-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-ambn
AwKo-I-cn® khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv C{Xbpw hnh-cn-®Xv. C\n as‰mcp
Xc-Ønepw P\-ßsf hn`-Pn°mw. aX-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn-ep-≈-XmWv B hn`-P\w.
aX-h¿K-ßƒ
Jp¿-B-\n¬ Nne aX-h¿K-ßsf FÆn-∏-d-™n-´p≠v. apA-van-\p-
Iƒ, apivcn-°p-Iƒ, blq-Z-∑m¿, km_n-Iƒ, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, aPq-
kn-Iƒ.
1. apA-van-\p-Iƒ: icn-bmb GI-ssZ-h-Xzhpw bYm¿Y-amb Hcp
ssZhn-I-{]-am-Whpw AwKo-I-cn®p Pohn°p-∂-h¿. Jp¿-Bs‚ Ah-
X-c-W-Im-eØv apl-Ω-Zv\_n (k) bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb apkvenw-
I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ch¿.
2. GI-ssZ-h-Xz-aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-Ø-hcpw, bmsXmcp ssZhnI {KŸ-
Øn-s‚bpw A\p-bm-bn-I-f-√m-Ø-h-cp-amb hn`mKw. Ch¿ Jp¿-Bs‚
`mj-bn¬ "apivcn-°p-Iƒ' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.
3. GI-ssZ-h-Xz-kn-≤m¥w AXns‚ km£m¬ A¿Y-Øn¬ AwKo-
I-cn-°p-Itbm icn-bmb, Ie¿∏n-√mØ Hcp Znhy-{]-amWw ssIhiw
hbv°p-Itbm sNøp-∂n-s√-¶nepw GtXm Xc-Øn-ep≈ GI-Xzhpw
Znhy-{]-am-Whpw AwKo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-h¿. Chsc Jp¿-B≥ "Alvep¬
InXm_v' (thZ-°m¿) F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Jp¿-B≥ Ah-X-
cn® ImeØv C°q-´-Øn¬ s]´ \mep hn`m-K-ß-fmWv cwK-Øp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂Xv.
i) blq-Z-∑m¿. Ch¿ ss__nƒ ]gb \nb-a-Øns‚ ]mc-º-cym-h-
Im-in-I-fmWv.
ii) {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ. Ch¿ ss__nƒ ]pXnb \nb-a-Øn¬ hniz-
kn-°p-∂-h-cmWv. F∂m¬ PqX-∑m¿ Dssk¿ (b{km) ssZh-]p-{X-
\m-sW∂pw, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ tbip-{InkvXp ssZh-]p-{X-\m-sW∂pw
hmZn-°p-∂-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ Btcm-]n-®n-´p≠v. AXp-sIm≠v _lp-ssZ-
h-hm-Z-]-c-amb hnizm-km-Nm-c-ßƒ h®p-]p-e¿Øp-∂-h-sc-¶nepw, Hcp
thZw AwKo-I-cn-®-h-cm-sW-¶n¬ Ah¿ thZ-°m-cm-sW∂p hcp∂p.
iii) km_n-Iƒ. Ch¿ \qlp-\-_n-bp-sSbpw ioYp-\-_n-bp-sSbpw
ico- A - Ø n¬ hniz- k n- ° p- ∂ - X mbn Ah- I m- i - s ∏- S p∂p. {]kn≤
apkvenw Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb C_v\p-∂Zow At±-l-Øns‚ "A¬^n-
{lkvXn'¬ Ch-cpsS hnizm-km-Nm-c-ß-sf-∏‰n kpZo¿L-ambn {]Xn-
]m-Zn® Iq´-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂p: ""C_vdm-low-\_n (A)bpsS
apºp≈ \qlp-\_n (A) bpsSbpw ioYp-\_n (A)bpsSbpw A\p-
bm-bn-I-fmWv Xß-sf∂v km_n-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. ioYns‚ aX-
{KŸw Ah-cpsS hi-ap≠v. AXn¬ [m¿anI Imcy-ß-fmWv {]Xn-]m-
Zn-®n-´p-≈Xv.''15
iv) aPq-kn-Iƒ. kpcXpjv{Ss‚ A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw "AshkvX'bn¬
hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-cp-amb ]pcm-X\ Cdm-\n-I-fm-Wn-h¿. Cdm-\n-b≥`m-
j-bn¬ ]ptcm-ln-X\v "aKv' F∂pw "aKmKv' F∂pw ]d-bp∂p. Ad-
_n-bn¬ KIm-c-an√. AXn-\m¬ aKm-Kns\ Ad-_n-Iƒ "aPqkv' F∂p-
®- c n®p. Jp¿- B ≥ Ah- X - c n® ImeØv aPq- k n- I ƒ "Zzµz-
hmZn'[Ditheists]Ifm-bn-cp∂p. AXm-bXv, \∑-bpsS i‡n-bmb {]Im-
i-Ønepw Xn∑-bpsS i‡n-bmb A‘-Im-c-Ønepw hniz-kn-°p-∂-
h¿. {]Im- i - i - ‡ n°v "Alp- c - a kv Z v ' F∂pw A‘- I m- c - i - ‡ n°v
"Alvdo-am≥' F∂p-amWv Ah¿ ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv. Alp-c-a-kvZns‚
{]Xo-I-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ "A·n'sb Ah¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂p.
c≠mw Jeo^ Da-dp-_v\p¬ JØm_n (d)s‚ `c-W-Im-eØv
Cdm≥ Ckvem-an-I-cm-jv{S-Øns‚ Hcp `mK-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. aPq-kn-Isf
Fßs\ hne-bn-cp-Ø-W-sa∂pw Ah-cp-ambn Fßs\ h¿Øn-°-W-
sa∂pw Jeo-^°v a\- n-em-bn√. a‰p \_n-in-jy-∑m-tcmSv At\z-jn®p.
XZ- h - k cw A_v Z p¿d- l v a m- \ n_v \ p Hu^v (d) Cßs\ ]d™p:
""Alvep¬In-Xm_n (thZ-ap-≈-h¿ )t\mSp≈ AtX \b-hn-tijw aPq-
kn-t\mSpw A\p-h¿Øn-°p-I-sb∂p dkq¬ (k) Xncp-ta\n Acp-fn-
bXv Rm≥ tI´p F∂n-Xm -km£yw hln-°p∂p!''16 Camw im^n-
Cu-bs{X Cu kw`-h-Øns‚ D≤m-c-I≥. C{]-Imcw Xs∂ aPq-kn-
Iƒ thZ-°m-cmWv F∂v Dadn(d)s\ Aen-øp_v\p A_o-Xm-en_v
(d) DW¿Øn-b-Xmbn as‰mcp dnt∏m¿´pw ImWmw.17 Npcp-°-Øn¬,
Jp¿-B-\nI ho£-W-Øn¬ aq∂p aX-hn-`m-K-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv: 1. apA-
van-\p-Iƒ 2. Alvep¬ InXm_v 3. apivcn-°p-Iƒ. Alvep¬ InXm_v
(th-Z-°m¿) \mep -hn-`m-K-amWv: PqX-∑m¿, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, km_n-
Iƒ, aPqkv. Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""apA-van-\p-Iƒ (bYm¿Y- hn-izm-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
kn-Iƒ), blq-Z-∑m¿, km_n-Iƒ, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, aPqkv (kpc-Xp-

jv{S-a-X-°m¿), apivcn-°p-Iƒ (hn{K-l-]q-P-I-∑m¿) F∂o hn`m-K-
ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]p\-cp-∞m\ Znhkw A√mlp icn-bmb Xocp-am\w
I¬]n-°p-∂-XmWv. k¿h-km-£n-bs{X A√mlp!''18
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. Jp¿-B≥ 5 :18
2. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 56
3. United Nations Bulletin Vol. ix, No.3
4. EtKzZw aWvUew 10, kq‡w 90, E 5, 11, 12 t\m°pI.
5. KoX, ⁄m\-I¿a k\ym-k-tbmKw t«mIw 13
6. Jp¿-B≥ 49: 13
7. D¬]Øn 6: 13
8. Ibid 7: 23, 24
9. iXm-_vZ-ßƒ°-∏p-d-Øp-\n-∂p≈ i_vZ-ßƒ t]Pv 86, 87
10. DXv]Øn 8: 4
11. X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 2, t]Pv 193 t\m°pI.
12. C{Xbpw hnh-c-ßƒ°v DXv]Øn 9, 10, 25 F∂o A[ym-b-ßƒ t\m°pI.
13. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 1, t]Pv 105, 106
14. temI-N-cn{Xw hmfyw 1, t]Pv 58˛-64 t\m°pI.
15. D≤-cWw: A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 2, t]Pv 195,196
16. ap≥X-J¬ AJv_m¿ by A_vZp- -em-an-_v\p-ssX-anb, _m_p¬Pnkvbx
17. ss\ep¬ HuØm¿ hmfyw 8, t]Pv 57 t\m°pI.
18. Jp¿-B≥ 22: 17
A[ymbw F´v
kn‘p-XS kwkvImcw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ BZn-a-in¬]n-Iƒ Bcy-∑m-cm-sW∂pw
B P\-h¿K-Øns‚ BK-a-\-Øn\p apºv C¥y-s°mcp \mK-cnI Ncn-
{X-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑-m¿s°mcp [mc-W-bp-≠m-bn-
cp∂p. F∂m¬ Cu \q‰m-≠ns‚ XrXo-b-Z-i-I-Øn¬ ]©m-_n-s‚bpw
kn- ‘ n- s ‚bpw Nne `mK- ß - f n¬ \S∂ DXv J \\ Kth- j Ww
{]kvXpX [mcW A∏Sn A_-≤-am-sW∂pw Bcy-∑m-cp-tS-Xn-s\-°mƒ
]ptcm-K-an-®Xpw hf¿® {]m]n-®-Xp-amb Hcp \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS DS-a-I-
fm-bn-cp∂p `mc-Xo-b-sc∂pw Ak-µn-Kv[-amw-hn[w sXfn-bn-°p-I-bp-
≠mbn. {]kvXpX \mK-cn-I-X-bmWv "kn‘p XS-kw-kvImcw' F∂
t]cn-\m¬ C∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
taml≥P-Zm-tdmbpw lc-∏bpw
Idm-®n-bpsS hS°v GXm≠v Ccp-\qdv \mgnI AIse ÿnXn-
sN-øp∂ Hcp ÿe-amWv taml≥P-Zmtdm. emtlm-dn¬\n∂v Dt±iw
\qdp-\m-gnI sX°v lc-∏bpw InS-°p∂p. taml≥P-Zmtdm kn‘p-\-
Zn-bpsS ]Sn-™m-dp-`m-KØpw lc∏ cmhn-\-Zn-bpsS Ing°p `mK-Øp-
amWv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv. lc-∏-bn¬\n∂pw A©m-dp-\m-gnI AI-e-
ØmWv cmhn-\Zn C∂p-≈-sX-¶nepw ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv ]´-W-Øns‚
\∂ ASp-Øp-Iq-Sn-bmWv AXv Hgp-In-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v hnZ-Kv[-∑m¿ A`n-
{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠m-h-W-at√m ]´W \n¿am-W-Øn\v B
ÿew A∂v Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv. lc-∏-bpsSbpw taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bp-
sSbpw CS°v GI-tZiw \m\qdp \mgnI Zqcw ImWpw.
acn-®-h-cpsS taSv F∂s{X taml≥P-Zmtdm F∂ hm°n-\¿Yw.
taml≥P-Zmtdm, lc∏ F∂o t]cp-Iƒ C∂sØ \nhm-kn-Iƒ C´-
h-bmWv. Ah-bpsS {]mNo\ \ma-ßƒ Adn-b-s∏-ń-ń√. kn‘n¬
em¿°m\m Pn√-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ taml≥P-Zm-tdmbpw ]›na
]©m-_n¬ tam≠vtKm-adn Unkv{Sn-IvSn-ep≈ lc∏bpw 1947 apX¬
]mIn-kvXms‚ AXn¿Øn-°p-≈n-em-sW∂ kwKXn ChnsS kvac-Wo-
b- a mWv . Ah c≠pw C∂p ]´- W - ß - f √; tIhew {Kma- ß - f mWv .
F∂m¬ B {Kmaß- f nse taSp- I ƒ c≠p ]pcm- X \ \mK- c n- I - X -
Iƒ°p km£yw hln-°p∂p.
1922˛-1927 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ B c≠p taSp-I-fn¬ \S-Ø-s∏´ DXv-
J\\ Kth-jWw hgn AXn-{]m-No-\-amb c≠p \K-c-ß-fpsS Ncn{Xw
shfn-®Øp sIm≠p-h-c-s∏´p. DXvJ-\-\-Øn¬ D]-e-_v[-amb Ah-
in-jvS-ß-sf-°p-dn® hnZKv[-amb ]cy-th-£-W-amWv ChnsS kw£n-
]vX-ambn ]I¿Øp-hm-\p-t±-in-°p-∂Xv.
\K-ck
- w-hn-[m\w
Ccp-ÿ-e-ß-fnepw ]´-W-ß-fnepw H∂n≥aosX as‰m-∂mbn ]Wn-
Xp-h-∂-Xns‚ e£-Wßƒ J\-\-Øn¬ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p≠v. taml≥P-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Zm-tdm-bn¬ GXm≠v HºXv "AS-°p-Iƒ' AYhm "\ne-Iƒ' CXp-

hsc Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p. Hmtcm AS-°nepw \K-c-\n¿am-Wm-h-in-
jvS-ß-fp≠v. lc-∏-bn-em-Is´, Bdp \ne-Iƒ Is≠Øn. Hmtcm ]´-
Whpw \in®p aä-d-™-tijw AXns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ß-fpsS apI-
fn¬ ho≠pw ]pXp-Xmbn \K-c-\n¿amWw sNbvXn-cn-°-bmWv.
taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bn-sebpw lc-∏-bn-sebpw \K-c-ßƒ°v Htc Xc-
Øn-ep≈ πm\mWv ImWp-∂Xv. c≠n-s‚bpw ]Sn-™m-dp-`mKw tIm´-
bpsS BIr-Xn-bn¬ sI-ń-bp-b¿Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p. tIm´-bpsS sX°p-
h-S-°p≈ \ofw kpam¿ 500 hmcbpw, Ing-°p-]-Sn-™m-dp≈ hoXn
GXm≠v 300 hmc-bp-amWv. tIm´-Øfw, Np‰p-ap≈ ka-X-e-Øn¬\n∂v
GI-tZiw Bdm-fpsS s]m°-Øn-emWv. CjvSn-I-sIm-≠mWv tIm´-
sI-ń-S-ßƒ ]Sp-Øn-´p-≈Xv. shbn-en¬ DW-°n-bXpw Nqf-bn¬ Nps´-
Sp-ØXpw˛Aßs\ c≠p hn[-Øn-ep-ap≠v CjvSn-I-Iƒ. Nne sIń-S-
ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ I≠m¬ Ah- tZ-hm-e-b-ßtfm s]mXp-k-
tΩ-f\ ÿe-ßtfm Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂p tXm∂pw. \nc-h[n XqWp-I-
fp≈ Hcp afi]w J\-\-Øn¬ ImWmbn. Ch-sbm∂pw kzIm-cy-
amb Bhiyw ap≥\n¿Øn ]Wn-X-Xm-hm≥ Xc-an-s√-∂s{X hnZ-Kv[m-
`n-{]mbw.
tIm´-bpsS \n¿am-W-coXn IqSp-X¬ hy‡-ambn a\- n-em-°p-hm≥
km[n-®Xv lc-∏-bn-emWv. 45 ASn I\-Øn¬, NpSmØ CjvSn-I-sIm≠v
tIm´-a-Xn¬ sIń-s∏m-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p. AXn-\p-]p-dta, Np´ CjvSn-I-
sIm≠v Bdv ASn I\-Øn¬ aXn¬ aqSn-bn-´p≠v. aXn-ens‚ apI-fn¬
CS-°n-S°v Xf-ßƒ ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. ]´m-f-°m¿°n-cp∂v Bbp-[-
{]-tbmKw \S-Øp-hm≥th-≠n-bm-hWw Aßs\ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-
≈Xv. tIm´-°Iw 20-˛25 ASn Db¿Øn-bn-cp∂p.
tIm´-bpsS hSs° aXn-en\p t\sc ]pd-Ømbn c≠p hcn- ho-Sp-
Iƒ ImWp∂p. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sS "Iqen sse≥' t]mse-tXm∂pw.
Hmtcm hoSn\pw Cuc≠p apdn-Iƒ. F√m hoSn-s‚bpw \n¿am-W-coXn
H∂p-Xs∂. Ah ]Øp-]-Xn-\m-sdÆw ImWpw. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS
{]kvXpX Iqen-sse-\n-\-SpØv [m\yw tiJ-cn-®p-h-bv°p-hm≥ DX-Ip-
am-dp≈ henb ]Øm-b-ßƒ; As√-¶n¬ \ne-h-d-Iƒ D≠v. \ne-Øp-
\n∂v kz¬]w Db¿Øn-s°-ńb XnÆ-I-fn-emWv B Ad-Iƒ. XnÆ°v
Dt±iw 200 ASn \ofhpw 150 ASn hoXnbpw ImWpw. AXn-\-SpØv
CjvSn-I-sIm-≠p≈ XnÆ-Iƒ thsd-bp-ap≠v. hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n¿an-
X-amb Ch°v GXm≠v 10 ASn hymk-ap≠v. Hmtcm XnÆ-bp-sSbpw
a[y-Øn¬ acwsIm≠p≈ henb Dc¬ h®n-cp-∂-Xmbn tXm∂pw. Ad-
I-fn¬ tiJ-cn-®n-cp∂ [m\yw -s]m-Sn-®p-≠m-°m-\p≈ k÷o-I-c-W-
am-bn-cp-∂n-cn°mw AXv. Aßs\ Hmtcm hcn-bnepw Bdm-dmbn c≠p-
hcn-bn¬ ]{¥≠p ]Øm-b-ßƒ ImW-s∏´p. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw \ofw
50 ASnbpw hoXn 20 ASn-bp-amWv. taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bnse tIm´-bv°-
IØpw CtX- co-Xn-bnepw hep-∏-Øn-ep-ap≈ ]Øm-b-ßƒ D≠m-bn-
cp∂p.
tIm´-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-bv°-I-Øp≈ ]Øm-b-ß-fp-sSbpw a‰pw
kmZr-iy-Øn-¬\n∂v Hcp kwKXn A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv: taml≥P-
Zm-tdm-bn-sebpw lc-∏-bn-sebpw `c-W-t\-XrXzw Htc lkvX-Øn-
emWv ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂Xv. `c-W-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿ Cu tIm´-Iƒ°-
I-ØmWv hkn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂pw Duln-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. sXmgn-em-
fn-Isf Ah¿ ka¿Y-ambn \nb-{¥n-®n-cp∂p.
{]kvXpX tImf-\n-°-IØv sIm√≥, aqimcn apX-emb teml-∏-
Wn-°m-cpsS De-I-fp-sSbpw Nqf-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-ti-j-ßƒ Is≠-
Øn-bn-´p≠v. ]´-W-hm-kn-Iƒ°v Pohn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ B km{am-Py-
Øn¬ [mcmfw [m\yw Irjn-sN-tø-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p. lc-∏≥ km{am-
Py-Øn¬ hºn® tXmXn¬ Irjn \S-∂n-cp∂p. tKmXºpw bh-hp-am-
bn- c n- ° Ww Xt±- i o- b - c psS km[m- c W `£y- h n- ` - h - ß ƒ. sNºp-
sIm≠pw ]n®-f-sIm-≠p-ap≈ Irjn-bp-]-I-c-W-ßƒ [mcmfw J\-\-
Øn¬ Is≠-Øn-´p≠v. [m\yw am{X-a√ Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv;
a’yhpw tImgn, BSv , ]∂n, ]ip BZn- b m- b - h - b psS amwkhpw
Ah¿°v ]Yym-lm-c-am-bn-cp∂p. Ch-bpsS Nn”-ßfpw F√p-Ifpw
Ahn-sS-\n∂v I≠p-In-´p-I-bp-≠mbn. B\, \mb, ]q®, ]q™-bp-
≈Xpw ]q™-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-amb Imen-Iƒ, IgpX F∂o P¥p-°fpw
lc-∏m-km-{am-Py-hm-kn-Iƒ°v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂p. AhnsS \n∂v
Is≠-SpØ ap{Z-I-fn¬ Ah-bpsS Nn{X-ßƒ ImWp∂p. h\y-ar-K-
ß-fn¬ I≠m-arKw, Imń, IcSn, am≥, ]pen F∂n-hbpw Ah-cpsS
]cn-Nn-X-hr-Ø-Øn¬\n∂p ]pd-Ø-√m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-bpsS Nn{X-ßƒ
Ahn- s S- \ n∂p Inńb ap{Z- I - f nepw ]m{X- ß - f nepw ImWp- ∂ p≠v .
IqSmsX, {]kvXpX Pohn-I-fpsS F√n≥I-jW-ßfpw Is≠-Øn-bn-
´p-≈-Xmbn J\-\m[n-Ir-X¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p.
Ir{Xna Ipfhpw Ipfn-ap-dn-Ifpw
taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bnepw lc-∏-bnepw s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°p- Ip-fn-°p-
hm-\p≈ Ipf-ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p≠v. Kth-j-I-
∑m-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬ Ah-bmWv G‰hpw IuXp-I-I-c-am-bn-´p-≈Xv.
ASnbpw \mep-`m-K-ßfpw sh≈w tNm¿∂p t]mhm-Ø-hn[w `{Z-ambn
AS-®n-cp∂p. lc-∏-bnse Pem-i-b-Øn\v 39 ASn \ofhpw (sX°p-h-
S°v) 23 ASn hoXnbpw Np‰p-ap≈ Xf-Øn¬\n∂v 8 ASn Bg-hp-
ap≠v. Cd-ßp-hm≥ CjvSn-I-sIm≠v ]SpØ ]Sn-Iƒ. Ah sX°p-`m-
KØpw hS-°p-`m-K-Øp-ap≠v. ]Sn-I-fn-t∑¬ ]e-I-Iƒ ]Xn-®n-cp∂p.
Pn]vkw (Gypsum ) πmÃdn¬ IpØs\ \nc-Ønb, Nqf-bn¬ Np´
CjvSnI Hcp \nc∏v, AXn\v Xmsg Hcn-©p-I-\-Øn¬ ]c-Ønb I∑Zw,
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
AXn\pw Xmsg Hcp-\n-c∏p Np´ CjvSnI, AXn\v Iosg NpSmØ

CjvSnI˛Cß-s\-bmWv Ipf-Øns‚ ASn-Ø´v \n¿an-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.
sh≈w eh- t eiw tNm¿∂p- t ]m- h m- X n- c n- t °- ≠ - X n\mhWw C{X
sIt¶-a-ambn AXp hnXm-\n-®n-´p-≈Xv. ASnØń-s\-∂-t]mse \mep-
`m-K-Øp≈ `nØn-Iƒ°pw tNm¿® XSbm\p≈ `{Z-amb G¿∏m-Sp≠v.
Ipf-Øns‚ sX°p-]-Sn-™m-dp-aq-e-bn¬, ASn-bn¬IqSn NoØ
sh≈w Hgp- ° n- ° - f - b m- \ p≈ henb Agp- ° p- N m- e p≠v . AXns‚
hmbv`m-K-Øn\v 6 ASn Bgw I≠p. Agp-°p-Nm-ens‚ ta¬`mKw
GXm≠v Iam-\m-Ir-Xn-bn¬ CjvSn-I-sIm≠p aqSn-bn-´p≠v. Ipf-Øns‚
Np‰pw hnim-e-amb Xf-amWv. AXns‚ aq∂p `mK-ß-fnepw Ipfn-ap-dn-
Iƒ hcn-h-cn-bm-bn-\n¬°p∂p. Hmtcm Ipfn-ap-dn°p 9 1/4 ASn \ofhpw
6 ASn AI- e - h p- a p≠v . AXn¬\n∂v Aip- ≤ - P ew ]pd- t Ø°v
sIm≠pt]mhm- \ p≈ Hmhp- N m- e p≠v . Ipf- Ø n- \ - S p- Ø p- X - s ∂- b p≈
sXcp-ho-Yn-bn¬ CtX coXn-bn-ep≈ thsd c≠p-hcn Ipfn-ap-dn-Iƒ
ImWmw. Hmtcm Ipfn-ap-dn-bn¬\n∂pw tase \ne-bn-te°v Ib-dn-t∏m-
Im-\p≈ CjvSn-I-sIm≠p ]SpØ tImh-Wn-∏-Sn-I-fp≠v. Hcp Ipfn-ap-
dn-bn¬\n∂p t\m°n-bm¬ FXn-sc-bp≈ Ipfn-ap-dn-bn-te°v ImWm≥
]‰mØ hn[-Øn-emWv hmXn-ep-Iƒ h®n-cp-∂Xv. henb Ipf-Øn-te°p
sh≈w \nd-®n-cp-∂Xv sX°p `mKØv Hcp -ap-dn-bn-ep≈, Cc´ CjvSn-
I-s°-´p-I-tfmSp IqSnb Hcp InW-‰n¬\n-∂mWv. aX-kw-_-‘-amb
F{Xbpw {][m-\-s∏´ {Inb-Iƒ°mWv {]kvXpX Ipfw lc-∏-∑m¿
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂p hnZ-Kv[-∑m¿ A\p-am-\n-°p∂p.
taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bnse Ipf-Øns‚ ÿnXnbpw GXm-≠n-ß-s\-
X-s∂-bmWv. Ipf-Øn\p Np‰pw ap‰w; ap‰-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-KØpw
tImem-b-Iƒ; tImem-b-I-fpsS ]nd-In¬ Np‰pw Ipfn-ap-dn-Iƒ; Ipfn-
ap- d n- I - f n¬ Nne- X n¬ Bhn- s Im≠p hnb¿∏n®p Ipfn- ° p- h m- \ p≈
G¿∏m-Sp-Ifpw ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn.
]´-W-Ønse sXcp-ho-Yn-Iƒ icn°v Ing-°p-]-Sn-™mdpw sX°p-
h-S-°p-ambn InS-°p∂p. hen-b-Xn\v GXm≠v 30 ASn hoXn-bp≠v.
CXp IqSmsX hoXn Ipd™ hgn-Ifpw CS-h-gn-Ifpw [mcm-f-ap≠v.
icn°p πm≥sNbvXv \n¿an-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p {]kvXpX \K-c-ßƒ F∂
Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√.
hoSp-Iƒ
taml≥P-Zmtdm Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ GI-tZiw Hcp NXp-c{i \mgnI
]c-∂p-In-S-°p∂p. hoSp-Iƒ [mcm-f-ap≠v. A[n-Ihpw Ccp-\n-e-sI-ń-S-
ß-fmWv. Nqf-bn¬ Np´ CjvSnI sIm≠mWv hoSp-Iƒ ]Wn-Xn-cp-
∂Xv. Nne hoSp-I-fpsS D≈n¬ \Sp-ap-‰hpw \Sp-ap-‰-Øn\p Np‰p-ambn
ASp-°f, Ie-hd, Ipfn-apdn apX-em-b-hbpw ImWmw. InW¿ F√m
hoń-ep-ap≠v. amfn-I-ap-I-fn¬ \n∂v Ipg-ep-Iƒ h-gn-°mWv aen-\-sh≈w
Iogvt]m´p sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp-∂Xv. Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰p-ap≈ Aip-
≤-Pew ASn-bn-ep≈ Agp-°p-Nm-ep-Iƒ hgn sXcp-ho-Yn-bnse henb
Hmhp-Nm-ep-I-fn¬ sN∂p-tN-cp∂p. ASn-°m´v apX-emb N∏p-N-h-dp-Iƒ
\nt£-]n-°m≥ Hmtcm hoSn-s‚bpw ASpØv {]tXy-I-]m{Xw h®n-´p-
≠m-bn-cp∂p. Agp-°p-Nm-ep-Iƒ hrØn-bm-°m-\p≈ G¿∏m-Sp-I-fp-ap-
≠m-bn-cp∂p.
lc-∏-bnse henb sIń-S-ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ hnZKv[-]-cn-
tim-[-\°v hnt[-b-ambn. Ah-bn¬ G‰hpw hep-Xn\v 169 ASn \ofhpw
135 ASn hoXn-bp-ap≠v. Nqf-°v-h® CjvSn-I-Iƒ Xs∂-bmWv {]kvXpX
sIń-S-\n¿am-W-Øn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. CjvSn-I-Iƒ Bh-iym-\p-
krXw hnhn[ BIr-Xn-bn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Ipfn-ap-dn-Ifpw
I°q-kp-Ifpw InW-dp-Ifpw hoSp-Iƒ°-I-Øp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. Nne
hoSp-I-fn¬ Itk-c-bn-se-∂-t]mse Ccp-∂p-]-tbm-Kn-∏m≥ ]‰p∂ I°q-
kp-Ifpw ImW-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn. Kth-j-I-\mb hoe¿ Ahsb Built
in seat Latrines F∂mWv h¿Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.
t`Z-s∏´ hoSp-I-fn¬ \Sp-ap-‰-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-™p-ht√m.
\Sp- a p- ‰ - Ø n\p Np‰pw ]e hep- ∏ - Ø n- e p≈ apdn- I - f p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p.
F∂m¬ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS hoSp-Iƒs°√mw Htc BIr-Xn-bmWv
ImW-s∏-´Xv. Hmtcm hoSn\pw 20 ASn \ofhpw 12 ASn hoXn-bp-ap≈
Cuc≠p apdn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. `nØ-nI-fpsS L\w ]cn-tim-[n-®-h¿°v
Ahbv°p apI-fn¬ amfnI ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øm≥ hgn-bn-s√-∂mWv a\-
n-em-bXv. Ipfn-ap-dn-Iƒ sXmgn-emfn `h-\-ßƒ°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah-
bn¬\n∂v sh≈w Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Hgp-°m≥ X°-hn[w, CjvSn-I-sIm≠p
]SpØ Im\-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-Øn¬
Ipfn°pw Ipfn-ap-dn°pw \evI-s∏´ {]m[m\yw k¿h{X hy‡-am-bn-
cp∂p.
tZl-{]-Ir-Xnbpw thj-`q-jm-Zn-Ifpw
{]kvXpX Krl-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ P\-ßƒ ImgvN-bn¬ Fß-
s\-bp-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p? Ah-cpsS apJ-`mhw, hep∏w, hkv{X-[m-c-W-
coXn F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ F¥p kqNn-∏n-°p∂p?
A∂sØ ivaim-\-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-]-e-_v[-amb Aÿn-Iƒ ssk-
‘-h-∑m-cpsS hep∏w Ipdn-°p∂p. ]m{X-ß-fnepw Npa-cp-I-fnepw a‰pw
Nn{X-Ww-sNbvX cq]-ßƒ, ]mh-Iƒ F∂nh Ah-cpsS apJm-Ir-Xn-
bn-te°p shfn®w hoip∂p. AXp-t]mse Ah-cpsS thj-`q-jW
k{º- Z m- b - s Øbpw kmam- \ y- h ¿W- t Øbpw Ae- ¶ m- c - c o- X n- s bbpw
kw_-‘n® kqN-\bpw B Nn{X-ß-fn¬\n∂v e_v[-am-hp∂p.
\√ \mkn-I-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXpw kzev]-sam∂p \o≠-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p
ssk-‘-h-∑m-cpsS apJm-IrXn. Nn{X-ß-fn¬ Ahsc ImWp-∂Xv Ipd-
s®mcp Xhn-´p-\n-d-Øn-emWv. apSn Idp-Ø-Xp-Xs∂. A[n-I-Iqdpw Iri-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Km-{X-cmWv. ]pcp-j-∑m¿ km[m-cW XmSn hf¿ØpI ]Xn-hmWv. Ah-

cpsS Xe-apSn ]nd-tIm´p hen-®p-sI-ń-bn-cp∂p. hnNn-{X-amb Xp∂-∏-
Wn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb (Embroidery) Hcp Xcw DSp-∏mWv Ah¿ [cn-®n-cp-
∂Xv. ]t£, heØp tXmƒ aqSn-bn-cp-∂n√. taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bn¬\n∂v
Is≠-SpØ Hcp amhp-I√p {]Xn-a-bn¬ ¢mh¿ AS-bm-f-ßƒ \nd™
Hcp-Ø-cobw ImWp∂p. B a\p-jy-{]-Xn-a-bpsS hesØ tXmƒ ad-
®n-cp-∂n√.
Iq´-Øn¬ ]d-bs´: ¢mh¿ saskm-s]m-tánb, {Io‰v apX-emb
{]mNo\ kwkv-Im-c-ß-fn¬ hfsc ]mh-\-ambn Icp-X-s∏-ń-cp∂ Hcp
Nn”-amWv. kn‘p \Zo-X-S-hm-kn-Ifpw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-°mcpw
XΩn¬ ASpØ _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xp∂ \nco-£-I-∑m-
cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv {]kvXpX Nn”w.
ssk-‘-h-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS Xe-apSn ]e cq]-Ønepw HXp-°n-sh-
®n-cp-∂p-sh∂p a\- n-em-Ip∂p. Nne¿ XmSnbpw Xe-ap-Snbpw I{Xn®v,
aoi ]s‰ hSn-®p-I-f-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. XmSn \osf hf¿Øp-Ibpw aoi
hSn-®p-I-f-bp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Cu ^mj≥ ]pcm-X\ kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw
kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn hnZ-Kv[≥am¿ {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p. kv{XoIƒ Xß-
fpsS Xe-apSn Hcp-≠-t]m-em°n, ]nºp-dØv \mS sIm≠v sIń-sh-
°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Xnhv. apSn NoIn an\p-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v B\-
s°m-ºp-sIm≠pw a‰p-ap≈ No¿∏p-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. sNºp-X-InSp
tX®p sXfn-bn®v IÆm-Sn-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p.
AØcw hm¬°-Æm-Snbpw £uc-°-Ønbpw J\-\-Øn¬ D]-e-_v[-
am-bn-´p≠v.
kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-I-fpsS B`-c-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®v AhnsS \n∂p
Inńb Nn{X-ßfpw ]mh-Ifpw Nne hnh-c-ßƒ \¬In-bn-´p≠v. aq∂pw
\mepw Cg-I-fp-≈ ame-Iƒ, hf-Iƒ F∂nh Ah-bn¬ {]m[m\yw
A¿ln-°p∂p. kz¿Ww sIm≠pw sh≈n-sIm-≠p-ap≈ aq°p-Øn-Iƒ,
tamXn-c-ßƒ, IS-I-ßƒ, ame-Iƒ F∂nh DXvJ-\-\-Øn¬ Inń-bn-
´p≠v. Cg-Iƒ IqSp-X-ep-≈ ame-Iƒ sI´p-]n-W-bm-Xn-cn-∏m-\mbn CS-
°n-S°p ]Sn-Iƒ h®p ]nSn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. ame-I-fn¬ kz¿W-a-Wn-Iƒ°p-
]p-dta, cXv\-ßfpw ]Xn-®n-cp∂p. AZv`p-X-I-c-am-bn-cp∂p B`-c-W-ß-
fpsS ]Wn-Øcw. taml≥P-Zmtdm J\-\-K-th-j-W-Øns‚ Ub-c-
IvS¿P-\-d-em-bn-cp∂ k¿ tPm¨ am¿j¬ 1934˛mam-≠n¬ Fgp-Xnb
]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Ahsb Cßs\ h¿Wn-®n-´p≠v: ""Cu B`-c-W-ßƒ
Aøm-bncw kwh-’-c-ßƒ°p ap≥]p-≠m-°n-b-h-b√, e≠≥ ]´-W-
Ønse {]ap-J-cmb B`-c-W-in¬]n-Iƒ C∂p-≠m-°n-b-h-bm-sW∂p
tXm∂n-t∏m-Ip∂p!''
B`-c-W-ß-fpsS a´pw ]In´pw A{X-tbsd B[p-\n-I-am-bn-cn-°p-
∂p-sh∂p kmcw. B`-c-W-ßfpw hkv{X-ßfpw `wKn-bmbn AWn-
bm\pw apSn hm¿∂p sIń-bn-Sm\pw Iä-jn-sb-gp-Xm\pw kn‘p XS-
hm-kn\n-I-fmb kv{XoIƒ°v \∂m-b-dn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p. AØcw Bh-
iy-Øn-\m-hWw Ah¿ sNºp IÆm-Sn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv.
Ifn-t°m-∏p-Iƒ
Ipń-Iƒ°p Ifn-°m-\p≈ tIm∏p-≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬ kn‘p XS-hm-
kn-Iƒ {i≤m-ep-°-fm-bn-cp∂p. ]mh-Iƒ, arK-cq-]-ßƒ, tKmń-Iƒ,
Ifn- a ¨h- ≠ n- I ƒ, Ipc- ß p- I ƒ, Inep- ° - I ƒ, ]£n- c q- ] - Ø n- e p≈
]o∏n-Iƒ Aßs\ [mcmfw Ifn-∏m-´-ßƒ lc-∏-bn¬\n∂p Is≠-
SpØn--´p≠v. Ch IqSmsX thsd A\-h[n a¨{]-Xn-a-Ifpw D]-e-_v[-
am-bn-cn-°p∂p. F√mw Ifn-∏m-´-am-hm≥ Xc-an-s√∂pw Nne-sX-¶nepw
tZh-X-I-fp-tS-Xm-h-W-sa-∂p-amWv Nne Kth-j-I-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw.
lc-∏-bn¬\n∂p Inńb Hcp kv{Xocq-]-Øn-t∑¬ ImWp∂ Ac-™m-
Wp-Iƒ Ncn-{X-Im-e-Øp-≠m-°nb an° inev]-ß-fnepw ImWm-\p-
s≠∂p hnZ- K v [ - ∑ m¿ ]d- b p∂p. A°m- e sØ Ae- ¶ m- c - s sien
]nev°m-e-ß-fnepw XpS¿∂ph∂p-sh-∂mWv CXn-\¿Yw.
HmSp-sIm≠v hm¿sØ-SpØ Hcp \¿Ø-In-bpsS {]Xna taml≥P-
Zmtdm in¬]-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ khn-tij {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p.
B \¿ØIn tIhew \·- b mWv . Ah- f psS CSsØ Iøn- t ∑¬
tXmƒ apX¬ aWn- ° ≠w hsc hf- b n- ´ n- ´ p≠v . BZn- h m- k n- h ¿K-
Øn¬s∏´ Hcp Zmkn-bpsS Nn{Xo-I-c-W-amhmw B {]Xn-a-sb∂p Nne¿
A\p-am-\n-°p∂p. CtX amXncn hf-I-f-Wn™ a¨{]-Xn-a-Iƒ _eq-
Nn-kvXm-\nse Ip√n-]-´Ww J\\w sNbvX-t∏mgpw Inń-bn-´p≠v.
t£{Xhpw tZhm-eb
- hpw
taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bn¬ t£{Xtam Bcm-[-\m-e-btam Cs√-∂m-bn-
cp∂p AhnsS BZyw J\\w \S-Øn-b-h-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. tUmIvS¿
hoe¿ ÿew ho≠pw ]cn-tim-[n-®-t∏mƒ Ahn-SsØ henb sIńSw
Hcp t£{X-am-bn-cn-°m-sa∂v Duln®p. B sI-ń-S-Øn¬\n∂pw ]cn-
k-c-Øp-\n-∂p-amWv \nc-h[n in¬]-ßƒ e`n-®Xv. B FSp-∏ns‚
\ofw Aº-Øn-c≠v ASnbpw hoXn \mev]-X-Snbpw Npa-cns‚ I\w
\mev ASn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. c≠v ]Sn-hm-Xn-ep-Ifpw Ah-bn-te°v Ib-dn-
s®-√p-hm-\mbn hnkvXm-c-Øn-ep≈ c≠p -]-Sn-Ifpw AXn-\p≠v. {]th-
i-\-Zzmcw IS-∂m¬ hnim-e-amb Hcp Xfw ImWmw. Xf-Øns‚ \Sp°v
Hcp Xdbpw˛B¬Ød amXncn. ]Sn-hm-Xn-ens‚ ASp-Øp≈ Hcp apdn-
bn¬\n- ∂ mWv XmSn- ° m- c - \ mb Hcp ]pcp- j s‚ {]Xna Inń- b Xv .
IqSmsX Ccn-°p∂ Hcp a\p-jy-{]-Xn-abpw Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p≠v. AXn\v
Xe-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. tImh-Wn-bpsS G‰hpw aosX-bp≈ ]Sn-bpsS
ASp-Øp-\n-∂mWv B Xe-bn-√m-cq]w Inń-bXv. BI-∏msS Hcp tZhm-
* {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\ms‚ "temI-N-cn{Xw' H∂mw `mKw, tUmIvS¿ F. Aø-
∏s‚ "`mc-X-∏-ga,' {io. Sn.kn. i¶-c-ta-t\ms‚ "iXm-_vZ-ßƒ°-∏p-d-Øp-\n-∂p≈
i_vZ-ßƒ' F∂o- Ir-Xn-Ifpw a‰p-amWv Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn® hnh-c-
ßƒ°m-kv]Zw.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
e-b-Øns‚ kz`mhw AXn-\p-s≠∂p tXm∂pw.

