Electrical and Electronic Measurements

CHAPTER
1
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15
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS

OPERATING FORCES
Any indicating instrument requires three torques for its operation, namely deflecting
force, controlling force and damping force.
(a) Deflecting force
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The systems that create a deflecting force are said to be deflecting systems or
moving systems and their task is to convert the electrical current or potential into
a mechanical force.
This force causes the deflection of pointer.
(b) Controlling force
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The systems that produce controlling force are said to be controlling systems.
These forces are incorporated in an indicating system, so that the deflection of
pointer should be proportional to the signals magnitude.
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Controlling forces are opposite to the deflecting force and the instant when the
two forces becomes equal, the pointer comes to rest. Thus, due to the controlling
force, the deflection of the pointer is definite for a magnitude of current.
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Due to the controlling force only, the moving system comes back to the zero
position when the force causing that movement is removed.
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The following methods produce a controlling force in an instrument
Gravity control
Spring control
(c) Damping force
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Damping forces are necessary for a system, so that the moving system comes to
its equilibrium state rapidly and without any oscillations.
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Due to the damping forces, the pointer quickly comes to its final steady position
without over shooting or without oscillating near its final value.
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The following methods produce damping forces in an instrument:
Air friction damping
Eddy current damping
Fluid friction damping
electromagnetic damping
MOVING ELEMENT SUPPORT

Power consumption of the instrument should be kept low, so that the introduction of
the instrument into a circuit causes least change in the circuit condition. Therefore, in
order to obtain a correct reading, frictional forces of the system should be kept minimum
and hence, following types of supports may be used:
Suspension
Taut suspension
Pivot and jewel bearings
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PERMANENT MAGNET MOVING COIL (PMMC) INSTRUMENT
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PMMC instruments are used only to measure DC quantities and not AC quantities.
This is so, because permanent magnets are used for creating magnetic fields.
Constructional diagram of a PMMC instrument is shown in the fig. 1.
A PMMC type instrument consists of a moving coil, made up of enameled copper
wire, which is mounted on an aluminium drum. This drum is pivoted on the spindle
of a jeweled bearing. The pointer of the scale is also connected to this spindle.
The end of the moving coils are connected to springs which produce a controlling
force and also provide a way to lead current in and out of the coil.
The moving coil is placed in the magnetic field which is produced by the two magnets.
The supply to be measured is provided to the ends of the moving coil.
We know that when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a
force is induced in it. Therefore, when the current flows through the coil, a force is
induced in it and since a spindle is attached to it, there is a movement in the spindle.
The movement of the spindle moves the pointer. This movement is controlled by
the controlling springs and thereby we get the final reading.
To avoid unwanted oscillations of the pointer, a damping torque is produced by
the eddy current method.
Torque equation
Pointer
Jewelled Bearing
Control Spring
Coil
Spindle
Input Supply
Permanent
Magnet
Aluminium
Drum
Fig. 1: PMMC instrument
Deflecting torque, Td I
And controlling torque, Tc = Kcq
At steady position of pointer, Tc = Td
And thus, I q
since the deflection is directly proportional to the current flowing through
the instrument, we get a uniform scale for the instrument.
D.C. voltage and D.C. current can be measured using PMMC instruments.
MOVING IRON TYPE INSTRUMENT

Such instruments are of two types attraction type and repulsion type.
Attraction Type
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Constructional arrangement of attraction type moving iron type instrument is
shown in the fig. 2.
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Moving system of this instrument comprises a moving iron which is fixed at one
end and its other end is free to move. The pointer is also attached to this moving
iron.
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There is a former which supports the coil and the coil is made up of enameled
copper wire.
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Controlling forces are provided by the gravity control method and damping forces
are provided by the air friction damping torque.
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Voltage or current to be measured is given as an input across the coil and when
current flows through the coil, a magnetic field is produced.
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Due to the magnetic field, the moving iron is attracted towards it and due to this
force of attraction, the pointer deflects. This deflection of pointer is controlled
by the controlling forces and thus, the pointer comes to rest and we get a reading
on the scale.
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Torque equation
Deflecting torque, Td = KI 2
Air Damping
Chamber
Scale
Pointer
Magnetic
Coil
Balanced
Weight
Moving Iron
Piece
Control Weight
Former
Fig. 2: Attraction type instrument
And controlling torque, Tc = K1 sin q

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Air Damping
Piston Arm
And thus, q I 2
Since deflection of the pointer is directly proportional to the square of the current,
the scale of the attraction type moving iron type instrument is not uniform.
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Repulsion Type
In repulsion type instrument, two vanes of soft iron are used inside the coil. One vane
is fixed and the other one is free to move. When current flows through the coil, both
vanes are magnetized and therefore, there is a force of repulsion between the two and
this force acts as the driving force for the instrument. Two different designs of repulsion
type moving iron type instruments are common radial type and co-axial type.
ELECTRODYNAMOM ETER TYP E INSTRU MENT

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Scale
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Pointer
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Moving
Coil
Input
A.C/D.C
F2
F1
Fixed coil
Fig. 3: Electrodynamometer instrument

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This type of instrument is capable of measuring AC voltage and AC current as

well as DC voltage and DC current.
The fig. 3 shows the arrangement of electrodynamometer type instrument.
Magnetic field in this type of instrument is produced by a fixed coil which is
divided into two parts: F1 and F2.
The pointer of the instrument is attached to the moving coil and this moving coil
is generally wounded on a non-metallic former.
The moving coil is placed in series with the two fixed coils.
Air friction damping system is used to provide damping force and controlling
torque is provided by the control springs.
When measuring input is applied to the instrument, current starts flowing through
the fixed coil and moving coil.
Current flowing through the fixed coil creates a magnetic field and the current
carrying moving coil is placed in that magnetic field. Therefore, the moving coil
experiences a force which results in the movement of pointer over the scale.
This force is controlled by the control springs and thus, the pointer comes to rest
and in this way, we get the reading.
Torque Equation
Deflecting torque, Td I 2
And controlling torque, Tc = K cq
And thus, q I 2
Since, the deflection of the pointer is directly proportional to the square of the
current, the scale of the electrodynamometer type instrument is not uniform.
INDU CTIO N TYPE INSTRUMENTS