ap{Z-Iƒ
taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bn¬\n∂v Is≠-SpØ ap{Z-Iƒ A\-h-[n-bmWv.
1200˛Hmf-saØpw Ah-bpsS kwJy. FgpØpw hmb-\bpw Adn-bp∂
Hcp kwkvIrX kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ F∂v B
ap{Z-I-fn¬ sImØnb hcn-Iƒ Ipdn-°p∂p. Xß-fpsS km[-\-ß-fn-
t∑epw I®-h-S-km-am-\-ß-fn-t∑epw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn\p th≠n-
bm-hWw ssk‘-h-∑m¿ {]kvXpX ap{Z-Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂Xv. ka-N-
Xp-c-Ønepw Zo¿L-N-Xp-c-Ønepw amhpI√p-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb Cu ap{Z-
Iƒ°v ap°m-ew-Kp-ew- ap-X¬ Hcw-Kpew hsc \of-ap≠v. Bh-iy-Øn-
s\mØv, ]e Af-hn¬ I√-dpØv, an\p-k-s∏-SpØn, AXn-t∑¬ A£-
c-ßfpw Nn{X-ßfpw sImØn, Hcp Xcw Nmc-°q´p tX®p, Xobn¬
Nps´-Sp-Ø-Xm-Ip∂p Ah. ]n™m-W-k-am\w sh≈-bmbn Xnf-ßp∂,
Nn{X-ß-fp≈ ap{Z-I-fmWv A[n-I-Iqdpw. a\p-jy-cq]w, \c-ar-K-cq]w
(]mXn a\p-jy-t‚Xpw ]mXn arK-Øn-t‚-Xp-amb cq]w), arK-cq]w (Imf-
bp-sSbpw ]pen-bp-sSbpw Imń-bpsSbpw I≠m-ar-K-Øns‚bpw a‰pw
cq]w) Cßs\ ]e Nn{X-ßfpw Ah-bn¬ ImWp-∂p≠v. ]e ap{Z-I-
fnepw H‰-s°m-ºp≈ Hcp arK-Øns‚ Nn{X-amWv ImWp-∂Xv. a\p-
jys‚ apJhpw B\- b psS sImºpw Xpºn- s s°bpw Imf- b psS
sImºpw BSns‚ Imep-Ifpw ]pen-bpsS ]n≥Im-ep-I-fp-ap≈ Nn{X-
ß-fp-ap≠v.
C°q-´-Øn¬ FSpØp]d-bm-hp∂ aq∂p ap{Z-Iƒ taml≥P-Zm-
tdm-bn¬\n∂v Inń-bn-´p≠v. aq∂p apJ-ß-fp≈ B aq¿Øn Dbcw
Ipd™ Hcp ]oT-Øn-t∑¬ Bk-\-ÿ-\m-bn-cp∂p. tPm¨ am¿jepw
a‰pw ]ip-]Xn inhs‚ cq]-am-WsX∂v _e-ambn kwi-bn-°p∂p.
Cu ssih-]o-T-Øns‚ t\sc Xmsg-bmbn c≠p am\p-I-fpsS Nn{Xw
ImWmw. _p≤ hn{K-l-Øns‚ Xmsg Nne-t∏mƒ Cßs\ am\p-Isf
Nn{Xo-I-cn®p ImWm-dp≠v. C¥y-bnse Assh-Zn-I-a-X-Øns‚ XpS¿®-
bm-bncp∂p, _p≤-a-Xhpw ssP\-a-Xhpw F∂v A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠m-bn-
cp∂ Nne ]fin-X-∑m-cp≠v. Ah-cpsS ]£-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amb
Hcp sXfn-hm-Ip∂p Cu am≥ Nn{X-ßƒ.
CXp-t]mse Hcp `mKØv arK-cq-]hpw adp-`m-KØv Nn{Xm-£-c-
ßfpw (Pictographs)D≈ sNºp-X-In-Sp-Iƒ˛l-c∏m Ime-Øns‚ Ah-
km-\-Z-i-bp-tSXv˛Inń-bn-´p≠v. Ch \mWy-ßtfm "c£-Itfm' Bbn-
cn-°m-sa-∂mWv hnZ-Kv[-∑m-cpsS A\p-am\w.
Krtlm-]I
- c
- W
- ß
- ƒ
IØn-Iƒ ]e-Xcw, Xpf-bp-≈Xpw Xpf-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-amb tImSm-
en-Iƒ, sh¶ewsIm≠p≈ agp, Dfn, Cu¿®-hmƒ, sImSn¬, Nq≠¬,
kqNn, Acn-hmƒ, ]m{X-ßƒ F∂o Krtlm-]-I-c-W-ßfpw [mcmfw
In´p-I-bp-≠mbn. ]m{X-\n¿amWw kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-I-fpsS {][m-\ -
sXm-gn-em-bn-cp∂p F∂p kwi-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂p. sNºv, HmSv, ]n®f, Ifn-
aÆv F∂n-h-sIm≠v hnhn[ hep-∏-Ønepw BIr-Xn-bnepw \n¿an-®n-
´p≈ [mcmfw ]m{X-ßƒ J\-\-Øn¬ ssIh-∂n-´p≠v. ]m{X-ß-fn¬
Nne-Xn-t∑¬ an\p-k-s∏-Sp-Øn-btXm A√m-ØtXm Bb Nn{X-ßfpw
ImWp∂p. teml-]m-{X-ß-sf -kw-_-‘n® Kth-j-W-Øn¬\n∂v, Ah
aqi-bn¬ hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw Np‰nI sIm≠-Sn®p ]mI-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-Xn\pw kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ°-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em-bn-
´p≠v.
I®-h-S-°m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Xq°-°-ń-Iƒ [mcmfw Is≠-Sp-
Øn-´p≠v. I√p-sIm-≠mWv Ah D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≈Xv. `mcw Ipd™
Iń-Ifpw `mcw IqSnb Iń-I-fp-ap≠v. eLp-hmb Iń-I-fm-bn-cp-∂n-cn-
°Ww, kz¿Whpw sh≈nbpw B`-c-W-ßfpw Xq°n-°-W-°m-°p-
hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv. L\-N-Xp-c-Øn-emWv sNdp-I-ń-Iƒ. Ah-
bpsS A\p-]mXw 1, 2, 8, 16, 32, 12800 F∂ ań-emWv. \ofw Af-°p-
∂Xv 12 apX¬ 13 4/5 AwKp-ew-hsc \of-ap≈ ASn-sIm≠pw 20 3/10
apX¬ 20 4/5 AwKpew hsc \of-ap≈ apgw sIm≠p-am-bn-cp∂p.
lc- ∏ ≥ kwkv I m- c - Ø nse hkv X p- ° ƒ˛tIm´- I ƒ, hoYn- I ƒ,
sIń-S-ßƒ, Pem-i-b-ßƒ apX-em-bh˛D≠m-°p-hm-\p-]-tbm-Kn® kma-
{Kn-Iƒ sNºp-sIm≠pw sh¶ewsIm≠pw \n¿an-®-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. Ccp-
ºm-bp-[-ßƒ A°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p thWw hnNm-cn-°pI.
bp≤-km-a-{Kn-I-fpsS enÃn¬ s]Sp-Øm-hp∂ hfsc Ipd-®p-am-{Xta
Inń-bn-´p≈q. Ip¥w, ]cip, Akv{Xw, hmƒ, Ih-W-°√v apX-em-b-
h-bm-WXv. `wKn-bmbn Nn{X-ßƒ hc® a¨]m-{X-ß-fmWv lc-∏-∑m¿
\ntXy\ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv.
CuPn]vXpw CdmJpw ]cp-Øn-ØpWn D≠m-°p-∂-Xn\v F{Xtbm
apºp-Xs∂ lc-∏m-km-{am-Py-Øn¬ AXp s\bvXp-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn
sXfn- ™ n- ´ p≠v . NpI∏p Nmbw sImSpØ Hcp XpWn- ° jWw
taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bn¬-\n∂p In´p-I-bp-≠mbn. temI-Ønse G‰hpw
]pcm-X-\-amb ]cpØn hkv{X-am-bn-cp∂p AsX∂v hnZ-Kv[-∑m¿ A`n-
{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. C¥y-bn¬-\n∂p ]pdw cmPy-ß-fn-te°v Ab-®n-cp∂
Nc-°p-I-fn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-am-bXv ]cp-Øn-h-kv{X-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p-
sh∂pw Ah¿ ]d-bp∂p. bh-\∑m¿ ]cp-Øn°p sImSp-Øn-cp∂ \maw
"knt‘m¨' F∂mWv. kn‘n¬\n∂v Cd-°p-aXn sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xp-
sIm-≠m-hWw ]cp-Øn°v AhnsS B t]¿ Inńb-Xv.
hntZ-i_
- ‘w
taml≥P- Z m- t dm- b n- s ebpw lc- ∏ - b n- s ebpw ]q¿h- \ n- h m- k n- I ƒ
Xß-fpsS sXmgn-ep-Iƒ°pw Pohn-X-Øn-\p-am-h-iy-amb Akw-kvIr-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
X -]-Zm¿Y-ßƒ hmßp-∂-Xn\pw Xß-fp-≠m-°p∂ km[-\-ßƒ hn‰-

gn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]e cmPy-ß-fp-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-∂n-cp∂p.
C¥y- b n¬Xs∂ sX°pw Ing- ° p- a p≈ {]tZ- i - ß - f p- a mbn Ah¿
hym]m-c-_‘w ÿm]n-®n-cp∂p. C¥y°p ]pdsa, A^vKm-\n-ÿm≥,
CdmJv, t]¿jy apX-emb \mSp-I-fp-ambpw Ah¿ hym]m-c-_‘w
]pe¿Øn-t∏m∂p. A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n¬\n∂pw cmP-ÿm-\nse J{Xn-
bn¬\n∂pw sNºv, ssakq-cn¬\n∂v kz¿Ww, Cdm-Jn¬\n∂v \oe-
°√v, ]mao-dn¬\n∂pw t]¿jy-bnse Jpdm-km-\n¬ \n∂pw sPbvUv
Aß- s \ - ] - e Xpw Ah¿ Cd- ° p- a Xn sNbv X n- c p∂p. ]cp- Ø n- Ø p-
Wnbpw kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ß-fp-am-bn-cp∂p kn‘n¬\n-∂p≈ {][m\ Ib-
‰p-a-Xn-®-c-°p-Iƒ. Du¿, emKmjv, kqk, sS¬-B-kvam¿ apX-emb AXn-
{]m-No\ \K-c-ß-fn¬\n∂v C¥y≥ hym]m-cn-I-fpsS ap{Z-Iƒ Inń-b-
XvXs∂ CXn\v sXfn-hmWv. emKm-jns‚ ASp-Øp-\n∂v Inńb Hcp
C¥y≥ ap{Z Hcp XpWn-s°-ń-t∑¬\n-∂mWv Is≠-Sp-ØXv. lc-∏-
bn¬\n∂p Inńb Hcp ]m{X-°-jW-Øn-t∑epw Hcp ap{Z-taepw s]´-
I-Øns‚ Nn{Xw ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. IS¬bm{X kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-
Iƒ°v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v AXn¬-\n∂pw A\p-am-\n°mw.
ivaim-\ß
- ƒ
ivaim-\-ß-fn¬ ih-tØm-sSm∏w, acn® Bfn-\p-th≠n ]m{X-ß-
fn¬ `£-W-km-[-\-ßƒ, B`-c-W-ßƒ apX-em-bh \nt£-]n-®p-Im-
Wp∂p. Cu k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬\n∂v lc-∏≥ P\-ßƒ°p ac-Wm-\-¥-
c-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p sXfn-bp∂p. Hcp ih-
°p-gn-bn¬ ihw ]mb-bn¬ s]mXn™p, acw-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb s]ń-
bn¬sh®v ad-am-Sn-b-Xmbn ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. {]mNo\ Cdm-Jnepw
ihw Cßs\ s]ń-bn-emWv AS°w sNbvXn-cp-∂-sX∂v Kth-j-I-
∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p.
lc- ∏ m- \ - K - c - Ø nse Hcp iv a im- \ - Ø ns‚ GXm\pw `mK- ß ƒ
J\\w sNbvX-t∏mƒ ih-ßƒ an°-hbpw Xe -h-S-t°m-´m-°n-bmWv
ad-hp-sN-bvX-sX∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign™p. Nne-Xn¬ ]m{X-ßfpw
sNºp- s Im- ≠ p≈ Bbp- [ - ß fpw apJ- ° - Æ m- S n- I fpw aWn- I fpw
CØnƒ kv]qWp-Ifpw a‰pw ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. Hcp Ipgn-bpsS \mep
`mK-ßfpw CjvSn-I-sIm≠p ]Sp-Øn-cp∂p. Hcp kv{XobpsS ihw
GgSn \of-ap≈ tZh-Zmcp ac-Øns‚ XSn Ipgn-®p-≠m-°nb s]ń-bn-
emWv AS°w sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. acw {Zhn®p s]mSn-bm-bn-t∏m-bn-cp∂p.
F¶nepw s]ń-bpsS achpw BIr-Xnbpw hoe¿°v a\- n-em-°m≥
Ign™p. Cu lc-∏≥ kv{Xo ImXp-I-fnepw hesØ ssIbn-s‚
\Sp-hn-c-enepw sNºp-tam-Xn-c-ßƒ AWn-™n-cp∂p.
Ime-\n¿Wbw
lc-∏-bnepw taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bnepw \S-Ønb J\-\-{In-b-Iƒ°v
t\XrXzw hln® k¿. tPm¨ am¿j¬ lc∏m \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS
Imew GXm≠v {In. ap. 2500 BsW∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠mbn.
taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bnse Nne ap{Z-Iƒ {]mNo\ saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥
\K-c-ß-fn¬\n∂p Inń-bn-cp∂p. B ap{Z-I-tfm-sSm∏w saskm-s]m-t´-
an-b-bn¬\n∂v Is≠-SpØ a‰p Nne hkvXp-°-fpsS Imew \n¿W-bn-
°-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, lc-∏m-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ Imehpw AXm-bn-cn-
°-W-sa∂v At±lw Duln®p.
CønsS A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n¬ apfio-KUv {Kma-Øn¬ {^©p-Im¿
J\\w \SØn. lc- ∏ ≥kw- k v I m- c - Ø n\p aptº- b p≈ Hcp {Kma-
Øns‚ taem-bn-cp∂p lc-∏m-\m-K-cn-IX AhnsS ÿm]n-X-am-bXv.
Im¿_¨˛14 ]co-£-Ww-sIm≠v lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Bcw`w
{In. ap. 2700-˛mam-≠n-em-sW∂p \n›-bn-°p-hm≥ {]kvXpX Kth-j-
I-∑m¿°v km[n®p. k¿ am¿j-ens‚ Dulw Hcp-am-Xncn icn-bm-bn-cp-
∂p-sh∂v CXp sXfn-bn-°p∂p.
5000 sIm√w ]g-a-bp≈ kn‘p-X-S-kw-kvImcw \ΩpsS ZrjvSn-
bn¬s]-Sp-∂Xp ]q¿WX {]m]n® Hcp \mK-cn-I-X-bm-bn-´mWv. AXn-
\m¬ B kwkv I m- c - Ø ns‚ Bcw`w A°m- e - Ø n\pw F{Xtbm
apºm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√.*
A[ymbw HºXv
Bcy˛Zkyp {]iv\w
`mc-Xob kwkvImc Ncn-{X-Øn¬ AXn-cq-£-amb hnhm-Z-Øn-\nShcp-
Ønb Hcp hnj-b-am-Ip∂p Bcy˛Zkyp-{]iv\w. `mc-X-Ønse G‰hpw
{]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy-sa∂v \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ sFI-I-WvtTy\ kΩ-Xn® EtKz-
Z-Øn¬, c≠p hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ \S-am-Sn-bn-cp∂ ka-c-kw-L-´-\-
ß-fpsS hnh-cWw ImWmw. "Bcy-∑m¿' F∂pw "Zkyp-°ƒ' F∂pw
]d-™p-h-cp∂ {]kvXpX c≠p hn`m-K-ß-fm-cm-bn-cp∂p? CsX-∏‰n
kz¬]w {]Xn-]m-Zn-t°-≠-Xp≠v.
thZ-I¿Øm-°ƒ As√-¶n¬ "thZ-{Z-jvSm-°ƒ' Bcy hn`m-K-Øn¬
s]´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcyw \nkvX¿°-as{X. thZ-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw
{]mNo-\-am-bXv EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X-bm-sW∂ hnj-b-Ønepw ]£m-¥-c-
an√. AXn- \ m¬ EtKzZw \¬Ip∂ kqN- \ - I sf B[m- c - a m°n
{]kvXpX {]iv\-Øn\v DØcw ImWm≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xmhpw DØaw.
thZ-I¿Øm-°-fmb Bcy-∑m¿°v C¥y-bn¬ {]_-e-amb Hcp
FXn¿i-‡nsb A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°≠n h∂ hkvXpX EtKz-Z-Øn¬
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Aßp-∂n-tßmfw {]Xn-]m-Zn®p ImWp∂p. Cu i{Xp-k-aq-lsØ

thZw "Zkyp-°ƒ' F∂ ]cn-lm-k-t∏-cn-emWv hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. Zkyp
F∂m¬ Zmk≥, i{Xp Fs∂m-s°-bmWv A¿Yw. Nne-t∏mƒ "Zmk≥'
F∂pw "Akp-c≥' F∂pw B hn`m-KsØ hnfn-®-Xmbn ImWmw.
thZ-ßƒ°v hfsc tijw \ne-hn¬ h∂ IrXn-I-fmWv "kvar-Xn-Iƒ'
AYhm [¿a-im-kv{X-ßƒ. Ah-bn¬ {]kvXpX hn`m-KsØ "]nim-
N-∑m¿', "cm£-k-∑m¿', "hrj-f-∑m¿', "Nfim-e-∑m¿', "iq{Z-∑m¿'
F∂pw a‰p- a mWv hnti- j n- ∏ n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv . BI- b m¬ {]kv X pX
hn`mKw Bcy-ssh-cn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Xo¿®. Cu c≠p hn`m-K-
ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ \nc-¥cw bp≤-ßfpw sIm≈-Ifpw \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn
thZw Bh¿Øn-®m-h¿Øn®p ]d-bp-∂p≠v. bp≤-ß-fn¬ Bcy-hn-`m-
K-Øns‚ ]£-ØmWv hnP-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂pw thZw Ah-Im-i-
s∏-Sp∂p.
Bcy-∑mcpw Zkyp-°fpw Htc h¿K-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂pthm? Bbn-cp-
∂p- s h- ∂ mWv C∂v Nne sslµh {KŸ- I m- c - ∑ m¿ hmZn- ° p- ∂ Xv .
Bcy˛Zkypk-a-c-ßƒ tIhew IpSpw-_-I-e-l-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v
Ah¿ kn≤m-¥n-°p∂p. F∂m¬ _lp-`q-cn-]£w Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I-
∑m-cp-sSbpw \nK-a\w Ah¿ XnI®pw `n∂-amb c≠p h¿K-ß-fm-bn-cp-
∂p-sh-∂s{X. Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ \S-am-Sn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Bcy-th-Z-ß-fn¬
]d-bp∂ ka-c-ßƒ h¿Ko-bhpw h¿W-]-c-hp-amb ka-c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p
F∂pw Ch¿ ka¿Yn-°p∂p.
\ap°o hnhm-Z-Øn¬ khn-ti-j-amb XmXv]-cy-sam-∂p-an-s√-¶nepw,
Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-Xsb B \nebv°p Xs∂ ImWp-I-sb-∂-XmWv \oXn-
bpsS XmXv]-cy-sa∂p \mw hniz-kn-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬ Bcy˛ Zkyp-
{]-iv\-sØ-∏‰n Inń-tb-S-tØmfw sXfn-hns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp
]cm-a¿iw \S-Øm≥ CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ ss[cy-s∏-Sp∂p.
Bcy-∑mcpw Zkyp-°fpw XΩn¬ aX-]-c-amb `n∂-X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p-sh∂v {]Ya ZrjvSn-bn¬Xs∂ ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. Bcy-∑m¿ Bcm-
[n-®n-cp∂ tZh-∑msc Zkyp-°ƒ AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂n√. Bcy-tZ-h-∑m-
cn¬ {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p "C{µ≥.' EtKz-Z-Øn¬ C{µs\ kvXpXn-®p-
]m-Snb a{¥-ßƒ°v IW-°n√. Zkyp-°-sfbpw Ah-cpsS \K-c-ß-
sfbpw cmPm-°-∑m-scbpw XI¿Øp Xcn-∏-W-am-°p-I-sb-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
C{µs‚ apJy-IrXyw. AXn-\m¬ C{µ\v "]pc-µ-c≥' (\K-c-hn-[zw-k-
I≥) Fs∂mcp ÿm\-t∏cp Xs∂ thZw \¬Ip-I-bp-≠mbn. C{µs‚
A]-Zm-\-ßƒ Io¿Øn® Iq´-Øn¬ thZw ]d-bp∂p:
""kkm-\mXymw DX-kqcy kkmt\˛
{µx kkm\ ]pcp-t`m-Pk Kmw!
lnc-Wy-ap-Xy-t`mKw kk\
lXzo Zkyq≥ {]mcy-h¿Æ-am-hXv!'1
Cu E°ns\ alm- I hn h≈- t Ømƒ ]Zy- Ø n¬ hnh¿Ø\w
sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xp t\m°pI:
""\¬In,biz-ßsf; \¬In, Znt\-is\;
\¬In,bn{µ≥ ]pcp-t`m-Kybmw tKmhns\;
\¬In, s]m∂n-∑p-X¬; Zkyp-°-sf-s°m∂p
\∂mbn c£n-®n-Xm-cy-h¿Æ-ßsf!''
C{µ≥ Bcy-∑m-cpsS {]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂ Zkyp-°sf sIm∂p-
sh∂pw Bcy-h¿W-ßsf c£n-®p-sh-∂p-amWv ChnsS ]d-bp-∂Xv.
"Bcy-h¿W-ßƒ' F∂p hnti-jm¬ ]d-™-Xn¬\n∂v h¿W (h¿K)
hntZz- j - a mWv Cu ka- c - Ø ns‚ ]nd- I n¬ {]h¿Øn- ® - s X∂v
Duln°mw. ]n¬°m-eØv Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ \S-∏n¬h-cp-Ønb
"NmXp¿h¿Wy-hy-h-ÿnXn' {]kvXpX A\p-am-\-Øn\p {]m_eyw
\¬Ip-∂p-≠vXm\pw. BI-bm¬ thZ-Øn¬ h¿Wn® Bcy˛ Zkyp-
kw-L¿jw ChnsS cqV-aq-e-am-bn-Øo¿∂ h¿W-k-a-c-Øns‚ XpS-
°-sØ-bmWv Ipdn-°p-∂Xv. C∂v Ata-cn-°-bnepw kuØm-{^n-°-
bnepw \-S-am-Sp∂, IdpØ h¿K-°mcpw sh≈-°mcpw XΩn-ep≈ h¿W-
k-a-cw-t]mse Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p AXpw.
kwL¿j-Øns‚ cq£X
Bcy˛Zkyp kwL¿j-Øns‚ cq£X Xpey-X-bn-√m-Ø-Xm-bn-
cp∂p. Bcy-∑m-sc-°mƒ kwkvIr-Xnbpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw {]m]n® Hcp
hn`m-K-am-bn-cp∂p Zkyp-°ƒ. Ah-cpsS i‡nbpw {]Xm-]hpw Ah-
K-Wn-°m≥ Bcy-∑m¿°v Ign-™n√. kp`-{Z-amb tIm´-Ifpw kpkw-
kv I r- X - a mb ]´- W - ß fpw Akq- b m¿l- a mb `c- W - k w- h n- [ m- \ hpw
Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v thZw Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p∂p. Bcy-∑m¿°m-
Is´, AsXm∂pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.
F∂n-cp-∂mepw bp≤-ß-fn¬ ASn-°Sn ]cm-P-b-amWv Zkyp-°ƒ°v
t\cn-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv. Hcpthf Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ th≠{X sFIyhpw
tbmPn-∏p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√m-bn-cn°mw. F∂m¬ thZ-{Z-jvSm-°-fmb Ejn-
am¿ B ]cm-P-b-Øn¬ ImWp∂ ImcWw as‰m-∂mWv. k¿h-i-‡-
\mb C{µ≥ Xºp-cms‚ A{]-Xn-tcm-[y-amb Ignhpw anSp°pw!
Zkyp-°ƒ hnhn[ hn`m-K-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p. B hn`m-K-ß-fpsS t]cp-
Iƒ thZ-Øn¬ FSp-Øp-]-d-™n-´p≠v. inayp-°ƒ, IoI-X¿, AP-
∑m¿, in{Kp-°ƒ, b£p-°ƒ F∂o hn`m-K-ßƒ A°q-´-Øn¬s]-
Sp∂p. Ah¿°v Nne cmPm-°-∑mcpw t\Xm-°-∑m-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
iw_-c≥, h¿®n v, [p\n, Npapdn, ]n{]v, Ceo-_-k≥, IrjvW≥,
ipjv-W≥ F∂o cmPm-°-∑m¿ kp{]-kn-≤-cm-bn-cp∂p. iw_-c\v \qdp-
°-W-°mb "]pc-ßƒ' (\K-c-ßƒ) D≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah Icn-¶-√p-sIm-
≠mWv \n¿an®ncp∂-sX∂pw thZw kΩ-Xn°p-∂p:
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
""B¿ iw_-cs‚ \qdp ]pcm-X\ \K-c-ßsf h{PwsIm≠v ]nf¿-

Øn-tbm, B¿ h¿®n-bpsS \qdm-bn-csØ hogn-®pthm, B C{µ\v
tkmaw sIm≠p-h-cp-hn≥!''2
Bcy-∑m¿ bmK-Øn¬ Xß-fpsS tZh-X-Iƒ°¿∏n-®n-cp∂ Hcp
Xcw hnip-≤-]m-\o-b-amWv tkmaw. C{µ-tZ-h\v A¿∏n-°m≥ tkmaw
sIm≠p-h-cm≥ {]kvXpX a{¥-Øn¬ Ejn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂p. ImcWw,
At±-l-Øns‚ i‡n aqe-amWv Icn-¶-√p-sIm≠v \n¿an-X-amb Zkyp-
tIm-´-Iƒ XI¿°p-hm≥ Bcy-∑m¿°p Ign-™Xv:
""C{µ≥ Icn-¶¬∏-Wn-bm-ao-c-ºXp ]pc-ßsf,
lhn p \evInb Znthm-Zm-k-∂m-bn-s∏m-Xp-°n-\m≥!''3
Znthm-Zm-k≥ Hcp Bcy-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂p. At±lw C{µ\v lhn v
(b⁄w, AYhm bmKw) \evIn. AXn-\m¬ Znthm-Zm-ks‚ i{Xp-
hmb iw_-c≥ Icn-¶-√p-sIm≠v ]Wn-bn® \qdp Zp¿K-ßsf C{µ≥
XI¿Øp Xcn-∏-W-am°n. CXmWv {]Ir-X-a-{¥-Ønse {]tabw.
Icn-¶-√p-sIm≠p am{X-a√, Ccp-ºp-sIm≠pw A°m-eØv tIm´-
Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn thZw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p≠v:
""apºv Hcp \qdp Ccp-ºp-tIm-´-I-fn¬ Rm≥ (hma-tZ-h≥ Ejn)
]m¿Øn-cn°p∂p....''4
Zkyp-°ƒs°-Xnsc Ccpºp tIm´-I-fm-bn-Øo-c-W-sa∂p Hcp a{¥-
Øn¬, A·n-tZ-h-t\mSv Ejn-am¿ {]m¿Yn-°p∂p:
""Rßƒ°mƒ°msc c£n-∏m\,{][¿jn-X-\mw-`-hm≥ ]cw ]c∂
s]cn-tbm-cn-cn-ºp ]pcn-bm-IWw!''5
AXn-\m¬ Ccpºv thZ-I¿Øm-°ƒ°v kp]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂p.
hºn-s®mcp i‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p Zkyp-°ƒ. ]t£, Bcy-∑m-cp-am-bp≈
t]mcm-´-ß-fn¬ Ah-cpsS ]°¬ th≠{X Bbp-[-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-
∂n-s√∂p tXm∂p∂p. ]cn-jvI-cn® Ccp-ºm-bp-[-ßƒ°m-bn-cp∂p
A°m-eØv {]m[m\yw. Ccp-ºn\v kz¿WsØ-°m-f-[nIw hne-bp≈
Hcp Imew Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Ign-™p-t]m-bn-´p≠v. Akp-c-∑m-cpsS hiw
]cn-jvIr-Xm-bp-[-ß-fn-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v thZ-Øn¬ \n∂v a\- n-em-
Ip∂p:
""C{µ, `hms‚ Xnf-ßp∂ hn√n-t\bpw acp-Xvkw-L-tØbpw h{P-
tØbpw Bsc-Xn¿°pw? EPo-jn≥, Bbp-[-an-√mØ, tZh-tZz-jn-I-fmb
Akp-c-∑msc \n¥n-cp-hSn N{Iw-sIm≠v Bń-∏m-bn-®mepw!''6
F∂m¬ C{µs‚ ]£-°m¿°-Xp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. h{Pw, N{Iw apX-
emb ]cn-jvIrX Ccp-ºm-bp-[-ß-fmWv Ah-cpsS hi-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.
""C{µs‚ apdpsI-∏n-Sn® h{Pw Ccp-ºmWv; C{µs‚ ssIIƒ°v
hf-sc-bp≠v _ew!.....''7
Akpc t\Xm-°∑
- m-cpsS hn\miw
Akp-c-cm-Pm-°-∑m-scbpw Ah-cpsS tk\m-hyq-l-ß-sfbpw \in-
∏n® IY-I-fm¬ \n¿`-c-amWv thZ-a-{¥-ßƒ. cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Iq´-
Øn¬ t]cp-tI´ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p iw_-c≥. At±-l-Øns‚ \qdp-]p-c-
ßƒ Xcn-∏-W-am-°n-b-Xn¬ Ejn-am¿°v C{µ-t\m-Sp≈ IS-∏mSv A]m-
c-am-bn-cp∂p. B IY EtKz-Z-Øn¬ ]e-hpcp Bh¿Øn-®n-cn-°p∂p.
as‰mcp Akp-c-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂p h¿®n AYhm h¿®nkv. \qdm-
bncw hcp∂ At±-l-Øns‚ ssk\y-i-‡nsb C{µ≥ XI¿Ø IY
\mw apºp kqNn-∏n®p. F∂m¬ A{X-sbm-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n√ h¿®n-bpsS
ssk\n- I - _ ew. At±- l - Ø ns‚ A©p- e £w P\- ß sf X√n- Ø -
I¿Ø-Xmbn as‰m-cn-SØv thZw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p:
""t]mcm, tX¿h-´-gn-I-sf-t∏mse X√n-Ø-I¿Øp, \o
hn[zw-knbmw h¿®n-bp-sS-b-©p-e£w P\-ßsf!''8
]ns∂mcp Akp-c-cm-Pmhv IrjvW-\m-bn-cp∂p. Awip-a-Xo-\-Zn-bpsS
Xoc-Øm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ cmP-[m\n. At±-lsØ Xs‚ ]Xn-
\m-bncw ]S-bm-fn-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn C{µ≥ Xºp-cm≥ \in-∏n-®-Xmbn thZw
A`n-am-\n-°p∂p:
""{ZpX-k-©m-cn-bmb IrjvW≥ ]Xn-\m-bncw Bfp-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn
Awip-aXo XocØp ]m¿Øn-cp∂p. AX-dn™p a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-bmb
C{µ≥ A´- l m- k - a n- S p∂ Ah- ¶ ¬ sNs∂Øn, sIme- ] - S - I sf
sIms∂m-Sp°n!''
""Awip-a-Xo-\-Zn-bpsS Hcp hn]p-e-amb \nKqV ÿeØv, BIm-
i-sØ-∂-t]mse, \nh-kn-°p∂ {ZpX-k-©m-cn-bmb IrjvWs\ Rm≥
(C{µ≥) Is≠Øn......''
""{ZpX- k - © mcn Awip- a - X o- k - a o- ] Øp an∂n- Ø n- f - ß n- s °m≠p
tZlw XSn-∏n-®p-t]m∂p. C{µ-\m-Is´, _rl-kv]-Xn-tbm-sSm-∂n®v,
FXn¿sØ-Ønb Akp-c-∏-S-Isf \nl\n®p!''9
thsdmcp Zmk-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂p ipjvW≥. At±-lhpw C{µ-\m¬
h[n- ° - s ∏´p. At±- l - Ø ns‚ IW- ° n- √ mØ tKmk- º Øv C{µ≥
kzkm-a¿Yyw-sIm≠p ]nSn-®p-]‰n.
""AtX, h{Pn≥, Ahn-S∂p h{Pw sIm≠v ipjvWs‚ \nkvXp-
ey- a mb _ew IqkmsX \in- ∏ n- ® p- h t√m; Ahn- S ∂v Bbp- [ -
ßƒsIm≠p sIm∂p. C{µm, Ahn-S∂v _p≤n-sIm≠p tKm°sf
t\Sn!'' 10
]ip- ° - f m- b n- c p∂p A∂sØ kº- Z vk- a r- ≤ n- ° m- k v]Zw.
Hcmƒs°{X ss]°-fpt≠m A{Xbpw [\m-Vy-\mbn Abmƒ KWn-
°-s∏Spw. AXm-Wn-hnsS tKm°sf t\Sn F∂p ]d-™-Xns‚ ]›m-
Øew. i{Xp-\n-{K-l-sØ-°mƒ a{¥-{Z-jvSm-°-fmb Ejn-am¿°p IqSp-
X¬ {][m\w tKmk-ºØp t\´-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v tXm∂pw. an°-hmdpw
a{¥-ß-fn¬ [\-Zm-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ {]m¿Y\ ImWmw.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
ipjv - W ≥ hºn® [\- { ]- ` p- h m- b n- c p∂p. bp≤- Ø n¬ At±- l -

Øns‚ kºØv apgp-h≥ Xcn-∏-W-ambn:
""t]mcm, Nn∂n-®n-sX,-ºmSpw ipjv-Ws‚ apX¬ [rjvW, \o Ah-
s‚bm \K-cn-I-f-h-a¿±n® thf-bn¬!''11
Bcy-i-{Xp-°-fn¬ as‰mcp {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p ]n{]p. Ct±lw
{]Xm-]-im-enbpw alm i‡-\p-am-bn-cp∂p. Bcy-tZ-h-\mb C{µ≥
At±-l-sØ-bpw Xa¿Øn. X∑qew "]n{]p-Lv\≥' Fs∂mcp _lp-a-
Xnbpw C{µ\p e_v[-ambn:
""No¿Ø arK-b-s\-°o-gvs∏-Sp-Øn, bvdvPn˛
izmhmw hnZ-Yn-]p-{X∂p ]n{]pLv\, \o;
sIm∂q, Idp-º-sc-b-º-Xn-\m-bncw;
{iosb-÷-c-t]m-ep-S®q, ]pc-ßsf!''12
AXm-bXv, hnZ-Yn-bpsS ]p{X\pw Bcy-cm-Pm-hp-amb EPn-izm-hp-
ambn \S∂ t]mcm-´-Øn¬ i{Xp-°-fmb arK-b-s\bpw ]n{]p-hn-s\bpw
C{µ≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpØn. IqSmsX, Aº-Xn-\m-bncw Akp-c-∏-S-(Idp-
º¿)I-sfbpw sIm∂p apSn®p. buh-\sØ Pcbpw hm¿[-Iyhpw \in-
∏n-°p-at√m. AXp t]mse i{Xp-°-fpsS \K-c-ßsf C{µ≥ Xcn-∏-
W-am°n.
ZòXn F∂ Bcy-t\-Xm-hn-\p-th≠n thsdmcp ap∏-Xn-\m-bn-csØ
C{µ≥ sIms∂m-Sp°n:
""Dd-°n-\m≥, ap∏-Xn-\m-bncw hn[zwk-io-esc
imkv{Xw-Nm-ń±, òXn°v th≠n, bn{µ≥ apSp-°n-\m¬!''13
Cßs\ Akpc \io-I-cW IY-Iƒ \nd™ a{¥-ßƒ \nc-h-
[n-bmWv.
kwL¿j ImcWw
thZ-ßƒ Bcy-∑msc tZh-∑m-cmbpw A\m-cy-∑msc Akp-c-∑m-cm-
bp- a mWv k¶¬]n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv . AXn- \ m¬ tZhm- k p- c - b p- ≤ - ß ƒ
F∂mWv {]kvXpX kwL-´-\-ßsf hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬
F¥m-bn-cp∂p Cu tZh-mkpc kwL¿j tlXp? Cu {]iv\-Øn-
\p≈ DØcw thZw \¬Ip-∂p≠v. AXn-{]-[m-\-amb ImcWw aX-
]cw Xs∂. Akp-c-∑m¿ "iniv\-tZh'∑m¿ (tZh-hn-tZz-jn-Iƒ) Bbn-
cp∂p. Bcy-∑m-cpsS C{µs\tbm hcp-W-s\tbm at‰m Akp-c-∑m¿
tkhn-®n-cp-∂n√. AI¿an-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. bmKßfpw b⁄-ßfpw \S-
Øn-bn-cp-∂n√. CXm-bn-cp∂p apJy hntZzj ImcWw.
]t£, aX-]-c-amb Cu Imc-W-tØm-sSm∏w thsdbpw Imc-W-
ß-fp-≠m-hWw. Bcy-∑m¿ ChnsS tImfWn ÿm]n-°m-\mWv {ian-
®n-cp-∂Xv. Zkyp-°ƒ°Xp kΩ-X-am-bn-cp-∂n√. IqSmsX Bcy-∑m¿
hntZ-in-I-fm-bn-cp∂p; A\m-cy-∑mtcm, kztZ-in-Ifpw. Bcy-∑m¿ Hcp
{]tXyI PmXn- ° mcpw h¿W- ° m- c p- a m- b n- c p∂p. Zkyp- ° ƒ Ah-
cn¬\n∂v hyXy-kvXcpw. Cßs\ aXw, kwkvImcw, BNmcw, ]mc-
ºcyw, h¿Ww, ico-cm-IrXn, tZio-bX F√mw sIm≠pw `n∂ hn`m-
K- ß - f m- b n- c p∂p Bcym- \ m- c y- h ¿K- ß - s f∂v thZ- Ø n¬\n- ∂ p- X s∂
sXfnbpw.
h¿K-hn-`-P-\-Øn\v B[p-\nI \c-hwi imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ B[m-
c-am-°p-∂Xv {][m-\-ambpw c≠p Imcy-ß-fmWv: 1. ico-cm-IrXn. 2.
`mjm-ssh-PmXyw. icoc e£-W-ß-fn¬ sXmen-bpsS \nd-Øn\pw
aq°n-s‚bpw Xe-bp-sSbpw hep-∏-Øn\pw Xe-\m-cns‚ BIr-Xn-°p-
amWv IqSp- X ¬ {]m[m\yw \¬In- ° m- W p- ∂ Xv. AXn- \ m¬
Bcy˛Zkyp {]iv\sØ h¿K-hn-`-P\ kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ \ap°p ]cn-tim-[n°mw.
imco-cnI e£Ww
Zkyp-°-fpsS ico-cm-Ir-Xn-bn¬\n∂pw Xptemw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-
cp∂p Bcy-∑m-cp-tSXv. Bcy-tKm-{X-°m¿ s]mXp-hn¬ shfpØ sXmen-
bp- ≈ - h cpw heØp IpSpΩ h®- h - c p- a m- b n- c p∂p. A\m- c y- ∑ mtcm,
IdpØ h¿W-ap-≈-hcpw. thZ-{Z-jv-Sm-°-fmb al¿jn-am-cn¬ Hcp {][m-
\n-bm-Wv hkn-jvT≥. Ct±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ \nc-h[n kq‡-ß-fp≠v
EtKz-Z-Øn¬. kzP-\sØ Blzm-\w-sN-bvXp-sIm≠v hkn-jvT≥ ]d-
bp-∂Xp t\m°pI:
""shfpØ \ndhpw heØp IpSp-Ω-bp-ap≈ I¿a-]q-c-I-∑m¿ Fs∂
kt¥m-jn-∏n-®p-ht√m; AXn-\m¬ b⁄-Øn¬ \ns∂-gp-t∂‰v Rm≥
t\Xm-°-tfmSv ]d-bp∂p: hkn-jvT-∑m¿ F¶¬\n∂v AI-se-t∏m-I-
cpXv ! '' 14
b⁄w \S-Øp-tºmƒ Npcp-ßn-bXv \mep ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-sc-
¶n-ep-ap-≠m-bn-cn°pw. Ah¿°v Xm¥m-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ IrXy-a-
\p-k-cn®p t]cp-I-fp≠v. A[zcyp, {_“mhv, DZvKm-Xmhv, tlmXmhv!
"EXzn-°p-Iƒ' F∂mWv Cu ]ptcm-ln-X-hr-µsØ kmam-t\y\ hnfn-
°pI. hkn-jvTs‚ ta¬ a{¥-Øn¬, I¿a-]q-c-I-cmb hkn-jvT-hw-i-
P-sc√mw sh≈-\n-d-°mcpw heØp IpSp-Ω-h-®-h-cp-am-sW∂p ]d-™-
Xn¬ \n∂pw Bcy-h¿K-Øns‚ ico-cm-IrXn AXm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂q-
ln°mw. Zkyp-°-fn¬\n∂v kz¥w P\sØ th¿Xn-cn®p ImWn-∏m-
\m-hWw hkn-jvT≥ Aßs\ hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv.
c≠m-bncw sIm√sØ ]ga \n¿W-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp kwkvIrX
IrXn-bmWv "]mWn-\ob alm-`mjyw.' AXn¬ ]X-⁄en {_mlva-
Wsc h¿Wn-®Xv Cu hm°p-I-fn-emWv: ""Kucw ipNym-Nmcw ]nwKfw
I]ne tIiw ZrjvSzm-[y-h-kyXn {_mlva-tWm-b-aXn!''15
Cu hcn-I-fn¬\n∂pw {InkvXp-hn-t\m-S-SpØ Ime-Øp≈ {_mlva-
W¿ (Bcy-h¿Kw) t]mepw sh≈-°mcpw sNº≥ Xe-ap-Sn-bp-≈-h-cp-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡w. F∂m¬ ip≤ Bcy-h¿K-°m-c√, k¶-c-

Pm-Xn-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. F∂n-´p-t]mepw Ah-cpsS
\nd-Ønt\m Xe-ap-Snt°m henb am‰w h∂n-s√-¶n¬, ip≤-h¿W-°m-
cm-bn-cp∂ thZ ImesØ Bcy-∑m-cpsS ÿnXn A\p-am-\n-°m-t\-
bp≈q.
Zkyp-°-fpsS ico-cm-Ir-Xn-sb-∏-‰nbpw EtKz-Z-Øn¬ Nne kqN-\-
Iƒ ImWmw. Zkyp-hns‚ \ndw Idp-∏m-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ Ahs\
"IrjvW≥' (Idp-Ø-h≥) F∂p EtKzZw hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p:
""C{µx-k-a’p bP-am-\-am-cyX {]mh-Zzn-tizjvT.
iX-aqXn cmPn-jp-kz¿Ωoe˛tljzm-Pnjp
a\th imkZ˛{hXm-¥zNw IrjvWm-a-c-‘-bXv
Zi∂ hnizw XXr-jm-W-tam-jXn \y¿i-km-\tamjXn!''16
Cu E°ns\ alm-Ihn h≈-tØmƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXXv Cß-
s\-bmWv:
""\qdp c£-I-fp≈ C{µ≥ bP-am-\-\mb Bcys\ ]cp-°p-s]-Sp-
Øp∂ t]mcp-I-fn-se√mw˛kz¿K-{]-Z-ß-f-mb t]mcp-I-fnepw˛c£n®p
t]mcp∂p. Ahn-S∂p a\p-jy¿°p th≠n I¿a-c-ln-Xsc in£n®p;
IrjvWs‚ tXmep-cn™p IØn®p; t{Zmln-Isf Nps´-cn®p; lnwkm-
]-c-scsb√mw Nps´-cn®p!''
CXnse IrjvW-i_vZw Hcp hy‡n-\m-a-a√ {]XypX, h¿W-hm-
Nn-bs{X. Bcys\ "bP-am-\≥' (b⁄w Ign-°p-∂-h≥) F∂p hnti-
jn-∏n-®-t]mse Zkyp-°sf I¿a-c-ln-X¿ (b⁄-an-√m-Ø-h¿), "lnwkm-
]-c¿' (t{Zmln-Iƒ) F∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p. A°q-´-Øn-emWv
"IrjvW≥' F∂ ]Zhpw {]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈Xv. BI-bm¬ Akp-cs‚
Hcp {]I-S-amb khn-ti-j-X-bm-bn-cp∂p IrjvWXzw (Idp-∏p-\ndw)
F∂v A\p-am-\n°mw.
h¿K-hn-`-P-\-Øn\v \nZm-\-ambn hnNm-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ e£-W-ß-fn¬
aq°ns‚ BIr-Xn-bpw- s]-Sp∂p. A\m-cy-∑m-cpsS aq°v ]Xp-ßn-bXpw
Bcy-∑m-cp-tSXv Db¿∂p \o≠-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p. EtKzZw Zkyp-°sf
"A\mkm' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°Ww. thZw ]d-
bp∂p:
""{]m\y- ® - { I- a m- h rlx kqcky Ir’m- X ym\y Zzcn- t hm- b -
mXth ƒIx
A\mtkm Zkyp-c-artWm ht[\ \n ZptcymW Bhr-W-ar-
{[-hNx'' 17
Cu E°n\v h≈-tØm-fns‚ X¿Pa Cß-s\-bmWv:
""Aßp kqcys‚ Hcp tX¿®{Iw th¿s∏SpØn; a‰Xp Ip’\p
[\w t\Sm≥ h®p. Iq‰-n-√mØ IqS-esc Aßv Bbp-[w-sIm≠p
l\n®p˛ bp≤-Øn¬ \m°-dpØp sIm∂p!''
"A\m-tkm- Zkypx' F∂-Xn\v "Iq‰n-√mØ IqS-e¿' F∂mWv h≈-
tØmƒ A¿Yw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ a‰p Nne¿ "aq°n-√mØ
Zkyp-°ƒ' F∂ A¿Y-amWv AXn\p kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv. AXm-bXv,
Bcy- ∑ msc At]- £ n®v sNdp- a q- ° - ∑ m- c m- b n- c p∂p Zkyp- ° - s f∂v
kn≤w.
Npcp- ° - Ø n¬ aXw, `mj, kwkv I mcw, BNmcw, ico- c m-
IrXn˛Aßs\ F√m- Ø nepw Bcy- ∑ m- c n¬\n∂v `n∂- a mb Hcp
{]tXyI h¿K-am-bn-cp∂p Zkyp-°ƒ. AXn-\m¬ Ah¿ XΩn¬ \S-
∂-Xmbn thZw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ kwL¿jw C∂p Nne¿ hmZn-
°pw-t]mse shdp-samcp IpSpw-_-I-e-l-ambn hnNm-cn-°m≥ hø.
]fin-X∑
- m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw
`mc-Xob Z¿i-\-ß-sf-∏‰n Ah-Km-V-amb ]T\w \S-Ønb `mc-
Xob alm-]-fin-X-\mb tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Bcy-
∑m-sc∂pw Zkyp-°-sf∂pw ]d™ph∂n-cp-∂Xv c‡-_-‘-sØbpw
]mc-º-cy-sØbpw Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bp≈ c≠p hn`n-∂-h¿K-°m-sc-
°p-dn-®mWv.'' 18
as‰mcp ]fin- X - \ mb kn.hn. sshZy (C.V. Vaidya) ]d- b p∂p:
""tPXm-°-fmbn C¥y-bn¬ {]th-in® Bcy-∑m¿ shfpØ \ndhpw
Db¿∂ aq°p-ap≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. ChnsS Iogvs∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´ Zkyp-°-
fm-Is´, sNdnb aq°pw IdpØ \nd-hp-ap-≈-hcpw''.19
h≈-tØm-fns‚ EtKzZ kwln-X°v BapJw Fgp-Xnb ]tc-X-
\mb {io. sI.Fw. ]Wn-°¿ {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂Xp t\m°pI: ""Zkyp-
°-fpsS cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬ ]e-cp-sSbpw t]¿ EtKz-Z-Øn-ep≠v. [p\n,
Npacn, ]n{]p, h¿®nkv, iw_-c≥ apX-em-b-h¿ ]cm-{I-an-I-fm-bn-cp-
∂p-sh∂v Bcy-∑mcpw kΩ-Xn-°p∂p. Zkyp-P-\-X-bnse ]e hn`m-K-
ß-fn¬ inayp-°ƒ, IoI-X¿, in{Kp-°ƒ, b£p-°ƒ F∂n-h¿°mWv
{]m[m\yw. Ah-cpsS aq°v ]Xp-ßn-b-sX∂pw (A\m-k¿) \ndw Idp-
Ø-sX∂pw hnti-jm¬ ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xn-\m¬, Ct∏m-gsØ "{Zmhn-U-
PmXn'bn¬ s]´- h - c m- b n- c p∂p Ah¿ F∂q- l n°mw. Ah¿
"A\mcy'amb Hcp `mj-bmWv kwkm-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AI¿an-I-fm-bn-
cp∂p; bmKm- Z n- I ƒ Ign- ® n- c p- ∂ n√; C{µm- Z n- t Z- h - ∑ msc ]qPn- ® n- c p-
∂n√....."iniv\-tZhmx' F∂v Ahsc A[n-t£-]n-®n-´p≠v.''20
Hcp ]m›m-Xy≥ ]fin-X-\mb Atcm-kvanØv (Arrow Smith) Fgp-
Xp∂p: ""Zkyp-°ƒ hy‡-ambpw ]©m-_nse ]q¿h-\n-hm-kn-I-fm-bn-
cp∂p... Bcy-∑m-cpsS B{I-a-W-Im-eØv {Zmhn-U-`mj kwkm-cn-°p∂
P\-ßsf ]©m-_n¬ I≠n-cp∂p F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn¬ \ap-s°-Øn-
t®- c m- h p- ∂ - X mWv . Imgv N - b nepw kwkm- c - Ø nepw Ah¿ Bcy- ∑ m-
cn¬\n∂pw `n∂-cm-bn-cp∂p. Bcy-∑m-cpsS \ndw shfp∏pw Zkyp-°-fp-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
tSXv Idp-∏p-am-bn-cp∂p.''21
Zkyp-°ƒ {Zmhn-Uc
- m-bn-cp∂p
{Zmhn-U-∑m-cpsS tI{µ-ambn Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ IW-°m-°p-∂Xv
sXs° C¥y-sb-bmWv. hnti-jn®pw Xan-gv\mSv, B{‘, tIcfw,
ssakq¿ apX-emb {]tZ-i-ßsf. F∂m¬ hSs° C¥y-bn¬ ]te-
S-ß-fnepw ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv {Zmhn-U∑m¿ ]m¿∏p-d-∏n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn Ncn-
{X-K-th-j-I-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. CX-\p-k-cn®v thZ-Øn¬ h¿Wn-
°-s∏´ Zkyp-h¿Kw {Zmhn-U-∑m-cm-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ \ymb-ap≠v. {io.
kn.hn. sshZy A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p: ""Zkyp-°ƒ {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cp∂p.
F∂m¬ EtKz- Z - Ø n¬ B t]¿ FSpØp ]d- ™ p- I m- W p- ∂ n√.
AtXbh-k-c-Øn¬ Bcy-\m-a-am-Is´, \nc-h[n XhW Bh¿Øn-
®n-´p-≠p-Xm\pw.''22
as‰mcp ]fin- X ≥ Fgp- X p∂p: ""{Zmhn- U - ∑ m¿ Hcp ImeØv
]©m_v, kn‘p, _eq-Nn-ÿm≥ F∂o {]tZ-i-ß-fpƒs∏sS C¥ym-
cmPyw apgp-h≥ \nh-kn-®p-sIm≠v, {Ia-Øn¬ saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-hsc
IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]d-bm-hp-∂-XmWv. _eq-Nn-ÿm-\n-ep≈
"{_mlzn' P\-hn-`mKw C∂pw {Zmhn-U-`m-j-bmWv kwkm-cn®p hcp-∂-
sX-∂p≈ hkvXpX Cu ho£-W-K-Xn-°p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-as{X. kn‘p-
X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ Bcy-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ kn≤m-¥-Øn\v A\p-Iq-en-
Iƒ hfsc hnc-f-amWv.''23
Cu iX-I-Øns‚ XrXob Zi-I-Øn¬ kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-ß-fn¬ \S-
Ø-s∏´ DXvJ-\-\-K-th-j-Ww-hgn Bcy kaq-l-Øn-t‚-Xn-s\-°mƒ
]pcm-X-\hpw ]ptcm-K-an-®-Xp-amb Hcp kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-
ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠mbn. "kn‘p-X-S-kw-kvImcw' F∂s{X Kth-
j-I-∑m-¿ AXn\v t]cp sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Aøm-bn-c-Øn¬]cw
h¿j-ß-fpsS ]ga IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂ B kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ in¬]n-
Iƒ `mc-X-Ønse BZn-hm-kn-I-fmb {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]e
hnZ-Kv[-∑mcpw A\p-am-\n-°p∂p.
""Aøm- b ncw h¿j- ß ƒ°p- a pºv C¥y- b n¬ kn‘p- k w- ÿ m- \ -
Øn¬, "e¿°m\' Pn√-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂p-h∂ "taml≥P-Zmtdm' \K-
cnbpw ]©m-_n¬ "tamfiv-tKm-adn' Pn√-bn¬ \ne-hn-en-cp∂ "lc∏m'
\K- c nbpw CXn- \ nsS shfn- ® Øp sIm≠p- h - c - s ∏- S p- I - b p- ≠ mbn.
AtXmsS C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-ßƒs°√mw \nZm\w sshZnI \mK-cn-
I-X-bm-sW∂ ]gb kn≤m¥w Akzo-Im-cy-ambn `hn®p. {]kvXpX
kn‘p-X-S-\m-K-cn-IX Cu cmPy-Øn-t‚Xp Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. Chn-
SsØ as‰√m \mK-cn-I-X-I-fp-sSbpw hf¿®°v tlXp-hm-bn-cp-∂Xv
AXm-sW∂ Imcy-Øn¬ kwi-b-an√. Ah-km\w Cu ssk‘-h-
\m-K-cn-IX GXp h¿K-Øn-s‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p F∂ tNmZyw DZn-°p∂p.
B kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ in¬]n-Iƒ {Zmhn-U-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv
{]_-e-amb Hcp-]£w. as‰mcp ]£w CXs{X: {Zmhn-U-∑mcpw kpta-
cn-b-∑mcpw Htc h¿K-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p.''24
ssk‘-h-kw-kvIm-c-in¬]n-Iƒ {Zmhn-U-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p am{X-
a√, saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ G‰-hp-am-Zn-bn¬ kwkvIm-c-ku[w sIń-
s∏m-°nb kpta-cn-bm-h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cmWv {Zmhn-U¿ F∂pw Hcp
hn`mKw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p. h¿K-im-kv{X-Øn¬ Cu \nK-a-\sØ
Dt]m-Zv_-e-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ sXfn-hp≠v. {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m≥
Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Ccp-\ndw, Idp-Ø-X-e-apSn, \o≠ Xe Ch-bs{X a[y-
[-c-Wn-h¿K-ß-fpsS {]tXy-I -e-£-W-ßƒ. ]pcm-X\ kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw
{Zmhn-U-cpw Cu h¿K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-´-h-cm-Ip∂p.''25
{Zmhn-U-∑mcpw kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øns‚ Bcw`w
{In. ap. 6000-˛\pw apºm-bn-cp∂p. Pb-kz-em¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""as‰mcp
hn`mKw `qK¿`- i m- k v { X- ⁄ - ∑ m¿ A`n- { ]m- b - s ∏- S p- ∂ Xv CXmWv :
_n.kn. 6000-˛mam-≠p-ap-X¬-°p-Xs∂ C¥ybpw kpta-cn-b-bp-ambn
hym]m-c-_‘w \S-∂n-cp∂p. Ah¿ XΩn¬ `mjm-]-c-ambpw h¿K-im-
kv{X-]-c-ambpw (Ethnic) a‰pw km-Zriyw hln-°p-∂p≠v!''26
kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw {Zmhn-U-∑mcpw Htc h¿Kam-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ah¿
XΩn¬ AXn-{]m-No-\-Imew apX¬ ASpØ kº¿°-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p-sh-∂pw D≈ A`n-{]m-bsØ {]_es∏Sp-Øp∂ Ht´sd sXfn-hp-
I-fp≠v. ]-t£, Ah-sb√mw ]I¿Øp-hm≥ ChnsS Dt±-in-°p-∂n√.
F∂m¬ {ZmhnUw F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ DZv`-h-sØ-∏‰n Hcp hm°p ]d-
bp-hm≥ B{K-ln-°p∂p.
Xncp-bm-^nYpw {ZmhnUpw
ss__n-fnse hwi-hn-h-cWw \mw apºv kw£n-]vX-ambn D≤-cn-
®n-´p≠v. AXn¬ {]f-b-Im-e-Øn\p tij-ap≈ a\p-jy-h¿K-ß-sf√mw
{]f-b-I-Ym-\m-b-I-\mb t\ml-bpsS ]n∑p-d-°m-cm-sW∂v Ah-Im-i-
s∏-Sp∂p. t\ml°p aq∂p ]p{X-∑m-cm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv: tiapw lmapw
bms^Øpw. ss__nƒ I¿Øm-°-fmb blq-Z-∑m¿ tians‚ ]n≥ap-
d- ° m- c m- I p∂p. AXp- s Im≠v tians‚ k¥m\ ]c- º - c - s b- ∏ ‰n
ss__nƒ kpZo¿L-ambn {]kvXm-hn®p. lmans‚ ]n∑p-d-°m-sc-]-
‰nbpw Xmc-X-tay\ \∂mbn {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v. B Xmh-gn-°m¿°v
blq-Z-∑m-cp-ambn ASpØ kº¿°-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. CuPn-]vXp-Im¿,
A_v k o- \ nb (FtXym- ] y)°m¿ apX- e m- b - h ¿ lmans‚ ]n≥ap- d -
bn¬s∏-Sp∂p. F∂m¬ bms^-Øns‚ ]n≥ap-d-°m-sc-∏‰n ss__nƒ
Imcy-am-sbm∂pw {]kvXm-hn®p ImWp-∂n√. Ah¿ Zzo]p-I-sf-bmWv
A[n-hm-k-Xm-h-f-ß-fmbn kzoI-cn-®-sX-∂p-am{Xw ]d™p hn´p-I-f-
™n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. CXns‚ A¿Yw PqX-∑m¿°v bms^-Øns‚ ]n∑p-
d-bpambn kº¿°-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂t{X.
C¥y ]gb Imew apX¬ Hcp-]-Zzo]v F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-≤-am-bn-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
cp∂p. At∏mƒ bms^-ØvXm-h-gn-°m¿ C¥y-bn¬ h∂v A[n-hm-k-

ap-d-∏n-s®∂p hnNm-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ sXs‰m-∂p-an√. t\ml-bpsS aX-{]-
t_m-[\w kpta-cn-b-∑m-tcm-Sm-bn-cp∂p. Pe-{]-f-b-Øn¬\n∂v c£-s∏-
tS-≠-Xn-\mbn At±lw \n¿an® s]´-I-Øn-t‚-sX∂v Duln-°s-∏-Sp∂
Ah-injvSw Acm-dmØv ]¿h-X-Øn¬ Is≠-Øn-b-Xmbn \mw apºv
kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. kpta-cn-b-∑msc e£yw h®p-sIm-≠mWv t\mlm-
{]- h m- N - I ≥ {]t_m- [ - \ - k w- c w`w \S- Ø n- b n- c p- ∂ - s X∂ B[p- \ nI
apkv e nw Kth- j - I - ∑ m- c psS A`n- { ]m- b - Ø n- \ p- t ]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mWv
{]kvXpX I≠p-]n-SnØw. bq{^-ókv \Zn-bp-sSbpw ssS{Kokv \Zn-
bp-sSbpw CS-°mWv kpta-cn-b¿ hkn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂v AhnsS \S-Ø-
s∏´ DXvJ-\\ Kth-jWw sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v. AXn-\m¬ t\mlbpw
IpSpw-_hpw hwi-]-c-ambn kpta-cn-b-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p Xocp-am-\n°mw.
C¥y-bnepw Hcp {]f-b-IY {]N-cn-®n-´p≠v. C¥y≥ {]f-b-I-Ym-
\m-b-I≥ a\p-hs{X. a\p {Zmhn-U-∑m-cpsS Cuiz-c≥ As√-¶n¬
\mY≥ Bbn-cp∂p. "kXy-{h-X≥' F∂-t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏´ At±-
lsØ alm-`m-cXw "{Zmhn-tU-izcx' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp∂p:
""tbmku kXy-{h-tXm-\ma cmP¿jn¿ "{Zhn-tU-izcx'
⁄m\w tbmƒXo-X Iev]mt¥ tet` ]pcp-j-tk-hbm!''27
a\p {Zmhn-U-∑m-cpsS t\Xmhpw A[n-]-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬
{]f-b-IY C¥y-bn¬ {]N-cn-∏n-®Xv {Zmhn-U-cm-sW∂v A\p-am-\n°mw.
]t£, C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-Øn-\-\p-cq-]-amb hn[-Øn-emWv B IY
ChnsS {]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´Xv. C¥y≥ {]fb IY-b-\p-k-cn®v a\p-hns‚
I∏¬ sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn\p tijw Dd-®Xv lnam-eb ]¿h-X-Øn-emWv;
Acm-dmØv ]¿h-X-Øn-e√. F∂n-cp-∂mepw IYm-_o-P-Øn¬ ]d-b-
Ø° hyXymkw ImWm-\n√. ]ns∂-bp-≈Xv a\phpw \qlpw XΩn-
ep≈ _‘-sa¥v F∂p-≈-XmWv. \qlv F∂ t]cn-t\mSp alm≥
F∂¿Y-ap≈ "a' tN¿∂m¬ "am\qlv' F∂mhpw; am_-en-t]mse.
Aßs\ am\qlv tem]n®v "a\p'hmbn F∂q-ln-°p-hm≥ \ymb-ap≠v.
CtX {]Imcw bm^nYpw {ZmhnUpw XΩnepw D®m-cW kmZr-iy-ap≠v.
^, h, X, Y, Z, U F∂o h¿W-ßƒ `mj-I-fn¬ At\ym\yw amdn-
bp-®-cn-°-s∏-SpI k¿h km[m-c-W-amWv. kwkvIr-X-Ønse "thZx'
Ad-_n-Iƒ°v "ôZm'bmWv . tIc-f-Ønse Imk¿tKmUv Ad_n
{KŸ-ß-fn¬ "Im≥Pn-dq-Øm'Wv. ]pWy \ma-ßƒ "Xncp' F∂ hnti-
jW klnXw D®-cn-°pI apºpImew apX¬ XpS¿∂phcp∂ Hcp
k{º-Zm-b-at{X. Xncp-hns\ "Xr' F∂pw "{io' F∂pw amdn-bp-®-cn®pw
ImWmw. BI-bm¬ "bm^nYv' F∂ kpta-cn-b≥ ]Z-tØmSv _lp-
am\ kqN-I-amb Xncp-tN¿∂p-≠m-b-Xm-hWw "{ZmhnUw' F∂p Icp-
Xp-hm≥ hI-bp≠v. Xncp-bm-^nYv Ah-km\w {Zmhn-U-am-bn-Øo¿∂-
Xmhmw.
alm-\mb \qlp \_n(A)bpsS A\-¥-ch-∑m-cmWv {Zmhn-U¿
F∂q- l n°mw. At±- l - Ø ns‚ aX- ° m- c mWv Jp¿- B - \ n¬ ]d™
"km_nI'sf∂v apkvenw ]WvUn-X-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿°v A`n-{]m-b-ap≠v.
ssk‘h kwkvIm-c-Ønse aXw km_n-a-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v DXvJ-
\\w hgn Inńb Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ sXfn-bn-°p∂p. AtX-∏‰n ]n∂oSv
{]kvXm-hn-°p-∂-XmWv.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. EtKzZw afiew 3, kq‡w 34, E°v 9
2. Ibid, afiew 2, kq‡w 14, E°v 6
9. Ibid, afiew 8, kq‡w 96, E°v 13-˛15
10. Ibid, afiew 8, kq‡w 96, E°v 17
11. Ibid, afiew 4, kq‡w 30, E°v 13
12. Ibid, afiew 4, kq‡w 16, E°v 13
13. Ibid, afiew 4, kq‡w 16, E°v 13
15. ]mWn-\o-b-a-lm-`mjyw: 2, 2, 6
16. EtKzZw afiew 1, kq‡w 130, E°v 8
17. Ibid, afiew 5, kq‡w 29, E°v 10
18 Indian Phylosophy Vol. I, P. 112
19. History of Sanskrit Literature, Vedic period-by C.V. Vaidya M.A. Vice Chanceller Tilak
University, Poona.
20. BapJw t]Pv 24
21. Religion of Rigveda P. 37
22. History of Sanskrit Literature Vedic Period
23. Advanced History of India P. 23
24. Ibid
26. Hindu Cvilization- by Jayaswalal
27. alm-`m-cXw kvIµw 9 t\m°pI.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
A[ymbw ]Øv
kn‘p-X-Shpw saskm-s]m-t´-an-bbpw
kn‘p-Xm-gvh-c-bn¬ kwkvIm-c-ku-[w ]Sp-Øp-b¿Ønb P\-ßfpw
saskm-s]m-t´-an-bm-bnse kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw XΩn¬ ASpØ _‘-ap-
≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Kth-jI ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ ka¿Yn-®n-´p≠v. tIhew
hym]m-c-_‘w am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n√ AXv; AXn¬ Ihn™v kmwkvIm-
cn-Ihpw [m¿an-Ihpw h¿K-im-kv-{X-]-c-hp-amb _‘w IqSn Ah¿°p
XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. an. tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv Fgp-Xn-bXv t\m°pI:
""kn‘p- X - S - Ø nse Cu P\- ß ƒ°v A°m- e sØ kpta- c n- b ≥
]cnjvIm-c-hp-ambn ]e kº¿°-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. A°m-U-\n¬
Hcn-¥y≥ tImf\n ˛ I®-h-S-°m-cp-tS-Xm-IWw˛ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn\v IqSn
sXfnhp-I-fp≠v. kn‘p-\-K-c-ß-fnse Nne hyh-km-tbm¬∏-∂-ßƒ
ssS{Kokv ˛ bq{^- ´ okv \Zn- I - t fmSv _‘- s ∏´v InS- ° p∂ Itºm-
fßfn¬ sNs∂Øn. ]Icw GXm\pw kpta-cn-b≥ Iem-hn-cp-Xp-Iƒ,
Hcp \mf-ap{Z F∂nh kn‘p-tZiw ]I¿Øn-sb-SpØp. Akw-kvIr-
X-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fnepw BUw-_-c-h-kvXp-°-fnepw am{X-a√ I®-hSw \S-
Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv; Ad-_n-°-S¬Øo-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v ]Xn-hmbn Cd-°p-aXn
sNø- s ∏´ph∂ a’yw taml≥P- Z m- t dm- h nse `£y- h n- ` - h - ß sf
t]mjn-∏n®p.''1
`mc-Xob ]WvUn-X-\mb {io. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xy-mb≥ ]d-bp∂p:
""sa-skm-s]m-t´-an-b-bnse ]pcm-X-\-]-cn-jvIr-X-P-\-X-sb-t∏mse, kma-
¥-hy-h-ÿm-[n-jvTn-X-amb Hcp kap-Zm-b-amWv kn‘p-Xm-gvh-c-bn-ep-
≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Irjn, inev]-the, hmWnPyw F∂n-h-bn¬ \n]p-W-
∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿. Xm{a-bpKw ! Cu Ime-ß-fn¬ Pohn-®n-cp-∂n-´p-
t]mepw, Ah¿ hfsc ]ptcm-KXn {]]n®p. kmwtKm-]mw-K-amb Hcp
[¿ahpw Hcp Nn{X-en-]nbpw Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Nn{X-en-]n-_-≤-
amb \mW-b-ßfpw a‰v hkvXp-°fpw e`n-®n-´ps-≠-¶nepw CXphsc
Ah hmbn-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n-ń√. F¶nepw a‰v ]co-£-W-ßƒsIm≠v
Adn-bm≥ km[n-®n-´p-≈Xv kn‘p-\m-K-cn-IXzw Akpc˛ Im¬Unb
(Assyrian- Chaldean) \mK-cn-I-Xz-Øns‚ ka-Im-enIw am{X-a√, `Kn-\n-
bp-am-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv. c≠n-tebpw [m¿anI `mh-\-Iƒ°v hfsc
ASp-∏-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.''2
kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-Øn¬ A o-cn-bbnse (saskm-s]m-t´-anb) Hcp
]cn-jvIrX hn`mKw IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øn-cp-∂p-sh-∂vIqSn kmwIr-Xym-
b\v A`n-{]m-b-ap≠v: ""{KŸ-I¿Øm-hns‚ "a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw' F∂
]pkvX-I-Øn¬, Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xn\v apºv kn‘p Xmgvh-
c-bn¬ A o-cn-b-bnse Hcp ]cn-jvIr-X-hn-`mKw hkn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw,
Ah-cpsS kap-Zmbw A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n¬ IS-°m≥ XpS-ßnb {]mNo-
\mcy kap-Zm-bsØ At]-£n®p IqSp-X¬ kap-∂-Xm-hÿ {]m]n-
®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≠v.''3
BI-bm¬ kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ cay-l¿ayw sIń-
∏-Sp-Ø-hcpw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ \K-c-cm-jv{S-ßƒ ÿm]n-®-hcpw
Htc hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂v hnNm-cn-°p-hm≥ \ymb-ap≠v.
taml≥P-Zm-tdm-hn¬ \n∂v sIm≠p-t]mb ap{Z-I-fn¬ NneXv, _mKvZm-
Zn\v hS°v Ing°p AºXv \mgnI AI-se-bp≈ "sS¬-B-kvam¿'
F∂n- S - Ø v \ n∂v J\- \ - Ø n¬ In´p- I - b p- ≠ mbn. Ch- t bm- s Sm- ∂ n®p
e`n® a‰p- km-[-\-ß-fpsS Imew CXc e£y-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \n¿W-
bn-°p-hm≥ km[n-®XpsIm≠mWv, kn‘p-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ Imew
_n. kn. 2500 BsW∂v k¿ tPm¨ am¿j¬ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv.
BI-bm¬ C¥ybpw B {]tZ-i-ßfpw XΩn¬ A°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn-
cp∂ _‘-Øn\v Hcp-Øa sXfn-hmWv {]kv-XpX ap{Z-Iƒ.
saskm-s]m-t´-anb
Gjym h≥I- c - b psS a[y- ] - S n- ™ mdp `mKØv "B¿ao- \ nb'
Fs∂mcp ]¿h-X-ap≠v. CXns‚ sXt° Ncn-hn¬ \n∂pw bq{^-ókv,
ssS{Kokv F∂o c≠p \Zn-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp∂p. Ah hyXy-kvX-ß-
fmb c≠p am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS HgpIn, "j´¬ Bc_v' (iØp¬ Ad_v)
F∂n-SØv k‘n-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S-en¬ sN∂v
tNcp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. {]kvXpX c≠v \Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ ÿe-
Øn\v ]nev°m-eØv {Ko°p-Im¿ "saskm-s]m-t´-anb' F∂v t]cn´p.
(saskm˛ CS-°p-≈Xv ; s]mt´-anb˛ \Zn-I-fpsS). CtX `qhn`m-K-Øn\v
ln{_p `mj-bn¬ "\lvdmbow' F∂mWv ]d-™n-cp-∂Xv. "\Zn-Iƒ'
F∂mWv AXns‚ A¿Yw. Ad-_n-Iƒ AXns\ "amss_-\-∂-lv-
ssd≥' (\Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep-≈Xv) F∂pw "CdmJv' F∂p-amWv hnfn-®n-
cp-∂Xv. CdmJv F∂ t]¿ C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p∂p. F∂m¬ kpta-cn-
b≥ `mj-bn¬ B `q`m-K-Øn\v "kp_¿' F∂m-bn-cp∂p t]¿. kp_¿
]n∂oSv hS-°≥ kndn-b-°p-]-tbm-Kn-®p-h∂p. B i_vZw tem]n®p
Ah-km\w "kpcnb', "kzcm', "kndnb' Fs∂m-s°-bmbn amdn.
saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bpsS hS-°p-`mKw Db¿∂ ae-\m-SmWv. F∂m¬
sX°p-`mKw Xmgv∂ NXp-∏p-\n-e-ß-fs{X. Cu `mK-Øn\v ]pcm-X-\-
Im-eØv "_mt_¬' F∂m-bn-cp∂p t]¿. "_m_v' F∂m¬ ]Sn-hm-
Xn¬ F∂pw "G¬' F∂m¬ "ssZhw' F∂p-amWv ln{_p-hn¬ A¿Yw.
ssZh-Øns‚ ]Sn-hm-Xn¬ F∂ A¿Y-Øn-em-hWw B t]¿ AXn\p
e`n- ® Xv . "a¿ZqIv ' F∂ tZhs‚ \K- c - a m- b n- c p∂p A°m- e Øv
_mt_¬. {Ko°p Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ _mt_-ens\ "_m_n-tem-Wnb'
F∂v hnfn®p.
Adn-b-s∏´ kwkvIm-c-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-am-bn-´p-≈Xv Cu
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
{]tZ-iØv hf¿∂p-h∂ kwkvIm-c-am-sW∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]d-

bp∂p. "kpta-cn-b≥ kwkvImcw' F∂ t]cn¬ C∂-X-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.
F®v. Pn. sh’v Fgp-Xp∂p: ""saskm-s]m-t´-an-bbpsS (CdmJv) sX°p-
`m-K-ß-fnepw CuPn-]vXn-ep-amWv BZy-ambn ]´-W-ßfpw t£{X-ßfpw
Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw, shdp-samcp {Kmay-\-K-c-Øn¬\n-∂¬]w
Db¿∂ Hcp kmap-Zm-bnI LS-\-bpsS a‰p e£-W-ßfpw {]Xy-£-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv.'' 4
Dt±iw {In. ap. 6000˛am≠n\v apºp-Xs∂ B `q`m-KØv a\p-jy¿
A[n-hm-k-ap-d-∏n-®n-cp∂p. A°m-eØv G‰hpw ê-`q-bn-jvT-am-bn-cp∂p
{]kvXpX {]tZ-i-ßƒ. sh’vXs∂ ]d-bs´: ""Dt±iw {In. ap. 6000˛am-
≠nt\m, 7000˛am-≠nt\m ASpØv Gjy-bnse ê-]p-jvS-ß-fmb {]tZ-
i-ß-fnepw ss\¬Xo-c-Ønepw s]dp-kw-kvIm-c-tØmSp InS-\n¬°p∂
A¿[-kw-kvIm-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-b-ßƒ Bhn¿`-hn®p
Ign-™n-cp∂p.'' 5
{InkvXp-hn\v apºv Bdmw kl-{km-_vZ-Øn¬Xs∂ saskm-s]m-
t´-an-b-bn¬ cmP-hw-i-ßƒ `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p sXfn-™n-
´p≠v. A-t∏mƒ AhnsS a\p-jy-kw-kvImcw AXn-\p-sa-{Xtbm apºv
Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≠m-h-W-at√m.
kpta-cn-b≥ kwkvImcw
Xhn-´p-\n-d-tØmSpw apt∂m-´p-¥n-\n¬°p∂ aqt°mSpw IqSnb Hcp
P\-X-bm-bn-cp∂p kpta-cn-b-∑m¿. Ah¿ HcpXcw en]n D]-tbm-Kn-®n-
cp∂p. ]cn-jvIm-c-Øns‚ H∂m-asØ Nhn-´p-]-Sn-bm-Wt√m FgpØpw
hmb- \ bpw. kpta- c n- b ≥ A£- c - a me B[p- \ nI Ncn- { X- K - t h- j - I -
∑m¿°v hmbn-°m≥ Ign™p. kpta-cnb t{_m¨kns‚ D]-tbmKw
I≠p- ] n- S n- ® n- c p∂p. shbn- e n¬ DW- ° nb Cjv S n- I - s Im≠v Ah¿
t£{X-tKm-]p-c-ßƒ \n¿an®p. Fgp-Xp-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv Ifn-a-Æp-
sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb ê-I-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. I∂p-Im-en-Iƒ, sNΩ-cn-bm-
Sp-Iƒ, tImem-Sp-Iƒ, Igp-X-Iƒ apX-emb arK-ßsf Ah¿ hf¿Øn-
bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ IpXn-csb Ah¿ t]m‰n-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂mWv F®v.
Pn. sh’ns‚ A`n-{]mbw. tcmaw sIm≠p-≠m-°nb hkv{X-ß-fmWv
kpta-cn-b-∑m¿ [cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Xe sam´-b-Sn®v XmSn hf¿Øp-I-bm-bn-
cp∂p kpta-cn-b≥ ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS k{º-Zmbw.
kpta-cn-b-∑m¿°v ]e \K-c-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ah Hmtcm∂pw
kzX-{¥-am-bn-cp∂p Xm\pw. Hmtcm \K-c-Øn\pw AXn-t‚-Xmb ssZh-
ßfpw ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. cmjv{Sw ssZh-Øn-t‚-Xm-
sW-∂m-bn-cp∂p k¶ev]w. `qan H´p ap°mepw tZh-kz-am-bn-cp∂p.
ssZh-kz-Øp-°-fpsS ]cn-Nm-c-Itcm ]m´-°mtcm tkh-Itcm Bbn-
cp∂p Ahn-SsØ P\X.
tZh-kz-Øp-°-fpsS {]Xy-£ -`-cWI¿Øm-°ƒ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-
cm-bn-cp∂p. ssZh-ßsf {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXn-cp-∂Xpw Ah-cs{X.
Ah¿ aptJ-\-bmWv ssZh-im-k\w e`n-®n-cp-∂Xv. tZh-kz-Øp-°-fpsS
hchp sNehp IW-°p-Iƒ Ah¿ IrXy-ambn tcJ-s∏-SpØn kq£n-
®n-cp∂p. CtX Bh-iym¿Y-am-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ en]n I≠p-]n-Sn-®Xv.
en]n-bpsS I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-amWv kpta-cn-b-bpsS {][m\ kw`m-h\.
kpta-cn-b-∑m¿ henb {]b-Xv\-im-en-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn¬ kwi-
b-an√. \mńs‚ A∂sØ Imem-hÿ `b-¶-c-am-bn-cp∂p. CS-bv°nsS
sh≈-s∏m°w. KXm-K-X-tbm-Ky-a-√mØ NXp-∏p-\n-e-ßƒ. kpta-cn-b¿
B Imem-h-ÿsb \nb-{¥n®p. Ah¿ ka¿Y-amb Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-
Xn-Iƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. bq{^-ó-kn-s‚bpw ssS{Ko-kn-s‚bpw sh≈w
Ihn-s™m-gp-Ip-tºm-gmWv sh≈-s∏m-°-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Cu {]Xn-
k-‘nsb Ah¿ ka¿Y-ambn t\cn´p. B c≠p \Zn-Iƒ°p at[y
aq∂p henb I\m-ep-Iƒ Iodn; Ahsb ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n®p. I\m-
ep-I-fn¬\n∂v sh≈w Irjn-ÿ-e-ß-fn-te°p sIm≠p-t]m-tI-≠-
Xn-\mbn ssItØm-Sp-I-fp-ap-≠m°n. Aßs\ B `qhn-`mKw t£ssa-
iz-cy-ß-fpsS hnf-\n-e-ambn amdn. kpta-cn-b-cpsS Cu Petk-N\
]≤Xn B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑msc B›cy ]c-X-{¥-cm-°n-bn-´p≠v.
CXp ImcWw kpta-cn-b≥ hb-ep-I-fn¬ tKmXºv apX-emb [m\y-
ßƒ kar-≤-ambn hnf™p. {In. ap. 485-˛425˛¬ Pohn® {]kn≤
{Ko°v Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb tltdm-tUm-´kv (Herodotes) Fgp-Xn-sh-®n-cn-
°p-∂Xp t\m°pI: ""[m\y-Øn\v Ccp-\qdv ta\n hnf-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
tKmX-ºp-s\-√n-s‚bpw _m¿fn-s\-√n-s‚bpw Hcn-e°v ]e-t∏mgpw \mep-
hn-c-ep-I-fpsS hoXn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. tNmf-Øn-s‚bpw ISp-In-s‚-bpw-
I-‰-Iƒ°v AZv`p-X-I-c-amb \of-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.''6
BI-bm¬ kpta-cn-b-∑m-cpsS hb-ep-I-fn¬ hnf-bp∂ [m\yw
kz¥w Bhiyw Ign®v hf-sc-tbsd an®w h∂n-cn-°Ww. Cu an®-
[m\yw CXc tZi- ß - f n- t e°v Ib- ‰ n- b b- ° m- \ p- ≈ DZy- a - Ø n¬\n-
∂mhmw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ hym]mcw Bcw-`n-®Xpw A`n-hr≤n
{]m]n-®Xpw. {io. sI. hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Ah-cpsS
hym]mcw 1200 \mgnI AIse InS-°p∂ kn‘p-{]-tZ-i-ßƒhsc
hym]n®p.''7
saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ Ncn-{X-Øn-∂m-[mcw
{In. ap. 669˛-626˛¬ A o-cnb `cn® Ajq¿_m-\n-]m¬ cmPm-
hns‚ cmP-[m\n ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp∂ ÿew J\\w sNbvX-t∏mƒ
ap∏-Xn-\m-bn-c-tØmfw inem-en-Jn-X-ßƒ I≠p-Inń. Ifn-a-Æp-sIm-
≠p- ≠ m- ° nb B ê- I - ß - f n¬ FgpXnh® Imcy- ß ƒ Kth- j -
I≥am¿°v hmbn®p a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ km[n®p. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-
°m-cpsS Ncn-{X-sØbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw Ipdn-®p-≈ C∂sØ Adn-
hns‚ {][m\ Dd-hnSw AXs{X. Ajq¿_m-\n-]m-ens‚ Ime-Øp-≈
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
kw`-hßƒ am{X-a√ AXn¬ Dt√-J\w sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv; At±-l-

Øns‚ B⁄-{]-Imcw Fgp-Øp-Im¿ AXn-\p-ap-ºp≈ tcJ-I-fpsS
]I¿∏p-Ifpw Xøm-dm-°n-h-®n-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ B {]tZ-i-ß-sf-∏-‰n-
bp-≈ kpZo¿L-amb Ncn{Xw Kth-j-I-∑m¿°v ssI∏-‰m≥ Ign™p.
kpta-cn-b≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v ]g-°w-sN∂ ImeØv, AXm-bXv,
{In. ap. 2300˛\SpØv Ahn-SsØ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑mcpw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw
cmPy-Øns‚ ]pcm-X-\-N-cn-{Xs-Ø-∏‰n Hcp At\z-jWw \S-Øn-bn-
cp∂p. AhnsS `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Hcp ]ńI
Aßs\ e`n-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬ Cu ]ńI AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥
Xc-an-s√-∂mWv B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. B ]ńI
{]Imcw Pe-{]-f-b-Øn\v apºp-≈ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS hmgvN-°mew
4,32,000 sIm√-am-sW∂v IW-°m-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. CØcw IW-°p-
Iƒ shdpw km¶-ev]n-I-am-hmt\ Xc-ap-≈q. AXn-\m¬ {]kvXpX
IW°v C∂sØ Ncn{X hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v kzoIm-cy-a√. ]Icw Ncn-
{Xm-h-in-jvS-ß-fn¬\n∂v In´p∂ hkvXpX-I-fmWv kpta-cn-b≥ Ncn-
{X-Øn-\m-[m-c-ambn kzoI-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Cßs\ IqSp-
X¬ hkvXp-\n-j-vT-amb IW-°p-Iƒ h®p-t\m-°p-tºmƒXs∂ kpta-
cn-b≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v hfsc ]g°w ImWmw. ]›n-ta-jy-bnse
G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\-amb kwkvImcw kpta-cn-b≥ kwkvImcw Xs∂-
bm-bn-cp∂p. {In. ap. 5262-˛¬ \n∏q-dnepw {In. ap. 4500˛-¬ Injnepw
{In.ap. 3500˛-¬ Dudnepw cmP-hmgvN \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn sXfn-™n-´p-
s≠∂v saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmlnXy Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb {io. IrjvW-
ssN-X\y tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.8
Ajq¿_m-\n-]m¬ tiJ-cn-®p-h® enJn-X-ß-fn¬ ]e hnj-b-ß-
sfbpw kv ] ¿in- ° p∂ tcJ- I - f p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p. KWnXw, XØz-
imkv{Xw, Ncn{Xw, tPymXnjw, a{¥-hmZw, A¿Y-imkv{Xw, \ncp‡w
(\nL≠p), kvtXm{X-am-e-Iƒ, ]m´p-Iƒ, Imhy-ßƒ, CXn-lm-k-ßƒ
Aßs\ ]eXpw. A°q- ´ - Ø n¬ "Kn¬K- t ajv NcnXw' Fs∂mcp
Imhyw {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂p. CXn\v H∂-ne-[nIw ]mTm-¥-c-ß-fp-
≠m-bn-cp∂p. CXns‚ Imew Kth-j-I-∑m¿ \n¿W-bn-®n-´p≠v. {io.
IrjvW-ssN-X\y ]d-bp∂p: ""Cu Imhy-Øn\v GXm≠v {In. ap.
3000 sIm√sØ ]g-°-ap≠v. CsXmcp ]q¿W-amb ]ucm-WnI IY-
bmWv.''9 t\ml-bpsS {]f-b-IY CXn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬
B IY A°m-eØpw kpta-cn-b-∑m-cpsS kvarXn-]-Y-Øn¬ aßmsX,
ambmsX \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xm-hp-∂-XmWv. temI-N-cn-{X-Im-
c≥am¿ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""B Imhy-Øn¬ \n∂mWv t\ml-bpsS IY
FSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂p Nne Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p. GXm-bmepw
ss__n-fnse t\ml-bpsS Ncn{Xw CXn¬ ]d-bp∂ IY-bpsS Hcp
t\¿∏-I¿∏p-t]mse tXm∂pw.''10
Kn¬K- t a- j ns‚ CXn- l m- k - Ø n¬ am{X- a √ a‰p kpta- c n- b ≥
kmln-Xy-ß-fnepw {]kvXpX IY ÿew ]nSn-®n-´p≠v. B kmln-
Xy- ß ƒ Kn¬K- t a- j ns‚ CXn- l m- k - Ø n\pw apºp- ≈ - X m- b n- c p∂p.
saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""krjvSn-I-
Y- s b- t ∏m- s e- Ø s∂ _m_n- t em- W n- b ≥ kmln- X y- Ø n¬ temI-
sØbpw a\p-jy-h¿KsØbpw \in-∏n® Hcp alm-{]-f-b-sØ-∏‰n
At\Iw ]mTm-¥-c-ß-fp≠v. Ch-bn¬ G‰hpw Ah-km-\-tØ-Xn¬,
Cu IY Kn¬K-ta-jns‚ [oc-Ir-Xy-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bp-≈ \o≠ Ihn-X-bn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p.''11
BI-bm¬ ss__nƒ \ne-hn¬h-cp-∂-Xn\v F{Xtbm apºp-ap-X¬
{]mNo\ kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬ ÿew ]nSn® H∂mWv t\ml-bpsS Ime-
Øp-≠mb {]f-b-IY. kpta-cn-b-∑m-cn¬\n-∂m-hWw a‰p-]-ecpw AXp
]I¿Øn-sb-Sp-ØXv. AXn-\m¬ {]f-b-I-Ym-\m-b-I-\mb t\ml Hcp
kpta-cn-b-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂v I¬]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ sX‰p-s≠∂v tXm∂p-
∂n√. t\mlm-{]-hm-N-I≥ aX-{]-t_m-[\w \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv Cu P\-
]-Z-tØm-Sm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ncn-{X-Im-esØ kpta-cn-b-∑m¿ At±-l-
Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw A\p-am-\n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.
Fs¥-∂m¬ t\ml-bpsS s]´-I-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ GXm\pw a\p-
jycpw P¥p-°-fp-a-√msX a‰mcpw `qan-bn¬ Ah-ti-jn-°m-Ø-hn[w,
{]f-b-Øn¬ k¿hcpw \in-®p-t]mbn F∂pw s]´-I-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-
∂-h¿ t\mlbpw IpSpw-_-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw ss__nƒ ]d-
bp∂p.12
]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ \mep tZio-b-X-Iƒ
hmgp- I bpw \in- ° p- I bpw sNbv - X - X mbn Ncn- { X- Ø n¬ ImWp∂p:
kpta-cnb, A°m-Unb, _m_n-tem-Wnb, A o-cnb. F∂m¬ A°m-
Un-b-°mcpw _m-_n-tem-Wn-b-°mcpw A o-cn-b-°mcpw skan-‰nIv
h¿K-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cp∂p. kpta-cn-b-°m¿ am{Xw B h¿K-Øn¬
s]´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂n√. kpta-cn-b-cpsS DZv`hw B[p-\nI Kth-j-I-∑m¿°v
C\nbpw Xocp-am-\n-°m≥ Ign-™n-ń√. ]t£, C¥y-bnse kn‘p-
X-S-kwkvImc inev]n-I-fp-ambn Ah¿-°v ASp-Ø-_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-
cp∂p. Irjv W - s sN- X \y Fgp- X p∂p: ""C¥ybnse Bcy- ∑ m¿°p
apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ \nhm-kn-I-fp-ambn˛ taml≥PZm-tdm-hnepw C≥U-
kvXm-gvh-c-bnse lc-∏-bnepw ]©m-_nse dp]m-dnepw cmP-kvXm-\nse
kc-kz-Xo-\-Zo-X-S-Ønepw ssakq-cn¬t]mepw Ipgn-s®-Sp-°-s∏´ Ah-
in-jvS-ß-fpsS DS-a-I-fmb \nhm-kn-I-fp-ambn˛ Ch¿°p-≈ _‘w-Im-
Wn-°p∂ sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v.''13
`mc-Xob kmln-Xy-Ønepw Hcp {]f-b-IY ÿew ]nSn-®n-´p-≠t√m.
CXpt]mse PqX-∑m¿, Ad-_n-Iƒ apX-emb CX-c- P-\-X-I-fnepw
B IY {]N-cn-®n-´p≠v. AXn-\m¬ B P\-]-Z-ß-sf√mw Htc Xd-hm-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
ń¬ \n∂v `mKw ]ncn-™p-t]m-∂-h-cm-hmsa∂v A\p-am-\n-°p-hm≥