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Pointer
Scale
Laminated
Magnetic
System
Fig. 4: Induction type instrument
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Spring
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Laminated
Iron Core
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Aluminium
Drum
L
R
Supply
Induction type instrument works on the principle of induction and therefore, this
method is used in measuring AC voltage and AC current.
The maximum length of scale is possible in induction type instrument as the angle
of deflection of this instrument may be 360 degrees.
Ferraris type induction type instrument is shown in the fig. 4
This type of instrument consists of two coils one coil is highly resistive and the
other one is highly inductive.
When we give signal to the instrument, current starts flowing through the system
and this current splits up, i.e. some portion of current flows through the resistive
coil and the remaining current flows through the inductive coil.
These two currents produce two flux and these two flux produce the deflecting
torque which rotates the laminated iron core which is mounted on the spindle.
With the movement of the spindle, the pointer also deflects. This deflection of
pointer is controlled by controlling forces, which is produced from the control
spring.
MEAS UREMENT OF VOLTAGE

Voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring the voltage between any two points in an
electrical circuit. There are two types of voltmeters: Analog and Digital. In an analog
voltmeter, a pointer shows deflection across the scale, which indicates the voltage
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reading with respect to the applied current; whereas a digital voltmeter gives a numerical
display of the voltage according to the applied current, with the help of an ADC (analogto-digital convertor).
Analog Voltmeter : The fig. 5 shows the Darsonval type moving coil galvanometer.
The device consists of a pointer, a full deflection scale, magnets and a coil. The pointer
is attached with the coil, which is suspended in a magnetic field, as shown in the
figure 5. Under no biasing condition, the pointer is at the zero position, i.e. at the
center of the scale, which also helps to notify if the voltage changes its polarity. Now,
in order to measure the voltage, the galvanometer is connected in circuit with a series
resistor as shown in fig. 6; the resistor is connected in series to ensure that the angular
rotations of the indicator are directly proportional to the applied voltage. Normally, this
device is used in case of direct current; however, we can also have an AC source by
using a rectifier in the circuit. The output of this voltmeter is expressed in ohms per
volt.
Digital Voltmeter : A Digital voltmeter uses the analog-to-digital convertor for
displaying the voltage on the numerical display. The accuracy of a Digital voltmeter is
higher than that of an analog voltmeter. The main parts of Digital voltmeter are an
amplifier and a numeric display as shown in fig. 7. Just like the analog voltmeter, a
digital voltmeter is also connected in series with the circuit, but the value of series
resistance is fixed by the manufacturer (generally about 10 mega ohms).
Deflection Scale
10
15
5
0
20
ter
Poin
Magnets
Coil
Fig. 5: Analog Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Voltage to be
measured
Resistor
Fig. 6: Voltmeter connection in circuit

Display
MEASU REMENT OF CU RRENT

Current is measured with the help of an instrument known as Ammeter. It consists of
a deflection scale and a pointer. An ammeter is always connected in parallel with the
circuit as shown in fig. 8, and the simplest method for determining circuit current is:
Thermocouple or Resistive Heating : This technique is based on the Seebeck effect.
In this method, a thermocouple made up of two dissimilar metals, is connected in
parallel with an ammeter, as shown in the fig. 9. The hot junction is welded to a heater
wire or conductor, while the cold junction is connected to the ammeter. Now, when
current passes through the heater wire, the temperature of the junction gets raised,
which leads to an increase in the thermoelectric EMF and sends more current to the
ammeter. Since the deflection on the scale depends upon the heating effect and the
length of the conductor, we can say that the amount of heat produced is directly
proportional to the square of the current and resistance.
Q I2R
110
Function keys
I/O port
Fig. 7: Digital Voltmeter
MEASUREMENT OF POWER
Power is generally measured through Wattmeters of which there are two types
electrodynamometer type and the induction type.
Electrodynamometer Type Wattmeter
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Electrodynamometer type wattmeter consists of two coils as shown in the fig. 10.
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Fixed coil is split up into two identical coils and are made up of thick copper
wires.This fixed coils are connected in series with the load and so they carry the
current in the circuit, thus, they form the current coil of the circuit.
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Moving coil is mounted on the spindle and is placed in between the two fixed
coil.The moving coil is connected across the voltage and therefore it forms the
pressure coil of the wattmeter.
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Spring control method is used for producing controlling torque and damping
torque is produced by air friction damping system.
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The moving coil act as a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field
and thus force induced in it and since pointer is connected to this moving coil, it
deflects on the scale.
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This deflection is controlled by the controlling spring and at last pointer comes to
rest showing a reading.
Fig. 8: Circuit arrangement for Current

measurement using ammeter
Hot junction
A
R
Conductor
B
Cold junction
Thermocouple
Ammeter connection
Fig. 9: Resistive Heating
Ammeter
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Spindle
Moving Coil
Fixed
Coil
Fig. 10: Electrodynamometer type

wattmeter
V
Shunt
electromagnet
(P.C)
(cc)
S.C.
bands
Spindle
f1
Al disc
f2
Series
electromagnet
Fig. 11: Induction type wattmeter
Induction Type Wattmeter