\ymbw ImWp∂p. {]f-b-Øn-\p-tijw temI-Øp-≠mb a\p-jy-k-
ap-Zm-b-ß-sf√mw t\ml-bpsS k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬s∏-Sp∂-h-cm-sW∂
ss__n-fns‚ Ah-Im-i-hm-ZsØ X≈n-°-f-b-W-sa-∂n√. ]t£, Cu
hnj-b-I-ambn C\nbpw Kth-j-W-]-c-ºc \S-tØ-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.
aX-hn-izmkw
{InkvXp-hn\v HºXv \q‰m≠v apºv saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bnse ]ptcm-
ln-X-∑m¿ Ah-cpsS tZh-K-W-Øns‚ Hcp ]ńI Xøm-dm°n. AXn¬
65,000 tZh-X-I-sf-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p≠v. sslµ-h-]p-cm-W-ßƒ ap∏-Øn-
ap-t°mSn tZh≥am-sc-∏‰n ]d-bp∂ ÿnXn°v CXn¬ AZv`p-X-s∏-Sm-
s\m-∂p-an√. F∂m¬ BZn-bn¬ C{X-b-[nIw ssZh-ß-sfm∂pw kpta-
cn-b∑m¿°n-√m-bn-cp∂p. Ncn{Xw \mep P\-hn-`m-K-ßsf H∂n-∏n-®-
t∏mƒ Hmtcm hn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw ssZh-ßƒ Iq´p-tN¿∂v s]cp-In-b-
Xm-h-W-sa∂v A\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. GI-Xz-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ kqN-
\bpw kpta-cn-b≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-ń¬ Hfn™pInS-°p-
∂-Xmbn \mw ImWp∂p. kpta-cn-b-cpsS ssZh-Øns‚ t]¿ "F≥en¬'
F∂m-bn-cp∂p. F≥en-en-s\-bmWv BZn-bn¬ Ah¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂Xv.
{io. IrjvW ssNX\y Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Cu {]tZ-iØv BZy-ambn Bcm-
[n-°-s∏´p XpS-ßnb tZh≥ "F≥en¬' BsW∂v tXm-∂p∂p. Fs¥-
∂m¬ At±lw kpta-cn-b-∑m-cpsS ssZhambn-cp∂p.''14
CXpt]mse _m_n- t em- W n- b - ° m- c psS tZh- \ m- b n- c p∂
"a¿Zq°n's\ w-_-‘n® hn`m-h-\-bnepw GI-Xz-Øns‚ k¶¬]w
ImWmw. a¿Zq-°mWv Ah-cpsS hnizmkØn¬ krjvSnI¿Ømhv. a¿Zq-
°ns‚ Bcm-[-\-bmWv a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS e£yw. {io. sI.hn.
tKm]m-e-ta-t\ms‚ `mj-bn¬, ""_m_n-temÏm-cpsS ssZh-amb a¿Zq-
°n\v {]m[m\yw Inń. Ah-km\w krjvSn-I¿Øm-hp-ambn. Cßs\
\m\m-Xz-Øn¬\n∂v GI-Xz-Øn-te-°p≈ A[ym-fl-Nn-¥-bpsS km[m-
cW Ncn-{X-KXn ChnsS ImWp∂p.''15
Cu hymJym\w \ap°v kzoI-cn-®psIm≈W-sa-∂n√. \ΩpsS
A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ \m\mXzØn¬\n-∂v -G-I-Xz-Øn-te-°-√, G-I-Xz-
Øn¬ \n∂v \m-\m-Xz-Øn-te-°mWv ssZh-k-¶¬]-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ KXn.
]t£, GIXz hn`m-h\ saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kwkvIm-c-Ønepw
ÿew ]nSn- ® n- ´ p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂ kwKXn CØ- c p- W - Ø n¬
{]tXyIw {it≤-b-as{X.
ss__n-fnse a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS IYbpw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-
°m-cpsS krjvSn-I-Ybpw XΩn¬ hfsc ASp-∏-ap≠v: IrjvW-ssN-
X\y ]d- b p∂p: ""a\p- j y- k r- j v S n- b psS saskm- s ]m- t ´- a n- b ≥
hymJym\w ss__n-fn-te-Xp-t]m-se-Ø-s∂-bmWv. a¿Zq°v kzbw apdn-
s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw AXn¬ \ns∂m-gp-Inb c‡-Øn¬ aÆp-Ip-g®p a\p-
jys\ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.''16
ss__nƒ "ssZh-c‡w' F∂ hm°n-\p-]-Icw "ssZh-kz-cq]w'
F∂pw "Poh-izmkw' F∂p-ap≈ ssien-I-fmWv kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv.
""ssZhw Xs‚ kzcq-]-Øn¬ a\p-jys\ krjvSn®v''.... ""btlm-h-
bmb ssZhw \ne-sØ -s]m-Sn-sIm≠v a\p-jys\ \n¿an-®n´v, Ahs‚
aq°n¬ Poh- i zmkw DuXn; a\p- j y≥ Poh- \ p- ≈ - t Z- l n-
bmbnØo¿∂p.'' 17
Jp¿-B-\m-Is´, ChnsS as‰mcp ssien-bmWv kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-
∂Xv.
""Ah≥ (ssZhw) Ifn-a-Æn¬\n∂v a\p-jy-krjvSn Bcw-`n®p....
Xs‚ Bflmhv Ah-\n¬ DuXn..''18
ssien-Iƒ hyXy-kvX-ß-sf-¶nepw Bibw H∂p Xs∂: ùan-
I-X-bp-sSbpw ssZhn-I-tN-X-\-bp-sSbpw ka-⁄-k-k-Ωn-fn-X-\mWv
a\p-jy≥. Ah-\n¬ Aù-an-I-X-bp-sSbpw ùan-I-X-bp-sSbpw Awi-
ßƒ Ie¿∂n-´p≠v. Aù-an-I-amb ssZhnI tNX\ hf¿Øn, a\p-
jy\v Hu∂-Xy-Øns‚ DØpw-K-irw-K-Øn-se-Øm≥ Ignbpw. AXmWv
ssZhm-cm-[-\-bpsS e£yw. ssZhm-cm-[-\-°p-th-≠n-bs{X a\p-jy≥
krjvSn- ° - s ∏- ´ n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xv. ùan- I - X - b psS Nfn- ° p- ≠ n¬
B≠pt]mImsX, Aù-an-I-X-bpsS D∂-X-]-Z-hn-bn¬ FØn-t®-cm-
\p≈ ]cn-]mSn˛ AXmWv ssZhm-cm-[\. Cu Bibw Jp¿-B≥
hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v. a\p-jy-kr-jvSn-bpsS Dt±iyw ssZhm-cm-[-\-bm-
sW∂v AXv ]d-bp∂p.19 kpta-cn-b≥ kmln-Xyhpw CXp Xs∂-
bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv: ""ssZh-ßƒ°v Bcm-[\ Bh-iy-am-bn-tØm-
∂n-sb∂pw AXn\v Bcp-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m-emWv a\p-jy≥ krjvSn-
°- s ∏- ´ - s X∂pw (krjv S n) IY- b psS IuXp- I I- c - a mb Hcp `mKw
{]kvXm-hn-°p∂p.''20
A\p, F≥en¬, F≥In, \nlq¿kmZv, CjvSm¿, jamjv, kn≥,
\m\, Cb, \_p, AZZv apX-emb H´-t\Iw tZho-tZ-h-∑m-cn¬ saskm-
s]m-t´-an-b-°m¿ hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. Ch-sc√mw AZr-iy-i-‡n-Ifpw
{]IrXn {]Xn-`m-k-ßsf \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-h-cp-am-sW∂v Ah¿ hniz-
kn®p. C°q-´-Øn¬ CjvSmdpw \m\bpw F≥Inbpw tZhn-am-cm-bn-´mWv
k¶¬]n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. A\p tZh-∑m-cpsS ta[m-hn-bmWv. At±-l-
Øns‚ B⁄- I ƒ F≥en¬ \S- ∏ n¬ hcp- Ø p∂p. A\p- h ns‚
ÿm\w ]n∂oSv a¿Zq-°n-\mbn. F≥In `qtZ-hn-bmWv. \nlq¿km-ZmWv
"A]vkp' (Pew) hns\ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv. CjvSm¿ kuµ-cy-tZ-hn-bt{X.
\m\-tZ-hn-bmWv \Kcw c£n-°p-∂Xv. Cb \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw jamjv
kqcy-s‚bpw kn≥ N{µ-s‚bpw AZZv sImSp-¶m-‰n-s‚bpw tZhX-I-
ft{X. jam-kns‚ ÿm\w HSp-hn¬ hfsc Db¿∂p. At±lw k¿h-
⁄\pw k¿h-km-£n-bp-ambn . jam-jn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp saskm-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
s]m-t´-an-b≥ kvtXm{X-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p:

""F√m \mń- e p- a p≈ a\p- j y- c psS B{K- l - ß ƒ, Ah- c psS
{]hrØn-Iƒ F√mw Aß-dn-bp∂p; ImWp∂p.''21
Cb Pe-tZ-h-Xbpw \_p ⁄m\-tZ-h-X-bp-amWv. Cßs\ Hmtcm
{]Ir-Xn-{]-Xn-`m-k-ßƒ°pw ]n∂n¬ Nne tZh-X-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w
\S-°p-∂p-s≠-∂mWv Ah¿ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv.
CXp IqSmsX Xn∑bpw tcmK-ßfpw hcp-Øp∂ Nne Zp¿tZ-h-X-I-
fp-s≠∂pw Ah¿ hniz-kn-®n-cp∂p. Ah¿ ]pcp-j-∑mtcm kv{XoItfm
A√. kwlm-c-aq¿Øn-I-fmWv.
""AKm- [ - X - e - ß - f n- s em- ∂ n¬ Ah¿ Dbn¿s°m≠p. Ah¿
kv{Xobpw ]pcp-j-\p-a√; kwlmc NWvU-hm-X-ß-fmWv Ah¿.''22
]t£ ip≤n-I¿a-ßƒsIm≠pw a{¥-ßƒsIm≠pw Zp¿tZ-h-X-
Isf Bń-b-I-‰m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v Ah¿ [cn-®n-cp∂p.
AZr-iy-k-Xz-ß-fn-ep≈ hnizmkw \ne-hn-ep≈ F√m aX-ß-fn-
ep-ap≠v. Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw hnhn[ t]cp-I-fmWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-
sXt∂-bp≈q. ss__nƒ "amem-J-am¿' F∂mWv Ahsc hnfn-°p-
∂Xv. Zp¿tZ-h-X-Isf "kmØm-∑m¿' F∂pw, apkvenw-Iƒ Ahsc bYm-
{Iaw "ae-°pIƒ' F∂pw "ssiØm-∑m¿' F∂pw hnfn-°p∂p. `mc-
Xo-b-cm-Is´ "tZh-∑m¿' F∂pw "Akp-c-∑m¿' F∂p-amWv ]d-bp-∂Xv.
BI-bm¬ AXn-{]m-‡-\-Imew apX¬ a\p-jy-cmin Cß-s\-bp≈
Aù-Xn-Im-kvXn-Xz-ß-fn¬ hniz-kn-®p-h-cp∂p.
CXp-t]mse ssZh-hn-[n-bnepw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b¿°v AN-©e
hnizmk-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. F≥en-ens‚ \K-cn-bmb "\n∏q¿' \n]-Xn®
Ah-k-c-Øn¬ \S∂ Zo\-tcmZ\w CXm-bn-cp∂p: ""tZhm-[n-tZhm, temI-
ß-fpsS A[n-\m-bIm, Bg-am≠ a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-Øns‚, ]hn-{X-]Z-
Øns‚, {]]-©-Øns‚ A[oim, AXyp-∂-X-\m-tbmt\, Cu hnem]w
{ihn-®mepw ... inYn-eo-Ir-X-amb t£{X-ßƒ°v th≠n hne-]\w
\S-Øs´. XI¿°-s∏´ tZhm-e-b-ßƒ°v th≠n hne-]\w \S-Øs´.
BcpsS ]≤-Xn-I-fpsS kØ, BcpsS Nn¥ a\p-jy-_p-≤n-°-Xo-Xtam,
B ssZh-hn-[n-bpsS kØ-bmWv F≥en¬....apI-fn¬ kz¿KsØ
\n›-e-am-°p∂ ssZh-hn[n; Xmsg `qansb \n›-e-am-°p∂ ssZh-
hn[n; tZh-K-W-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ òXn P\n-∏n-°p∂ ssZh-hn[n ˛ AXn-
s\mcp am{¥n-I-\n√!23
saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-°m-cpsS [¿am[¿a-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥ Hcp
_m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ {]m¿Y-\-bn¬ \n∂v A\p-am-\n-°m-hp-∂-XmWv:
""Rm≥ sNbvX ]m]sØ \∑-bmbn am‰pI; Fs‚ A]-cm-[-ßsf
Im‰-Sn®p If-bs´. Fs‚ ZpjvI¿a-K-W-ßsf Hcp aen-\-h-kv{X-sa-
∂-t]mse F∂n¬ \n∂pw am‰n-°-f-bpI. Fs‚ ssZhta, Fs‚ ]m]-
ßƒ Gtg-gn-c-ń-bm-sW-¶nepw, Fs‚ ]m]-ßsf Igp-In-°-f-bpI.
Ahn-SsØ lrZbw inip-°sf s]‰p hf¿-Ønb Hcp amXm-hns‚
lrZbw t]mse kt¥m-jn-°s´. inip-°sf s]‰p hf¿Ønb amXm-
hn-s\-t∏mse, Ahsc P\n-∏n® ]nXm-hn-s\-t∏mse AXv kt¥m-jn-
°s´!'' 24
aXhpw kmaq-lnI \oXnbpw
saskm-s]m-t´-anb `cn-®n-cp∂ cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬ ]ecpw ssZh-hn-
izm-khpw kmaq-lnI-\o-Xnbpw XΩn¬ _‘-ap-s≠∂p [cn-®n-cp∂p.
{]_p-≤-cmb {]kvXpX cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcmƒ eKmjv \K-c-Ønse
Ddp-°m-Pn\ Bbn-cp∂p. Ct±-l-Øns‚ Imew {In. ap. 2900˛am≠m-
sW∂v Kth-j-I-∑m¿ IW-°m-°n-bn-´p≠v. Ddp-°m-Pn\ Xs‚ P\-

ßƒ°v kzmX{¥yw \¬In F∂v Ah- I m- i - s ∏- S p- I - b p- ≠ mbn.
At±lw \S-∏m-°nb \nb-a-ßfpw hyh-ÿ-Ifpw {]kvXpX Ah-Im-
i-hm-ZsØ Gd-°ptd km[q-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠p-Xm\pw. ]mh-ß-sfbpw
\n -lm-b-scbpw NqjWw sNbvXv, A∂sØ [\n-I-∑mcpw aXm-[n-
Im-cn-Ifpw \n m-c-hn-ebv°v `qanbpw hkvXp-°fpw ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ Hcp \nbaw cmPmhv \S-∏m°n:
""cmPm-hns‚ {]P°v Hcp \√ Igp-X-°pń P\n-°p-Ibpw Abm-
fpsS apX-em-f-≥ AXv "Rm≥ hmßn-s°m≈pw' F∂p ]d-bp-Ibpw
sNøp-∂-]£w, DS-a-ÿ-\mb \n¿[-\\v AXv hn¬°m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-
\p≈ Ah-Im-i-ap≠v. AYhm Ah≥ hn¬°p-hm≥ Xøm-dm-sW-¶n¬
Xs‚ apX-em-f-t\mSv "Fs‚ IpSpw-_hpw Fs‚ a\ pw Xr]vXn-s∏-
Sp-∂Xv hsc sh≈n-\m-Wy-Øn¬ hne XcnI' F∂p ]dbmw.''25
]mh-s∏-´-h-cpsS tXm´-Øn¬ IS∂v acw apdn-°pI, êw ]dn-s®-
Sp-°pI apX-emb A{I-a-ßƒ A∂sØ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ sNbvXn-
cp∂p. Cu A{I-a-tØbpw Ddp-°m-Pn\ \n¿Ø¬ sNbvXp:
""]mh-ß-fpsS amXm-hns‚ tXm´-Ønse ac-ßƒ apdn-°p-Ibpw
ê-ßƒ ]dn-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS Hcp ]Xn-
hm-bn-cp∂p. ]mh-ß-fpsS amXm-hns‚ tXm´-Øn¬ ]n∂oSv Abmƒ
IS-∂n-ń√. Abmƒ Ah-fpsS hr£-ßƒ apdn-°p-Itbm, ê-ßƒ
FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-Itbm sNbvXn-ń√.''26
Iogvt°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬ \oXn-∂ym-b-]m-e\w hf-sc-b-[nIw Agn-a-Xn-
I-tfm-sS-bmWv ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ \S-Øp-∂-sX∂v At±lw I≠p.
AXpw Ah- k m- \ n- ∏ n®p. ap∂qdv sIm√w Ign™v eKmjv \Kcw
KpUnb F∂ cmPm-hns‚ A[o-\-Øn¬ h∂p. At±lw ]e ]cn-
jvIm-c-ßfpw \S-∏n¬ hcpØn. C°q-´-Øn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p am\-h-k-
aXzw. At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp inem-^-e-I-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xp t\m°pI:
""Ggp sIm√-tØ°v `rXy bP-am-\-Øn-tbmSv Xpey-am-bn-cp∂p. ASna
Ahs‚ DS-a-tbm-sSm∏w t]mbn. Fs‚ ]´-W-Ønse _e-lo-\≥
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
_e-hms‚ ASp-°¬ hn{i-an®p.''27

KpUn-b-cm-Pm-hns‚ ac-W-tijw P\-ßƒ At±-lsØ ssZh-
sØ-sb-∂ t]mse BZ-cn®pt]m∂n-cp∂p. CXp {]Imcw Du¿ ]´-W-
Øn¬ `cWw \S-Ønb "Du¿ FwKp¿' cmPmhpw ({In.ap. 2450) At±-
l-Øns‚ ]p{X≥ UpwKnbpw ({In.ap. 2400) icn-bmb kmaq-lnI-
\oXn ÿm]n- ° p- I - b p- ≠ mbn. 58 sIm√w cmPyw `cn®p UpwKn.
CsXms° ssZh-Øm¬ \n¿Zn-jvS-amb XØz-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v {]kvXpX Du¿ FwK-dns‚ Hcp {]Jym-]\w
Xs∂ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p≠v:
""jam-jns‚ \ymb-{]-am-W-ßƒ hgn Rm≥ Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn
\ymb-ta¿s∏-SpØn! ''28
lΩp-dm-_n-bpsS "\nb-a-kw-lnX' Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-¿°n-S-bn¬ kp{]-
kn-≤-amWv. {In.ap. 2123 apX¬ 2081 hsc _m_n-tem-Wnb `cn® B
cmPm-hns‚ \nba kwlnX apgp-h≥ C∂p \ap°p Inń-bn-´p≠v. ine-
bn¬ Dt√-J\w sNbvXp-sh-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p AXv. AXns‚ apJ-hp-c-
bn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""tZh-∑m-cmb A\phpw t_epw hmgvØ-s∏´ cmP-
Ip-am-c\pw ssZhm-cm-[-I-\p-amb lΩp-dm-_nsb hnfn®p C{]-Imcw
]d™p: cmPy-sØm-´msI \oXn-\ymbw ]men-°pI; ZpjvS-∑m-scbpw
Zpjv{]-hr-Øn-I-sfbpw C√m-bva-sN-øpI; _e-hm≥ _e-lo-\s\ a¿Zn-
°p-∂Xp XS-bpI; `qan-bn¬ hn⁄m\w ]I¿ØpI! t_en-\m¬
hnfn-°-s∏´ \ymbm-[n-]-\mb lΩp-dm_n Rm\m-Wv. P\-ß-fpsS
\ymbm- [ n- ] \pw ssZh- Ø n\v Cjv S - a mb {]hrØn- I ƒ sNøp∂
Zmk\pw Rm\mWv. Rm≥ kº-Xvk-ar≤n ssIh-cpØn; P\-ßƒ°v
sh≈w [mcm- f - a mbn hnX- c Ww sNbv X p; B]- X v ° m- e Øv Rm≥
Ahsc klm-bn®p.''29
lΩp-dm-_n-bpsS `c-W-Øn¬ \nb-a-Øns‚ apºn¬ F√m-hcpw
ka-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. apJ-hpc XpS-cp∂p: ""Ah-i-Xm-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\v lc-
Pn-I-fp-ambn hcp∂ F√m-hcpw \oXn-am-\mb Hcp cmPm-hns‚ apºn-
se-∂-t]mse Fs‚ {]Xn-a-bpsS apºn¬ hcs´; Fs‚ kvamc-I-Øn¬
sImØn-bn-´p≈ inem-en-Jn-X-ßƒ hmbn®v, B hne-tb-dnb kq‡-
nIƒ a\- n-em-°s´; Ahs‚ k¶-S-ßƒ°v Fs‚ inem-en-Jn-X-ß-
fn¬ ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øs´; Ahs‚ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ a\- n-em-°p-
am-dm-Is´; Ahs‚ a\ v kt¥mjw sIm≠v \nd-bs´. lΩpdm_n
Xs‚ {]P-Iƒ°v ]nXm-hmb Hcp \mY-\m-Ip∂p. At±lw `qan-bn¬
ip≤-amb Hcp `cWw G¿s∏-SpØn.''30
lΩp-dm-_n- Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-t]mse {]kvXpX \nb-a-kw-lnX Hcp
ssZhnI \nb-a-kw-ln-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hnNm-cn-∏m≥ \ymb-ap≠v.
]n¬°m-eØv C{km-tb¬ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ \S-∏n¬ h∂Xpw tamk-
n\v Ah-X-cn®v Inń-b-sX∂v hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb \nb-a-kw-
ln-X°v lΩp-dm-_n-bpsS kwln-X-tbm-Sp≈ IS-∏mSv Ncn-{X-\n-cq-]-I-
∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p≠v. Ckvem-anI ico-A-Øn\pw AXn-t\mSv
A]m-c-amb kmZr-iy-ap≠v. BI-bm¬ {]kvXpX kwln-X-I-sf√mw
Htc kcn-Øn¬ \n∂v \n¿K-fn-®-Xm-sW-∂v ]d-bm-hp-∂-XmWv. AXn-
\m¬ saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ hf¿∂p hnI-kn® kwkvImcw Hcp
{]hm-NI {]t_m-[-\-Øns‚ AkvXn-hm-c-Øn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bn-cp∂p
F∂ \nK-a-\-ØnseØn-t®-cm≥ hnj-a-an√. Ime-N-{I-Øns‚ Id°w
B kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ ]e am‰-ßfpw hcp-Øn-bn-cn°mw. Aßs\ {]hm-
N-I-{]-t_m-[n-X-amb XØz-ß-fn¬ \n∂v AXp hf-sc-b-[nIw hyXn-
N-en-®p-t]m-b-Xmhmw. CXp Xs∂-bmWv as‰√m temI-kw-kvIm-c-
ßƒ°pw kw`-hn-®Xv.
lΩp-dm-_nbpw A{am-sêpw
PqX-∑mcpw {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw apkvenw-Ifpw Hcp-t]mse {]hm-N-
I-s\∂p hniz-kn-°p∂ A{_-lman (C_v-dmlow \_n)s‚ P∑-tZiw
_m_n-tem-Wn-b-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂v ss__n-fn¬\n∂v hy‡-amhpw.
_m_n- t em- W nbm cmjv { SsØ "io\m¿' F∂mWv DXv ] - Ø n- ] p-
kvXIw31 hnfn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. A{_-lm-ans‚ ImeØv io\m¿ `cn-®n-
cp∂ cmPm- h ns‚ t]¿ "A{am- s ^¬' F∂m- b n- c p∂p. 32 F∂m¬
Ad_n {KŸ-ßƒ "\nwdqZv' F∂mWv A∂sØ cmPm-hns\ hnfn-
°p-∂Xv. \nwdqZv F∂Xv A°m-eØv _m_n-tem-Wnb `cn-®n-cp∂
cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS ÿm\-t∏-cm-hWw; "^n¿-Hu≥' (^tdmh), \÷min
(t\Kkv), "ssJk¿' (kok¿), "Inkvdm' F∂o t]cp-Iƒt]mse
Xs∂. AXn-\m¬ \nwdqZv ]c-º-c-bnse Hcp N{I-h¿Øn-bmhmw A{am-
s^¬.
{]kvXpX A{am-s^¬ BhWw, inem-en-Jn-X-ß-fn¬ Is≠-
Ønb lΩp-dm_n F∂v Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-I-cn¬ Nne¿°-`n-{]m-b-ap≠v.
l˛A, _˛ ^ F∂o h¿W-ßƒ skan-‰n°v `mj-I-fn¬ At\ym\yw
amdn hcnI km[m-c-W-at{X. Aßs\ lΩp-dm_n F∂ _m_n-tem-
Wn- b ≥ kw⁄ ln{_p- ` m- j - b n¬ IS∂ph∂- t ∏mƒ "Aap- d m^n'
Bbn. "F¬' ln{_p-hn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ t]cmWv. Fen-t\mSv tN¿∂v
[mcmfw t]cp-Iƒ ln{_p-hn¬ ImWmw. iap-th¬, bl-kvtI¬,
bn{km-tb¬ F∂nh DZm-l-cWw. Aap-dm-^n-tbmSv ln{_p-ssi-en-b-
\p-k-cn®v F¬ tN¿∂v Ah-km\w A{am-s^¬ Bbn-Øo¿∂-Xm-hm-
sa-∂mWv kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn-bpsS \nK-a\w. At±lw Cu
\nK-a-\sØ \ymbo-I-cn-®psIm≠v {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p: ""A{am-sêpw
lΩp-dm-_nbpw Htc BfmWv F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn\v henb Hcp sXfnhv
Ccp-h-cp-sSbpw Imehpw tZihpw GXm≠v H∂m-bXp IqSn-bmWv.''33
]m›m-Xy≥ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb B¿.Uªyp. cmK¿kn\pw GXm≠v
CtX A`n-{]m-b-am-Wp-≈-sX∂v \Zvhn kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v.34
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
BI- b m¬ {]hm- N - I - \ mb A{_- l m- a ns‚ aX- { ]- t _m- [ - \ -

Øn¬\n-∂p-bn¿sIm-≠-XmWv lΩp-dm-_n-bpsS \nb-a-kw-lnX F∂v
hnNm-cn-°p-hm≥ km[y-X-bp≠v. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ saskm-s]m-
t´-an-b≥ kwkv-Im-c-Øns‚ ASn-sbm-gp-°p-Iƒ Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ aX-{]-
t_m-[\w \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ alm ]pcp-j-∑m-cpsS Nn¥m-K-Xn-Ifpw Bi-
b-K-Xn-I-fp-am-sW∂v ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. F∂m¬ B alm-]p-cp-j-∑m-
cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-ßfpw bYm¿Y-a-X-{]-t_m-[-\-ßfpw \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬
\ap°v J\-\-ß-fn¬ e`n-®n-ń√. AXn-sem´pw AZv`p-X-s∏-Sm-\p-an-√-
Xm\pw. ImcWw, Xß-fpsS kvamc-I-ßƒ°-√msX as‰m-∂n\pw cmPm-
°-∑mtcm {]`p-°-∑mtcm hne I¬]n-°pI ]Xn-hn-√t√m.
ssk‘-h≥amcpw saskm-s]m-t´-an-bcpw XΩn-ep≈ aX-]-c-amb
ASp-∏s-Ø-∏‰n ASpØ A[ym-b-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n°mw.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. hm´v lm∏≥Uv C≥ lnÃdn t]Pv 112
2. hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ t]Pv 542, 543
3. Ibid P. 540-541
4. tem-I-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]Pv 68
5. Ibid P. 68
6. D≤cWw: saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 10
8. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 14
9. Ibid P. 67
11. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw t]Pv 49
12. DXv]Øn 7-˛mw A[ymbw t\m°pI.
14. Ibid P. 26
17. DXv]Øn 1: 27, 2: 7
18. Jp¿-B≥ 32: 7,9
19. Ibid A[ymbw 51, kq‡w 56 t\m°pI.
20. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 48.
21. Ibid P. 32
22. Ibid P. 29
23. Ibid P. 40
24. Ibid P. 37, 38
25. Ibid P. 86
26. D≤-cWw: Ibid P. 87
27. D≤-cWw: Ibid P. 87, 88
28. D≤-cWw: Ibid P. 88.
29. D≤-cWw: Ibid P. 88, 89
31. DXv]Øn 10:10
32. Ibid 14:1
33. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 1, t]Pv 143
34. Ibid hmfyw 1, t]Pv 143
A[ymbw ]Xn-s\m∂v
aX-]-c-amb ASp∏w
sh¶-e-bp-K-Øn-emWv kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kvImcw Xg®p hf¿∂-sX∂v
DXvJ-\\ Kth-jWw sXfn-bn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ AXns‚ Bcw`w
AXn\pw F{X-tbm \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v ap≥]m-bn-cn-°Ww. Fs¥-∂m¬
]q¿W hf¿® ssIh∂ Hcp kwkvIm-c-am-bn-´mWv kn‘p-\m-K-cn-
IXzw \ΩpsS Adn-hn¬ hcp-∂Xv. Hcp \mK-cn-IX B Zi-bn-se-Ø-
W-sa-¶n¬ ]e hf¿®m-L-´-ß-sfbpw ]n∂n-SmsX hø. ]WvUn‰v
s\lvdp-hns‚ A\p-am-\-Øn¬ At©m Btdm kl-{km-_vZ-ßƒ
]g-°-ap≠v kn‘p-XS kwkvIm-c-Øn\v.1
GXm≠v AtX Ime-Øm-hWw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kwkvIm-
chpw Xg®p hf¿∂Xv. kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ°v saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-
°m-cp-ambn ASpØ kº¿°-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-I-
∑m- c psS A`n- { ]mbw \mw I≠p. ssk‘- h - ∑ m¿ ka¿Y- c mb
IS¬bm{X-°mcpw I®-h-S-°m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p. J\-\-Øn¬ e`n® ap{Z-
I-fn¬ ImWp∂ I∏¬ Nn{X-ßfpw, hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ Af-hp-I-
fp-sSbpw Xq°-ß-fp-sSbpw Nn”-ßfpw AXmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.
IqSmsX saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bnse Hcp ]pcm-X\ \K-c-amb eKm-jn-\-
Sp-Øp-\n∂v Hcp XpWn-s°-ńs‚ Acn-In¬ Hcp C¥y≥ ap{Z I≠p-
In-ń-bXv hy‡-am-°p-∂Xpw AXmWv.
]cpØn \qem-°p-hm\pw \qep-sIm≠v hkv{X-ßƒs\-øp-hm\pw
kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ ]Tn-®n-cp∂p. J\-\-Øn¬ Is≠-SpØ XpWn-
°jWw AXv sXfn-bn®p. NpI∏v Nmbw sImSpØv tamSn-]n-Sn-∏n®
B XpWn s\bvØp-hy-h-km-b-Øn¬ Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]ptcm-
KXn ImWn-°p∂p. {Ko°p-`m-j-bn¬ ]cp-Øn-°p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ t]¿
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
"knt‘m≥' F∂s{X. ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv ]cp-Øn°pw ]cp-Øn-sIm-

≠p≈ hkv{X-ßƒ°pw {ipXn-s∏´ cmPyw kn‘m-b-Xn-\m-em-hWw
AXn\v B t]¿ Inń-b-sX∂v A\p-am-\n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. {Ko°p-Im¿ ]cp-
Øn-ØpWn hmßn-bn-cp-∂Xv kn‘n¬ \n∂m-bn-cn-°Ww.
saskm-s]m-t´-an-bbpw kn‘pw XΩn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ _‘-sØ-
∏‰n \mw hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v. tIhew I®-h-S-_-‘-am-bn-cp-∂n√ AXv.
AXn¬ Ihn™v, kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw aX-]-chpw IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p.
kn‘p- X - S - h m- k n- I - f psS aX- k - ¶ ¬]hpw kpta- c n- b - c psS aX- k -
¶¬]hpw XΩn¬ hep-Xmb kmZr-iy-ap≠v. CtX-∏‰n tPm¨ am¿j-
ens‚ ]£w CXmWv:
""kn‘p-X-S-Ønse P\-ß-fpsS aX-Øn¬ ImWp∂ ]eXpw kam-
¥c \ne-bn¬ a‰p P\-ß-fnepw ImWm-\p-s≠-∂Xv icn-X-s∂-sb-
¶nepw, Ncn{X Ime-Øn\v apºp≈ F√m aX-ß-fp-sSbpw, Ncn-{X-
Imew apX¬°n-tßm-´p-≈ an° aX-ß-fp-sSbpw ÿnXn CXp-X-s∂-
bmWv . '' 2
F∂m¬ ssk‘-h-∑m-cp-sSbpw saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-cp-sSbpw aX-
`m-h-\-Iƒ {]mtbW H∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv Ncn{X tcJ-Ifpw J\-
\-K-th-j-W-ßfpw sXfn-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. {io. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-
bs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ""kn‘p-\m-K-cn-IXzw Akp-c-Im¬Zn \mK-cn-
I- X z- Ø ns‚ ka- I m- e nIw am{X- a √, `Kn- \ nbpw IqSn- b m- b n- c p∂p.''
ImcWw ""c≠n-tebpw [m¿anI `mh-\-Iƒ°v hfsc ASp-∏-ap-≠m-bn-
cp∂p.''3 am{X-a√, ""Bcy-∑m¿ C¥y-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xn\v apºv kn‘p-
Xm-gvh-c-bn¬ A o-c-nb-bnse Hcp ]cn-jvIr-X-hn-`mKw \nh-kn-®n-cp∂p''4
F∂p-t]mepw At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂p. Aß-s\-bms-W-¶n¬
kn‘p-\m-K-cn-IXzw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Ønb Ic-ßƒ kpta-cn-b-∑m-cp-tS-Xm-
hm≥ hfsc km[y-X-bp≠v. AXn-\m¬ kpta-cn-b≥ aXhpw ssk‘-
h≥ aXhpw auen-I-ambn H∂ms-W∂v hcp∂p.
Dt±iw {In. ap. Bdm-bn-c-am-≠nt\m Ggm-bn-c-am-≠nt\m apºv kpta-
cn-b≥ \mK-cn-IX Bcw-`n-®n-cn-°m-sa-∂mWv Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS A\p-
am\w. AXn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ J\-\-Øn¬ ssIh-∂n-´p-
ap≠v. ""IqSp-X¬ hkvXp\njvT-amb IW-°p-Iƒ sh®p-t\m-°n-bmepw
kpta-dn-b≥ kwkvImcw ]Sn-™m-d≥ Gjy-bnse G‰hpw ]pcm-X\
kwkvIm-c-ambn \nesIm-≈p∂p. {In. ap. 5262-˛¬ \n∏q-dnepw {In. ap.
4500˛¬ -Injnepw {In. ap. 3500˛-¬ Dudnepw cmP-hw-i-ßƒ `cn-®n-cp-
∂-Xmbn sXfn-hp≠v. Cu {]tZ-iØv a\p-jy-hmkw AXn-s\-{Xtbm
apºv Bcw-`n-®n-cn-°-W-sa∂v hy‡-amWv.''5
BZy-ambn kwkvImcw ÿm]n-X-am-bXpw hf¿∂p h∂Xpw \Zo-
Xo-c-ß-fn-em-bn-cp∂p. bq{^-ó-kn-s‚bpw ssS{Ko-kn-s‚bpw at[y-bp≈
{]tZiw, ss\¬ \Zn-bpsS Xmgvhmcw, kn‘p-XSw apX-em-bh C°q-
´-Øn¬ s]Sp∂p. F®v.Pn. sh’v Fgp-Xn-bXv t\m°pI: ""Dt±iw
{In. ap. 6000-˛am≠nt\m, 7000-˛am≠nt\m ASpØv, Gjy-bnse ê-
]p-jvS-ß-fmb ]e {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw ss\¬Øo-c-Ønepw s]dp-kw-
kvIm-c-tØmSv InS \n¬°p∂ A¿[-kw-kvIm-c-ap≈ a\pjy kap-Zm-
b- ß ƒ Bhn¿`- h n®p Ign- ™ n- c p∂p...... saskm- s ]m- t ´- a n- b bpsS
sX°p- ` m- K - ß - f nepw CuPn- ] v X n- e p- a mWv BZy- a mbn ]´- W - ß fpw
t£{X-ßfpw Pe-tk-N\ ]≤-Xn-Ifpw, shdp-samcp {Kma-\-K-c-Øn¬
\n∂¬]w Db¿∂ kap-Zm-b-L-S-\-bpsS a‰p e£-W-ßfpw {]Xy-
£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. A°m-eØv bq{^-ókv \Znbpw ssS{Kokv \Znbpw
hn`n∂ kc-Wn-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWv t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S-en¬ sN∂p hoWn-
cp-∂Xv. Cu c≠p \Zn-I-fp-tSbpw at[y-bp≈ `q`m-K-Øn-emWv kpta-
cn-b-°m¿ BZy-ambn Ah-cpsS ]´-W-ßƒ ]Wn-sN-bvXXv.''6
Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Im-eØv kw`-hn-®-Xmbn ]e aX {KŸ-ß-fnepw {]Xn-
]m-Zn®p ImWp∂ Hcp kw`h-amWv Pe {]fbw. Cu IY h¿K-ßƒ
XΩn-ep≈ ]pcm-X\ _‘sØ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p≠v. t\ml-bpsS
ImeØv kw`-hn-®-Xmbn ss__nfpw Jp¿-B\pw ]d-bp∂ {]kvXpX
IY saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmln-Xy-ß-fnepw ÿew ]nSn-®n-´p≠v.
Ajq¿_-\o-]m¬ F∂ A o-cn-b≥ cmPm-hns‚ {KŸ tiJcw J\-
\-Øn¬ I≠pInń. A°q-´-Øn¬ "Kn¬K-tajv' F∂ Hcp hoc-iq-
cs‚ Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn® Hcp CXn-lmk Imhyhpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂p. Cu
Imhy-Øn\v GXm≠v {In. ap. 3000 h¿jsØ ]g-°-ap≠v.7 ss__n-
fnse {]fb IY {]kvXpX CXn-lm-k-Øn¬ \n∂v ]I¿Øn-b-Xm-
sW∂v Nne \ncq-]-I-∑m¿°v ]£-ap≠v. GXm-bmepw 5000 h¿j-
ßƒ°p apºv kpta-cn-b-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ {]Np-c-{]-Nmcw kn≤n® Hcp
IY-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Ncn{Xw kwi-bn-°p-∂n√.
CsXmcp I¬]nX IY-sb-∂mWv ASpØ Imew hsc Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-
I-∑m¿ [cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ CønsS "Acm-dmØv' ]¿hX inJ-c-
Øn¬ Is≠-Ønb Hcp {]mNo\ I∏-ens‚ Ah-injvSw t\ml-bp-
tS-Xm-hm≥ km[yX sXfn™p h∂n-cn-°p∂p. Fs¥-∂m¬ t\ml-
bpsS I∏-ens‚ BIr-Xnbpw Af-hp-Ifpw ss__n-fn¬ hnkvX-cn-®n-
´p≠v. Ah Cu Af-hp-I-tfmSv tbmPn-°p∂p.8
CtX IY as‰mcp cq]-Øn¬ C¥y≥ kmln-Xy-ß-fnepw ÿew
]nSn-®n-´p≠v. sshh-kz-X-a-\p-hmWv C¥y≥ {]fb IYm-\m-b-I≥.
C¥y≥ ]pcmW {]Imcw a\p-°ƒ ]Xn-\m-ep≠v. Ggm-asØ tZl-
amWv hnh-kzms‚ aI-\mb a\p. a\p-hns‚ hmgvN-°mew ]pcm-W-a-
\p-k-cn®v 43,20,000 h¿j-amWv. Cu IW-°n\v saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-
bnse ]pcm-W-hp-ambn _‘-ap-s≠∂p Nne¿ ]d-bp∂p. Ahn-SsØ
]ptcm-lnX Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Dt±iw {In.ap. 2300˛-am≠n-t\m-S-SpØv
\mńs‚ ]q¿h-Im-e-N-cn-{X-sØ-∏‰n \S-Ønb At\z-j-W-êw inem-
en-Jn-X-ß-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-®n-cp∂p. Cu tcJ-bn¬ ]d-™-{]-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Imcw, Pe-{]-f-b-Øn\v apºv kpta-cnb `cn® cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Imew

4,32,000 h¿j-ß-fmWv. CtX-∏‰n "hn¬Up-dm‚n's‚ Our Oriental Heri-
tage (t]. 119,120) F∂ IrXnsb D≤-cn®p "Ien-bpK'Øns‚ I¿Øm-
°ƒ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""kpta-cnb-bnse ]ptcm-lnX Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Ah-
cpsS cmPy-Øns‚ Hcp ]pcm-X\ Ncn-{X-ap-≠m°n F∂pw AX-\p-k-
cn®v Hcp ]c- º - c - b psS hmgv N - ° mew˛Pe- { ]- f - b - Ø n- \ p- a p- º p- ≈ Xv ˛
4,32,000 h¿j-ß-fm-sW∂pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-®n-´ps-≠∂pw hn¬Up-
dm‚ v {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p.''9
Cu IW-°n¬ Hcp ]qPyw tN¿Øm¬ C¥y≥ ]pcm-W-a-\p-k-cn-
®p≈ "a\z-¥cw' (a\p-hns‚ hmgvN-°mew) Bbn. AXn-\m¬ C¥y≥
]pcm-W-Ønse {]kvXpX a\z-¥c \n¿W-b-Øn-\m-[mcw saskm-s]m-
t´-an-b≥ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS IW-°m-sW∂pw, AXp ]I¿Øn-b-
t∏mƒ Hcp ]qPyw IqSn-t∏m-b-Xm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw kwi-bn-°m≥ hI-
bp≠v. _m_n-tem-Wn-b-bnse _m¬ t£{X-Øns‚ ]ptcm-ln-X\pw
Im¬Un- b - b psS Ncn- { X- s a- g p- X nb Bfp- a mb "s_d-
kqkn'( Berasus.B.C.400 )s\ D≤- c n- ® p- s Im≠v PqX- { K- Ÿ - I m- c - ∑ mcpw
{Ko°p- { K- Ÿ - I m- c - ∑ mcpw Hcp IW°v sImSpØpImWp- ∂ p≠v .
AXnepw {]f-b-Øn\p apºp≈ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS hmgvN-°mew 4,32,000
F∂mWv ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.10
GXm-bmepw {]kvXpX IW°v shdpw km¶¬]n-I-amWv. AXn\v
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ASn-ÿm-\-sam-∂p-an√. ]t£, C¥y≥ ]pcm-Whpw
saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ tcJ-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ ASp-∏sØ AXv sXfn-
bn-°p-∂p≠v. t\ml F∂ skan-‰nIv \mahpw a\p F∂ C¥y≥
\mahpw XΩn-ep≈ kmayw \mw apºv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. Ien-bp-K-Øns‚
I¿Øm- ° ƒ ]d- b p∂p: ""ss__n- f nse t\mlbpw C¥y- b nse
sshh-kzX a\phpw Hcmƒ Xs∂-bmWv.''11
CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ Ad_n Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw temI-k-©m-cn-bp-am-bn-
cp∂ A_p¬ lk≥ akqZn (acWw {In. 956)bpsS A`n-{]mbw
IqSn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øs´. At±lw Xs‚ "apdq-Pp-±-l_v' F∂ Ncn{X
{KŸ- Ø n¬ FgpXn sh®n- c n- ° p- ∂ Xpw ImWpI: ""t\ml- b psS
]u{Xs‚ ]p{X≥ \q^n¿ Xs‚ IpSpw-_-k-taXw C¥y-bn-te°v
˛kn‘n-te°v˛ bm{Xbmbn...... kn‘nse P\-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚
k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬ s]´-h-cm-Ip∂p.''12
kn‘p-Xm-gvh-c-bn¬ saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bnse Hcp ]cn-jvIr-X-hn-
`mKw A[n- h m- k - a p- d - ∏ n- ® n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂v cmlp¬kmw- I r- X ym- b \pw
ka¿Yn-®n-´p-≠t√m. B ]cn-jvIrX hn`mKw t\ml-bpsS ]n≥apd-
°m-cm-bn-cn-°Ww. CtX ]cn-jvIrX hn`m-K-am-hWw, ]n¬°m-eØv
{Zmhn-U¿ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´Xv. {Zmhn-U-i-_vZhpw Xncp-bm-
^nYpw XΩn-ep≈ kmZriyw \mw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-´p≠v. bm^nYv
t\ml-bpsS Hcp ]p{X-\m-bn-cp∂p. bm^n-Yns‚ ]u{X-\mb Baq¿
C¥y≥ AXn¿Øn-I-fn¬ h∂v Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-®-Xmbn akqZn as‰m-cn-
SØv {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≠v.''13
Npcp-°-Øn¬, kpta-cn-bcpw {Zmhn-Ucpw h¿K-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn
Htc hn`m-K-am-sW∂ ]£-amWv IqSp-X¬ icn-bmbn tXm∂p-∂Xv.
Pb-kz-em¬ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""as‰mcp hn`mKw `qK¿ìm-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿
]Sn-™m-d≥ C¥ybpw kpta-cn-bbpw XΩn¬ _n.kn. 6000-˛am≠p
apX¬ Xs∂ I®-hSw \S-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw kpta-cn-bcpw {Zmhn-Ucpw
XΩn¬ `mjm-]-c-ambpw h¿K-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw (Ethnic) a‰pw kmayw
hln-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.''14
"AUzm≥kvUv lnÃdn Hm^v C¥y' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ \n∂v "C¥y-
bnse h¿W-k-acw' F∂ IrXn D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""Ah-km-\-ambn kn‘p-
X-S-\m-K-cn-IX GXp h¿K-Øn-\n-S-bn-emWv hf¿∂p-h-∂-sX∂ tNmZyw
DZn-°p∂p. Ah¿ {Zmhn-U-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p Nnecpw, {Zmhn-Ucpw
kpta-cn-b-cp-amb c≠p hn`m-K-°mcpw (bYm¿Y-Øn¬) H∂p Xs∂-
bm-bn-cp∂p F∂p a‰p Nnecpw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.''15
sshh-kzX a\p-hns\ `mc-Xob kmlnXyw "kXy-{h-X≥' F∂pw
hnfn-°m-dp≠v. kXy-{h-Xs\ {Zmhn-U-cpsS "Cuiz-c≥' (\mY≥) F∂v
alm-`m-cXw hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂p:
""kXy-{h-tXm-RvP-en-KXmw kltXm tb\ `mcX!
D’-k¿÷\ ZotXmtb i^cow {Zhn-tU-izcx''16
""tbm ku kXy-{htXm \ma cmP¿jn¿ {Zhn-tU-izcx
⁄m\w tbmf XoX Iev]mt¥ tet` ]pcpj tkhbm''17
a\p {Zmhn-U-cpsS cmPmhpw t\Xm-hp-am-sW-¶n¬ {Zmhn-U¿ At±-
l-Øns‚ k¥-Xn-Ifpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂psh∂p hcp∂p.
F∂m¬ a\p-hns‚ kztZiw `mc-X-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw kpta-cn-b-bmbn-
cp-∂p-sh∂pw, AXp-t]mse a\p-hns‚ I∏¬ {]f-bm-\-¥cw \n∂Xv
lnam- e - b - Ø n- e - s √∂pw Acm- d m- Ø n- e m- s W∂pw [cn- t °- ≠ n- h cpw.
A£- c m- ` ymkw {]Nm- c - s ∏- S p- ∂ - X n\v apºv h{‡m- \ p- h - { ‡- a mbn
]I¿∂p-h∂ Hcp IY-bmWv {]fb kw`hw. hm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab kuI-
cy-ßƒ hf-sc-tbsd {]Nm-c-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ C°m-e-Øp-t]mepw Htc
kw`hw hnhn[ cq]-Øn-emWv dnt∏m¿´v sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. F∂n-cn-°p-
tºmƒ ]pcm-X-\-Im-esØ Hcp kw`hw hyXykvX cq]-Øn¬, hnhn[
CS-ß-fn¬ {]N-cn-®-Xn¬ AZv`p-X-s∏-Sm-s\m-∂p-an√. BI-bm¬ a\p-
hns‚ IY C¥y-bn¬ {]N-cn-®Xv Chn-SsØ kml-N-cy-Øn-s\mØ
hn[-Øn-em-sW∂v Iev]n-°m-t\-bp-≈q.
ssk‘h kwkvIm-cØ
- nse aXw
ChnsS Hcp {]iv\-Øn\v BZyta DØcw ImtW-≠-Xp≠v: t\ml
Hcp _lp-ssZ-hXz {]Nm-c-I-\m-bn-cp-∂n√. adn®p GI-ssZ-h-XzsØ
{]N-cn-∏n-t°-≠-Xn\pw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp [m¿anI hyh-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
ÿnXn sIń-∏-Sp-t°-≠-Xn-\pambn ssZh-Øm¬ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´ Hcp

{]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ ssk‘-h-kw-kvIm-c-Ønse aX hn`m-
h-\-bpsS ÿnXn Aß-s\-b√. AhnsS enwK ]qP, inh ]qP, tZho
]qP apX-emb \m\mXz k¶¬]-ß-fpsS e£-W-ß-fmWv \mw ImWp-
∂Xv. t\ml-bpsS k¥-Xn-Ifpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p kn‘p-
X-S-hm-kn-I-sf-¶n¬ Ah¿ Fßs\ _lpssZh-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-Øo¿∂p?
J\-\-Øn¬ ssIh∂ F√m Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw Htc hn`m-K-°m-cp-
tS-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hnNm-cn-∏m≥ hø. Ah-bn¬ Chn-SsØ BZn-hm-
kn-I-fpsS kmwkv-Im-cn-Im-h-injvS-ßƒ°pw Hcp ]¶p≠v. tZho-]q-P-
bpsS kvamc-I-ßfpw inh-hn-{K-l-ßfpw \¿Ø-In-bpsS {]Xn-abpw
a‰pw BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS hI-bm-bn-cn-°m-\mWv IqS-pX¬ km[yX.
F∂m¬ kwkvIm-c-ku[w sIń-∏-SpØ ]cn-jvIrX hn`mKw saskm-
s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ \n∂v ChnsS IpSn-tbdn∏m¿Ø-h-cms-W∂v ]dbmw.
\ΩpsS Cu kn≤m-¥-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-⁄-
∑mcpsS \nK-a\w. Ahsc D≤-cn®p {io. hn.B¿. ]c-ta-iz-c≥]n≈
Fgp-Xp∂p: ""taml≥P-Zm-tdm-hnepw lmc-∏-bnepw \n∂v J\\w sNb-
vsX-SpØ a\p-jym-ÿn-]-RvP-c-ßsf ]cn-tim-[n®p t\m°nb \c-hw-
i-⁄m-\n-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv Ah Htc h¿K-Øn¬s∏´ a\p-jy-cp-tS-
X√ F∂mWv.''18
kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ GI-Xz-hn-izm-kn-I-fp-tS-Xmb Hcp hn`mKw A[n-
h-kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. {io. ]n. tXmakv
Xs‚ "`mc-Xob kmwkvIm-cnI km{amPy Ncn{Xw' F∂ ]pkvX-I-
Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXp ImWpI: ""kn‘p-\-Zo-X-S-hm-kn-I-fpsS
aX-t_m-[-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂ ¢n]vX-tc-J-Iƒ C\nbpw ssIh-∂n-ń√....
GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah¿ F∂ \nK-a-\-ØnemWv an°-
hmdpw Kth-j-I-∑m¿ FØn-t®¿∂n-´p-≈Xv.''19
Ch-sc-∏‰n ASpØ A[ym-b-Øn¬ sXfnhp klnXw hni-Z-ambn
{]Xn- ] m- Z n°mw. F∂m¬ saskm- s ]m- t ´- a n- b - b p- a mbn C¥y- b psS
_‘w AXn∂p apºv Xs∂ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xn\pw inh-]q-Pbpw a‰pw
BZn kpta-cn-b-cnepw \S-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn\pw sXfn-hp-I-fp≠v. t\ml-
bpsS ImeØpw AXn-\p-apºpw kpta-cn-b-∑m¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ Nne
tZh- ∑ m¿ C¥y- b nepw Bcm- [ n- ° - s ∏- ´ n- c p∂p. inh- ] qP B C\-
Øn¬s∏-´-Xs{X.
tZh-]qP
t\ml-bpsS aX-{]-t_m-[-\-sØ-∏‰n Jp¿-B≥ ]te-S-ß-fnepw
{]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p≠v. AXns‚ Npcp°pw CXmWv: t\ml-bpsS P\X
hn{K-l-ßsf {]Xn-jvTn®p ]qPn-®n-cp∂p. h±v, kphm-Av, bKqYv, bDuJv,
\kvdv F∂o t]cp-I-fn-emWv Ah-cpsS tZh-∑m¿ Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv.
B P\-Xsb hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn¬ \n∂v hnc-an-∏n®v, GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[-
\-bn-te°v hnfn-∏m-\m-bn-´mWv \qlv \_n (A) \nbp-‡-\m-bXv.
]t£, Ah¿ At±-lsØ [n°-cn®p If™p. Aßs\ At±lw
\ncm-i-s∏-Sp-Ibpw [n°m-cn-Isf H∂-S¶w \in-∏n-°p-hm≥ ssZh-sØ
{]m¿Yn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Zo¿L-amb B {]m¿Y-\-bn¬ At±lw
]d-™-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ D≤-cn-°p∂p:
""\mYm! Ch¿ Fs∂ [n°-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p. [\hpw k¥-Xnbpw
]cm-P-b-a-√msX as‰m∂pw h¿[n-∏n-®n-ń-√m-Ø-hsc Ch¿ ]n¥p-S¿∂n-
cn-°-bmWv. Ch¿ hºn® KqV-X{¥w \S-Øn-°-gn™p. Cu t\Xm-
°-∑m¿ (A\p-bm-bn-I-tfmSv) ]d™p: "\nßƒ \nß-fpsS tZh-X-Isf
ssIhn-S-cpXv; h±n-t\bpw kphm-C-t\bpw bKq-Yn-t\bpw bDu-Jn-
s\bpw \kvdn-t\bpw Isøm-gn-°-cpXv.' Aßs\ Ch¿ hfsc t]sc
hgn-]n-g-∏n-®p-I-f-™n-cn-°p∂p.''20
CXn¬\n∂v t\ml-bpsS ImesØ kpta-cn-b-∑m¿ ]qPn-®n-cp∂
tZh-∑m-cpsS \ma-ßƒ \ap°v a\- n-embn. CtX tZh-∑msc ]n∂oSv
A\n-kvem-anI ImesØ Nne Atd-_y≥tKm-{X-ßfpw Bcm-[n-®n-
cp∂p. kp{]- k n≤ Jp¿- B ≥ hymJym- X mhpw \_n- b psS ASpØ
injy-\p-amb A_vZp-√m-ln-_v\p A∫mkv (d) {]kvXm-hn-®-Xmbn
Camw _pJmcn F∂ lZokv ]WvUn-X≥ Xs‚ "kloln'¬ D≤-cn-
°p∂p: ""{]mNo-\-Im-eØv \qlns‚ P\w Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ tZh-X-Isf
]n¬°m-eØv Ad-_n-tKm-{X-ßfpw Bcm-[n-°m≥ XpSßn. h±v Zua-
Øp¬ P≥Z- e nse I¬_p- t Km- { X- Ø ns‚ tZh- \ mbn. kphmAv
lpssZ¬ tKm{X-°m-cpsS Bcm-[y-h-kvXp-hmbn. bKqYv BZyw apdmZv
tKm{X-°m-cp-sSbpw ]n∂oSv _\q-Kp-ssX^v hwi-°m-cp-sSbpw tZh-
\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. k_m(ba≥)bpsS kao]w Ppdq^v F∂n-S-Øm-bn-
cp∂p bKqYp {]Xnjv T . bDu- J ns\ lwZm≥hw- i - ° m¿ ]qPn®p
t]m∂p. \kvdm-Is´, lnwb¿tKm-{X-Øn¬s]´ Zp¬In-em-Cs‚ Bcm-
[y- h - k v X p- h mbn! (hmkv X - h - Ø n¬) \qlns‚ P\- X - b n- e p≈ Nne
k÷-\-ß-fpsS \ma-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah. Ah¿ ac-W-a-S™p. Ah¿
Ccp∂p Bcm-[\ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Ah-cpsS {]Xn-cq-]-
ßƒ \n¿an-®p-sh-°m≥ (]n≥Km-an-Iƒ°v) ]nimNv tXm∂n®p. Ah¿
Aßs\ sNbvXp. B {]Xn-cq-]-ßƒ°v {]kvXpX alm-∑m-cpsS \ma-
ßƒ \¬In. ]t£, A∂v Ah Bcm-[n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂n√. Cu Xe-ap-
dbpw aä-d™p. hn⁄m\w tX™p am™p. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬
B {]Xn-a-Iƒ Bcm-[n-°-s∏´p XpSßn!''21
kpta-cn-b¿ Bcm-[n-®p-t]m∂ tZh-∑msc ]n¬°m-eØv Ad-_n-
Ifpw Bcm- [ n- ° m≥ XpS- ß n- s b- ∂ mWv ta¬ {]kv X m- h n- ® - X ns‚
Npcp°w. F∂m¬ Ad-_n-Iƒ FhnsS \n∂mWv {]kvXpX Bcm-
[\m k{º-Zmbw kzoI-cn-®Xv. kpta-cn-b-∑m-cn¬ \n∂v t\cn-´m-bn-cp-
∂n√. ]ns∂tbm, C¥y-°m-cn¬ \n∂m-bn-cp∂p. kzlo-lp¬ _pJm-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
cn-bpsS hymJym-\-{K-Ÿ-amb "^Xv-lp¬_mcn'bn¬ lm^n-fp-_v\p-

l-P-cn¬ AkvJ-em\n, _Jn-øp-_v\p Jmen-Zns\ D≤-cn®v Fgp-Xp∂p:
""{]kvXpX \ma-ßƒ C¥y-bn-te°v ]I¿∂p; C¥y-°m¿ Xß-fpsS
tZh-∑m¿°v B t]cp-Iƒ \¬In. ]n∂oSv Atd-_y≥ aÆn-te°v
B hn{K-l-ßƒ sIm≠ph∂Xv Awdp_v\p epssl F∂ ]ptcm-
ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂p.''22
kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ \n∂v Is≠-SpØ Hcp {]Xna inh-t‚-Xm-sW∂v
tPm¨ am¿j¬ A\p-am-\n-°p∂p. am¿j-ens\ D≤-cn®p sI. Zmtam-
Z-c≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""tbmKn-I-sf-t∏mse ]Zvam-k-\-Øn-en-cn-°p∂, aq∂v
Xe-I-fp≈ Hcp ]pcp-j-ssZ-h-Øns‚ _nw_hpw Inń-bn-´p≠v. inhs‚
{]Xn-a-bmWv AsX∂v am¿j¬ Duln-°p∂p.''23
BZn Bcy-∑m-cpsS tZh-K-W-Øn¬ inh≥s]-Sp-∂n√. s]ń-cps-
∂-¶n¬ inh-s\-°p-dn-® kvtXm{X-ßfpw EtKz-Z-Øn¬ ImtW-≠n-bn-
cp∂p. EtKz-Z-am-Wt√m Bcy-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw BZy-tØXv.
F∂m¬ inhs\ kvXpXn-°p∂ H‰ a{¥hpw EtKz-Z-Øn-en-s√-∂mWv
hnZ-Kv[-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw. {io. Zmtam-Z-c≥ Xs∂ ]d-bs´: ""inh-
s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ H‰ kvtXm{Xw-t]mepw EtKz-Z-Øn-en√.''24
Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ Bcy-∑mcpw A\m-cy-∑mcpw XΩn¬ k‘n-bn¬
h¿Øn-t°≠n h∂p. A°m-eØv inh-]q-Pbpw a‰pw Bcy-∑mcpw
AwKo-I-cn®p. h≈-tØm-fns‚ EtKzZ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v BapJw Fgp-
Xnb k¿Zm¿ sI. Fw. ]Wn-°-cpsS A`n-{]mbw ImWpI: ""inh-]q-
Pbpw tZho-]q-Pbpw enwK-]q-Pbpw Zkyp-°-fn¬ \n∂mhmw Bcy-∑m¿
kzoI-cn-®Xv.''25
Ad- _ n- I - f psS kphm- A v C¥y- ° m- c psS inh- \ m- b n- c n- ° Ww.
\ΩpsS thZ-hym-ks\ "_oZ_m'bpw Bcy-`-Ss\ "A¿P_vldpw'
B°nb Ad-_nIƒ inhs\ kphm B°n-sb-¶n¬ H´pw B›-cy-
s∏-Sm-\n√. BI-bm¬ inh-]qP kpta-cn-b-bn¬\n∂v `mc-X-Øn-te°pw
Chn-sS-\n∂v Atd-_y-bn-te°pw ]I¿∂-Xm-hWw.
A\m-cy≥amcpsS as‰mcp tZhs‚ t]¿ "hr{X≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p.
hr{X-s\ ]p—n-°p-Ibpw `¿’n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ \nc-h[n a{¥-ßƒ
EtKz-Z-Øn¬ ImWmw. Bcy-∑m¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ C{µs‚ IrXyw
hr{X- h - [ - a m- b n- c p- s ∂∂p tXm∂pw. F{Xtbm a{¥- ß - f n¬ C{µ≥
hr{Xs\ h[n-®-Xmbn {]kv-Xm-hn-®n-´p≠v. A°m-esØ bp≤-ßƒ
{]Xy-£-Øn¬ a\p-jy-h¿K-ßƒ XΩn-em-sW-¶nepw, k¶¬]-Øn¬
tZh-∑mcpw Akp-c-∑mcpw XΩn-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v tXm∂p∂p. Bcy-
∑m-cpsS `mj-bn¬ Xßfpw Xß-fpsS Bcm-[y-∑mcpw "tZh-∑mcm'Wv.
i{Xp-°fpw Ah¿ ]qPn-°p∂ ssZh-ßfpw "Akp-c-∑mcpw.' AXn-
\m¬ Bcy-∑m¿ bp≤-Øn¬ Pbn-®m¬ AXv tZh-∑m-cpsS hnP-b-ambpw
Akp-c-∑m-cpsS ]cm-P-b-ambpw Ejn-am¿ IW-°m-°n-bn-cp∂p. bp≤-
Øn¬ ASn-°Sn Pbn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Bcy-∑m¿ i{Xp-tZ-h-\mb

hr{Xs\ C{µ≥ h[n-®-Xmbn k¶¬]n®p. EtKzZw ]d-bp∂p: ""C{µm,
Ahn-S∂p ipjvW≥, ]n{]p, Ipb-h≥, hr{X≥ F∂n-hsc sIm∂-
tXm-sSm∏w iw_cs‚ ]pc-ßfpw ]nf¿Øn!''26
C{µ≥ hr{Xs\ ASn-°Sn ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬
At±-l-Øn\v "hr{X-Lv\≥', "hr{X-kq-Z-\≥' F∂o ÿm\-t∏-cp-Iƒ
Inń. Ejn-Iƒ ]mSp∂p:
""C{µ,hr{X-Lv\≥ acp-’w-bp-X-\-`n-⁄≥ \o˛
sbm∂n®p IpSn-®mepw, tkma-\o¿ _e-hmt\;
F∂n´p apSn-®mepw am‰sc; t{Zmln-Isf˛
s°m∂mep;saßƒs°ßpw X∂m-ep-a-`-bsØ.''27
C{µ≥ hr{Xs\ bp≤-Øn¬\n-t∂m-Sn-°p-Ibpw BIm-iØv sh®v
h[n-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ Bcy-i-{Xp-°sf ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvX Hcp IY Ejn A\p-kva-cn-°p∂p:
""hr{X-s\-∏m-cn¬\n-t∂m-Sn-®p-ht√m \o,
i‡n-bm¬Ø≥tImbva Imń-s°mt≠...!
hr{Xs\ hm\-Øp-h®p \o sIm∂t√m
i‡n-bm¬Ø≥tImbva Imń-s°mt≠!''28
BI-bm¬ hr{X≥ Hc-kp-c-tZ-h-\m-bn-cp∂p. AYhm i{Xp-]-£-
sØ-k-lm-bn-°p∂ ]nimNv. Fs¥-∂m¬ At±lw A\m-cy-∑m¿ Bcm-
[n-®n-cp∂ tZh-\m-bn-cp∂p. Ad-_n-I-fpsS "h±v' Cu hr{X-\m-bn-cn-°-
Ww. As√-¶n¬ inhs‚ Xs∂ as‰mcp t]cmb "hn[p'hns‚ Ad_n
cq]-hp-amhmw, h±v.
Bcy kmln-Xy-ßƒ A\m-cy-∑m-tcbpw Ah-cpsS tZh-X-I-sfbpw
kmam-t\y\ "Akp-c-∑m¿' F∂mWv hnfn®p h∂n-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬
Akp-c-i-_vZ-Øn\v BZn-bn¬ B Zpc¿Y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ns-√∂pw, Hcp
tZh-\m-a-am-bn-cp∂p AsX∂pw, Nne cmP-hw-i-Øn\pw B t]cp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw \nL-≠p-hn¬ ImWp∂p. "i_vZ-Xm-cm-hen'bn¬ ]d-
bp-∂Xv t\m°pI: ""Akp-c-i-_vZ-Øn\v ]q¿h-Im-eØv tZh≥ F∂m-
bn- c p∂p A¿Yw.... Bcy- ∑ m¿ DØ- t c- ¥ y- b n¬ IpSn- t b- d n- ∏ m¿Ø
ImeØv, AhnsS cmPy-`-cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ AcN h¿K-Øn¬ s]´-
h-scbpw "Akp-c-∑m¿' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv.''29
AXn-\m¬ Akp-c-i-_vZhpw A\m-cy-tZ-h-s‚bpw A\m-cy-h¿K-
Øn-s‚bpw s]mXp-hmb t]cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hnNm-cn°mw. Cu Akpc
i_vZ-Øns‚ DZv`hw "Ajqdn'¬ \n∂m-hWw. apºp ImeØv A o-
cnb `cn-®n-cp∂ cmP-hw-i-sØbpw Ahn-SsØ {][m\ tZh-s\bpw
"Ajq¿' F∂mWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tIm-i-Øn¬ ]d-
bp∂p: ""A o-cn-b≥ CXn-lm-k-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v B cmPy-Øns‚ A[n-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
tZ-h-\mb Ajq¿ kI-e-tZ-h-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]nXmhpw cmPmhpw a\p-jy-

hw-i-Øns‚ krjvSn-I¿Ømhpw hn[n-I¿Ømhpw kz¿K-Øns‚ A[n-
]-Xnbpw tZh-tk-\m-]-Xnbpw F√m-am-bn-cp∂p... {]mNo\ A o-cn-b-
bpsS Xe-ÿm-\-Øns‚ t]¿ Ajq¿ F∂m-bn-cp∂p.... Ajq¿ _m\n-
]m¬ F∂ t]cns‚ hnhn[ cq]m-¥-c-ßƒ ]e Ako-cn-b≥ cmPm-
°-∑m-cp-sSbpw \ma-am-bn-cp∂p.''30
Ajq¿ F∂ \ma-Øn\v ]e cq]m-¥-c-ßfpw kw`-hn®p. Aßs\
Nnte- S Øv "Bk- c - a m- k kv ' F∂pw, Nnte- S Øv "Alp- c - a - k v Z ≥'
F∂pw, Nnte-SØv "Atic' F∂pw Bbn. {io. hn.hn.sI. hmeØv
Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Ajq¿ _m\n-]m-ens‚ {KŸ-ti-J-c-Øn¬\n∂v A o-
cn-b-bn¬ Bcm-[n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ tZh-∑m-cpsS \o≠ ]ńI I≠p-In-´p-
I-bp-≠mbn. Hcp tZhs‚ t]¿ "Bk-c-am-kkv' F∂m-Wv..... CXv
"Ahkv X m'bn¬ (Cdm≥Im- c psS aX- { K- Ÿ w) "Alp- c - a - k v Z \m'bn.
A -c≥ kwkvIr-X-Ønse "Akp-c≥' Xs∂.''31
Cßs\ cq]m- ¥ - c - s ∏- ´ p- s Im- ≠ n- c p∂ B \maw Nnte- S Øv
"\kvtdm°v' F∂pw a‰p Nnte-SØv "\kvdv' F∂pambn-amdn. auem\m
kønZv kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn Xs‚ A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B-\n¬ D≤-cn-°p∂p:
""_m_n-tem-Wn-b-°m-cpsS tZh-∑m-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Hcp tZhs‚ t]¿
"\t{km°v' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp _nw_w J\-\-Øn¬
I≠p-In-ń-bn-´p≠v.''32
BI-bm¬ A o-cn-b-°m-cpsS Ajqdpw, Ajq¿ _m\n-]m-ens‚
{KŸ-ti-J-c-Øn¬ I≠ Bk-c-am-kkpw, ]pcm-X\ Cdm-\n-I-fpsS
Ah-kvX-bn¬ ImWp∂ Alp-c-a-kvZ\pw, _m_n-tem-Wn-b≥ tZh-
\m-bn-cp∂ \t{km°pw, ss__n-fn¬ ]d™ Ati-cbpw,33 C¥y-
°m-cpsS Akp-c\pw H∂p Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. AXp-X-s∂-bm-hWw Ad-
_n-I-fpsS \kvdpw. C¥y-°m¿°v "tbmKn' F∂pw "b£≥' F∂pw
t]cmb Nne tZh-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. B \ma-ß-fpsS Ad-_n-cq-]-
amhmw, bY-m{Iaw "bDuJpw' "bKqYpw.'
saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-bn¬ am{X-a√, ]›n-ta-jy≥ \mSp-I-fn¬ apgp-
h\pw Bcm-[n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ Hcp tZh-\mWv _m¬. ê-kvXo-\nepw
Ab¬cm-Py-ß-fn-ep-sa√mw _m¬ ]qP {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn ss__n-
fn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-Ip-∂p. GI-Xz-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ ASn-bp-d-®p-\n-∂n-
cp∂ C{km-tb¬ kap-Zmbhpw _mem-c-m[-\-bn¬ \ns∂m-gn-hm-bn-cp-
∂n√. ss__nƒ ]d-bp∂p: ""bn{km-tb¬ inØo-an¬ ]m¿°p-tºmƒ
P\w tamthm_ym kv{XoI-fp-ambn ]c-kwKw XpSßn... bn{km-tb¬
"_m¬]-tbmcn't\mSp tN¿∂p. btlm-h-bpsS tIm]w bn{k-tb-ens‚
t\sc Pzen®p.''34
blq-Z-∑m-cpsS tZhm-e-b-Øn-te°pw _mem-cm-[-\bpw _m¬ {]Xn-
jvT-Ifpw kw{I-an®p. Ah-km\w tbmin-bmhv F∂ PqX-cm-Pm-hmWv
B k{º- Z mbw \n¿Øn- b Xv . Cu IY ss__nƒ h¿Wn- ® Xp
t\m°pI: ""cmPmhv alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\mb ln¬°n-bm-thmSpw c≠mw
Xc- Ø n- e p- ≈ ]ptcm- l n- X - ∑ m- t cmSpw hmXn¬ Im°p- ∂ - h - t cmSpw,
_men\pw Ati- s c°pw BIm- i - Ø nse kIe ssk\y- Ø n\pw
th≠n D≠m-°nb D]-I-c-W-ß-sfms° btlm-h-bpsS aµn-c-Øn¬
\n∂p ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ Iev]n®p. bcp-i-te-an\p ]pdØp
Int{Zm≥ {]tZ-i-Øp-sh®p Ah Np´p.''35
_men-s\bpw Ati-c-tbbpw (Akp-c-∑m¿) C{km-tb¬ kap-Zm-
b-°m-cpsS tZhm-e-b-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-jvTn--®ncp∂p-sh∂v CXn¬ \n∂p
sXfn™p. AXp-t]mse Ad-_n-Ifpw _mem-cm[-I-cm-bn-cp∂p. hwi-
]- c - a mbn Ad- _ n- I ƒ c≠p hn`m- K - a m- b n- c p∂p: H∂v tbm‡ms‚,
AYhm JlvØms‚ ]n∑p-d-°m¿; a‰Xv AZv\ms‚ k¥m-\-]-c-ºc.
JlvØm-\n-I-fpsS tI{µw ba\pw, AZv\m-\n-I-fptSXv lnPm-kp-am-
bn-cp∂p. c≠v hn`m-K-°mcpw _mens\ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂p. ba-\n¬ {]hm-
N-I-\mbn \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ C¬bmkv (Genb) Xs‚ P\-Xsb
DZv t _m- [ n- ∏ n- ® - X mbn Jp¿- B ≥ D≤- c n- ° p∂p: ""\nßƒ _mens\
hnfn®p {]m¿Yn-°p-Ibpw G‰hpw \√-\n-e-bn¬ krjvSn \S-Øp-∂-
hs\ ˛ \nß-fp-sSbpw \nß-fpsS ]q¿h ]nXm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw Cuiz-
c-\mb A√m-lp-hns\˛Isøm-gn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂pthm?''36
Cu kq‡-Øn¬ \n∂v ba≥\n-hm-kn-Iƒ Hcp ImeØv _m¬]q-
P-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em-bt√m. C\n lnPm-kp-Im-cpsS _mem-
cm-[-\-sb-∏‰n ]dbmw. Ah¿ IA-v_-bn¬ 360 tZh-∑m-sc-sh®p ]qPn-
®n-cp∂p. Iq´-Øn-sem-∂m-bn-cp∂p lp_p¬. AXyp-∂-X-\mb tZh≥
F∂¿Y-Øn¬ At±-lsØ "lp_p-ep¬ AAvem' F∂mWv Ah¿
hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv. (Iq´-Øn¬ ]d-bs´: 360 _nw_-ßƒ ÿm]n-
°m≥ am{Xw IA-v_-Øns‚ hym-kw aXn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√. AXn-\m¬
Ah-bn¬ hen-sbmcp ]¶v Nn{X-ßƒ°m-bn-cp∂p. GI-ssZ-h-Xz-Øn-
e-[n-jvTn-X-amb Ckvemw Bcm[y hkvXp-°-fpsS Nn{X-ßƒ \ntcm-
[n® ]›m-Øew AXs{X. F∂m¬ lp_p-ep¬ A-Avem°v Hcp
hn{Klw Xs∂ I-A-v_-bn¬ {]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂p.)
Cu lp_p¬ ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® _me-√msX a‰m-cp-a√. Cw•o-
jnse The F∂ {]Xy-b-Øns‚ ÿm\Øv ln{_p-`m-j-bn¬ {]tbm-
Kn-°p∂ Hcp i_vZ-amWv "lp'. _m¬ ln{_p-hn-te°v IS-∂p-h-∂-
t∏mƒ "lp' tN¿∂v "lp_mem'bn. CXv Ad-_n-bn-te°v ]I¿∂-
t∏mƒ "lp_pep'ambn.
CtX _mens\ {]mNo\ `mc-Xob \nhm-kn-Ifpw Bcm-[n-®n-cp-
∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em-Ip∂p. Bcy-∑m-cpsS {]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fmb Zkyp-°-
fn¬ "]Wn-Iƒ' Fs∂mcp hym]mcn kaq-lsØ ImWp∂p. Ch¿
Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ tZhs‚ t]¿ "he≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. hes‚ A{I-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
asØ C{µ≥ hn^-e-am-°n-sb∂v EtKz-Z-I-hn-Iƒ ]mSp∂p:

""tl h{P-`rtØ, Xpd-∂p-ht√m _lp˛
tKmhr-≤-\mb hes‚ _nesØ \o.''37
]Wn-Iƒ Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]ip-°sf A]-l-cn®v Kpl-I-fn¬ Hfn-
∏n-s®∂pw, hes‚ anSp-°p-sIm-≠mWv Ah¿°Xv sNøm≥ Ign-™-
sX∂pw, F∂m¬ Bcy tZh-\mb C{µs‚ Ir]-bm¬ hes‚ "_new'
(Kpl) Xpd∂v ]ip-°sf hn´p-sIm≠p hcphm≥ Bcy-∑m¿°v Ign-
™p-sh∂pw Hcp IY-bp≠v. CXmWv {]kvXpX a{¥-Ønse {]tabw.
]Wn-I-fpsS cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p ipjvW≥. At±-l-Øn\v [mcmfw ]pcn-
Iƒ (Zp¿K-ßƒ) D≠m-bn-cp∂p. C{µ≥ Ah-sb√mw X√n-Ø-I¿Øp.
XZ-h-kcw ]Wn-∏S Iq´-tØmsS HmSn-°-f™p. EtKzZw ]d-bp∂p:
""C{µm, Cu bp≤-Øn\p ta[m-hn-bmb lhn- -ar-≤-¶¬\n∂v ]Wn-
Iƒ \qdp-\q-tdmsS ]m™p-t]mbn. Aßv tijn XnI™ ipjvWs‚
amb-Isf Bbp-[-ßƒsIm≠p ap®qSpw apSn®p!''38
]›nta-jy-bnse _mens‚ as‰mcp cq]-am-bn-cp∂p C¥y-bnse
{]kvXpX he≥. ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬ _mens\ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ ^n\o-
jycpw Chn-SsØ ]Wn-Ifpw Htc h¿K-Øn¬s∏-´-h-cm-bn-cn-°Ww.
^n\o-jy¿ _m¬]qP t\m¿sh-bpsS DØc Xocw hsc {]N-cn-∏n-®-
Xmbn s{]m^. \n¬ks\(Nilsson) D≤-cn®p hmeØv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bn-cn-°p∂p.39
C{Xbpw ]d-™-Xn¬ \n∂v Hcp Imcyw hmb-\-°m-c\v a\- n-em-
°m- h p- ∂ - X mWv : `mc- X hpw ]›n- t a- j y- b p- a m- b p≈ aX- ] - c hpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb _‘-Øn\v At\Iw kl-{km-_vZ-ß-fpsS ]g-
°-ap≠v.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. C¥ysb Is≠-Ø¬ t]Pv 91 t\m°pI.
3. hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ t]Pv 452, 453
4. Ibid P. 540
5. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw t]Pv 14
6. temI-N-cn{X kw{Klw t]Pv 68, 69
7. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥ kmlnXy Ncn{Xw t]Pv 66
8. iXm-_vZ-ßƒ°-∏p-dØv \n∂p≈ i_vZ-ßƒ t]Pv 86, 87 t\m°pI.
9. Ien-bpKw by t]m™n-°c dm^n, t]Pv 185
10. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 1, t]Pv 134,135 t\m°pI.
11. Ien-bpKw t]Pv 184
12. apdq-Pp-±-l_v hmfyw 2, t]Pv 145
14. Hindu Civilization
15. C¥y-bnse h¿Æ-k-acw t]Pv 11
16. alm-`m-cXw kvIµw 8
17. Ibid kvIµw 9
18. {]mNo\ enJn-X-ßƒ t]Pv 28
19 `mc-Xob kmwkvIm-cnI km{am-Py-N-cn{Xw t]Pv 18
20. Jp¿-B≥ 71 : 21˛-24
21. kzlo-lp¬ _pJmcn, InXm-_p-Ø-^v-ko¿ t\m°pI.
22. ^Xv-lp¬ _mcn hmfyw 10, t]Pv 294
23. C¥y-bpsS Bflmhv t]Pv 20
24. Ibid P. 30
25. BapJw t]Pv 24
26. EtKzZw aWvUew 1, kq‡w 103, E°v 8
27. Ibid aWvUew 3, kq‡w 47, E°v 1, 2
28. Ibid aWvUew 1, kq‡w 80, E°v 2
29. i_vZ-Xm-cm-hen t]Pv 665
31. EtKz-Z-Øn-eq-sS t]Pv 135
33. II cmPm-°≥am¿ 23: 4
34. kwJy 25:1, 3
35. II cmPm-°-∑m¿ 23:4
36. Jp¿-B≥ 37: 125,126
37. EtKzZw aWvUew 1, kq‡w 11, E°v 4
38. Ibid- aWvUew 6, kq‡w 20, E°v 4
39. EtKz-Z-Øn-eqsS t]Pv 231
A[ymbw ]{¥≠v
kmwkvIm-cn-ssIIyw
kpta-cn-bcpw
ssk‘-hcpw XΩn-ep≈ aX-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-
amb sFIyw kpXcmw {]I-S-amWv. kpta-cn-b¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ tZh-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
X-Isf `mc-Xo-bcpw Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v \mw ka¿Yn®p. aX-]-c-

amb ASp-∏-Øn-\p≈ hy‡-amb ZrjvSm-¥-amWXv. C\n \ap°v
kmwkvIm-cn-ssI-Iy-sØ-°p-dn®p Nn¥n°mw.
ih-kw-kI
v m-c{- Iaw
Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ ih-kw-kvImc coXn°v ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-
j-I-∑m¿ h≥]n® {]m[m\yw I¬]n-°p-∂p≠v. B kap-Zm-b-Øns‚
ac-Wm\-¥-c-Po-hn-X-`m-h-\-Iƒ {]kvXpX coXn-bn¬ \n∂v Gd-°ptd
a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-sa-∂-XmWv AXn\v ImcWw. DZm-l-c-W-
ambn, ]pcm-X\ {Ko°p-Im¿ arXicocw AS°wsNøp∂ ka-bØv
Hcp \mWbw sh°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-{]-Imcw,
ac-Wm-\¥cw Hcp \Zn (Styx) IS-t°-≠-Xp≠v. B \Zn IS-Øn-hn-
Sp∂ "jtdm¨' F∂ tXmWn-°m-c\v sImSp-∏m-\p≈ Iqen-bm-bn-cp∂p
{]kvXpX \mWbw. C¥y-°m-cnepw CΩm-Xncn Hcp hnizm-k-ap≠v.
ba-tem-I-Øn\v (]c-tem-I-Øn\v) Np‰pw Hcp alm \Zn-bps-≠∂pw
AXns‚ t]¿ "sshX- c Wn' F∂m- s W∂pw Ah¿ [cn- ° p∂p.
apkvenw-Iƒ X¬ÿm-\Øv Hcp ]me-sØ-bmWv k¶¬]n-°p-∂Xv.
kz¿K-Øns‚ Np‰p-ap≈ B ]me-Øn\v "kndmØv' F∂v Ah¿ ]d-
bp∂p.
CXp-t]mse ]pcm-X\ kpta-cn-b-≥am¿°pw ac-Wm\-¥c Pohn-X-
Ønepw AXnse Nne cwK-ß-fnepw ZrV-hn-izm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
kpta-cn-b-∑m-cp-sSbpw ssk‘-h-∑m-cp-sSbpw ih-kw-kvIm-c-coXn an°-
hmdpw H∂mbn Im-Wp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ccph-cp-sSbpw ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-
X- k - ¶ ¬]- ß ƒ GXm- ≠ v Htc- X - c - Ø n- e m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂v A\p- a m-
\n°mw. C∂sØ PmXn- l n- µ p- ° ƒ ihw Zln- ∏ n- ° p- I - b m- W t√m
]Xnhv. F∂m¬ kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-Iƒ B k{º-Zm-b-Øn\v hn]-co-X-
ambn, ss{Ikv X - h - s c- t ∏mse ihw s]ń- b n¬ AS°w sNbv X v
Ipgn®paqSp-am-bn-cp∂p. ]pcm-X\ Cdm-Jp-Imcpw CtX k{º-Zm-b-amWv
kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v B[p-\nI J\-\-K-th-jWw sXfn-bn-®n-´p≠v.
tUm. F. Aø-∏≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:""ih-°p-gn-I-fn-sem-∂n¬ ihw ]mb-
bn¬ s]mXn™v, acwsIm≠p-≠m-°nb s]ń-bn-em-°n-bmWv Ipgn-®n-
ń-cp-∂Xv. {]mNo\ Cdm-Jnepw Cßs\ s]ń-bn-emWv ihw sh®n-cp-
∂Xv.'' 1
saskm-s]m-t´-an-bbn¬ ih-i-co-c-tØm-sSm-∂n®v B`-c-W-ßƒ,
Bbp-[-ßƒ, ]m{X-ßƒ apX-em-bh Ipgn-®n-Sp∂ k{º-Zmbw \ne-\n-
∂n-cp∂p. {io. Sn.kn. i¶-c-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""1922˛¬ entbm-
\mƒUvhqfn ]pcm-X-\-bq¿ (_m_n-tem-Wnb) \K-c-Øn-\-SpØv Hcp
ih-Ip-Socw Xpd-∂-t∏mƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv AXn-\-IØv I≠Xv! AXy-
Zv`p-X-I-c-ambn ]Wn-Xo¿Øn-´p≈ apSn-bm-`-c-W-ßƒ, I¿Wm-`-c-W-
ßƒ, ame-Iƒ, hf-Iƒ, tamXn-c-ßƒ, \nc-h[n kph¿W ]m{X-ßƒ,
]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ kwKo-tXm-]-I-c-W-ßƒ, NXp-cw-K-Øn\pw a‰p-ap≈
Icp-°ƒ, IpXn-c-k-hm-cn-°p≈ km[-\-ßƒ, Ip¥-ßƒ, ]cn-N-Iƒ,
Iptd kz¿W ITm-cn-Iƒ, tZlm-e-¶m-c-Øn-\p≈ ajn-Iƒ, Nmb-ßƒ,
hmk-\-{Z-hy-ßƒ, Ch kq£n-∏m-\p≈ sN∏p-Iƒ, kqNn-Iƒ, DSp-∏p-
Iƒ˛ Cßs\ t]mIp∂p \of-am-bn-s´mcp ]ńI.''2 At±lw XpS-cp∂p:
""GXm≠v 5200 h¿j-ßƒ°p apºv Pohn-®n-cp∂ "jq_v-BZv' F∂
cm⁄n-bpsS ih-Ip-So-c-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. ]pcm-hkvXp tcJ-I-fn¬
Cu IpSocw ]n.Pn. 800 F∂-dn-bp∂p.''3
ssk‘-h-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ Imew Dt±iw {In.ap. 2700 F∂m-
Wt√m Kth-j-I-∑m¿ \n¿W-bn-®n-´p-≈Xv. A°m-e-Øn\p apºv Xs∂
C¥y-bn¬ ih-i-cocw ac-s∏-ń-bn¬ AS°wsNbvXv B`-c-W-k-lnXw
Ipgn-®n-Sp∂ ]Xn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp≠v. _eq-Nn-kvXm-\nse
"\mƒ' F∂n-S-Øp-\n∂p Is≠-SpØ Ah-in-jvS-ß-sf-°p-dn®v tUm.
F. Aø-∏≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv ImWp-I: ""lc-∏m-kw-kvIm-c-Øn\v Aev]w
apºv , _eq- N n- k v X m- \ nse "\mƒ' F∂ ÿeØv ih- ° p- g n- I ƒ
Cßs\ hrØn-bmbn ]Sp-°p∂ ]Xn-hp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Hcp kv{XobpsS
ihw GgSn \of-ap≈ tZh-Zmcp ac-Øns‚ XSn Ipgn-®p-≠m-°nb s]ń-
bn-emWv AS-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv. acw {Zhn®p s]mSn-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw, s]ń-
bpsS BIr-Xnbpw F¥v ac-am-sW∂pw, J\\w {i≤n®p sNbvXn-cp-
∂XpsIm≠v Nne¿°v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign™p. Cu lc∏m kv{Xo
ImXp-I-fnepw hetØ ssIbns‚ \Sp-hn-c-enepw sNºp tamXn-c-ßƒ
AWn-™n-cp∂p.''4
At∏mƒ 5000 h¿j-ßƒ°vap≥]v saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-°m-cp-tSbpw
]pcm-X-t\-¥y-°m-cp-sSbpw ih-kw-kvImc k{º-Zmbw GXm≠v Hcp-
t]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p. saskm-s]m-t´-an-b-°m-sc-t∏mse lc-∏-∑mcpw ih-
i-co-c-ß-tfm-sSm∏w a‰v hkvXp-°ƒ Ipgn-®n-ń-cp-∂p-sh∂v J\-\-K-th-
jWw sXfn- b n- ® n- ´ p≠v . Aø- ∏ ≥ as‰m- c n- S Øv tcJ- s ∏- S p- Ø p∂p:
""lc∏ \K-c-Ønse tIm´°v sX°mbn Db¿∂p InS°p∂ ÿeØv,
\K-c-Ønse Hcp ivaim-\-Øns‚ Nne `mKw J\\w sNøp-I-bp-
≠mbn. Aº-tØgp Ipgn-Iƒ Ipgn-®-Xn¬ an°-h-bnepw ihw hS-
t°m-´mbn ad-hp-sN-bvXn-cp∂p. (apkvenw ih-kw-kv-Im-c-{I-ahpw Cß-
s\- X s∂˛{KŸ- I ¿Øm.) Ah- t bmSv IqsS ]m{X- ß ƒ, sNºv
sIm≠p≈ Bbp-[-ßƒ, aWn-Iƒ, sNºv sIm≠p≈ apJ-°-Æm-Sn-
Iƒ, CØnƒ kv]qWp-Iƒ apX-em-b-hbpw Ipgn-®n-ń-cp∂p. Hcp Ipgn-
bn¬ Hcp a¨hn-f°pw tImgn-bpsS F√p-Ifpw ih-Øns‚ Imen-\-
Sp-Øp\n∂v Inń. thsdmcp Ipgn°p \mep `mKhpw NpSmØ CjvSnI
sIm≠p ]Sp-Øn-cp∂p.''5
BI-bm¬ ih-kw-kvImc coXn-bn¬ kpta-cn-bcpw ]pcm-X\ `mc-
Xo-bcpw XΩn¬ hfsc kmZriyw ImWp∂p. kmwkvIm-cn-ssI-Iy-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Øns‚ Hcp {]Xy£ e£-W-am-WnXv.