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Induction type wattmeter consists of two electromagnets the upper one is
known as shunt electromagnet and the lower one is known as series electromagnet
as shown in the fig. 11.
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The coil of shunt electromagnet is made up of a thin enameled copper wire and
this electromagnet also possesses some self short-circuiting bands. The shunt
electromagnet acts as a pressure coil.
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The coil of series electromagnet is made of thick wire and the number of turns in
this coil is less compared to that of the shunt electromagnet. The series
electromagnet acts as a current coil.
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An aluminium disc mounted on a spindle is in between the two electromagnets.
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The spindle is supported by a jeweled bearing.
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Eddy current damping system is used for producing a damping force and the
controlling force is provided by the spring control method.
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When we apply voltage across the pressure coil, then a current starts flowing in
the coil, which further produces flux, which is also of the same nature as that of
the current. Let this flux be f1.
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When this flux reaches the centre of shunt electromagnet, due to the flux , voltage
is induced in the short circuited band and due to this voltage, current starts flowing
in the band which has its own flux f2.
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The difference of flux (f1 f2) produces a rotating force due to which the
aluminium disc starts rotating and since the spindle is connected to it, the pointer
also deflects on the scale to give the reading.
MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY
Energy is measured by an induction type energymeter, the arrangement for which is
shown in the figure and its whole operation is divided into four parts which are
explained below :-
Shunt
Electromagnet
Laminated
Core
PC
S C Bands
Braking
Magnet
Aluminium
Disc
Series
Electromagnet
Fig. 12: Induction type energymeter
(a) Driving System

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The driving system consists of two electromagnets shunt electromagnet and
series electromagnet.
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The number of turns in the coil of the shunt electromagnet is more than that of
the series electromagnet.
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The coil of the series electromagnet has negligible resistance and since it carries
the load current, this coil is known as the current coil.
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The coil of the shunt electromagnet is connected across the supply and therefore,
it carries a current which is in proportion to the voltage and hence it is known as
the pressure coil.
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Short circuited bands are also provided on the shunt electromagnet in order to
provide some phase difference.
(b) Moving system
The moving system consists of a disc which is mounted on a light alloy shaft.
The disc is made up of aluminium which is not magnetic but is a conducting
material.
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This disc is positioned in between the air gap of the shunt and the series
electromagnet.
(c) Braking system
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At the edge of the aluminium disc, a permanent magnet is positioned, which
forms the braking system of the instrument.
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It controls the speed of the aluminium disc.
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The disc acts as a current carrying conductor placed in the magnetic field (of
permanent magnet), and hence voltage is induced in it, due to which the current
is produced.
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This current produces a braking torque and by adjusting the position of the permanent
magnet, we can change the braking torque and hence the speed of the disc.
(d) Registering system
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A gear arrangement is there in the instrument which is in the spindle.
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It continuously records the number which is proportional to the revolutions made
by the moving system.
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MEASUREMENT OF PO WER FA CTOR
The power factor is measured by an electrodynamic power factor meter as described below:
Fixed coil
q
sin q sin f
=
cos q cos f
Moving
coil
Fig. 13: Electrodynamic type power

factor meter
90
Let the deflecting torque in A = TA = kVIM max cos f sin q

And the deflecting torque in B = TB = kVIM max cos(90 - f ) sin(90 + q )
When the pointer comes to rest, both the torques are equal.
kVIM max cos f sin q = kVIM max cos(90 - f )sin(90 + q )
Lag
Lead
Supply
Voltage
Electrodynamic Type Power Factor Meter

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The circuit arrangement is shown in the fig. 13.
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It consists of a fixed coil, which is split up into two parts. This coil acts as a
current coil and it carries current of the circuit under test.
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Two identical coils A and B are pivoted on a spindle and are cross coupled at 90
degrees.
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Pressure coil A is connected in series with a non- inductive resistance and pressure
coil B is connected in series with a highly inductive choke.
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Both A and B are connected across the voltage, and the value of R and L are so
adjusted that the two coils have the same impedance i.e. R = w L. Thus, both of
them carry the same amount of current.
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The current through coil A is in the same phase with the circuit voltage, while the
current in coil B lags the voltage by an angle nearly equal to 90o as shown in fig. 14.
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Two torques are produced in the system, one acting on coil A and the other acting
on coil B.
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Since the coils are cross coupled and the torques acting on both the coils are
opposite in nature, therefore it rotates and rests at that point where the two
opposite torques are equal.
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A pointer is attached to this moving coil and hence we get reading on the scale.
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Torque Equation
IA
IB
Fig. 14: Phasor diagram
tan q = tan f
q =f
Primary
Therefore, the deflection of the instrument is a measure of the phase angle of the
circuit and the instrument can be directly calibrated in terms of power factor.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
The transformer used in conjunction with measuring instruments for measurement purposes
is called an Instrument Transformer. To measure current, Current Transformers (CTs) are
used and to measure voltage (or potential), Potential Transformers (PTs) are used.
Secondary
Current Transformer
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Such a transformer is used to measure the current.
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It is a step-up transformer whose primary (lv side) is connected to the line whose
S
current is to be measured and its secondary (hv side) is connected to the ammeter
as shown in fig. 15.
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The ammeter gives a reading and this reading when multiplied by the
0-5A
transformation ratio, gives the value of line current which was flowing through
A
the line.
Fig. 15: Current transformer
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By using CT, measurement is carried out using a low rating of ammeter.
Fig. 16: Potential transformer

b
BRIDGES
Q
P
G
Wheatstone Bridge
This bridge is used to measure the medium resistance and its arrangement is shown in
fig. 17.
Let P and Q = known resistances known as ratio arms
S = known variable resistance
R = unknown resistance
Kb and Kg= Battery and Galvanometer key
E = supply voltage
P
The value of the unknown resistance when the bridge is in balanced state is R = S
Q
KG
S
R
d
Kb
Fig. 17: Wheatstone bridge
b
G
KG
a
I
d S
e
E
KB
Fig. 18: Kelvins bridge
I1 b
E1
Z1
R1
L1
E2
Z2
R2
I1
D
I2
I2
R4
R3
Z
E3 3 L3
Potential Transformer
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Such a transformer is used to measure voltage.
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It is a step-down transformer whose primary (hv side) is connected to the line
whose voltage is to be measured and its secondary (lv side) is connected to a
voltmeter as shown in fig. 16.
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The voltmeter gives a reading and this reading when multiplied by the
transformation ratio, gives the value of the line voltage of the line.
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By using PT, measurement is carried out using a low rating of the voltmeter and
insulation required for measuring such a high voltage is minimized.
Z4
E4
d
Kelvins Double Bridge

Kelvins double bridge is used to measure low resistance and its arrangement is shown
in the fig. 18.
p and q = first set of ratio arms
P and Q = second set of ratio arms
S = known variable resistance
R = unknown resistance
r = lead resistance
E and KG= Battery and Galvanometer key
p P
Also, =
q Q
The value of unknown resistance when the bridge is in a balanced state is
P
R= S
Q
Maxwells Induction Bridge
This bridge is used to measure self inductance is shown in fig. 19.
R1 = resistance of the coil (unknown)
L1 = inductance of the coil (unknown)
R2, R4 = known non-inductive resistances
R3 = variable resistance
L3 = known inductance
r3 = internal resistance of L3
At balanced condition,
R
R1 = 2 ( R3 + r3 )
R4
L1 = L3
Fig. 19: Maxwells Induction Bridge
R2
R4
Q factor =
w L3
R3 + r3
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Maxwells Inductance-Capacitance Bridge
This bridge is also used to measure self inductance. Its circuit diagram and vector
b
diagram is shown in fig. 20 and 21 respectively
I1
L
1
R1 = resistance of the coil (unknown)
Z1
R2 Z2
R1
L1 = inductance of the coil (unknown)
I1
c
R2, R3, R4 = known non-inductive resistances
D
c
a
C = known variable capacitor
I2
IC
At balanced condition,
R
I
R3
IR 4
I
Z3
Z4
R2 R3
I2
d
R1 =
R4
E
L1 = CR2 R3
Fig. 20: Maxwells inductance Q factor = wCR4
capacitance bridge
Desaultay Bridge
This bridge is used to measure the value of capacitance circuit diagram is shown in
fig. 22.
b
C1
R2
I1
a
c
D
I1
I2
I
R4
C3
I
I2
d
I 1 jwL1
I2
I1R1
I1,I2
I1R2=E2
Fig. 21: Vector diagram
E4 = I2R4
E2 = I1R2
Fig. 22: Desaultay Bridge

C1 = unknown capacitor
C3 = known variable capacitor
R2,R4 = known standard resistance
I
I
E1 = 1 E3 = 1
jwC1
jwC3
At balanced condition, C1 =
E1
I1, I2
R4 C3
R2
Anderson Bridge
This bridge is used to measure self inductance. Its circuit diagram and vector diagram
are shown in fig. 24 and 25 respectively
Bridge arrangement
b
r1
R1L1
R2
e
a
I
I1
R3
IC
r
I2
I1
c
R4
Fig. 24: Anderson bridge

R1 =
R2 R3
- r1
R4
L1 = C
I2R3
d IR = I2 IC
E
At balanced condition
E1 I 1 jwL1
I2
IC
ICr
IRR4
IR
I1(R1+r1 ) E2=I1R2
I
= C
jwc
R2
[ R3 R4 + r ( R3 + R4 )]
R4
I1
POT ENTI OM ETER

Pin No-1
A potentiometer is a three terminal device shown in fig. 26 which is used as a variable

resistor. The outer terminals are fixed, while the middle terminal can vary; the middle
terminal is either in the screw-shape or in the form of a control shaft along with a
wiper. The screw moves over the resistive element and shows continuous variation in
the resistance of the element, which is connected between the outside and the middle
terminal of the potentiometer. A potentiometer is basically used to control the voltage
of the circuit. Although there is one more application of the potentiometer: it can be
used as a rheostat by connecting its middle terminal with an outside terminal. (A rheostat
is mainly used to control the circuit current.)
Top view
Side view
Fig. 26: Potentiometer

I/P
Voltage
Ranking
&
attenuator
DIGITAL VOLTMETERS
Input
Comparator
Start
Pulse
Clock
Osc.
Gate
Counter
Read out
0000
Stop
Pulse
Ramp
Gen.
Ground
Comp.
Sample rate
MV
Fig. 27: Ramp type voltmeter

Ramp voltage
+12 V
Unknown
Voltage
0
Time
-12 V
Gating
time
interval
Clock
Pulses
Fig. 28: Timing diagram

Error
Amplifier
Potentiometer
Read out
adjustment
0000
device
Error
Signal
+
Ref.
Voltage
Feedback
source
Sliding
voltage
contact
Comparator
On Known
Voltage
Fig. 29: Potentiometric digital voltmeter

Display
110
I
I/O port
-
Ramp Type Voltmeter

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The fig. 27 shows the arrangement of a ramp type voltmeter.
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Input comparator receives two voltages one from the input and the other from
the ramp generator.
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the instant when both the voltages are equal, the comparator generates a pulse
which opens the gate.
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The ramp voltage continuous to decrease till it reaches the ground level. At this
instant, another comparator generates a pulse and closes the gate.
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The time elapsed between this opening and closing of gate is as indicated in the
timing diagram as shown in fig. 28.
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During the time interval, pulses from a clock pulse generator pass through the
gate and are counted by the counter and the result is displayed at the read out.
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The sample rate multivibrator sends a pulse to the counters which sets the reading
of the display again back to zero.
Potentiometric Digital Voltmeter
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Arrangement of this type of voltmeter is shown in the given fig. 29.
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The input voltage to be measured is applied to a comparator which is also known
as the error detector.
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The value of feedback voltage depends upon the position of the sliding contact.
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The unknown voltage and feedback voltage are compared in the comparator and
the output of the comparator is the difference between the voltages which is
known as the error signal.
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This signal is amplified and is fed to the potentiometer adjustment device which
moves the sliding contact of the potentiometer.
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The sliding contact moves to such a place where the unknown voltage equalizes
feedback voltage and when this happens, the sliding contact comes to rest.
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The position of the potentiometer adjustment device at this point is indicated in
numeric form on the display.
MULTIMETER
R
Transistor
testing
Digital voltmeters are the instruments which measure AC or DC voltages and display
the results in a numeric form. This method is more advantageous than the analog
method as observational errors are eliminated. There are two types of digital voltmeters
ramp type voltmeter and potentiometric digital voltmeter.
A Multimeter is a measuring instrument which is used to measure several functions like