B`-cW \n¿amW coXn
C\n \ap°v ssk‘-h-cp-sSbpw kpta-cn-b-cp-sSbpw B`-c-W-
\n¿amW coXn-bn-ep≈ kmZr-iy-sØ-∏‰n ]cn-tim-[n°mw. ame, hf,
tamXncw apX-emb B`-c-W-ßƒ Ccp hn`m-K-°mcpw \n¿an-®n-cp-∂-
Xmbn J\\ Kth-jWw sXfn-bn-°p∂p. IqSmsX B`-cW-ß-fpsS
]Wn-Ø-c-Ønepw A\¬]-amb kmay-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. H∂n-e-[nIw Cg-
I-fp≈ kz¿W ame-Iƒ lc-∏≥kv{Xo-I-sf-t∏m-se-Øs∂ kpta-cn-
b≥ kv{XoIfpw AWn-™n-cp∂p. {io. Sn.kn. tat\m≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bXp ImWpI: ""(lc-∏-bnse) B`-cW-ß-sf-∏‰n Nn{X-ßƒ, ]mh-
Iƒ F∂nh am{X- a √ \ap°v hnh- c - ß ƒ Xcp- ∂ Xv . kz¿Whpw
sh≈nbpw sIm≠p-≠m-°nb ame-Iƒ, hf-Iƒ, aq°p-Øn-Iƒ, tamXn-
c-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw Cu tI{µ-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Ipgn-s®-Sp-Øn-´p≠v.
aq∂pw \mepw hcn-I-fp≈ ame-Iƒ sI´p-]n-W-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ CS-bv°n-
S°p ]Sn-Iƒ Dd-∏n-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv.''6
\mep hcn-I-fp≈ kz¿W-am-e-Iƒ bq¿ ]´-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw J\-
\-Øn¬ ssIh-∂n-´p≠v. Sn.kn. tat\m≥ Xs∂ ]d-bs´: ""bq¿ ]´-
W-Ønse Nne ih-Ip-So-c-ßfn¬ \ns∂-SpØ Nne B`-c-W-ß-fpsS
Iq´-Øn¬ N{µ-°e t]mse-bp≈ IΩ-ep-Iƒ, Hcp Ce ame, cXv\w
]Xn® \mep hcn-bp≈ Hcp ame-bn¬ Hcp ]X°w Xq°n-bXv F∂nh
s]Sp∂p. Cu B`-c-W-ßƒ C∂v s]≥kn¬th-\nbm k¿h-I-em-im-
e-bnse ImgvN-_w-•m-hn¬ \ap°p ImWmw.''7
B`-cW \n¿amW coXn-bn-ep≈ {]kvXpX kmZriyw kmwkvIm-
cn-ssI-Iy-Øn-te-°p≈ Nq≠p]e-I-bt{X. AXn-\m¬ kpta-cn-b-cp-
sSbpw ssk‘-h-cp-sSbpw kwkvIm-c-ßƒ°p≈ ]c-kv]-c-_‘w
AKm-[-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em-Ip∂p.
hkv{Xm-e¶
- mc coXn
kmwkvIm-cn-ssI-Iy-Øns‚ as‰mcp e£-W-amWv hkv{Xm-e-
¶m-c-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ kmayw. kpta-cn-bcpw kn‘p-X-S-hm-kn-Ifpw ¢mh¿
AS-bm-f-ap≈ hkv{X-ßƒ [cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn DXvJ-\-\-K-th-jWw
sXfn-bn-°p∂p. kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n® Hcp a\p-jy-{]-Xn-a-sb-
∏‰n tUm. F.Aø-∏≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""Ggw-Kpew Db-c-Øn¬,
amhp-I-√n¬ sImØn-bp-≠m-°n-bn-´p≈ Hcp XmSn-°m-cs‚ s\©n\p
tase- b p≈ `mKw Nn{Xo- I - c n- ° p∂ Hcp _nw_w ]e Imc- W -
ßƒsIm≠pw hfsc {][m-\-am-sbmcp inev]-amWv. XmSn shdpw hc-
Iƒ am{X-amWv. ta¬aoi ]s‰- h-Sn®p If-™n-cn-°p∂p. Xe-apSn
hm™p, Hcp \mS-sIm≠v HXp-°n-sh-®n-cn-°p∂p. IÆp-Iƒ ]IpXn
AS-®n-cn-°p∂p. CS-tØ-tXmfpw s\©pw ¢mh¿ ]p≈n-I-fp≈ Hcp
jmƒsIm≠p aqSn-bn-cn-°p∂p. ¢mh¿ AS-bmfw {Io‰v, saskm-s]m-
t´-anb apX-emb {]mNo-\-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn¬ hfsc ]mh-\-amb Hcp
Nn”-amWv.''8
Hcp tXmƒ Hgn-hm°n jmƒ CSp∂ Cu k{º-Zmbw C∂p \S-
∏p≈ Nne aX-N-S-ßp-I-fnepw \ap°v ImWm-hp-∂-XmWv. l÷p-th-
f-bn¬ apkvenw-Iƒ B coXn-bn-emWv ta¬ap≠v [cn-°m-dp-≈Xv.
{_m“-W-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏´ PmXn-°m¿ ]qWq¬ CSm-dp-≈Xpw Aß-
s\-Xs∂.
aX-]-c-ambpw kwkvIm-c-]-c-ambpw kpta-cn-b-∑mcpw ssk‘-h-
∑mcpw XΩn-ep≈ ASp-∏hpw _‘hpw ImWn-°p∂ DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ
C\nbpw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-t™°pw. CXn¬ \n∂pw Hcp Imcyw kwi-
b- c - l n- X - a mbn a\- n- e m- ° m- h p- ∂ - X mWv : saskm- s ]m- t ´- a n- b - b n¬
kwkvIm-c-Øn\v ASn-Ø-d-]m-Inb Ic-ßƒ°v kn‘p-XS kwkvImcw
]Sp-Øp-b¿Øn-b-Xn¬ km-ca-- mb ]¶p≠v. _n.kn. Bdm-bncw h¿j-
ßƒ°p apºp apX¬Xs∂ ]Sn-™m-d≥ C¥ybpw kpta-cn-bcpw
XΩn¬ hym]m-c-_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw, kpta-cn-bcpw {Zmhn-Ucpw
XΩn¬ h¿K imkv{X-]-c-amb kmayw hln-°p-∂ps-≠∂pw a‰p-ap≈
`qK¿` imkv{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ ChnsS \mw {]tXyIw
Ku\n-®n-cn-t°-≠-XmWv.
{]f-bI
- Y
- b
- psS hym]vXn
t\ml-bpsS P\X A[n-h-kn-®n-cp-∂Xv ssS{Ko-kn\pw bq{^-ó-
kn\pw CS-bn¬ Fhns-Stbm BWv. C∂v \mw CdmJv F∂p ]d-bp-
∂Xv B `qhn-`m-K-Øn-\m-Wt√m. t\ml Hcn-°epw Hcp C¥y-°m-c-
\m-bn-cp-∂ns-√∂v hy‡-amWv. AXn-\m¬ C¥y≥ IYm-\m-b-I-\mb
a\p H∂p-In¬ t\ml-b√ F∂p hcWw; As√-¶n¬ {]fb IY
AXns‚ km£m¬ cq]-Øn-e√, C¥y≥ kml-N-cy-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-
amb hn[-Øn-emWv ChnsS {]N-cn-®-sX-∂v sh°-Ww. CXn¬ c≠m-
asØ ]£-amWv IqSp-X¬ bp‡-ambn tXm∂p-∂Xv. CØ-c-samcp
{]f-b-IY an° ]pcm-X\ kap-Zm-b-ß-fnepw {]mNo-\-Imew apX¬
]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn {]N-cn-®p-Im-Wp-∂p≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v CuPn]vXv,
No\, _¿a, atejy, CuÃn¥ym Zzo]p-Iƒ, Bkvt{X-enb, \yqKn\n,
Ata-cn°, bqtdm-∏nse hnhn[ cmPy-ßƒ Aßs\ `qtem-I-Øns‚
\m\m `mK-ß-fnepw {]kvXpX Pe-{]-f-bsØ kw_-‘-amb IY
ImWmw. Nnte-S-ß-fnse {]mNo\ kmln-Xy-ß-fnepw AXv ÿew
]nSn-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬ AXv HmtcmbnSØpw {]N-cn-®Xv AX-Xns‚
kml-N-cy-Øn-\-\p-cq-]-amb hn[-Øn-emWv.
ss__n-fnepw Jp¿-B-\nepw hnh-cn® B IY°pw hni-Zmw-i-ß-
fn¬ hyXym-k-ap≠v. ss__nƒ {]Imcw, t\ml-bpsS I∏¬ Ah-
km\w Dd-®Xv "Acm-dm-Ønepw' Jp¿-B≥ {]Imcw "A¬PqZn'bnep-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
amWv.9 PqZn F∂p t]cmb Hcp ]¿hXw tamk-en-t\m-S-SpØv, "C_v\p

Da¿' F∂ Zzo]ns‚ GXm≠v 40 Intem-ao-‰¿ AIse C∂pw ÿnXn
sNøp-∂p≠v. ]t£, Acm-dmØv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv Gjym-ssa-\-dn¬
A¿ao-\nbm ]oT-`q-an-bn-es{X.
F∂m¬ C∂sØ ss__nƒ hymJym-Xm-°-fpsS ]pXnb I≠p-
]n-Sn-Ø-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ {]kvXpX sshcp[yw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥
Ign-bp-sa-∂mWv auem\m A_p¬ Iemw Bkm-Zns‚ \ne-]mSv.
At±lw Xs‚ "X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥' F∂ Jp¿-B≥ hymJym\
{KŸ-Øn¬ Fgp-Xp-∂Xv t\m°pI: ""A¿ao-\nbm ]¿hXw Acm-dmØv
{]tZ-i-ØmWv ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. AXpsIm≠v B ]¿h-XsØ
ss__nƒ "Acm-dmØv' F∂v hnfn-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv. F∂m¬ t\ml-
bpsS I∏¬ \n∂ ae-bpsS t]cmWv Jp¿-B≥ ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv. AXv
"A¬PqZn' BIp∂p. B[p-\nI ss__nƒ hymJym-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬
Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, Acm-dmØv ]¿hX \nc-bpw tPm¿Pnbm
]¿hX \ncbpw XΩn¬ Iqń _‘n-∏n-°p∂ ]¿hX ]w‡n-bpsS
t]cm-Ip∂p A¬PqZn. Ae-Ivkm-≠-dpsS Ime-Øp≈ Nne {Ko°p-
tc-J-I-sf-bmWv {]kvXpX A`n-{]m-b-Øn\v Ah¿ B[mc-am-°n-bn-
´p-≈Xv. {In. 18˛-mw iXIw hsc AhnsS Hcp t£{Xw D≠m-bn-cp∂p.
"I∏¬ t£{Xw' F∂m-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ \maw. GXm-bmepw t\ml-
bpsS Ime- Ø p- ≠ mb Pe- { ]- f bw Hcp Ncn{X hkv X pX Xs∂-
bmWv . '' 10
AsX, t\ml-bpsS I∏¬ \n∂-Xmbn Jp¿-B≥ ]d-bp∂ PqZn-
]¿hXw A¿ao-\n-b-sbbpw tPm¿Pn-b-sbbpw _‘n-∏n-°p∂ ]¿h-
X-]w-‡n-bm-Ip∂p. A¿ao-\nbm ]¿hXw Acm-dmØp {]tZ-i-Øm-b-
Xn-\m¬ ss__nƒ AXns\ Acm-dmØv F∂v hnfn®p. AtXmSp
sXm´p \o≠pInS-°p∂ ]¿hX ]w‡n-bn-emWv t\ml-bpsS I∏¬
Dd-®Xv. AXm-Wv Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]d™ A¬PqZn.
Ncn-{X-Øns‚ adp-hiw
saskm-s]m-t´-an-bbpw `mc-Xhpw XΩn-ep≈ aX-]-c-amb _‘-
Øns‚ Hcp hiw am{X-amWv \mw apºv ]cn-tim-[n-®Xv; _lp-ssZ-h-
Xz-k-¶¬] kw_-‘n-bmb hiw. t\ml-bpsS Ime-sØ -kp-ta-cn-b-
∑m¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp∂ ]e tZh-∑mcpw `mc-X-Ønepw Bcm-[n-°-s∏-ń-
cp-∂p-sh∂v \mw ka¿Yn-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. C\n \ap°v Nn-{X-Øns‚
adp-hiw ]cn-tim-[n°mw. AsX, GI-ssZ-h-Xz-sØ-°p-dn® hiw.
t\ml Jp¿-Bs‚ ho£-W-Øn¬ alm-\m-sbmcp ssZh-Zq-X-\m-
bn-cp∂p. hn{K-l-ßsf Bcm-[n-®ph∂n-cp∂ kzP-\sØ GI-ssZ-h-
hn-izm-kØn-te°pw XZ-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ [m¿anI Pohn-X-Øn-
te°pw £Wn-t°-≠-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv At±lw \nbp-‡-\m-b-Xv.
Xs‚ ZuXyw icn-bmw-hÆw At±lw \nd-th‰n. ]t£, At±-lsØ
kz¥w P\X AwKo-I-cn-®n√. {]XypX, [n°-cn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-bXv.

sNdn-sbmcp \yq\-]£w am{X-amWv At±-lsØ AwKo-I-cn-®Xv.
{]kvXpX [n°m-c-Øn-s\mcp in£-bm-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p Pe-{]-f-bhpw
XpS¿∂p≈ \mi-ßfpw kw`-hn-®Xv. Pe-{]-f-b-Øn¬ c£-s∏-´Xv
t\mlbpw At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w I∏-en¬ Ib-dn-b-hcpw am{X-amWv.
a‰p-≈-h-scms° \in®p. CXmWv Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]d-™Xns‚ cXv\--
®p-cp°w.
t\ml {]Ya ZqX≥
{]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS BK-a-\-Øn\p apºp Xs∂ a\pjy kap-Zmbw
kmaq-lnI-Po-hnXw \bn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv Jp¿-B≥ hy‡-am-°n-
bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. a\p-jy¿ kXv]-Ÿm-hn¬ Ncn®p hcn-I-bm-bn-cp∂p.
Ah¿°n-S-bn¬, Bi-b-]-ctam, aX-]-ctam, [¿a-im-kv{X-]-ctam, at‰m
Bb I£n-h-g-°p-Ifpw kwL-´-\-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. GI kaq-
l-am-bn-´mWv Ah¿ Pohn-®n-cp-∂Xv. ]n∂oSv a\pjy kaqlw kzm¿Y
Xm¬]-cy-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ hnhn[ I£n-Ifpw Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cp-ambn
]ncn™p. ]c-kv]cw kwL¿j kwL-´-\-ßƒ \SØn. CØ-cp-W-
Øn¬ Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ kXy-Øn-s‚bpw [¿a-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬ Xocp-am\w I¬]n-t°-≠-Xn-\mbn ssZhw {]hm-N-I-∑msc
\ntbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw {]am-W-{KŸw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-
∂mWv Jp¿-B≥ hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv: ""a\p-jy-cmin (apºv) Htc-
sbmcp kap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p. A\-¥cw Ah¿ `n∂n-®p-I-f™p.''11
{]hm-NI \ntbm-K-Øns‚ ]›m-Øew Nq≠n-°m-ńbpw, thZ-{K-
Ÿ-Øns‚ Bhiyw hnh-cn-®pw-sIm≠v Jp¿-B≥ as‰m-cn-SØv ]d-
bp∂p: ""a\p-jy-k-ap-Zmbw Htc-sbmcp kaq-l-am-bn-cp∂p. (]n∂oSv
hyXykv X am¿Km- h - e w- _ n- I fmbn Ah¿ `n∂n®p.) XZ- h - k cw
(k∑m¿Kn-Iƒ°p) kt¥m-j-hm¿Øbpw (Zp¿am¿Kn-Iƒ°v) ap∂-dn-
bn∏pw \¬Ip-∂-h-cmbn {]hm-N-I-∑msc A√mlp \ntbm-Kn®p. P\-
ßƒ `n∂n-®p-t]mb {]iv\-ß-fn¬ Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ icn-bmb Xo¿∏p
I¬]n-t°-≠-Xn-\mbn {]hm-N-I-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w, [¿am-\p-kmcw thZhpw
Ah≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n®p.''12
D]-cn-kq-NnX hN-\-ßƒ kv]jvS-am-°nb {]Imcw, `qtem-IØv
P\-hmkw XpSßn hfsc Ign-™mWv {]hm-NI \ntbm-Khpw thZm-
h-X-c-W-hp-ap-≠mbXv. AXn-\p-apºp Xs∂ a\p-jy-cmin Hcp kaq-l-
ambn ˛ DΩ-Ømbn˛PohnXw \bn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bn-cp∂p. Imem-¥-c-
Øn¬ Ah¿ tNcn-]n-cn™v, kwL-´-\-ß-fp-≠m-°n-b-t∏mƒ Ah¿°n-
S- b n¬ \oXn- b p- s Sbpw [¿a- Ø n- s ‚bpw ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ Xo¿∏p
I¬]n-°p-hm-\mbn {]hm-N-I-∑m-scbpw thZ-{K-Ÿ-ß-sfbpw ssZhw
Ab®p. CXmWv Jp¿-B≥ \ap°v a\- n-em°nØcp-∂-sX-¶nepw,
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
apkvenwI-fn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw hniz-kn-°p-∂Xv H∂m-asØ a\p-

jy≥Xs∂ {]hm-N-I\pw ssZh-Zq-X-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv. CXns‚
ASn-ÿm\w A⁄m-X-at{X.
Jp¿-B-\n¬ {]hm-N-I-]-c-º-c-sb-∏‰n ]d-t™-S-ß-fn-se√mw \qln-
(A)¬ \n∂mWv Bcw-`n®p ImWp-∂Xv. Camw _pJm-cnbpw Camw
apkvenapw Xß-fpsS "kzlolp'Ifn¬ D≤-cn-®n-´p≈ Hcp \_n-h-N-
\-Øn¬ \qlns\ "A∆-ep¿dpkp¬' (H∂m-asØ ssZh-Zq-X≥) F∂p
hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p. AXn-\m¬ t\ml-bpsS apºv Hcp dkq-ep-≠m-
bn-cp-∂n√ F∂p kn≤w. ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® Jp¿-B-\n-Im-i-b-tØmSv
Cu \_n-h-N\w XnI®pw tbmPn-°p∂p.
GI-Xz-Z¿i\w
t\ml-bpsS {]t_m-[\w AwKo-I-cn-®-h-cmWv {]f-b-Øn¬ c£-
s∏-´-sX∂v \mw ]d™p. Ch¿ an°-hmdpw At±-l-Øns‚ _‘p-
°fpw k¥-Xn-I-fp-am-bn-cp∂p. Ch-cmWv ]n∂oSv saskm-s]m-t´-an-b≥
kwkvIm-c-Øn-s‚bpw \mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw AkvXn-hmcw sIń-s∏m-
°n-bXv. Ch-cpsS A\-¥-c-∑m-cn-semcp hn`mKw `mc-X-Øn¬ h∂v A[n-
hm-k-ap-d-∏n-s®∂v a[y-Im-esØ Ad-_n-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿ ]d-
bp-tºmƒ, `mc-Xob ]WvUn-X-\mb cmlp¬kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥ AXp
icn-h-bv°p∂p. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Ch¿ GI-ssZh hnizm-kn-I-fm-bn-
cp-∂n-cn-°Ww. kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-ku[w sIń-∏-Sp-Ø-hcpw
Ah- c m- b n- c p- ∂ n- c n°mw. AXnte- ° p- t ]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mb sXfn- h p- I ƒ
]eXpw J\-\-Øn¬ e`n®p. auem\m A_p¬Iemw Bkm-Zns‚
\nK-a-\hpw AXp Xs∂-bmWv. At±lw Fgp-Xn-bXv ImWpI: ""C¥y-
bn¬ taml≥P-Zm-tdm-bn¬ \n∂v J\\w hgn hfsc ]pcm-X-\m-h-injvS-
ßƒ e`n-®n-´p≠v. hS°v \n∂v Bcy-∑m¿ h∂v, Ah-cpsS B[n-]Xyw
ChnsS ÿm]n- ° p- ∂ - X n\v apºp≈ \mK- c n- I - t I- { µ- ß - f m- b n- c p∂p
taml≥P-Zm-tdmbpw lc-∏bpw. Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`n® ]pcm-h-
kvXp-°-sf w_-‘n® ]T\w Ct∏mgpw ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-ń√. F¶nepw
Ah Hcp bmYm¿Yyw A\m-h-cWw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p: G‰hpw {]mNo-
\-amb a\p-jy-hm-k-tI-{µ-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Ip∂p C¥y F∂p-≈-XmWXv.
C¥y-bnse BZn-hm-kn-Isf ]n∂oSv h∂ Bcy-∑m¿ "Zkyp-°ƒ' F∂
lmky \ma-Øn-emWv hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Zkyp-°-fpsS ASn-ÿm\ ssZh-
k-¶¬]w GI-Xz-Øn-t‚-Xm-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿ hn{K-l-]q-P-I-cm-bn-cp-∂n√.
"Hmw' F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS GIssZh-Øns‚ t]¿. kwkvIr-X-
Øn¬ AXn\p Xpey-amb ]Zw "Cµp-hm≥' (GI≥) F∂s{X. B
GIssZh-Øns‚ A[n-Imcw kIe Ncm-N-c-ß-sfbpw Nqgv∂n-cp∂p.
B alm-k-Xz-Øns‚ \nb-a-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv k¿h-tZ-h-∑mcpw {]h¿Øn-
°p-∂Xv. Ahs‚ Hcp KpWw "ZoZn-hn-I¨' F∂m-bn-cp∂p. Hcn-°epw
A{i- ≤ - _ m- [ n- ° mØ Zrjv S n- t bmSv IqSn- b - h ≥ F∂¿Yw. Xs∂
Xq°tam Dd-°tam _m[n-°p-I-bn√ F∂v A√mlp Jp¿-B-\n¬
kzbw h¿Wn-®Xpw CtX A¿Y-Øn-emWv.''13
HuwIm-c-sØ-∏‰n {io. tImWn-∏-øq¿ i¶-c≥ \ºq-Xncn-∏m-Sns‚
"kw-kvIrX˛ae-bmf \nL-≠p'-hn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""Huw˛iq{Z-∑m-cpsS
{]Whw.''
a{¥-ß-fpsS AYhm {]m¿Y-\-I-fpsS Bcw-`-Øn¬ D®-cn-°p∂
i_vZ-Øn-\mWv "{]Whw' F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv. Bcy-a-X-Øn¬ "Hmw'
F∂-XmWv {]Whw. Hcp a{¥-{K-Ÿ-amb EtKzZw HmwIm-c-Øn-emWv
Bcw-`n-®n-´p-≈Xv. BI-bm¬ Hcp ssZh-\m-a-a-√msX as‰m-∂p-a√
HmwImcw. AXmWv hniz-hn-⁄m-\-tImiw ]d-™Xpw : ""Hmw˛ ]c-
{_-“-hm-N-I-amb {]Whw.''14
ta¬ ]d™ khn-ti-j-X-I-sf√mw A\m-cy-∑m-cpsS˛ iq{Z-∑m-
cpsS˛ {]W-h-Øn\pw _m[-I-am-hWw. A\m-cy-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p C¥y-
bnse BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ. Bcy-∑m¿ ChnsS h∂v B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-
°p-Ibpw Xß-fpsS NmXp¿h¿Wy hyh-ÿnXn \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw sNbv-
X-t∏mƒ A\m-cy-cmb BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS ÿm\w Ctß-b‰w XmgvØ-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah¿ "iq{Z-∑m¿' F∂ NoØ-t∏-cn¬ hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. BI-bm¬ HmwImcw Bcy-∑m-cpsS HmwIm-c-Øns‚ ÿm\-
ØmWv \n¬°p-∂Xv. HmwImcw Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]c-{_-“-hm-N-I-am-sW-
¶n¬ HuwImcw Bcy-∑m-cpsS GI-ssZ-hsØ Ipdn-°p∂ hmN-I-am-
hp-∂-Xn¬ Akmw-K-Xy-an√.
t\ml-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ
Aßs\ kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ kwkvIm-c-ku[w ]S-pØp-b¿Ønb
saskm-s]m-t´-an-b¿ t\ml-bpsS ]n∑p-d-°mcpw A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-am-
bn-cp∂p F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv Ah-km-\-ambn \msa-Øn-t®-cp-∂Xv.
as‰mcp hn[w ]d-™m¬ Jp¿-B-\n¬ ]d™ "km_n-aX'°mcm-bn-
cp∂p Ah¿. km_n-a-X-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Nne apkvenw Kth-
jI]WvUn-X-∑m¿ hnh-cn-®n-´p≠v. km_n-Iƒ BZn-bn¬ GI-ssZ-h-
hn- i zm- k n- I - f m- b n- c p∂p. ]n∂oSv GI- X z- h n- i zm- k - t Øm- s Sm∏w,
tPymXn¿tKm- f - ß ƒ°v Bflm- h ps- ≠ ∂ [mc- W - b n¬ Ah- b psS
aq¿Øn-Iƒ {]Xn-jvTn®v Bcm-[\ \SØnØpSßn. F¶nepw Ah¿
GI-ssZ-hXz k¶¬]w ]s‰ Dt]-£n-®n-cp-∂n√. km_n-a-X-Øn¬
{]m¿Y-\-Ifpw {hX-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. {]m¿Y-\-I-fn¬ DØ-c-{[p-h-
sØ-bmWv Ah¿ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. aq∂v ka-b-ß-fn-emWv
Ah¿ {]m¿Yn-®n-cp-∂Xv. Hmtcm {]m¿Y-\°pw th≠n Ipfn-°pI ]Xn-
hm-bn-cp∂p.15
kn‘p-X-S-Øn¬ \S-Ø-s∏´ DXvJ-\\ Kth-jWw hgn Ahn-
SsØ BZn- h m- k n- I ƒ Ipfn°pw Ipfn- ∏ p- c °pw \¬Inbncp∂
{]m[m\yw hfsc hy‡-am-bn-´p≠v. kIe ]m¿∏n-S-ßƒ°pw InWdpw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Ipfn-∏p-c-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS Iqen-sse-\pIƒt]mepw

AXn¬ \ns∂m-gn-hm-bn-cp-∂n√. Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Aip-≤-Pew
]pd-tØ°v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-hm-\mbn Agp-°p-Nm-ep-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
{]kvXpX kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ B[p-\nI Kth-j-I-∑msc AZv`p-X-]-c-X-
{¥-cm-°n-bn-´p≠v. {io. sI.hn. tKm]m-e-ta-t\m≥ Fgp-Xn-bXv ImWpI:
""taml≥P- Z m- t dm- b nse Ah- i n- j v S - ß ƒ GXm≠v Hcp NXpc{i
\mgnI ]c∂pInS- ° p∂p. AXns‚ ka- h n- ` - ‡ - a mb sXcp- h o- Y n-
Iƒ°pw hoSp-Iƒ°pw Ah-bn-ep≈ Ipfn-ap-dn-Iƒ°pw sXcp-hp-I-fpsS
ASn-bn¬IqSn t]mIp∂ Agp-°pNm-ep-Iƒ°pw AZv`p-X-I-c-amb Hcm-
[p-\n-I-—m-b-bp≠v.... hoSp-I-fpsS D≈n-semcp \Sp-ap-‰hpw B \Sp-ap-‰-
Øn\v Np‰p-ambn ASp-°f, Ie-hd, Ipfn-apdn apX-em-b-h-bp-ap≠v.
InW¿ F√m hońepw ImWp∂p. Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw a‰p-ap≈
sh≈w ASn-bn-ep≈ Agp-°p-Nm-ep-I-fn¬ sN∂ptNcp∂p.''16
hy‡n-]-c-amb Cu G¿∏m-Sp-Iƒ°v ]pdta Ipfn-°p-hm-\mbn
s]mXp Ipf-ßfpw Ah¿ \n¿an-®n-cp∂p. {KŸ-Im-c≥ XpS-cp∂p:
""F∂m¬ F√m-‰nepw IuXp-I-ta-dn-bn-´p-≈Xv Ahn-SsØ sIń-
∏-SpØ Ipf-am-Ip∂p. Cu Ipf-Øn\p Np‰pw ap‰hpw B ap‰-Øns‚
\mep `mKØpw tImem-b-Ifpw tImem-b-bpsS ]n≥`m-K-Ømbn, Np‰pw
Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fpap-≠v. Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn¬ Nne-Xn¬ Bhn-sIm≠v hnb¿∏n®v
Ipfn-∏m-\p≈ G¿∏m-Sp-Ifpw ImWp∂p.''17
apkvenw ]≈n-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v Hcp Ir{Xn-a-Ipfw ]te-S-ß-fnepw
ImWmw. "lufv ' F∂m-Wn-Xns‚ t]¿. apkvenw-Iƒ {]m¿Y-\°v
th≠n "AwK- k v \ m\w' (hpZp) sNøp∂p. XZm- h - i ym¿Y- a mWv
{]kvXpX Ir{Xna XSmIw ]≈n-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-
´p-≈Xv. CXpt]mse km_n aX-Øn¬ \a-kvIm-c-Øn\p th≠n Ipfn-
t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, XZm-h-iym¿Yw G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-
hWw, {]kvXpX Ir{Xna Ipf-sa∂v A\p-am-\n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.
lc-∏-bn¬ \n∂pw CØ-c-samcp Ipf-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ
Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p≠v. \ofw 39 ASn (sX°p hS°v), hoXn 23 ASn,
Bgw 8 ASn F∂n- ß - s \- b m- b n- c p∂p AXns‚ Af- h p- I ƒ. Ipf-
Øns‚ hfsc ASpØv aq∂v `mKØpw 9 1/4 ASn \ofhpw 6 ASn
hoXn-bp-ap≈ Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂p. IqSmsX Ipf-Øns‚ ASpØv
Xs∂ sXcp-ho-Yn-bn¬ CtX-am-Xncn thsd c≠p hcn Ipfn-ap-dn-Iƒ
ImWp-I-bp-≠mbn. B Hmtcm Ipfn-ap-dn-bn¬ \n∂pw tate \ne-bn-
te°v t]mIp-hm≥ CjvSnI sIm≠p≈ tImWn-∏-Sn-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
henb Ipf-Øn-te°v sh≈w \nd-®n-cp-∂Xv sX°p`m-K-Øp≈ apdn-
I-fnsem-∂n¬ ÿnXnsNøp∂ Cc´ CjvSn-I-s°-´p≈ Hcp InW-‰n¬
\n∂mWv. Cu h¿W-\°v tijw F. Aø-∏≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""aX-kw-
_-‘-amb, F{Xbpw {][m-\-s∏´ {Inb-Iƒ°m-bn-cn-°Ww Cu Ipfw
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂Xv.''18
tUmIvS-dpsS A\p-am\w hfsc icn-bmWv. km_n aX-°m¿°v
{]m¿Y-\-°p-th≠n Ipfn A\n-hm-cy-am-bn-cp∂p.
{]kv X pX hnh- c - W - Ø n- ¬ \n∂v as‰mcp Imcyw IqSn \ΩpsS
{i≤°p hnj-bo-`-hn-°p-∂p≠v. Ipf-Øns‚ \ofw sX°p-h-S-°m-bmWv
InS-°p-∂Xv. Ipf-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ sXcp-hnse Ipfn-ap-dn-I-fn¬ \n∂v
tase \ne-bn-te°p Ib-dn-t∏m-hm≥ tImh-Wn-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. B
ta¬ \ne Ah-cpsS {]m¿Y-\m-a-µn-c-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂q-ln-°p-hm≥ hI-
bp≠v. km_n-a-X-°m-cpsS "Jn_ve' ({]m¿Y-\-bn¬ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-
°p∂ Zni) DØ-c-{[p-h-am-bn-cp∂p F∂ apkvenw ]WvUn-X-∑m-cpsS
A`n-{]mbw ChnsS {it≤-b-amWv. C_v\p-ssX-an-bsb D≤-cn®v kønZv
kpsse-am≥ \Zvhn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""km_n-a-X-°m-cpsS Hcp {]tXyI
tI{µ-am-bn-cp∂p l¿dm≥. {InkvXp-hn\v apºv Uam-kvI- p-Im-cp-sSbpw
6
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`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
a‰pw aXw AXm-bn-cp∂p. DØ-c-{[p-hsØ A`n-ap-J-am-°n-bm-bn-cp∂p

km_n-I-fpsS {]m¿Y\. Uam-kvI- n¬ C∂pw Nne ]pcm-X\ ]≈n-
Iƒ ImWmw. Ah-bpsS Hcp "Jn_ve' DØ-c-{[p-h-Øn\v t\sc-bm-
Ip∂p....Ah apºv km_n-b-∑m-cpsS tZhm-e-b-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p.''19
Ckvemw aXw kzoI-cn® tijhpw Xß-fpsS ]g-b -tZ-hm-e-b-ß-
fn¬ Xs∂-bmWv {]kvXpX P\-ßƒ {]m¿Y\ \S-Øn-t∏m-∂-sX-
∂¿Yw. Ah¿ ]≈n-Iƒ am‰n-bn√. {]XypX Jn_ve-am{Xw am‰n.
Aßs\ c≠p Jn_ve-I-fp-≈-h-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p B tZhm-e-b-ßƒ.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. `mc-X-∏-ga t]Pv 60
2. iXm-_vZ-ßƒ°-∏p-d-Øv\n-∂p≈ i_vZ-ßƒ t]Pv 189
3. Ibid P. 189, 190
4. `mc-X-∏-ga t]Pv 85, 86
5. Ibid P. 85
6. iXm-_vZ-ßƒ°-∏p-d-Øp-\n-∂p≈ i_vZ-ßƒ t]. 207
7. Ibid P. 192
8. `mc-X-∏-ga t]Pv 79
9. Jp¿-B≥ A[ymbw 11, kq‡w 44 t\m°pI.
10. X¿Pp-am-\p¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 2, t]Pv 193
13. X¿Pp-am\p¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 1, t]Pv 130
15. A¿Zp¬ Jp¿-B≥ hmfyw 2, t]Pv 193, 194 t\m°pI.
18. `mc-X-∏-ga t]Pv 77
20. D≤-cWw: Ibid hmfyw 2, t]Pv 196
21. D≤-cWw: Ibid hmfyw 2, t]Pv 196
22. `mc-Xob kwkvImc km{amPy Ncn{Xw t]Pv 18
23. A¬an-e-ep- h-∂n-l¬ t]Pv 18
AXn-\m¬ Ah km_n-I-fpsS kvamc-I-ß-fmbn C_v\p-ssX-an-b-bpsS

ImeØv ({In.1263-˛1328) t]mepw Ah-ti-jn®p.
km_n aX-Øns‚ ]ucm-WnIX
temIØv G‰hpw BZy-ambn DS-se-SpØ {]hm-N-I-a-X-am-Ip∂p
km_n aXw. t\ml-bpsS aX-am-bn-cp∂p AsX∂p Nne apkvenw
]WvUn-X-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-bs∏-ń-´p≠v. Jeo-ens\ D≤-cn®v C_v\p
Iko¿ Xs‚ Jp¿-B≥ `mjy-Øn¬ km_n-Iƒ t\ml-bpsS aX-
°m-cm-sW∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂-Xmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≠v.
C_v\p-∂Zow F∂ {]kn≤ apkvenw-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥ Xs‚ "A¬^n-
lvcn-kvXn'¬ km_n-I-sf-°p-dn®v kpZo¿L-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn® Iq´-
Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""C_v-dmlow \_n-bpsS apºp≈ \qln-s‚bpw ioYn-
s‚bpw A\p-bm-bn-IfmWv Xß-sf∂v km_n-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂p.
ioYns‚ thZw AhcpsS hi-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. [¿a-Im-cy-ß-sf-bmWv
AXn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.''20
as‰mcp apkvenw ]WvUn-X-\mb C_v\p lk-vans\ D≤-cn®p \Zvhn
Fgp-Xp∂p: ""temI-Ønse G‰hpw {]mNo\ aX-amWv km_n-aXw.''21
hl_p-_v\p-ap-\∫x, A_v-Zp¿d-lv-am-\n-_v-\p-sskZv, Camw dmkn,
C_v\p Iko¿ apX-emb Ht´sd apkvenw ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ km_n-a-X-
°m¿ GI-ssZh hnizm-kn-I-fms-W∂v A`n{]m-b-s∏-ń-´p≠v. BI-bm¬
BZn-bn¬ kXy-a-X-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p km_n-Iƒ. as‰√m kap-Zm-b-ß-
sfbpw t]mse Ahcpw Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ hyXn-N-en®p.
ssk‘- h - k w- k v I mcw GI- s sZ- h - X z- Ø n- e - [ n- j v T n- X - a m- b n- c p- ∂ p-
sh∂ A`n- { ]m- b - s Ø- b mWv \mw ]n¥m- ß p- ∂ Xv . ]pcm- h kv X p
imkv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]mbw CXn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv. Ahsc
D≤-cn®p {io. ]n. tXmakv Fgp-Xp∂p: ""GI-ssZh hnizm-kn-I-fm-bn-
cp∂p Ah¿ (kn‘p XS-hm-knIƒ) F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv an°-
hmdpw Kth-j-I-∑m¿ FØn-t®¿∂n-´p-≈Xv.''22
At∏mƒ t\ml-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fmb km_n-b-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Ah¿. Ime-°-d-°-Øn¬ Ah¿°pw am‰-ßƒ kw`-hn-®n-cn°mw. F∂n-

cp-∂mepw Ah-cpsS ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb aX-k-¶¬]-Øns‚ e£-
W-ßƒ ]eXpw ]nt∂bpw Ah-ti-jn-®n-cp∂p. {]mNo\ C¥y-°m-
cpsS aX-hn-izm-k-sØ∏‰n Hcp apkvenw ]WvUn-X-\mb apl-Ω-Zp-»n-
lvdkvXm\n ({In.1076-˛1155) Fgp-Xp∂p: ""{_m“-W-∑m-cn¬ Hcp ]£-
Øns‚ Nmbvhv ssZzX-hmZ (Dualism) Ønte-°mWv. Ah¿ C_vdmlow
\_nsb AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ C¥y-°m-cn¬ A[n-I-]-£hpw
km_n-I-fs{X. km_n-a-X-Ønse hnhn[ ]≤-Xn-I-fmWv Ah¿ Ah-
ew-_n®p t]mcp-∂Xv.''23
{In. 1070˛¬ Nc-a-KXn {]m]n® JmZn kmC-Zp¬ -D≥Zp-enkn F∂
apkv-enw ]WvUn-X≥ Xs‚ "X_-Jm-Øp¬ -Daw' F∂ IrXn-bnepw
CtX A`n-{]m-b-amWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sh-®n-´p-≈Xv. Ch¿ A[n-I-]-
£-sa∂v {]tbmKn®-Xv ssk‘-h-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ]mc-º-cy-°m-cmb
{Zmhn-U-∑m-sc-∏-‰n-bmhWw.
BI-bm¬ `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d-]m-In-b-h¿ alm-
\mb t\mlm {]hm-N-Is‚ k¥m-\-]-c-º-c-bn¬ s]´-hcpw A\p-bm-
bn-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv Ah-km-\-ambn \mw FØn-
t®-cp-∂Xv. Ah¿ km_n-a-X-°mcpw C∂sØ {Zmhn-U-hn-`m-K-ß-fpsS
]q¿h-∑m-cp-am-bn-cp∂p.
lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Ønse Ir{Xna Ipf-Øn-s‚bpw Ipfn-ap-dn-
I-fpsSbpw Hcp `mh\m Nn{Xw.
1. sIń-∏-SpØ Ir{Xna Ipfw (sX°phS°v \ofw).