current, voltage and resistance. Multimeters are of two types: analog and digital. In an
analog multimeter, a micro ammeter is used which consists of a pointer and a deflection
scale; whereas in digital Multimeter, the measured value is displayed in numerals on a
digital screen, the display can either be in the seven segment format or in the liquid
style display of an LCD. Nowadays, digital multimeters are preferred over analog for all
types of measurements. But analog multimeters are still used when we have to monitor
the values which rapidly vary over a wide range.
Fig. 30: Multimeter

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Main applications of multimeter:
(a) Measuring of AC and DC
(b) Measuring voltage and current
(c) Measuring resistance
(d) Testing of continuity in circuit
PHASE AND FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT

Phase Measurement
In phase measurement, phase of the signal which is fed into the system is compared
with the phase of the signal responded by the system. The difference between the
phases of both the signals is recorded as phase difference, and it is due to the electrical
properties of the system. The fig. 31 shows the phase difference or phase shift between
the applied and responded signal:
In time and frequency domain, phase shift is defined in terms of time instead of angle.
During a complete cycle, time taken by a signal to constitute a 3600 phase shift is
given as
T=
Phase difference
Fig. 31: Phase difference
1
f
360
Or
1
f
360
There is a device named Phase Analyzer, which is used to display the phase-frequency
curve over +1800 to 1800 ranges. There are different types of phase measurement
processes
(1) Complex impedance
(2) Group delay
(3) Deviation from linear phase
(4) Amplitude modulation to phase modulation conversion
T=
Frequency Measurement
Frequency is defined as the number of oscillations or repetitions of a signal per unit of
time. Three methods are used for frequency calculations:
(1) Counting Since we know that frequency is inversely proportional to time, i.e.
F=
(2)
(3)
1
T
So, by calculating the number of oscillations of a signal or events which occur in

a specific time period, we can calculate the frequency of that signal.
Frequency counter A frequency counter is an electronic device which is used
to display the frequency of a signal in Hertz. In a frequency counter, with the
help of transducer, the processes which are not electrical in nature are converted
into electronic signals. These processes are known as cyclic processes, and they
include mechanical vibrations, rate of rotating shaft, etc. These electronic signals
are then applied to the frequency counter, where digital logic counts the number
of cycles of a specific time interval. The results obtained are displayed on the
digital display. This device is used to determine a frequency up to 100 GHz.
Heterodyne or frequency conversion method In this method, the signal whose
frequency is to be measured is nonlinearly mixed up with a reference signal of
known frequency. The difference of frequency between these two signals is small
enough to be measured by the frequency counter. The rest of the procedure for
frequency calculation is followed by the frequency counter. This method is suitable
for high frequency calculation.
11
Q-ME TER
Q-meter is a device which is used to determine the quality factor of a circuit. Generally,
this device is used in radio frequency circuits, where it is desirable to know how much
amount of energy is dissipated from the system in a non-ideal reactive form. Q-factor
is given asPeak Energy Stored
Q = 2p
Energy dissipated per Cycle
OSCILLOSCOPES
Input
Signal
Vertical
amplifier
CRT
Delay
Line
To CRT
HV Supply
LV Supply
Electron
To all Circuit Gun
Trigger Time base Horizontal
amplifier
generator
Circuit
Electron
beam
l
l
l
Screen
Time/division
Fig. 32: Oscilloscopes
l
l
Block diagram of the cathode ray oscilloscope is shown in the fig. 32.
The cathode ray tube (CRT) generates the electron beam, accelerates it to a high
velocity, focuses it and deflects the beam to produce the image on a phosphor
screen.
The power supply block provides the input required by the CRT to generate the
beam.
Horizontal and vertical amplifiers are required to strengthen the weak signal and
also to focus it correctly on the screen.
The time base generator provides the potential of variable frequency to be applied
to the x-plate.
The function of the vertical delay line is to allow the operator to observe the
leading edge of the signal waveform by delaying the signal drive.
POTENTIOMETRIC RECORDER
A Potentiometric recorder is a device which is used to record and monitor the voltage
which a voltmeter measures. The most important application of Potentiometric recorder
is that it enables us to monitor even minute unattended voltages during a measurement,
which varies over a wide range of 0 500 V. This device is highly sensitive in nature
and produces accurate results. The gain adjustment panel of recorder helps in
determining the sample voltage over full-scale recorder deflection. The differential
voltage determined by the recorder is not impaired in any way due to its high leakage
resistance, which is approximately 500,000 Mega Ohms.
ERROR ANALYSIS
There are three basic types of errors which are obtained while taking measurements in
lab with any electrical system and these are
(1) Random Error
(2) Systematic Error
(3) Gross Error
(1) Random Error : Those uncontrolled or uncertain fluctuations which randomly
affect the results of experiments are called random errors. Examples include the
change in temperature due to sunlight around temperature sensors, air fluctuations
caused by opening and closing of doors, etc. This error type is difficult to remove
but can be solved by calculating the estimated standard deviation of collected
data.
(2) Systematic Error : Instrumental mistakes, methodological and personal mistakes
fall under this category. Instrumental errors can be caused in many ways, for e.g.
an improper placement of device. Methodological errors are caused because of
the selection of wrong alternatives for experiment, and personal mistakes are
caused by observers and performers like noting down incorrect readings, etc.
These errors can be easily eliminated by careful observation and correct operation
of instruments.
(3) Gross Error : This error is caused either by an instrument failure or the
carelessness of the experimenter. In order to minimize this error, a set of precision
measurements must be taken by the experimenter.
12
SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES

1.
A DC ammeter has a resistance of 0.1 ohm and its current range is 0 100 A. If this
range is to be extended to 0 500 A, then the meter requires the following shunt
resistance:
(a) 0.010 ohms
(b) 0.011 ohms
(c) 0.025 ohms
(d) 1.00 ohms
Solution : Maximum current which can flow through the ammeter is 100 A.
So, the value of the shunt resistance which is required to measure the 500 A
current must be chosen in such a way that 400 A current flows through the
shunt.
From current division formula, ( I - I a ) Rshunt = I a Ra
Ia
100
Ra =
0.1
Therefore, Rshunt =
(I - I a )
(500 - 100)
1
Thus, Rshunt = 0.1 = 0.025W
4
Hence, option (c) is the correct answer.
2.
The setup in the fig. 1 is used to measure resistance R. The ammeter and voltmeter
resistances are 0.1 ohm and 2000 ohm, respectively. Their readings are 2 A and
180 V respectively, yielding a measured resistance of 90 ohm. The percentage
error in the measurement is
(a) 2.25%
(b) 2.35%
(c) 4.5%
(d) 4.71%
Solution : From Ohms law, the current flowing through voltmeter,
180
V
IV = =
= 0.09 A
R 2000
Therefore, actual ammeter current should be 2 - 0.09 = 1.91A
180
Therefore, actual value of resistance should be =
= 94.24 ohm
1.91
94.24 - 90
100 = 4.71%
The percent error =
90
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
3.
Two wattmeters, which are connected to measure the total power on a three
phase system supplying a balanced load, read 10.5 kW and 2.5 kW respectively.
The total power and the power factor, respectively, are
(a) 13.0 kW, 0.334
(b) 13.0 kW, 0.684
(c) 8.0 kW, 0.52
(d) 8.0 kW, 0.334
Solution : We know that the total power of the circuit when measured by the twowattmeter method is the algebric sum of the readings of the two wattmeters.
I2
R
A
1000 W
V
Fig 1:
Therefore, P = W1 + W2 = 10.5 + ( -2.5) = 8 W

To find the power factor, firstly we have to calculate the value of f
Therefore,
3 (W1 - W2 )
3 (10.5 - ( -2.5)
3 13
f = tan -1
= tan -1
= tan -1
W1 + W2
10.5 + ( -2.5)
8
f = tan -1 (2.81458) = 70.440
4.
Power factor = cos f = cos 70.440 = 0.334

0.023W
20A
Hence, option (d) is the correct answer.
The circuit in fig. 2 is used to measure the power consumed by the load. The
1000W
current coil and the voltage coil of the wattmeter have 0.02 ohm and 1000 ohm
200V
resistances respectively. The measured power compared to the load power will
be
(a) 0.4 % less
(b) 0.2 % less
Fig 2:
(c) 0.2 % more
(d) 0.4 % more
Unity PF
13
Solution : We know that the reading which we get from a wattmeter comprises the
power which is consumed by the load and the power which is lost across
the current coil of the galvanometer.
Therefore,
Power consumed by the load, P = V I
Or, P = 200 20 = 4000W
2
And power loss across current coil, p = I R
2
Therefore, p = 20 (0.02) = 8W
Thus, ideally the wattmeter should show 4000W as the final reading, but
due to the loss, the reading which is shown by the wattmeter is
4000W + 8W = 4008W
So, the measured power is
I2
100 W
1000 W
I
4008 - 4000
100 = 0.2% more than the actual
4000
load power.
5.
A galvanometer with a full scale current of 10 mA has a resistance of 1000 ohms
shown in fig. 3. The multiplying power (the ratio of measured current to
galvanometer current) of a 100 ohm shunt with this galvanometer is
(a) 110
(b) 100
(c) 11
(d) 10
Solution : We know that a shunt is always connected in parallel with a galvanometer.
In the question, it is given that the internal resistance of galvanometer is
1000 ohms and the value of shunt resistance is 100 ohms.
From the current division formula,
Let measured current = I
I1
Current through galvanometer, I1 =

Fig 3:
100
I
1100
I
I1
On substituting the values, we get
Multiplying factor power =
I
= 11
1
100
I
1100
A moving coil of a meter has 10 turns, and a length and depth of 100 mm and 20
mm respectively. It is positioned in a uniform radial flux density of 200 mT. The
coil carries a current of 50 mA. The torque of the coil is
(a) 200 mNm
(b) 100 mNm
(c) 2 mNm
(d) 1 mNm
Multiplying factor =
6.
Solution : Given, uniform radial flux density, B = 200 10 -3 T

length, l = 100 10-3 m
depth, d = 20 10-3 m
current, I = 50 10-3 A
number of turns, N = 10
As we know that torque, T = BldIN m Nm
3
3
3
3
Thus, T = (200 10- ) (100 10- ) (20 10- ) (50 10- ) 10
Therefore, T = 0.0002 Nm = 200 m Nm
Hence, option (a) is the correct answer.
14
7.
A dc A-h meter is rated for 15 A, 250 V. The meter constant is 14.4 A-second/rev.
The meter constant at rated voltage may be expressed as
(a) 3750 rev/kWh
(b) 3600 rev/kWh
(c) 1000 rev/kWh
(d) 960 rev/kWh
Solution : Given,
Meter constant = 14.4 A - sec/ rev
1
hr
and 1sec =
3600
14.4
A - hr / rev
Therefore, the meter constant can be written as
3600
A - hr
W - hr
V =
also,
rev
rev
14.4 Ah / rev
thus,
250 = 1Wh / rev
3600
1
now, 1Wh =
kWh
1000
1
so, 1Wh / rev =
kWh / rev = 1000rev / kWh
1000
8.
A moving iron ammeter produces a full scale torque of 240 m Nm with a deflection
of 120 degrees at a current of 10 A. The rate of change of self inductance
( m H / radian ) of the instrument at full scale is
(a) 2.0 mH/radian
(b) 4.8 mH/radian
(c) 12.0 mH/radian
(d) 114.6 mH/radian
Solution : Full scale torque in a moving coil instrument,
1
dl
T = I2
2 dq
On substituting the value of current and torque in the above equation, we
get
dl
1
240 10 -6 = (10) 2
2
dq
dl
-6
Thus, 240 10 = 50
dq
-6
Therefore, 240 10 = dl
dq
50
= 4.8 10 -6 H/radian
= 4.8 H/radian
Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
15
1.
2.
The Q-meter works on the principle of