2. Ipf-Øn-te-°n-d-ßm-\p≈ ]S-hp-Iƒ.
3. c≠p-hcn Ipfn-ap-dn-Ifpw Ah-bn¬ \n∂v apIƒ\n-e-bn-te°p Ib-dp-hm-
\p≈ CjvSn-I-t°m-h-Wn-Ifpw.
4. Ipf-Øn-te°v sh≈w \nd-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn® InW¿.
5. Ipfn-ap-dn-Ifpw aen-\-Pew ]pd-tØ°v hnSp∂ Hmhp-Ifpw.
6. sNdnb hc-Iƒ XqWp-Isf Ipdn-°p∂p.
A[ymbw ]Xn-aq∂v
Zkyp-Z¿i\w
Bcy≥P-\X C¥y-bn¬ {]th-in-°p-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ ChnsS
]ptcm- K - a - t \m- ∑ p- J - a mb Hcp kwkv I m- c hpw aXhpw {]N- c n®p
Ign™ncp∂p F∂v \mw I≠p. F∂m¬ B ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂p-d-
sIm≠ XØz-Z¿i-\-ß-sf-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ tcJ-I-sfm∂pw Ncn-
{Xm-t\z-j-I-∑m¿°v ssIh-∂n-ń√. kn‘p Xmgvh-c-bn¬ \n∂v J\-\-
Øn¬ e`n® enJn-X-ßƒ hmbn-°m≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ kn‘p-
X-S-hm-kn-I-fpsS XØz-Z¿i-\-ß-sf-∏‰n h√ Adnhpw \ap°v e`n-t®-
°p-am-bn-cp∂p. ]t£, B en]n C∂pw kq£v-a-ambn hmbn-°s-∏-ń-
ń√. C∂v s]mXp-hn¬ [cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv C¥y-bn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv
hf¿∂ph∂ XØz-Z¿i-\-ß-f-Jnew Bcy-∑m-cpsS thZm-Zn-km-ln-Xy-
ß-fn¬\n∂v cq]wsIm≠n-´p-≈-Xm-sW-∂m-Ip∂p.
F∂m¬ {]kvXpX [mcW XnI®pw icn-bm-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂n√.
F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ A\-¥-c-L-´-Øn¬ cq]w-]q≠ Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬
]eXpw Bcy-∑m-cpsS ]mc-º-cysØ tNmZyw sNøp-∂tXm thZ-{]m-
am- W ysØ AwKo- I - c n- ° m- Ø tXm BIp∂p. AXn- \ m¬ AØcw
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Z¿i-\-ßƒ thZmZn kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-S-se-Sp-Ø-XmsW∂v ]d-

bp-∂Xv bp‡nkl-a√.
thZw F∂m¬
thZ- a mWv G‰hpw ]pcm- X - \ - a mb Bcy- k m- l nXyw. thZsØ
"{ipXn' F∂pw hnfn-°p∂p. E°v, kmaw, bPp v, AY¿hWw F∂o
\mep kwln-X-Ifpw Ah-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ {_m“-W-ß-fp-amWv
thZ-ßƒ. F∂m¬ Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw IqSn C∂p
thZ-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn-emWv FÆn-°m-Wp-∂Xv. CXv Bcy-∑m-cpsS
BZna aX-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-Ip∂p. c≠p imkv{X-ß-fmWv BZn-bn¬ Bcy-
∑m¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. H∂n\v "{ipXn' F∂pw a‰-Xn\v "kvarXn' F∂pw
]d-bp∂p. {ipXn F∂m¬ thZhpw kvarXn F∂m¬ [¿a-im-kv{X-hp-
am-Ip∂p. a\p-kvarXn ]d-bp-∂Xv ImWpI:
""{ipXn-kvXp-thtZm hn⁄tbm [¿a-im-kv{X¥p sshkvarXnx''1
(thZsØ {ipXn F∂pw [¿a-im-kv{XsØ kvarXn F∂pw Adn-tb-
≠-Xm-Ip∂p.)
{ipXn F∂-XpsIm≠v thZ-Ønse a{¥-`m-Khpw {_m“-W-`m-
Khpw am{X-amWv hnh-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂v B]-kvXw_ [¿a-kq{Xw
]d-bp∂p:
""a{¥-{_m-“-W-tbm-¿thZ \ma-t[bw.''2 (a{¥-ß-fp-sSbpw {_m“-
W-ß-fp-sSbpw t]cmWv thZ-w.)
At∏mƒ Bcy-∑m-cpsS BZn-a-a-X-a-\p-k-cn®v a{¥-ßfpw {_m“-
W-ßfpw am{Xta thZ-Øn¬s]-Sp-∂p≈q. Bc-Wy-I-ßfpw D]-\n-j-
Øp-Ifpw A°q-´-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂n√. CtX A¿Y-Øn-emWv {ipXn,
thZw F∂o i_vZ-ßƒ \mapw Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°p-
∂pXv.
thZ-Ønse apJy {]Xn-]mZyw
{ipXn-bn¬ k¿thm-]cn {]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv I¿a-am¿K-
Øn-\m-Ip∂p. AXm-bXv bmK-ßƒ°pw b⁄-ßƒ°pw. Bcy≥ P\-
X-bpsS khn-ti-j-amb Bc-m[\m coXn-°mWv b⁄w F∂v ]d-bp-
∂Xv. b⁄-th-f-bn¬ Dcp-hn-Sm-\p≈ a{¥-ßƒ kwlnX F∂ t]cn¬
Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. b⁄-co-Xn-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p∂ IrXn-I-fmWv {_m“-
W-ßƒ. b⁄-ß-fn¬ arK-_en \S-Ø-s∏-ń-cp∂p; ]ip, BSv, IpXnc
apX-emb arK-ßsf h[n®p tlman-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬
Bcy-∑m-cpsS I¿a am¿Kw Hcp Xcw lnwkmam¿K-am-sW∂v A[n-
t£-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂p. A\m-cy≥ P\-X°v BZn-bn¬ Xs∂ {]kvXpX
am¿K-tØmSv Ad∏pw shdp∏pw Ah-⁄-bp-am-bn-cp∂p. Ah¿°v Bcy-
∑m-cpsS tZh-X-I-fntem bmKm-Zn-I¿a-ß-fntem hnizm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂n√. CXp ImcWw thZ- { Z- j v S m- ° - f mb Ejn- a m¿ A\m- c y- ∑ msc
"iniv\-tZhmx' (tZh-hn-tZz-jnIƒ), "AI¿an-Iƒ' (bmKw Ign-°m-Ø-
h¿) F∂n-ßs\ A[n-t£-]n-°p-I-bp-≠mbn.
BI-bm¬ EtKz-Z-Im-eØp Xs∂ `mc-X-Øn¬ hn`n-∂-amb c≠p
am¿K-ßƒ \ne-hn-en-cp-∂-Xmbn \mw ImWp∂p. Hcp am¿Kw bmK-
ßƒ°pw b⁄-ßƒ°pw k¿thm-]cn {]m[m\yw I¬]n-°-p-tºmƒ
at‰ am¿Kw Ahsb ]p—n®p X≈p∂p. H∂v Bcy-am¿K-am-sW-¶n¬,
at‰Xv A\m-cy-am¿K-am-bn-cp∂p. Ccp hn`m-K-ßfpw XΩn¬ \S∂ ka-
c-kw-L-´-\-ß-fpsS {][m\ ImcWw aX-]-c-amb {]kvXpX hntcm[w
Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v thZw \ap°v a\- n-em-°n-Ø-cp∂p.
ChnsS \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\p-≈Xv ]n¬°m-eØv `mc-X-Øn¬
hf¿-∂ph∂ XØz-Z¿i-\-ß-f-{Xbpw Bcy-∑m-cpsS sshZnI ]mc-º-
cy-Øn¬ \n∂p-d-sIm-≠tXm, AtXm, Nne-sX-¶nepw A\m-cy-]m-c-º-
cy-Øn¬ \n∂p {]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m-≠tXm F∂mWv. F√m XØz-
Z¿i- \ - ß fpw sshZn- I - ] m- c - º - c y- Ø n¬\n- ∂ p- S - s e- S p- Ø p- s h- ∂ mWv
]cs° {]N-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈Xv. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-ß-
fn¬ ]eXpw sshZn-I-a-XsØ˛I¿a am¿K-sØ˛tNmZyw sNøp-Itbm,
DZm-ko-\-ambn ho£n-°p-Itbm sNøm≥ Imc-W-an-√m-bn-cp∂p. AXn-
\m¬ C¥y≥ XØz-Z¿i-\-ß-sf√mw sshZn-I-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂p-
d-sIm-≠-Xm-sW∂ [mcW icn-bm-sW∂v tXm∂p-∂n√. Ah-bn¬
Nne-sX-¶nepw Zkyp ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂v {]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m≠v
hf¿∂p h∂- X m- b n- c n- ° Ww. Cu \nK- a - \ - Ø n- \ p- t ]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mb
km£y- ß ƒ ]eXpw Ncn- { X- ß - f n¬ \n∂v s]dp- ° n- s b- S p- ° m≥
Ignbpw.
EtKzZw \¬Ip∂ kqN-\-Iƒ
Bcy- ∑ m- c psS B{I- a - W - L - ´ - Ø n¬ tZh- h n- t Zz- j n- I - f mb Hcp
hn`mKw ChnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂v EtKzZw Xs∂ kqNn-∏n-°p-
∂p≠v. Ah¿°pw Bcy-∑m¿°p-an-S-bn¬ aX-]-c-amb i{XpXbp≠m-
bn-cp∂p. {io. k¿Zm¿ ]Wn-°¿ Fgp-Xn-bXv t\m°pI: ""Ah¿ (Zkyp-
°ƒ) A\m-cy-amb Hcp `mj-bm-Wv kwkm-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv. AI¿an-I-
fpam-bn-cp∂p; bmKm-Zn-Iƒ Ign-®n-cp-∂n√; C{µm-Zn-tZ-h-∑msc ]qPn-
®n-cp-∂n√. "iniv\-tZhmx' F∂v Ahsc A[n-t£-]n-®n-´p≠v.''3
{]kvXpX A\m-cy-hn-`m-K-ßƒ Bcy-∑m-cpsS Bbp[ i‡n°p
apºn¬ imco-cn-I-ambn Iog-S-ßn-bn-cn°mw. ]t£, a\ pw hnizm-
khpw Bcy-∑m¿°v ASn-bdsh°m≥ Ah¿ Hcp-°-am-bn-cp-∂n√. Ah¿
]q¿h ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Xs∂ Dd®p\n∂p. ]n∂oSv, \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v
tijw Bcy˛Zkyp kwL¿j-Øn\v Abhp h∂p. XZ-h-kcw Zkyp-
°ƒ Ah-cpsS ]mc-º-cy-hn-izm-km-Nm-c-ßƒ ho≠pw {]N-cn-∏n®p.
Aßs\ thZ-Ønse I¿a am¿K-Øn\pw lnwkm-fl-I-amb bmK ]cn-
]m-Sn-Iƒ°pw hn]-co-X-ambn as‰mcp am¿Kw \ne-hn¬ h∂p. CXn-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
\mWv "⁄m\-am¿Kw' Ft∂m "ap‡n am¿Kw' Ft∂m ]d-™p-h-

∂Xv. CX-\p-k-cn®v ]n¬°m-eØv DS-se-SpØ XØz-Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬
]eXpw A\m-cy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n∂mWv {]tNm-Z-\-apƒs°m-≠n-´p-≈-
sX∂v ]d-bm-hp-∂-XmWv. ]t£, At∏m-tg°pw Ah ]e ]cn-h¿Ø-
\-ßƒ°pw hnt[-b-am-bn-cp∂p.
Zmi-cm⁄bp≤w
EtKz-Z-Im-eØp Xs∂ \S∂ Hcp kw`-h-amWv Zmi-cm-⁄-bp≤w.
thZØn¬ h¿Wn-°-s∏ń´p≈ {]kvXpX bp≤-Øn¬, ]Xn-hn-s\-Xn-
cmbn Bcy-tKm-{X-ßƒ XΩn¬ XΩn¬ Xs∂ a’-cn-°p-Ibpw Hcp
hn`mKw Bcy-∑m¿ Zkyp cmPm-°-∑msc Iq´p]nSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-
Xmbn \mw ImWp∂p. CXm-bn-cp∂p B bp≤-Øns‚ khn-ti-jX.
]Øp -cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ H∂p tN¿∂v \S-Øn-bncp∂Xn-\m-et{X B bp≤-
Øn\v "Zmi-cm⁄w' F∂p t]¿ kn≤n-®Xv. CXns‚ Imc-W-sØ-
∏‰n {io. sI.Fw. ]Wn-°-cpsS hni-I-e\w ImWpI : ""bap-\m-\-Zo-
X- S - Ø n- s e- Ø n- b - t ∏m- t g°pw Bcy- ∑ m¿°v Nne hyXymk- ß ƒ
h∂ptN¿∂p. `c-X¿ (Hcp Bcy tKm{Xw) bap-\°pw KwK°pw CS-
bn-ep≈ ê-k-ar-≤-amb cmPy-Øn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿Øp. KwK°v
Ing°p hi- Ø p≈ A\m- c y- c m- P m- ° - ∑ m- c p- a mbn _‘p- X - b n- e mWv
Ah¿ Ign-™Xv. ]© \Z-Øn¬ (]©m-_n¬) ]m¿Øn-cp∂ a‰p≈
Bcy≥ P\-X X-ß-fpsS tZi-w ssI°-em-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\mbn, `c-X¿
Ahsc "iX{Zn'bpsS (kXve-Pv\Zn) A∏pdw XS™p \n¿Øm≥ {ian-
®p-t]m∂p. B a’-c-Øns‚ ê-am-bn-´mWv "Zmi-cm⁄w' F∂ alm-
bp≤w D≠m-bXv.''4
A\m-cy-∑m-cpsS, AYhm Zkyp-°-fpsS i‡n ]s‰ \in-∏n-°p-
hm≥ Bcy-∑m¿°p Ign-™n-cp-∂n-s√∂v Cu kw`hw sXfn-bn-°p∂p.
KwK°v Ing-°p-h-iØv A\m-cy-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ A°m-eØpw {]Xm-]-
tØmsS hmgvN \S-Øn-bn-cp∂p. Ahsc Bcy-∑m¿°p Pbn-°m≥
km[n-®n-s√∂v am{X-a√, Ah-cp-ambn ssa{Xo-_‘w ]pe¿Øm≥
Bcy-∑m-cn-semcp hn`mKw \n¿_-‘n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. A\m-
cy-i-‡n-bpsS klm-b-tØm-SpIq-Sn-bmWv `c-X-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿°v kz¥w
h¿K°m-cpsS IS-∂m-{I-a-WsØ sNdpØp tXm¬]n°m≥ Ign-™Xv.
A{Xbpw {]_-e-cm-bn-cp∂p A∂pw A\m-cy-∑m¿. F∂n-cns° A\m-
cy-∑m¿ Bcy-∑m-cpsS Bbp[ i‡n°p apºn¬ imco-cn-I-ambn Iog-
S-ßn-sb∂v [cn-°p-∂Xpw XnI®pw icn-bm-hn√. Npcp-°-Øn¬ Zkyp-
°-fpsS `c-Whpw Zkyp-cm-Pm-°-∑mcpw ]ns∂bpw \ne-\n∂p t]m∂p.
F¶n¬ Ah-tcm-sSm∏w Ah-cpsS kwkvIm-chpw aXhpw \ne\n-∂n-
´p-≠m-bn-cn-°p-at√m. At∏mƒ ]n¬°m-eØv hf¿∂p h∂ XØz-
Z¿i-\-ß-sf√mw Bcy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn-e-[n-jvTn-X-am-sW∂v Fßs\ ]d-
bm-s\m°pw? hmkvX-h-Øn¬ A\m-cy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n-∂p-Zv`-hn®
Bi-bm-Z¿i-ßƒ°pw `mc-Xo-b-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬
kmc-amb ]¶p≠v. `mc-Xob kwkvImcw Bcy-∑m-cpsS sshZnI ]mc-
º-cy-Øns‚ krjvSn-bms-W∂ {]Nm-cWw Ig-º-‰-Xs{X. sslµ-h-
kw-kvImcw Bcy-∑m-cp-tS-X√; C¥y-°m-cp-tS-XmWv. k¿Zm¿ ]Wn-
°¿ Zmi-cm⁄ kw`-h-Øn\v Ncn-{X-Øn-ep-≠mb {]m[m\yw Nq≠n-
°m-Wn-°p-∂Xv t\m°pI: ""temI-Ønse AXn-{]-[m-\-ßfmb kw`-
h-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn-´mWv, Rm≥ Cu bp≤w ImWp-∂Xv. kpZm- ns\
(`cX cmPmhv) FXn¿Øn-cp-∂h¿ Bcy-∑m¿ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. kpZm-
ns‚ _‘p-°-fn¬ A\m-cy-∑m-cmb cmPm-°-∑m-cpap-≠m-bn-cp∂p.
Cu alm- b p- ≤ - Ø n¬ kpZm ns‚ Iogn- e p≈ `c- X - P - \ - Ø n- \ mWv
hnPbw e`n-®Xv. AtXm-SpIqSn Bcy-∑m-cpsS B{I-aWw ian-s®∂v
]dbmw. bap- \ m- X - S - Ø n¬ IpSn- t bdn∏m¿Ø- h ¿ Xt±- i o- b - c p- a mbn
H∂n®p tN¿∂v lnµp kwkvIm-c-Øn\v ASn-ÿm-\-an-´-Xmbpw hnNm-
cn°mw.''5
as‰mcp `mj-bn¬ ]d-™m¬, Zkyp-°-sfbpw, Zkyp-kw-kvIm-c-
sØbpw `mc-X-Øn¬ \n∂p XpS-®p-am‰m≥ Bcy-\m-{I-a-W-Im-cn-Iƒ°v
km[n-®n√. Ah-km\w Ah-cp-ambn kl-I-cn-®p-t]m-Im≥ Bcy-∑m¿
\n¿_-‘n-X-cmbn. Zkyp kwkvImcw kml-N-cy-Øns‚ B\p-Iq-ey-
a-\p-k-cn®v ho≠pw hf¿∂ph∂p. Aßs\ Ah-cpsS B[ym-flnI
Nn¥-\-ßfpw Z¿i-\-ßfpw Ah-bp-sS-Xmb am¿K-ß-fn-eqsS ChnsS
{]Nm-c-s∏´p. B am¿Kas{X "⁄m\-am¿Kw' F∂ t]cn-\m¬ ]n∂oSv
Adn-b-s∏-´Xv.
`n∂-hn-cp-≤-amb Nn¥m-am¿K-ßƒ
`mc-X-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ BZn-ap-X¬ Xs∂ hyXykvX kz`m-
h-tØmSv IqSn c≠p Nn¥m am¿K-ßƒ XpS¿∂p h∂-Xmbn ImWmw:
H∂v sshZnI I¿aß- f mb bmKm- Z n- I ƒ°v ]c- a - { ]m- [ m\yw
I¬]n®psIm≠p≈ am¿Kw; a‰Xv X] v, [ym\w, {_“-Ncyw apX-
em-bh aptJ\ Cuizc km£m-XvIm-c-Øn\v h≥]n® {]m[m\yw
\¬In-s°m-≠p≈ am¿Khpw. BZy-tØ-Xn\v I¿a am¿Kw F∂pw,
c≠m-a-tØ-Xn\v ⁄m\-am¿Kw, As√-¶n¬ ap‡n am¿Kw F∂pw
t]cp ]dbmw. I¿a am¿K-Øns‚ DXv]Øn sshZn-I-]m-c-º-cy-am-sW-
∂p-≈ Imcy-Øn¬ X¿°-an√. F∂m¬ ⁄m\-am¿Kw sshZnI ]mc-
º-cysØ, H∂p-In¬ DZm-ko\ `mh-Øn¬ ho£n-°p-Itbm, Xpd-s∂-
Xn¿°p-Itbm BWv sNøp-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ AXv sshZn-I-]m-c-º-cy-
Øn¬ \n∂p- d - s Im- ≠ - X - s √∂pw {]XypX, Zkyp- ] m- c - º - c y- a mWv
AXns‚ D¬]-Øn-tI-{µ-sa-∂p-ap≈ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv Nne Kth-j-
I-∑m¿ FØn-t®¿∂n-´p-≈Xv. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n≥_-ehpw Cu \nK-
a-\-Øn-\p≠v. ]t£, lnµp-°-fpsS amaq¬ aXw CXn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-´p-
≈-XmWv. AXn-\m¬ \njv]-£-amb Hcp \ncq-]Ww ChnsS Bh-iy-
am-bn-cn-°p-I-bmWv.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
Kth-jI
- ∑
- m-cpsS \nK-a\
- ß
- ƒ
Bcy-∑m¿ b⁄w, bmKw, Zm\w apX-emb sshZnI I¿a-ß-fn-
eqsS kz¿Kw {]m]n-°p-hm-\mWv B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂Xv. B[ym-flnI N¿®-
I-fn-sem∂pw Ah¿°v henb Xm¬]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. ùXnI
PohnXw ]cn-]q¿W-ambn Bkz-Zn-°m-\mWv Ah¿ {ian-®Xv. tUm.
Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xn-bXv ImWpI: ""Bcy-∑m¿ ùXnI
Pohn-XsØ AXns‚ kºq¿W \ne-bn¬ CjvS-s∏´p. AXn-\m¬
Bflm-hns‚ `mhnsb°pdn®pw a‰pw Ah¿°v A{X Xm¬]-cy-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂n√.''6
CXn¬ \n∂pw ]msS `n∂-am-bn-cp∂p A\m-cy-∑m-cpsS ÿnXn.
Ah¿ BZn apX¬ B[ym-flnI N¿®-I-fn¬ CS-s]-ń-cp∂p. "F≥ssk-
t¢m-]o-Unb Hm^v dneo-Pn-b≥ B≥Uv FXn-Ivkn'¬ lmÃnwKvkv
(Hastings) Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Bcy-∑m-cpsS hc-hn\p apºp Xs∂ A\m-cy-
∑m¿ B[ym-flnI N¿®-I-fn¬ CS-s]-ń-cp∂p.''7
BI-bm¬ B[ym-flnI Nn¥-\-ß-fpsS Dd-hnSw sshZnI ]mc-º-
cy-a-s√∂pw, Bcym-K-a-\-Øn\p apºp-Xs∂ ChnsS \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂
A\mcy kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ \n∂mWv Bflob hnZy Dd-sIm-≠-sX∂pw
A\p-am-\n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p∂p.
D]-\n-jØ
- p-If
- nse Z¿i\w
B[ym-flnI hnNn-¥-\-ß-fpƒs°m-≈p∂ `mc-Xo-b-km-lnXyw "D]-
\n-j-Øp-Iƒ' F∂ t]cn-\m¬ \n¿h-Nn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp {]tXy-I-Xcw
IrXn-I-ft{X. Ch \q‰n-°-W-°n-\p≠v. t_mws_-bnse "\n¿Wb
kmK¿' {] p-Im¿ \q‰n-∏{¥≠p D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-
≈-Xmbn cmlp¬kmw-Ir-Xym-b≥ Xs‚ "hniz-Z¿i-\-ßƒ' F∂ IrXn-
bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p≠v. F∂m¬ Ah-sb√mw bYm¿Y D]-\n-j-
Øp-I-fmbn \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n√. apKƒ N{I-h¿Øn
AIv_-dpsS ImeØv Hcp-]-\n-jØv Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠mbn. "At≈m-]-
\n-jØv' F∂m-bn-cp∂p AXns‚ t]¿. Cßs\ D]-\n-j-sØ∂ \ma-
t[-b-Øn¬ Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p IrXn-Iƒ ImWm≥ Ignbpw. ]t£,
Ah-bvs°√mw Hcp-t]mse {]mamWyw I¬]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂n√. kmwIr-
Xym-bs‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-aq∂v IrXn-Iƒ {]tXyIw {it≤-b-
ß- f m- I p∂p. Cuiw, OmtµmKyw, _rl- Z m- c - W yIw, sFX- t cbw,
ssXØn-cobw, {]iv\w, tI\w, ITw, apWvUIw, amWvUqIyw, Iujo-
XIn, ssa{Xn, tizXm-iz-Xcw F∂n-h-bt{X Ah. _n.kn. 700˛s‚bpw
100˛s‚bpw CS-°mWv Ah Fgp-X-s∏-ń-´p-≈-sX∂pw At±lw A`n-
{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.8
F∂m¬ BZysØ D]- \ n- j - Z v _ o- P - Ø n\v Bcy- ∑ m- c psS thZ-
tØmfw ]g-°-aps-≠-∂mWv a‰p Nne {]apJ \ncq-]-I-cpsS A`n-
{]mbw. "]uckvXy ]hn-{X-{K-Ÿm-hen'bn¬ amIvkvap-≈¿ Fgp-Xp∂p:
""BZysØ D]-\n-j-Zv_o-P-ßƒ°v thZ-Øns‚ a{¥-`mKß-tfmfw
Xs∂ ]g-°-ap≠v. EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X-bn¬ Hcp D]-\n-j-∑{¥w IS-∂p-
Iq-Sn-bn-´p-s≠∂v "k¿hm-\p-{I-a-WnI'Imc-\mb ImØym-b-\≥ ]d-
™n-´p≠v.'' 9
EtKz-Z-kw-ln-X-bpsS Imew _n.kn. 2000 apX¬ 1500 hsc-bm-sW-
∂s{X s]mXp-hn¬ IW-°m°n hcp-∂Xv. AXn¬Xs∂ D]-\n-j-
∑{¥w IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bn´ps≠-¶n¬ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ Nne-sX-¶nepw
AXn\p apºv \ne-hn-ep-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-at√m. GXm-bmepw D]-\n-j-
±¿i-\-ß-fpsS DXv]Øn thZ-Øn¬ \n∂√ Zkyp-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬
\n∂m-sW∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-amWv {]kvXpX hkvXpX.
amIvkv-ap-≈¿ Xs∂ ]d-bs´ : ""C∂sØ \ne-bn¬ ImWp∂ cq]w
{]m]n-°p-∂-Xn\v apºpXs∂ D]-\n-jXvk-©-b-ßƒ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn
ChnsS \ne-\n-∂p-h-∂n-cp∂p F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ ktµ-l-an√.''10
Bcym-K-a-\-Øn\p apºv Zkyp-P-\-X-°n-S-bn¬ N¿® sNø-s∏-ń-
cp∂ XØz-Z¿i-\-ß-fmWv ]n¬°m-eØv D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS cq]w
ssIs°m-≠Xv. Ah Zkyp-°ƒ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn ]c-kv]cw ssIam-
dn-s°m-≠n-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv {]kvXpX Z¿i-\-ßƒ D]\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS
cq]-Øn¬ t{ImUo-Ir-X-am-sbt-∂bp≈q. Ah-bn-e-S-ßnb Bi-bm-
Z¿i-ßƒ Bcym-K-a-\-Øn\pw apºp-Xs∂ Zkyp-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬ \ne-
sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww. Bcy-∑m-cpsS sshZn-I-km-ln-XyamWv D]-
\n-j-±¿i-\-ß-fpsS Dd-hn-S-sa-¶n¬ D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ {]Y-a-ambpw {][m-
\-ambpw sshZn-I-a-X-Øns‚ {]mam-WysØ Du∂n-bpd-∏n°p-Ibpw
{]N-cn-∏n-°p-I-bp-amWv th≠n-bn-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Cu hi-sØ- w-
_- ‘ n- ® n- S - t Ømfw apJy D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I ƒ Hcp- Z m- k o\ `mh- a mWv
ssIs°m-≠p-Im-Wp-∂Xv.
c≠pXcw hnZym-im-eI
- ƒ
c≠p Xc- Ø n- e p≈ hnZym- ` ymk ÿm]- \ - ß ƒ `mc- X - Ø n¬
{]h¿Øn-®p-h-∂-Xmbn Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ImWmw. H∂v sshZnI aX-sØ-
bmWv ]cn-c-£n-°m≥ {ian-®n-cp-∂sX-¶n¬, a‰Xv, Hu]-\n-j-Xn-I-kw-
kvIm-c-sØ-bmWv kwc-£n-∏m≥ DZy-an-®n-cp-∂Xv. BZy-tØ-Xn\v "alm-
ime'sb∂pw c≠m-a-tØ-Xn\v "]cn-jØv' F∂p-am-bn-cp∂p t]¿.
alm-im-e-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambpw {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS \nb-{¥-
W-Ønepw ]cn-j-Øp-Iƒ A{_m-“-W-cm-P-m°-∑m-cpsS {]tXyI \nb-
{¥-W-Øn-ep-amWv \S-∂n-cp-∂sX∂p IqSn CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ Hm¿t°-
≠- X mWv . "C¥y- b nse h¿Wk- a cw' F∂ IrXn- b n¬ AXns‚
I¿Øm-hmb {io. IrjvWm-\-µ-kzman Fgp-Xp∂p: ""Bcy-∑m-cpsS thZ-
ßfpw A\m-cy-∑-mcpsS D]\n-j-Øp-Ifpw c≠p hn`n-∂-kw-kvIm-c-ß-
sfØs∂ ]cn-c-£n®p h∂p.... Xß-fpsS bmKmZn sshZn-I-I¿a-ßƒ
kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn "alm-im-e-Iƒ' F∂ t]cn¬ {_m“-W¿
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
{]tXy- I - a mbn At\I ÿm]- \ - ß ƒ krjv S n®p \SØn. AXp-

t]mse, A{_m-“-W¿ Xß-fpsS B[ym-flnI Nn¥-Iƒ ]cn-c-£n-
°m\pw {]N-cn-∏n-°m-\p-ambn D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬,
"]cn- j - Ø p- I fpw' Imem- ¥ - c - Ø n¬ ÿm]n®p \S- Ø m≥ XpSßn.
]m©m-e-ß-fpsS (C∂sØ ]©m-_nse cptl¬°WvUpw CØm-
h-bp-a-S-ßp∂ {]tZ-i-ßƒ ) cmPm-hmb {]hm-l-W≥, tII-b-cm-Pm-
hmb (Qew, kn‘p F∂o \Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈, Xmgv∂ lnam-eb
{]tZ-iØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ cmPu-cn-°-SpØ Hcp {]tZ-i-am-bn-cp∂p
tII-b-cmPyw) Aiz-]Xn, Imin-cm-Pm-hmb (_\m-d-kns‚ kao-]-ÿ-
e-am-bn-cp∂p Imin) P\-I≥ F∂n-h-sc√mw A°m-e-ß-fn¬ ]cn-j-
Øp-Iƒ \S-Øn-h∂ A{_m-“-W-ta-[m-hn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. AwKn-c v,
hkn-jvT≥, Iiy-]≥, ]pe-kvXy≥, hnizm-an-{X≥, `rKp, Zp¿hm-k v
F∂o {_mlvaW-ta-[m-hn-I-fm-Is´, alm-im-e-Iƒ \S-Øn-h-∂n-cp-
∂-h-cp-am-bn-cp∂p.''11
Npcp-°-Øn¬, {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿ sshZn-I-amb I¿aßfpw
BNm-c-ßfpw \ne-\n¿Øm-\mWv apJy-ambpw {ian-®p-t]m-∂n-cp-∂Xv.
A∂v B[ym-fln-I-hnZy Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂n√. {_m“-
W-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿ B[ym-flnI hnZy ]Tn-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv hfsc
]n∂o-Sm-bn-cp∂p. AXpw A{_m-“-W∑m-cn¬\n∂v. CXn-te-°p-t]m-
Zv_-e-I-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ Omtµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øn¬ ImWmw. BZn
D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ s]´-sX∂p \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ ka¿Yn-®n-´p≈ AXn¬
Hcp IY-bp≠v. AXv Cßs\ kw{K-ln°mw: D±m-eI Bcp-Wn-Ku-X-
a≥ Hcp {_m“-W-]-WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp∂p. At±lw kz]p-{X-\mb tizX-
tI-Xp-hns\ hnZy-b-`y-kn∏n®p. Aßs\ {_m“-W-Nn-´-{]-Imcw tizX-
tIXp Hcp alm-]-WvUn-X-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. Hcn-°¬ At±lw £{Xn-
b-\mb {]hm-l-W-ssP-hen \S-Øp∂ ]cn-j-Øn¬ sN∂p. XZ-h-
kcw ssPhen tNmZn®p: ""Ipó, ANv-O≥ Xm¶sf ]Tn-∏n-®n-´pt≠m?''
tizX-tIXp "D≠v tZhm' F∂v adp-]Sn ]d™p. {]hm-l-W≥ tizX-
tI-Xp-hn-t\mSv A©p tNmZy-ßƒ tNmZn®p. A©pw {_“-⁄m-\-
kw-_-‘n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p. H∂n-s\-¶nepw DØcw ]d-bm≥ tizX-tI-Xp-
hn\v Ign-™n√. "Adn-bn√, tZhm' F∂ adp-]-Sn-bmWv At±lw Hmtcm
tNmZy-Øn\pw \¬In-bXv. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ cmPmhv H∂p Ii°n :
""]ns∂ Xm¶ƒ F¥mWv ]Tn-®Xv? Cu Imcy-ß-sfm∂pw Adn-bmØ
Hcmsf Fß-s\-bmWv "kpin-£-nX≥' F∂p ]d-bpI?''
tizX-tIXp A]-am-\-`m-c-Øm¬ Xe-XmgvØn. Xncn®p sN∂v,
]nXm-hmb Bcp-Wn-tbmSv Bh-em-Xn-s∏´p: ""tZh≥ Fs∂ "Ain-£n-
X≥' F∂p hnfn-®-]-am-\n®p. Aßv bmsXm∂pw ]Tn-∏n-°m-sX-Øs∂
]Tn-∏n-s®∂p \Sn®p.'' BcpWn kw`hw hnkvX-cn-®-t\z-jn-®-t∏mƒ
aI≥ ]d™p: ""cmP-\y-_‘p (£{Xn-b≥) Ft∂mSv A©p tNmZy-
ßƒ tNmZn®p. H∂n-s\-¶nepw adp-]Sn ]d-bm≥ F\n°p Ign-™n√.''
BcpWn ]d™p: ""\o hnh-cn® {]iv\-ß-fpsS DØcw F\n°pw
Adn™pIqSm.''
BcpWn {]hm-l-Ws‚ ASpØv sN∂p. cmPmhv B {_m“-W-
]-WvUn-Xs\ \nb-a-{]-Imcw kzoI-cn®p. "am\p-j-hnØw' Bh-iy-s∏-
Sp-hm≥ At±lw ]d™p.12 ]t£, Bcp-Wn-bpsS Bhiyw [\-am-
bn- c p- ∂ n√. Xm≥ Zm\- Ø n\p h∂- X - s √∂pw, tizX- t I- X p- h n- t \mSv
tNmZn® {]iv\-ß-fpsS adp-]Sn tIƒ°m-\mWv h∂n-´p-≈-sX∂pw
BcpWn ]d™p. {]hml-W≥ hnj-a-Øn-embn. At±lw BZn-bn¬
adp-]Sn ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ \ns∂m-gn-™p-am-dm≥ {ian®p. ]t£, BcpWn
hnń√. \nc-¥cw Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm-t≠-bn-cp∂p. KXy-¥-c-an-√m-Xm-b-
t∏mƒ cmPmhv Hcp hn[-Øn¬ kΩ-Xn®p. F∂m¬ adp-]-Sn-bpsS apJ-
hp-c-sb-t∂mWw ssPhen ]d™ Hcp hmNIw ChnsS {]tXyIw
{]k-‡as{X: ""A√tbm KuXam, \nßƒ Bh-iy-s∏-ń-´p≈ Imcyw
AXy¥w hnj-a-I-c-am-bn-´p≈ H∂mWv. Cu hnZy Xm¶ƒ°v ap≥]p≈
{_m“-W-∑m¿°v Ae-`y-am-bn-cp∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv temIw apgp-
h≥ £{Xn-b-∑m-cpsS imk\w \ne-sIm-≠Xv.''13
CXn¬ \n∂pw {][m-\-amb Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ \ΩpsS {i≤°p
hnj-bo-`-hn-°p-∂p≠v: H∂m-a-Xmbn, Bcp-Wn-bpsS Imew hsc A{_m-
“-W-cmWv B[ym-flnI hnZy ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv. {_m“W
]WvUn-X-∑m¿°v AsX-∏‰n Hcp ]nSn-]m-Sp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√. c≠m-a-
Xmbn, {_m“-W-∑m-cn¬ \n∂pw {]kvXpX hnZy ad®p]nSn-°m-\mbn
A{_m-“-W-]-WvUn-X-∑m¿ a\x-]q¿hw {ian-®n-cp∂p. AXm-Wt√m
ssPh-en-bpsS Hgn™pamdm-\p≈ {ia-Øn¬ \n∂pw Duln-t°-≠Xv.
ChnsS \ap°v Btem-Nn-°m-\p-≈Xv CXt{X: D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ thZ-
ß-fpsS A\p-_-‘-ßfpw thZ-P-\y-ß-fp-amsW-¶n¬ sshZn-I-km-
lnXyw \nc-¥cw ssI-Imcyw sNøp∂ {_m“-W-]-WvUn-X-∑m-cm-
Wt√m D]-\n-j-±¿i\-ß-fpsS D]-⁄m-Xm-°-∑mcpw Kpcp-\m-Y-∑m-cp-
am-tI-≠n-bn-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬ Ncn-{X-h-kvXpX Aß-s\-b√. D±m-eI
Bcp- W n°p apºp≈ {_m“- W - ∑ m¿°pw Ah Adn- ™ n- c p- ∂ n√.
A{_m-“-W-]-WvUn-X-∑m-cm-Is´, Ah-bn¬ hf-sc-tbsd ]ptcm-KXn
{]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. AXn-\m¬ A\m-cy-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n-
∂mWv, D]-\n-j-±¿i-\-ap-S-se-Sp-Ø-sX∂ \nK-a\w IqSp-X¬ bp‡n-
k-l-ambn tXm∂p∂p. F∂m¬ C∂v \mw ImWp∂ t{ImUo-Ir-X-
ß-fmb D]-\n-j-XvIr-Xn-Iƒ {]kvXpX \nK-a-\sØ `mKn-I-amtb
klm-bn-°p-∂p≈q. Ah Hcp hiØv {_m“-W-]m-c-º-cysØ apdpsI
]nSn- ° p- I bpw adphiØv , sshZn- I - I ¿aIm- W v U - Ø ns‚ A¿Y- a n-
√mbva Xpd∂pImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Cßs\ sshcp[ym-[n-jvTn-
X-amb Hcp Ir{Xn-a-ap-J-amWv Ah hmb-\-°m-cs‚ apºn¬ {]Z¿in-
∏n-°p-∂Xv. F∂m¬ thZ-hn-Zn-X-a-√mØ Ht´sd Bi-b-ßƒ \ne-hn-
ep≈ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ C∂pw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p≠v.
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
]p\¿P-∑h
- mZw
CXn-tes°mcp hy‡-amb ZrjvSm-¥-am-Ip∂p ]p\¿P-∑-hmZw.
C∂sØ lnµp-°-fpsS auenI hnizm-k-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv ]p\¿P-∑-
Øn-ep≈ hnizmkw. F∂m¬ BZn Bcy-∑m¿°v {]kvXpX hnizm-
k-hp-ambn _‘-sam-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p \ncq-]-I-∑m¿ ka¿Yn-
®n-´p≠v. adn®p Ah¿ ]mc-eu-InI Pohn-X-Øn-emWv hniz-kn-®n-cp-
∂Xv. cmlp¬ kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""thZ-Ønse Ejn-am¿
Cu temI-Øn¬\n∂p hn`n-∂-amb as‰mcp temI-ap-s≠∂p hniz-
kn-®n-cp∂p. Ahn-tS°mWv ac-Wm-\¥cw kXvI¿an-Iƒ t]mhpI.
Ah¿ AhnsS B\-µ-]q¿hw Pohn-°p-∂-XmWv. Xmsg-bp≈ ]mXmfw
A‘-Im-cab-amb \c-I-tem-I-amWv. Ahn-tS°mWv ZpjvI¿an-Iƒ
t]mIp-∂Xv... Ejn-am¿°v ]p\¿P∑ hmZ-hp-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂n√.'' 14
`mc-Xob {]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ ]p\¿P-∑-hmZw CZw-{]-Ya-
am-bn-Im-Wp-∂Xv Omtµm-tKym-]-\n-j-Øn-es{X. kmwIr-Xym-b≥ Xs∂
]d-bs´: ""`mc-Xob {]mNo-\-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn¬ OmtµmKyw am{X-amWv
H∂m-a-Xmbn ]p\¿P∑-sØ-∏‰n ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv. ]c-tem-I-Øn¬ am{X-
a√, Cl-tem-I-Ønepw I¿aßƒ°-\p-k-cn-®mWv Pohn-Iƒ P\n-°p-
∂Xv.'' 15
AXm-bXv ap≥P-∑-Øn¬ kpIrXw {]h¿Øn-®-h≥ C÷-∑-Øn¬
DØ-a-tbm-\n-I-fmb {_m“-W-tbm-\n-bntem £{Xnb tbm\n-bntem
sshiy- t bm- \ n- b ntem P\n- ° p∂p. t\sc adn®v , ap≥P- ∑ - Ø n¬
A[¿aw {]h¿Øn- ® - h ≥ C÷- ∑ - Ø n¬ \mb- b p- s Stbm, ]∂n-
bpsStbm, Nfim-f-s‚tbm tbm\n-bn¬ P∑-sa-Sp-°p∂p. CXmWv
]p\¿P-∑-kn-≤m-¥-Øns‚ \n¿h-N\w. Omtµm-Ky-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p:
""ChnsS DØ-a-I¿a-ßƒ sNbvXp-sIm≠p Pohn-°p-∂-h≥ DØ-a-
tbm-\n-I-fmb {_m“-W-tbm-\n-bntem £{Xn-b-tbm-\n-bntem sshiy-
tbm-\n-bntem P\n-°p∂p. A[-aI¿a-ßƒ sNøp-∂-h≥ \mb-bp-
sStbm, kqI- c - Ø n- s ‚tbm, Nfim- f - s ‚tbm tbm\n- b n¬ P\n-
°p∂p.'' 16
Cu kn≤m-¥-a-\p-k-cn®v ChnsS {_m“W˛£{Xnb˛ sshiy-
Pm-Xn-I-fn¬ P∑-sa-Sp-Ø-h-scms° ap≥P-∑-Øn¬ DØ-a-I¿a-ßƒ
A\p-jvTn-®-h-cm-bn-cn°pw. A{]-Im-cw-Xs∂ iq{Z-Pm-Xn-bn¬ P\n-t°-
≠n- h - ∂ - h ¿ ap≥P- ∑ - Ø n¬ A[¿aw {]h¿Øn- ® - h - c m- b n- c n°pw.
A[¿aØns‚ in£bpw kpIr-X-Øns‚ {]Xn-^-ehpw P\\sØ
Bkv]-Zn-®mWv IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. IqSmsX, iq{Z-Pm-Xn-bn¬ P\n®
Hcmsf Cu kn≤m¥w a\p- j y- \ m- b n- t ∏mepw ]cn- K - W n- ° p- ∂ n√.
Ahs\ XmW-Xcw Pohn-I-fmb \mb-bp-sSbpw ]∂n-bp-sSbpw Iq´-
Øn-emWv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Cu hmZw thZ-Ønse Bi-b-
Øn\v \nc- ° p- ∂ - X √. EtKz- Z - Ø nse ]pcp- j - k q- ‡ - Ø n¬
{_m“W\pw £{Xn-b\pw sshiy\pw iq{Z-\p-sa√mw Htc ico-c-
Øns‚ hnhn[ Ah-b-h-ß-fm-bmWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv:
""]pcp-js\ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-®n´p F{X Xc-Øn¬ th¿Xn-cn®p? Ahs‚
apJ-sa-¥mWv? Isø-¥mWv? XpS-sb-¥mWv? Imse-¥mWv? Ahs‚
apJw {_m“-W-\mWv; ssIIƒ £{Xn-b≥; Ahs‚ XpS sshiy≥;
Im¬I-fn¬\n∂p iq{Z≥ P\n®p.''17
BI-bm¬ thZ-hn-Zn-X-a-√mØ Hcp \ho\ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-amWv
]p\¿P∑ hmZw. thZhpw D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw hyXykvX kc-Wn-I-fn-
eq-sS-bmWv \oßn-b-sX∂ hkvXp-X°v Hcp-Ø-tam-Zm-l-c-W-at{X
CXv.
BZn Bcy-∑m¿ ]p\¿P∑-Øn¬ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂n-s√∂p ]d-™p-
ht√m. Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ P\-ßƒ°p sshZn-I-I¿a Im-fi-Øn-ep≈
`‡nbpw hnizm-khpw Ipd™p. At∏mƒ P\-ßsf \nb-{¥n®p \ne-
bv ° p- \ n¿Øp- h m≥ Hcp ]pXnb am¿Kw I≠p- ] n- S nt°- ≠ n- h ∂p.
Aßs\ ]p\¿P- ∑ - k n- ≤ m¥w Bhn- j v I - c n- ° - s ∏´p. CXmWv
cmlp¬kmw-Ir-Xym-bs‚ A`n-{]mbw. At±lw Fgp-Xp∂p: ""sshZn-
I-I¿aIm-fi-Øn¬ P\-ßƒ°p hnizmkw Ipd-™p-h-cm≥ XpSßn.
At∏mƒ Omtµm-Ky-Ønse Ejn-I-fmb ssPh-en-cm-Pmhpw {_m“-
W-\mb Bcp-Wnbpw IqSn Hcp ]pXnb am¿Kw I≠p-]n-Sn®p. Ah¿
]p\¿P∑- s Ø- t ∏m- e p≈ hnizm- k - ß ƒ hf¿Øn; Zmk- ∑ m¿,
sXmgn¬°m¿ XpS-ßnb ]oUnX P\-X-bpsS _‘\sØ IqSp-X¬
ZrV-Xcam-°n-Øo¿Øp.'' 18
]mc-{XnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ a\p-jy\v e`n-°p∂ I¿a-^-esØ `b∂v,
sFln-I-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ kXvI¿am-\p-jvTm-\hpw ZpjvI¿a- h¿P-\hpw
sNøm-\p≈ Bthiw Ipd™p XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ, imk-I-∑m¿°pw
]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿°pw P\-ßsf sNm¬∏-Sn°p \n¿Øm-\m-hmsX h∂p-
sh∂pw, XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ a\x-]q¿hw sa\-s™-SpØ Hcp Bkq-{XnX
hnizm- k - a mWv ]p\¿P∑ hnizm- k - s a- ∂ p- a mWv ta¬]- d - ™ - X ns‚
A¿Yw. CXns‚ kXym-hÿ \ap-°-dn™p IqSm. GXm-bmepw Hcp
Imcyw Xo¿®-bmWv. ]mc-eu-In-I-in-£-sb-°mƒ sFlnI PohnX
t¢i- ß - s f- b mWv a\p- j y≥ IqSp- X ¬ `b- s ∏- S pI. sshZn- I -
I¿aImfiw A\p-jvTn-°m-Ø-hcpw \ne-hn-ep≈ [¿a-\n-b-a-ßƒ
]men°m-Ø-hcpw hcm≥t]m-Ip∂ P∑-Øn¬ \mb-bmtbm, ]∂n-
bmtbm, iq{Z-\mtbm ]nd-°p-sa-∂p-h-∂m¬ AXn¬ `bw tXm∂m-Ø-
h-cmcpw Xs∂-bp-≠m-hn√. B \ne°p hfsc ka¿Y-amb Hcp I≠p-
]n-Sn-Ø-amWv ]p\¿P∑ kn≤m-¥-sa∂p ]d-bm-Xn-cn-∏m≥ hø. kmwIr-
Xym-b≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""D]-\n-j-XvIm-esØ [m¿anI t\Xm-°-∑m¿°p
]p\¿P∑-hmZw Bhn-jvI-cn-t°-≠-Xmbn h∂p. Chn-sS-bp≈ kmap-
Zm-bnI t¢i-ßƒ, Hmtcm Poh\pw aS-ßn-h∂v Ah-c-h¿ sNbvX-Xn-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
\p≈ in£ A\p-`-hn-t°-≠-Xn\v th≠n-bmsW∂v Ah¿ hmZn®p......