[2005, 1 Mark]
(a) mutual inductance (b) self inductance
(c) series resonance
(d) parallel resonance
A PMMC voltmeter is connected across a series
combination of a DC voltage source V1 = 2V and an AC
voltage source V2(t) = 3 sin (4t). The voltmeter reads
[2005, 1 Mark]
(a) 2 V
(b) 5 V
(c)
3.
3
2 +
2 V
(d)
17
V
2
0.5 % rdg
(b) 5.5% rdg
(c) 6.7% rdg
(d) 7.0 rdg
An energy meter connected to an immersion heater
(resistive) operating on an AC 230 V, 50 Hz, AC single
phase source reads 2.3 units (kWH) in 1 hour. The heater
is removed from the supply and now connected to a 400V
peak to peak square wave source of 150 Hz. The power
in kW dissipated by the heater will be
[2006, 2 Marks]
(a) 3.478
(b) 1.739
(c) 1.540
(d) 0.870
Consider the following statements with reference to the
5.
equation
dp
dt
[2006, 2 Marks]
(1) This is a point form of the continuity equation

(2) Divergence of current density is equal to the decrease
of charge per unit volume per unit at every point
(3) This is Maxwell's divergence equation
(4) This represents the conservation of charge
Select the correct answer.
(a) Only 2 and 4 are true
(b) 1, 2 and 3 are true
(c) 2, 3 and 4 are true
(d) 1,2 and 4 are true
R1 and R4 are the opposite arms of a Wheatstone bridge

as are R3 and R2. The source voltage is applied across
R1 and R3. Under balanced conditions which one of the
following is true?
[2006, 2 Marks]
R 2R 3
R4
(a)
R1 =
R 3R 4
R2
(b)
(c)
R1 =
R2R4
R3
(d) R1 = R2 + R3 + R4
R1 =
200
Current Transformer (CT) is wound with 200
1
turns on the secondary on a toroidal core. When it carries
a current of 160 A on the primary, the ratio and phase
errors of the CT are found to be 0.5% and 30 min
respectively. If the number of secondary turns is reduced
by 1, the new ratio error (%) and phase error (min) will
be respectively
[2006, 2 Marks]
(a) 0.0, 30
(b) 0.5, 35
(c) 1.0, 30
(d) 1.0, 25
7.
8.
A current of -8 + 6 2(sin wt + 30) A is passed through
A variable w is related to three other variables x, y, z as

w = xy/z. The variables are measured with meters of
accuracy 0.5% reading, 1% of full scale value and
1.5% reading. The actual readings of the three meters
are 80, 20 and 50 with 100 being the full scale value for
all three. The maximum uncertainty in the measurement of
w will be
[2006, 2 Marks]
(a)
4.
6.
9.
three meters. They are at centre zero PMMC meter, true

rms meter and a moving iron instrument. The respective
readings (in ampere) will be
[2006, 2 Marks]
(a) 8, 6, 10
(b) 8, 6, 8
(c) 8, 10, 10
(d) 8, 2, 2
The time/div and voltage/div axes of an oscilloscope
have been erased. A student connects a 1 kHz, 5 V p-p
square wave calibration pulse to channel 1 of the scope
and observes the screen to be as shown in the upper
trace of the figure. An unknown signal is connected to
channel 2 (lower trace) of the scope. If the time/div and
V/div on both channels are the same, the amplitude (pp) and period of the unknown signal are respectively.
[2006, 1 Mark]
(a) 5 V, 1 ms
(c) 7.5 V, 2 ms
(b) 5V, 2 ms
(d) 10 V, 1 ms
16
10. A sampling wattmeter (that computes power from
simultaneously sampled values of voltage and current) is
used to measure the average power of a load. The peak
to peak voltage of the square wave is 10 V and the
current is a triangular wave of 5A (p-p) as shown in the
figure. The period is 25 ms. The reading in watt will be
[2006, 1 Mark]
Ch1
R
Vin
GND12
L
Ch2
C
(a) A, B, C, A
(b) A, B, C, B
(c) C, B, A, B
(d) B, A, B, C
13. The ac bridge shown in the figure is used to measure the
impedance Z.
If the bridge is balanced for oscillator frequency f = 2
kHz, then the impedance Z will be [2008, 2 Marks]
B 0.
0W
50
H
30
0W
R4
0W
R2
R3
30
R1
mH
A
.9
jX1
Oscillator
15
11.
(a) zero
(b) 25 W
(c) 50 W
(d) 100 W
A bridge circuit is shown in the figure below. Which one
of the sequences given below is most suitable for
balancing the bridge?
[2007, 2 Marks]
39
(a) (260 + j0) W

(b) (0 + j200) W
(c) (260 j200) W
(d) (260 + j200) W
14. The sinusoidal signals p(w1t) = A sin w1t and q (w2t) are
applied to X and Y inputs of a dual channel CRO. The
Lissajous figure displayed on the screen is shown below
Y
jX4
(a) First adjust R4 and then adjust R1