hfsc ka¿Y-amb Hcp I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-am-bn-´p≠v CXv F∂-Xn\p kwi-
b-an√.'' 19
GXm-bmepw thZ-ß-fn-en-√mØ Hcp \qX\ I≠p-]n-Sn-Ø-amWv
D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse ]p\¿P∑ kn≤m¥w. AXn-\m¬ sshZnI am¿K-
Øn¬\n∂pw `n∂-amb Hcp ]mX-bn-eq-sS-bmWv D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ k©-
cn-®-sX∂p hy‡w.
D]-\n-jØ
- p-Iƒ sshZnI aXsØ hna¿in-°p∂p
D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ ]eXpw A\m-cy-]m-c-º-cy-sØ-bmWv {]Xn-
\n[m\w sNøp- ∂ - s X∂ \ΩpsS \nK- a - \ - Ø n- \ p- t ]m- Z v _ - e - I - a mb
as‰mcp hkvXpX CXs{X: Ah sshZnI I¿aßsfbpw {_m“-W-
]m- c - º - c y- s Øbpw \nin- X - a mbn hna¿in- ° p∂p. Nne- t ∏mƒ Cu
hna¿i\w AXn-cp-I-hn-™-Xmbpw ImWmw. thZ-a-{¥-ßƒ Dcp-hn-Sp∂
{_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑msc Xpd-∂p-I-fn-bm-°p∂ Hcp IY Omtµm-
Ky- Ø n¬ ÿew ]nSn- ® n- ´ p≠v . IY- b psS kmcw CXm: Hcn°¬
Zmev`ys‚ ]p{X≥ _I≥, an{Xs‚ ]p{X≥ •mh≥ F∂o {_m“W
al¿jn-am¿ thZ-]m-cm-b-W-Øn-\mbn {Kma-Øn\p ]pd-Øp-t]mbn Pe-
k-ao]w GIm-¥-amb Hcp ÿe-Øn-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. shfpØ Hcp
\mb AhnsS sN∂p. A\-¥cw thsd Iptd \mbv°fpw FØn.
Ah shfpØ \mb-tbmSv ]d™p: ""Rßƒ°v hni-°p∂p. \o Iptd
kma-Km-\-ßƒ ]mSpI. F¶n¬ Rßƒ°v `£Ww In´p-at√m.''
shfpØ \mb Ah-tcmSv ]ns‰ Znhkw hcm≥ ]d™p. _I-Zm-
ev`y\pw •mh-ssa-t{X-b\pw \mb-v°-fpsS kw`m-jWw tI´p. Cu Xam-
i-bn¬ Ah¿°v XmXv]cyw P\n®p. ]nt‰-∂mƒ \mbv°ƒ h∂p.
H∂n≥]n-d-In¬ as‰m-∂mbn Ccp∂v apºn-ep-≈-Xns‚ hm¬ ]nºn-ep-
≈Xv ISn-®p-]n-Sn®p. F∂n´v Cßs\ ]mSm≥ XpSßn:
""lnw, Hmw, Xn∂mw. Hmw, IpSn°mw! ssZhta, hcpW, {]Pm-hXo,
klXm, Rßƒ°v `£Ww Xm! A√tbm A∂-tZhm, Rßƒ°v
A∂w XctW! Rßƒ°-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-ctW! Hmw!''20
Cu IY {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-scbpw Ah-cpsS thZ-]m-cm-b-
W-sØbpw IS-∂-[n-t£-]n°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Na-®-Xm-sW∂p hninjym
]d-tb-≠-Xn√. IY-bnse shfp-Ø \mb A∂sØ {_m“-Ws‚
{]Xo-I-amWv. {_m“-W-h¿W-°m¿ A°m-eØpw Xß-fpsS ip≤-
amb Bcy-c‡w ]cn-c-£n-®n-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, Ah-cpsS sXmen-bpsS \ndw
shfp-Ø-Xm-bn-Øs∂ Ccp-∂p-sh∂v CXn¬\n∂p a\- n-em°mw.
kmwIr- X ym- b s‚ Kth- j - W - a - \ p- k - c n®p, {In. ap. 700˛- m am- ≠ mWv
Omtµm-Ky-Imew. {_m“-W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m¿ kma-th-Z-a{¥w Dcp-hn-
Sp-tºmƒ apºn-ep-≈-hs‚ hkv{Xw ]nºn-ep≈ Bƒ ]nSn-°pI ]Xn-
hm-bn-cp∂p. AXmWv \mbv°sf H∂ns‚ hm¬ a‰Xv ISn-®p-]n-Sn®
\ne-bn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®-Xns‚ s]mcpƒ. IYm-]mTw CXs{X: {_m“-
W-]p-tcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS hb-‰p-∏n-g-∏n-\p≈ Hcp the-sb-∂-X√msX,
thZ-]m-cm-b-Ww-sIm≠v bmsXmcp t\´hpw a\p-jy-\n√. {_m“-W-]-
fin-X-∑m-scbpw Ah-cpsS sshZn-I-I¿a-sØbpw C{X \nin-X-ambn
hna¿in-°p∂ OmtµmKyw thZ-ß-fpsS {]mam-WysØ tNmZyw sNøp-
I-bmWv, hmkvX-h-Øn¬. AXn-\m¬ Omtµm-Ky-Ønse apJy-am-b
Cu Z¿i\w thZ- i n- £ - W - a m- s W∂p [cn- ° p- h m≥ {]bmkw
tXm∂p∂p.
a‰p Nne D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ Bcy-a-X-Ønse bmK-mZn-I¿a-ßsf
FXn¿-°p∂p. apfi-tIm-]-\n-j-Ønse Hcp `mKw ImWpI: ""b⁄-
cq-]n-bmb ]Xn-s\´p h≈-ßƒ Zp¿_e-ß-fmWv. \√-sX∂p ]d™v,
Ahsb A`n-\-µ\w sNøp∂ aqV-∑m¿ ho≠pw ho≠pw hm¿[Iy-
sØbpw ac-W-sØbpw {]m]n-°p∂p. A⁄m-\-Øn-\p-≈n¬ InS-
∂p-h-e-bp∂, [occpw ]fin-X-cp-sa∂v anYym-`n-am\w ]pe¿Øp∂
Ah¿ A‘-∑m-cm¬ am¿K-Z¿i\w sNø-s∏-Sp∂ A‘-sc-t∏mse,
e£y-Øn-se-ØmsX, Ae-™p-Xn-cn™p t¢in-°p∂p. A⁄m-\-
Øn¬ _lp-{]-Imcw AI-s∏´v, IrX-Ir-Xy-cm-sb∂v Al-¶-cn-°p∂
Ah¿ _me-I-∑m-cm-Ip∂p. Ah¿ I¿a Imfi-Øns‚ Xm¬]-cy-sa-
s¥∂v Adn-bp-∂n√. Aßs\ BXp-c-cmb Ah¿ £oWn-X-cmbn
]pWy-tem-I-Øn¬\n∂v A[x-]-Xn-°p∂p. F∂m¬ Ac-Wy-Øn¬
hm\-{]-ÿ-cmbn X]x-{i-≤-I-f-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-hcpw `n£m-S\w sNøp-
∂-hcpw {]im-¥-cp-amb hnZzm-∑m-cp-≠t√m; Ah¿ ]pWy-]m-]-am-en-
\y-ßƒ AI∂v, kqcy-Zzmcm (kqcy-tem-I-Øn-eqsS) Aar-X\pw Ahy-
bm-flmhpw Bb ]pcp-js\ {]m]n-°p∂p.''21
thZ-hn-[n-I-sfbpw sshZnI ]fin-X-∑m-scbpw sshZnI I¿a-amb
b⁄-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®v Hcp Xpd∂ hna¿i-\-am-Wn-sX∂v H‰t\m´-
Øn¬ a\- n-em°mw. ChnsS b⁄-ß-fn-eqsS D±njvS e£yw {]m]n-
°m≥ km[n- ° p- ∂ - X - s √∂pw b⁄- ß sf A`n- \ - µ n- ° p∂ aqV-
∑m¿°v ]cp-]-cpØ t¢i-ß-f-√msX as‰m∂pw In´m≥ t]mIp-∂n-
s√∂pw AØcw ]fin-X-∑-\y≥am¿ A⁄m-\m-‘-Im-c-Øn¬ X∏n-
Ø-S-bp-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-sX∂pw ]d-bp∂p. A‘≥am-cm¬ \bn-°-
s∏-Sp∂ A‘¿ e£y-Øn-se-Øp-I-bn-√t√m. Cu anYym-`n-am-\n-Ifpw
e£yw {]m]n-°msX A‘-X-bnepw A⁄-X-bnepw InS-∂p-g-ep-I-
bmWv. Ah¿ _me-∑m-sc-t∏m-se-bmWv. I¿aIm-fi-Øns‚ s]mcpƒ
Adn-bm-Ø-h-cmWv; A[x-]-Xn® h¿K-amWv; ]pWy-temIw {]m]n-
°mt\m, Cuiz-c-km-£m¬°mcw t\Smt\m Ai-‡-cp-amWv. X] pw
`n£m-S-\hpw {]im-¥-Xbpw kzoI-cn-°p∂ hnZz¬ intcm-a-Wn-Iƒ°v
am{Xta, ac- W - c - l n- X \pw Ahn- \ m- i n- b p- a mb ]pcp- j s\˛]c- { _-
“sØ˛ {]m]n-°m-\mhq. C{Xbpw kwK-Xn-I-fmWv ta¬hm-N-I-Øn¬
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. I¿a-Im-fi-Øns‚ \njv{]-tbm-P-\Xbpw k\ym-

k-Øns‚ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-Xz-hp-amWv ChnsS ka¿Yn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.
C\n thZ-ß-sfbpw thZmw-K-ß-fmb in£, I¬]w, hymI-cWw,
\ncp‡w, Oµ v, tPymXnjw F∂o Bdp imkv{X-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®
apfi-I-Øns‚ \ne-]mSv ImWpI: ""{_“-⁄m-\n-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv
c≠p hnZy-Iƒ am{X-amWv Adn-tb-≠-sX-∂m-Ip∂p. H∂v ]cm-hn-Zybpw
a‰Xv A]- c m- h n- Z y- b p- a mWv . EtKzZw, bPp¿thZw, kma- t hZw,
AY¿hthZw Cu \mep thZ-ßfpw in£, I¬]w, hymI-cWw,
\ncp‡w, Oµ v, tPymXnjw F∂o Bdp thZmw-K-ß-fp-amWv A]-
cm-hn-Zy-Iƒ. ]cm-hnZy A£-csØ Adn-b-emWv.''22
AsX, \mep thZ-ßfpw Bdp thZmw-K-ßfpw Adn-tb-≠Xp Xs∂.
]t£, AXv t{ijvT-a√; A£-csØ˛Ahn-\m-in-bmb {_“sØ˛
Adn-b-emWv F{Xbpw t{ijvT-X-c-am-bn-´p-≈Xv.
thZ-\n¿Zn-jvS-amb I¿a-am¿KØn\p ]Icw, as‰mcp am¿K-amWv
D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ s]mXpth D]-tZ-in-°p-∂-sX∂p apºv kqNn-∏n-®n-
´p≠v. X] v, {_“-Ncyw, [ym\w apX-emb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fpƒs°m-
≈p∂ am¿K-am-WXv. AsX-∏‰n apfiIw ]d-bp-∂Xv ImWpI: ""kXy-
`m- j Ww, X] v , {_“- N cyw, Bfl- k w- b - a \w, kzm¿Y- X ymKw
F∂nh aptJ\ ]c-amfl Z¿i\w km[n-°p∂p. ico-c-Øn-\p-≈n¬
AXv (]c-am-flmhv) ip{`t-Pym-Xn-¿a-b-\mbn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p. tZmj-
c-ln-X-cmb Ejn-Iƒ°v AXns\ Z¿in-∏m≥ Ignbpw.''23
C{Xbpw D≤- c n- ® - X n¬ \n∂v thZ- ß fpw D]- \ n- j - Ø p- I fpw
XΩnep≈ A¥cw GXm≠p {Kln-°m-at√m. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬
NneXp {_“-sØ-b-√msX as‰m-∂n-s\bpw D]m-k\ (Bcm-[\)
sNø-cp-sX∂v B⁄m-]n-°p-∂p≠v. Bcy-a-X-Øn¬ C{µ≥, hcp-W≥,
A·n, kqcy≥ apX-emb tZh≥amsc kvXpXn®pw ]qPn®pw {]km-Zn-
∏n-°p-tºmƒ, D]-\n-j-∑-X-Øn¬ {_“sØ am{Xw D]m-kn-°m-\mWv
\n¿tZiw. tIt\m-]-\n-j-Øn¬ Cu kwKXn Iptd hy‡-am-bnØs∂
D]-tZ-in-®n-´p≠v. AXn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""{_“w Adn-b-s∏-´-Xn¬ \n∂pw
Adn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xn¬ \n∂pw `n∂-am-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Ip∂p. CXmWv AXn-
s\-∏‰n hymJym-\n®pX∂ BNm-cy≥am-cn¬ \n∂p Rßƒ tIń-´p-
≈Xv.''
""hmKn-{µn-b-Øn\v hnj-b-am-hm-ØXpw, F∂m¬ hmssK-`-h-Øn\v
tlXp-hm-bn-´p-≈-Xp-ta-XmtWm, AXmWv {_“-sa∂p \o Adn-bpI.
CXmWv {_“-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ D]m-k\ sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-sXm∂pw {_“-
a√.''
""a\- n¬ \ncq-]n-°m-\m-hm-ØXpw F∂m¬ a\x-i‡n {]Zm\w
sNøp-∂-Xp-ta-XmtWm, AXmWv {_“-sa∂p \o Adn-bpI. CXv
{_“-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ D]m-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sXm∂pw {_“-a√.''
""IÆp- s Im≠p ImWm- \ m- h m- Ø Xpw F∂m¬ IÆn\v Imgv N
\¬Ip-∂-Xp-ta-XmtWm, AXmWv {_“-sa∂p \o Adn-bpI. CXv
{_“-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ (P\-ßƒ) D]m-k\ sNøp-∂-sXm∂pw {_“-
a√.''
""sNhn- s Im≠p tIƒ°m≥ høm- Ø Xpw, F∂m¬ sNhn°v
tIƒhn \¬Ip-∂-Xp-amb i‡ntbXmtWm, AXmWv {_“-sa∂p
\o Adn-bpI. CXv {_“-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ (P\-ßƒ) D]-mkn-°p-∂-
sXm∂pw {_“-a√.''
""{]mW-hm-bp-hn\v tNjvSn-°m-\m-hm-ØXpw, F∂m¬ {]mW-hm-
bp-hns‚ tNjvS°v Imc-W-`q-X-am-b-Xp-amWv {_“-sa∂v \o Adn-bpI.
CXv {_“- s a∂ I¬]- \ - b n¬ (P\- ß ƒ) D]m- k n- ° p- ∂ - s Xm∂pw
{_“- a √.'' 24
aq¿Øo-]q-Psb Jfin-°p-I-bmWv tI\w sNøp-∂-sX∂p hy‡w.
{_“-sa∂ k¶-ev]-Øn-em-Wt√m \ΩpsS sslµh ktlm-Z-c≥am¿
hn{K-l-ßsf ]qPn-°p-∂Xv. AXp {_“-ta-b-s√∂p tIt\m-]-\n-jØv
Xo¿Øp-]-d-bp∂p. Jp¿-B≥ Ah-X-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p
h¿j-ßƒ°p apºmWv tIt\m-]-\n-j-Øns‚ Bhn¿`mhw. ]t£,
c≠pw ip≤ GI-ssZ-h-Xz-hn-`m-h\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂p. Htc Pnlz-
bn¬ \n∂p _ln¿K-an® hmWn-I-fm-Wh c≠pw F∂p a\- n-em-
°p-∂-h¿°v Bi-b-°p-g-∏-Øn-\-h-Im-i-an√. Bcy-th-Z-ß-fn¬ C{X
ip≤- a mbn Cu GI- s sZ- h Xzw {]Xn- ] m- Z n- ° - s ∏´p ImWp- ∂ - X √.
thZhpw D]-\n-jØpw hyXykvX kc-Wn-Isf Ah-ew-_n-®-Xn-\p≈
ZrjvSm-¥-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ CXn-t\-bp-apƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-XmWv. {]]-
©- Ø ns‚ ]nd- I n¬ {]h¿Øn- ® p- s Im- ≠ n- c n- ° p∂ i‡n- h n- t i-
jsØ∏‰n tI\w h¿Wn-®n-´p≠v. kmwIr-Xym-b≥ D≤-cn-°p∂p: ""tI\-
Øns‚ KZy-`m-h-Øn¬ PK-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ KqV-ambn h¿Øn-°p∂
A]-cn-ta-b-amb i‡n-sb-∏-‰n-bmWv h¿Wn-®n-´p-≈Xv.''25
Cßs\ Assh-Zn-I-amb \nc-h[n Bi-b-ßƒ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬
Bhn-jvIr-X-ß-fm-bn-´p≠v. D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ sshZnI ]mc-º-cyØns‚
A\p-_-‘-am-sW-¶n¬ CsX-ßs\ kw`-hn-®p-sh∂p≈ {]iv\w Ah-
ti-jn-°p∂p.
{_m“-Wc
- psS Kpcp-°≥am¿ A{_m-“W
- ¿
C{Xbpw {]kvXm-hn-®-Xn¬ \n∂p {_m“-W-∑m-cmcpw D]-\n-j-±¿i-
\-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNbvXn-ń-s√∂p sX‰n-≤-cn-°-bn-√t√m. H´-t\Iw
{_m“W ]fin-X≥am¿ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse al¿jn-am-cmWv. D±m-
eI Bcp-Wn-Ku-X-a≥, tizX-tIXp, bm⁄-h¬Iy≥, _I-Zm¬`y≥
apX¬-t∏¿ DZm-l-cWw. ]t£, D]-\n-j-±¿i-\-ß-fpsS BZn-am-Nm-cy-
∑mcpw Kpcp-`q-X-∑mcpw A{_m-“W ]fin-X-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. {_m“W
]fin-X≥am¿ Ah-cn¬ \n∂mWv {_“-hnZy {Kln-®Xv. AXn-\m¬
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
injyXz ]Z-hntb Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Ah¿°-h-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\p≈q.

Omtµm-Ky-Ønse {]hm-l-Ws‚ IY {]kvXpX hkvXpX shfn-s∏-
Sp-Øp∂p.
hmkvX-h-Øn¬ A{_m-“-W-cn¬ \n∂p hnZy-b-`y-kn-°p-∂Xpw
Ah-cpsS injyXzw kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xpw {_m“-W\v ]mSn-√m-Ø-XmWv.
Iujo-XIn, _rl-Zm-c-WyIw F∂o D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ \n∂v AXp
a\- n- e m°mw. ]mfin- X y- Ø n¬ K¿hn- j v T \pw {_m“- W - \ p- a mb
Km¿Ky≥ Imin-cm-Pm-hmb APm-X-i-{Xp-hns‚ ASp-Øp-sN-√p∂p.
{_“-⁄m\w D]-tZ-in-°p-hm-\mWv sN∂Xv. ]t£, cmPm-hns‚
tNmZy-ßƒ°p apºn¬ At±lw ap´p-Ip-Øp∂p. (Iujo-XIn) Ah-
km\w X\n°p {_“- ⁄ m\w A`y- k n- ∏ n- ° - W - s a∂p Km¿Ky≥
sI©p∂p. ]t£, APm- X - i {Xp Xncn- ® - S n- ° p∂p: ""{_mlv a - W \v
{_lva-XØzw D]-tZ-in-°p-I-sb-∂Xpw {_mlva-W≥ £{Xn-bs‚
injy-\m-hp-I-sb-∂Xpw BNm-c-{I-a-Øn\v hncp-≤-amWv.'' Aßs\
Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn injy-\m-°m-sX-bmWv APm-X-i{Xp Km¿Ky\v {_“-
hnZy D]-tZ-in®psImSp-ØXv. \nbaw Cß-s\-sbm-s°-bm-bn-cp-∂p-
sh-¶nepw Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ AXv am‰-s∏´p. Ht´sd {_mlva-W≥am¿
A{_m-lva-W-cpsS Hu]-Nm-cnI injy≥am-cmbn.
]e {_mlvaW ]fin-X≥amcpw A{_m-lva-W-cpsS injyXzw
kzoI-cn®p {_lva-⁄m\w A`y-kn-®-Xmbn OmtµmKyw tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂p: ""D]-a-\yp-hns‚ ]p{X-\mb {]mNo-\-im-e≥, ]pep-js‚ ]p{X-
\mb kXy-b-⁄≥, Zn√-hn-bpsS ]p{X-\mb C{µ-Zyp-av\≥, i¿°-cm-
£s‚ ]p{X- \ mb P\≥, Aiz- X - c m- i zs‚ ]p{X- \ mb _pUn- e ≥
F∂o {]Xm-]n-Ifpw alm-ss-hZn-I-∑m-cp-amb A©p {_mlva-W¿ H∂p-
tN¿∂p A{_m-lva-W\pw tIIb cmPm-hns‚ ]p{X-\p-amb Aiz-]-
Xnsb kao-]n®p Bfl-hnZy {Kln®p.''26
""ime- h ms‚ ]p{X- \ mb ine- I ≥, NIn- X m- b s‚ ]p{X- \ mb
Zm¬`y≥ F∂o {_mlva-W¿ Poh-es‚ ]p{X-\mb {]hm-l-W≥
F∂ A{_m-lva-W-\n¬ \n∂v BXva-hnZy ]Tn®p.''27
D]- \ n- j Xv kw_- ‘ n- b mb kzX- { ¥- N n- ¥ m- { ]- ÿ m\w hf¿∂-
tXmsS sshZn-Im-i-b-ßƒ°pw sshZnI I¿a-Im-fi-Øn\pw hep-
Xmb CSnhp Xń-b-Xmbn \ncq-]-I-]-fin-X≥am¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p.
]m›mXy thZ-hn-Ømb amIvkvap-≈¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv t\m°pI:
""D]-\n-jXv kw_-‘n-bmb kzX-{¥m-i-b-ß-fpsS hf¿®-tbmsS arK-
bm-K-ß-sfbpw ê-iq-\y-amb CX-cm-Nm-c-ß-sfbpw ]‰n-bp≈ _lp-
P-\-ß-fpsS hnizm-khpw hnIm-chpw {]mtbW C√m-Xmbn. B[ym-
flnI t\XrXzw sshZnI ]ptcm-ln-X≥am-cn¬ \n∂pw "EXzn°p'Ifn¬
\n∂pw am‰-s∏´p. AXv {_mlva-W-cpsS hnip≤ afi-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂v
Aln-wkm-{hXw k\n-jvI¿jw A\p-jvTn-®p-h∂ temI-]-cn-Xym-Kn-I-
fmb "`n£p'°fpsS Ic-ß-fn-te°p ]I¿∂p.''28
Cu hkvXp-Xbpw ta¬ \nK-a-\sØ Dt]m-Zv_-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv
sNøp-∂Xv. D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ sshZnI ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ ]n≥Xp-S¿®-
bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ah-bpsS {]Nmcw sshZn-Im-i-b-ßƒ°-\p-Iq-
e-amb êw Df-hm-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬ {]Xn-Iq-e-am-bn-´mWv `hn-
®Xv. Bflob t\XrXzw {_mlvaW ]ptcm-ln-X≥am¿°p \jvS-s∏-
Sm≥ IqSn D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ CS-h-cpØn.
Zkyp-Z¿i-\ß
- f
- n¬\n∂p-bn¿s°m≠ aX-ßƒ
h≥]n- s ®mcp ssk\nI i‡n- s b∂ \ne- b n- e m- b n- c p∂p
Bcy≥am¿ `mc-X-\m-ń¬ IS-∂p-h-∂Xv. B i‡n Imem-¥-tcW
£bn- ® p- h ∂p. thZ- I m- e - Ø p- X s∂ Bcy- t Km- { X- ß ƒ°n- S - b n¬
`n∂n∏pw ]c-kv]c am’-cyhpw s]mń-∏p-d-s∏-´p-sh∂v EtKzZ-Øn¬
h¿Wn® Zmi-cm⁄ kw`hw sXfn-bn-°p∂p. Bcy-i-‡n°p XI¿®
]‰n- b - t ∏mƒ A\m- c y≥am¿°p Xß- f psS aXhpw kwkv I m- c hpw
ChnsS hf¿Øm≥ ho≠pw Ah-kcw e`n®p. Inńb Ah-kcw Ah¿
\∂m-bp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Hcp
XØz-Nn-¥m-{]-ÿm-\hpw ⁄m\-am¿Khpw \ne-hn¬ h∂p. ]t£,
At∏m-tg°pw Imtem-Nn-X-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Ah-cpsS hnNn-¥-
\-ß-fn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂n-cn-°Ww. Aßs\ Bcy≥am-cpsS ta[m-hn-Xz-
Øn¬ \S-∏n¬ h∂ sshZnI aX-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb Hcp ]pXnb aX-
Øn\p th≠ Icp-°ƒ Xøm-dmbn. D]-\n-j-±¿i-\-ß-fmWv AXn\p
If-sam-cp-°n-bXv.
Bcym-{I-a-W-Øns‚ cq£X Ipd-™-tXmsS ChnsS ]e aX-
ßfpw {]N-cn-°-s∏´p. Iq´-Øn¬ BZy-ambn \ne-hn¬ h∂Xv Ej-`-
tZ-h-\m¬ kvYm]n-X-am-bXpw h¿[-am-\-a-lm-ho-c-\m¬ ]cn-jvI-cn-°-
s∏-´-Xp-amb ssP\-a-X-am-sW∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. _p≤-aX {KŸ-amb
"{Xn]n-S-I-ßƒ' ssP\-a-X-sØ-∏‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ _p≤∂pw
hfsc apºmWv ssP\-a-X-Im-e-sa∂p a\- n-em°mw. thZ-hn-tcm-[n-
I-fmb A{_m-lva-W-cm-bn-cp∂p ssP\-Z¿i-\-Øn\v cq]w \¬In-b-
sX∂Xv ChnsS {]kvXm-hy-amWv. CXp-t]mse hmkp-tZ-h-Ir-jvWs\
tZh-X-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ "`mK-h-X-aX'hpw 29 ChnsS
{]Nm-c-Øn¬ h∂p. _n. kn. Bbn-cm-am-≠n-t\m-S-Sp-ØmWv {]kvXpX
aXw DZv`-hn-®-sX∂p Kth-j-I≥am¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. _n.kn.
A™q- d n- \ - S pØ ImeØv _p≤- a - X hpw Bhn¿`- h n®p. Cu aX-
ßƒs°√mw sshZn-I-a-X-°m-cn¬ \n∂p t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ FXn¿∏p-
Iƒ°pw a¿Z- \ - ß ƒ°pw Iøpw IW- ° p- a n√. {_mlv a - W ysØ
hna¿in-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p AXn\p ImcWw. Ch-sb√mw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-
fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cq]-sa-SpØ aX-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. {io. B¿.kn.
U‰v Fgp-Xp∂p: ""]m]-c-ln-X-amb Ahÿ AYhm \n¿hmWw {]m]n-
`mc-Xob kwkvIm-cØ
°p-I-sb∂ _p≤-aX kn≤m¥w Hu]-\n-j-Xn-tIm-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂p

hf¿∂p-h-∂-Xm-Ip∂p.''30
_p≤-a-Xhpw D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw XØz-imkv{X cwKØv thZsØ
]msS \ntj-[n-°p-I-bmWv hmkvX-h-Øn¬ sNøp-∂Xv. k¿ cm[m-
Ir-jvW≥ CXp Xpd∂p {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p≠v: ""XØz Nn¥-sb- w-_-
‘n-®n-S-tØmfw _p≤-a-Xhpw D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw thZsØ \ntj-[n-
°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv. {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn thZ-hn-cp-≤-amb
hnizm-k-ß-fn¬ IqSn Ah c≠pw ]c-kv]cw tbmPn-®n-´p≠v.''31
`mc-X-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ Z¿i-\-ß-f-{Xbpw sshZnI ]mc-º-cy-
Øn¬ \n∂m-Wp-d-sIm-≠-sX∂p hcp-Øn-Øo¿°-phm≥ Hcp KqV-
{iaw Xs∂ ChnsS \S-∂n-ńt√ F∂p kwi-bn-°p∂p. D]-\n-j-Øp-
Iƒ thZ-ß-fpsS A\p-_-‘-ßƒ F∂ \ne-bn-em-Wt√m C∂pw [cn-
∏n- ° - s ∏- S p- ∂ Xv . hmkv X - h - Ø n¬ Ah, cm[m- I r- j v W ≥ ]d™
t]mse thZ-hn-cp-≤-ß-fmWv.
Npcp-°-Øn¬ Zkyp-]m-c-º-cy-sØ-bmWv D]-\n-j-±¿i\w {]Xn-
\n-[m\w sNøp-∂Xv. as‰m-cp-hn[w ]d-™m¬, Zkyp-Z¿i-\ß-fpsS
_oPw \ap°p In´p-∂Xv D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ \n∂mWv. ]t£, X\-
Xmb cq]-Øn-em-sW∂p ]d-bm≥ hø.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. a\p-kvarXn A[ymbw 2, t«mIw 10
2. D≤-cWw: C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-acw t]Pv 33 (ASn-°p-dn∏v)
3. h≈-tØm-fns‚ EtKz-Z-kw-ln-XbpsS BapJw t]Pv 24
4. Ibid P. 24
5. Ibid P. 24
6. Indian Philosophy Vol.I, P.113
7. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Vol. 5, P. 21
9. Sacred Books of the East, by Maxmuller vol. I, Introduction PP ixix/xvi
10. Ibid P. xvi
11. C¥y-bnse h¿W-k-acw t]Pv 32
12. B\, kz¿Ww, ]ip, IpXnc, Zmkn-am¿, hkv{X-ßƒ apX-em-b-h-bmWv
Cu am\p-j-hn-Ø-sa∂v _rl-Zm-c-Wy-I-Øn¬ ]d-™-Xmbn hniz-Z¿i-\-
ßƒ (t]Pv 366) D≤-cn-®n-´p≠v.
13. OmtµmKyw A[ymbw 5, JWvUw 3 t\m°pI.
15. Ibid P. 575
16. Omtµm-tKym-]-\n-jXv A[ymbw 5, Jfiw 10, a{¥w 7
17. EtKzZw afiew 10, kq‡w 90, E°v 11, 12

19. Ibid P. 553
20. OmtµmKyw A[ymbw 1, Jfiw 12 t\m°pI.
21. apfiIw 1, Jfiw 2, a{¥w 7, 8, 9, 11
22. Ibid apfiIw 1, Jfiw 1, a{¥w 4, 5
23. Ibid apfiIw 3, Jfiw 1, a{¥w 5
24. tIt\m-]-\n-jØv Jfiw 1, a{¥w 4˛-9
26. OmtµmKyw A[ymbw 5, Jfiw 11 apX¬ t\m°pI.
27. Ibid {]]m. 1, Jfiw 8 t\m°pI.
28. Sacred Books of the East Vol. 1, P. xxxiv-Introduction.
29. C∂p "`mK-hXw' F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ IrXn°v Cu aX-hp-ambn
_‘-an-s√∂pw AXv Adp-\qdv h¿j-Øn\p apºv t`m]-tKm-]≥ F∂
B{‘m-{_m-lva-W≥ cNn® Hcp IrXn-bm-sW∂pw Nne¿ ]d-bp∂p.
30. Ancient India P. 105
31. Indian Phylosophy Vol. 1, P. 470

'Mc-Xob Kwkvim-C-Øns Asn-Sbm-Gp-°P-Iƒ: SN - Apl - ZV

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'Mc-Xob Kwkvim-C-Øns Asn-Sbm-Gp-°P-Iƒ: SN - Apl - ZV

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Formati disponibili

`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚

Ckvem-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukv

_lp- s sZ- h - h mZw

H∂mbv hct´ \nßƒ°pƒ°mºpw

tk-\s\ aYp-c-bn¬ cmPm-hmbn hmgn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

`m-cX'Øn¬ {]]-©\w sNbvX bp≤-kw-`-h-ß-fpsS Hcp `mK-amWv

Xo-X-\mWv ssZhw F∂s{X Ckvem-anI in£Ww. ""Ah¿ h¿Æn-

I≥ AYhm {]hm-N-I≥am¿ h∂n-cn-°p-sa-∂p≈ kwKXn Jp¿-Bs‚

h¿jw `mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-sØ-∏‰n ]T\w \SØn. `mc-Xo-b-`mj

imkv{Xw A\p-im-kn-°p-∂Xv. a\p-kvarXn ]d-bp∂p:

hnJym-X-amb Jp¿-B≥ `mjy-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p≠v. ]t£, AXp

a√. AXmWv Jp¿-B≥ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv: ""AZr-iyw Adn-bp-∂-h-

°p-sa-∂mWv `mc-Xo-b-cpsS hnizmkw. F∂m¬ ]pcm-X\ `mc-Xo-b¿

ac-Wm-\-¥c Pohn-X-Ønse kpJ-Zpx-J-ß-tfm-SmWv [¿am-[¿a-

Bh-iy-amWv. Ah-cpsS Aaqey D]-tZ-i-ßsf am\n-°pI; Ah¿

°-s∏-´n-´p≠v. {In. ap. 4004˛mam≠n-em-Ws{X AXv \S-∂Xv.

t®¿∂p. Cu \nK-a-\-ß-sf-bmWv Um¿hn-\nkw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv.

Kpl-bn¬ ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp∂ Iqen-°m¿°v Iptd Aÿn-Iƒ In´n.

®pt]mbhsc Ipgn-®n-Sp-tºmƒ Ah¿°p-th≠n `£Ww, B`-c-W-

cn-°p-hm-\mWv apJy-ambpw B[p-\nI C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ {ian-

Ncn-{Xm-XoX Ime-ß-fnse kw`-h-ßƒ a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ C∂v Nne

ºp-bpKw F∂n-Xym-Zn-Iƒ˛icn-bmb Hcp Ime-\n¿W-b-sØ-b√ Ipdn-

sNøp∂ F√m Nc-°p-Ifpw tNmZyw sNømsX AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≈-

as‰mcp hn`mKw bmsXmcp _p≤n-hn-Nm-chpw \S-Øm≥ Iq´m-

Xy≥ ]WvUn-X-∑msc IÆ-S-®-\p-I-cn-°p∂ \b-Øns‚ ÿnXnbpw.

B ae-bn-emWv t]m¬ kz¿K-Øn¬\n-∂n-d-ßn-bXv. AhnsS ImWp∂

lnµp-kvXm≥ F∂pw Ct¥mkv, C¥y F∂p-ap≈ hm°p-Iƒ hcp-

kzms‚ ]p{X-\mb a\p) BsW∂p ]pcm-W-ßƒ ]d-bp∂p. AXp-

L´-Ønse {][m\ kw`-h-ambn IW-°m°mw. t]¿jy≥`m-j-bnse

]I¿∂p sImSp-Øp-sIm-≠mWv kwln-X-Iƒ kpc-£n-X-ambn \ne-

thZ-{]-]-©-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. kwln-Xbpw {_m“-

{i≤m-ep-hmb injy-t\mSv D]-tZ-in®, AXn-Kq-V-amb hnZy-I-f-S-ßn-

{_m“Ww, Bc- W yIw, D]- \ n- j Øv F∂n- h - b psS Hcp ]´nI

sshZnI kmlnXy ]´nI

Ipdn∏v : Cutim-]-\n-jØv ip¢-b-Pp¿th-Z-Øns‚ Ah-km-\sØ A[ym-b-am-bmWv

b-Whpw alm-`m-c-Xhpw. kp{]-kn≤ B[ym-ﬂnI IrXn-bmb `K-h-

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw km-£m¬ tlXp-`q-X-∑m¿ shfp-Ø-\n-d-ap≈,

∂p-amWv Ah-cpsS hymJym\w. CXn-\p-t]m-Zv_-e-I-ambn ]pcm-X\

GI-hw-i-am-bn-cp∂p. Htc A—-s‚bpw AΩ-bp-sSbpw a°ƒ. BZn-a-

Xm¬]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ B `mKw khn-kvXcw {]Xn-

hy‡n-I-fpsS \ma-ß-fmbn ImWn-®-Xp-t]mepw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ kap-

Db¿∂ Ihn-sf-√p-Iƒ, ]c∂ apJw, a[y-a-amb Dbcw, Dd∏pw I´n-

kn-Iƒ), blq-Z-∑m¿, km_n-Iƒ, {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ, aPqkv (kpc-Xp-

Zm-tdm-bn¬ GXm≠v HºXv "AS-°p-Iƒ' AYhm "\ne-Iƒ' CXp-

AXn\pw Xmsg Hcp-\n-c∏p Np´ CjvSnI, AXn\v Iosg NpSmØ

Km-{X-cmWv. ]pcp-j-∑m¿ km[m-cW XmSn hf¿ØpI ]Xn-hmWv. Ah-

e-b-Øns‚ kz`mhw AXn-\p-s≠∂p tXm∂pw.

X -]-Zm¿Y-ßƒ hmßp-∂-Xn\pw Xß-fp-≠m-°p∂ km[-\-ßƒ hn‰-

Aßp-∂n-tßmfw {]Xn-]m-Zn®p ImWp∂p. Cu i{Xp-k-aq-lsØ

""B¿ iw_-cs‚ \qdp ]pcm-X\ \K-c-ßsf h{PwsIm≠v ]nf¿-

ipjv - W ≥ hºn® [\- { ]- ` p- h m- b n- c p∂p. bp≤- Ø n¬ At±- l -

am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hy‡w. F∂m¬ ip≤ Bcy-h¿K-°m-c√, k¶-c-

cp∂p. At∏mƒ bms^-ØvXm-h-gn-°m¿ C¥y-bn¬ h∂v A[n-hm-k-

{]tZ-iØv hf¿∂p-h∂ kwkvIm-c-am-sW∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]d-

kw`-hßƒ am{X-a√ AXn¬ Dt√-J\w sNbvXn-cp-∂Xv; At±-l-

´n¬ \n∂v `mKw ]ncn-™p-t]m-∂-h-cm-hmsa∂v A\p-am-\n-°p-hm≥

s]m-t´-an-b≥ kvtXm{X-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p:

sW∂v Kth-j-I-∑m¿ IW-°m-°n-bn-´p≠v. Ddp-°m-Pn\ Xs‚ P\-

_e-hms‚ ASp-°¬ hn{i-an®p.''27

BI- b m¬ {]hm- N - I - \ mb A{_- l m- a ns‚ aX- { ]- t _m- [ - \ -

"knt‘m≥' F∂s{X. ]pcm-X-\-Im-eØv ]cp-Øn°pw ]cp-Øn-sIm-

Imcw, Pe-{]-f-b-Øn\v apºv kpta-cnb `cn® cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Imew

ÿnXn sI´n-∏-Sp-t°-≠-Xn-\pambn ssZh-Øm¬ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´ Hcp