(b) First adjust R2 and then adjust R3
(c) First adjust R2 and then adjust R4
(d) First adjust R4 and then adjust R2
12. The probes of a non-isolated, two-channel oscilloscope
are clipped to points A, B and C in the circuit of the
adjacent figure. Vin is a square wave of a suitable low
frequency. The display on Ch1 and Ch2 are as shown on
the right. Then the "Signal" and "Ground" probes S1, G1
and S2, G2 of Ch1 and Ch2 respectively are connected to
points.
[2007, 1 Mark]
The signal q (w2t) will be represented as

[2008, 2 Marks]
(a) q(w2t) = A sin w2t, w2 = 2w1
(b) q(w2t) = A sin w2t, w2 =
w1
2
(c) q(w2t) = A cos w2t, w2 = 2w1

(d) q(w2t) = A cos w2t, w2 =
w1
2
17
15. Two 8-bit ADCs, one of single slope integrating type and
other of successive approximate type, take TA and TB
times to convert 5 V analog input signal to equivalent
digital output. If the input analog signal is reduced to 2.5
V, the approximate time taken two ADCs will respectively,
be
[2008, 1 Mark]
(a) TA, TB
(c)
(b)
TA , TB
(d)
TA , TB
2
TA , TB
2
16. The figure shows a three-phase delta connected load

supplied from a 400V, 50Hz, 3-phase balanced source.
The pressure coil (PC) and current coil (CC) of a wattmeter
are connected to the load as shown, with the coil polarities
suitably selected to ensurer a positive deflection.
The wattmeter reading will be
[2009, 2 Marks]
J0
+
1
CC
z1
(1
00
R3
0)W
400 volts
50 Hz.
R + jw L
+J
Z2
)W
0
(10
3-Phase
Balanced
supply
z2=
19. The pressure coil of a dynamometer type wattmeter is

[2009, 1 Mark]
(a) highly inductive
(b) highly resistive
(c) purely resistive
(d) purely inductive
20. The two inputs of a CRO are fed with two stationary
periodic signals. In the X-Y mode, the screen shows a
figure which changes from ellipse to circle and back to
ellipse with its major axis changing orientation slowly
and repeatedly. Which of the following inference can be
made from this?
[2009, 1 Mark]
(a) The signals are not sinusoidal
(b) The amplitudes of the signals are very close but not
equal
(c) The signals are sinusoidal with their frequencies
very close but not equal
(d) There is a constant but small phase difference
between the signals
21. The Maxwell's bridge shown in the figure is at balance.
The parameters of the inductive coil are [2010, 2 Marks]
PC
R4
R2
(a) 0
(b) 1600 Watt
(c) 800 Watt
(d) 400 Watt
17. An average reading digital multimeter reads 10 V when
fed with a triangular wave, symmetric about the time axis.
For the same input, an rms reading meter will read
[2009, 2 Marks]
(a)
20
(b)
j/(w C4)
~
(a)
(b)
1
G2 and
. The relative small errors associated with
G3
each respective subsystem G1, G2 and G3 are e1, e2 and
e3. The error associated with the output is
[2009, 1 Mark]
1
G3
Input
G1
(a)
e1 + e 2 +
1
e3
(b)
e1 .e 2
e3
(c)
e1 + e 2 - e3
(d)
e1 + e 2 + e3
G2
Output
R = C4 R 2 R 3
L=
R 2R 3
R4
(c)
R=
R4
, L = C4 R 2 R 3
R 2R 3
(d)
L=
R4
, R = C4 R 2 R 3
R 2R3
(c)
18.
(d) 10 3
20 3
The measurement system shown in the figure uses three
sub-systems in cascade whose gains are specified as G1,
R 2R3
R4
L = C4 R 2 R 3
10
3
R=
22. An ammeter has a current range of 05 A, and its internal

resistance is 0.2 W. In order to change the range to 0
25A, we need to add a resistance of [2010, 1 Mark]
(a) 0.8 W in series with the meter
(b) 1.0 W in series with the meter
(c) 0.04 W in parallel with the meter
(d) 0.05 W in parallel with the meter
18
23. A wattmeter is connected as shown in the figure. The
wattmeter reads
[2010, 1 Mark]
27. The bridge circuit shown in the figure below is used for
the measurement of an unknown element Zx. The bridge
circuit is best suited when Zx is a
[2011, 1 Mark]
C1
Current coil
Z1
Vs ~
Wattmeter
(d) power consumed by Z2

1
24. A 4 digit DMM has the error specification as : 0.2%
2
or reading + 10 counts. If a dc voltage of 100 V is read
on its 200 V full scale, the maximum error that can be
expected in the reading is
[2011, 2 Marks]
(a)
(c)
0.1%
0.3%
(b)
(d)
Zx
(a) low resistance

(b) high resistance
(c) low Q inductor
(d) lossy capacitor
28. An analog voltmeter uses external multiplier setting. With
a multiplier setting of 20 kW, it reads 440 V and with a
multiplier setting of 80 kW, it reads 352 V. For a multiplier
setting of 40 kW, the voltmeter reads [2012, 2 Marks]
(a) 371 V
(b) 383 V
(c) 394 V
(d) 406 V
29. For the circuit shown in the figure, the voltage and current
expressions are
[2012, 1 Mark]
v (t ) = E1 sin(wt ) + E 3 sin(3wt ) and
0.2%
0.4%
i (t ) = I1 sin(wt - f1 ) + I3 sin(3 wt - f3 ) + I5 sin(5 wt )

The average power measured by the Wattmeter is
25. Consider the following statements :

(i)
R4
Z2
(a) zero always

(b) total power consumed by Z1 and Z2
(c) power consumed by Z1
R1
The compensating coil of a low power factor

wattmeter compensates the effect of the impedance
of the current coil.
i(t)
+
v(t)
(ii) The compensating coil of a low power factor

wattmeter compensates the effect of the impedance
of the voltage coil circuit.
[2011, 1 Mark]
(a) (i) is true but (ii) is false
Wattmeter
1
E1 I1 cos f1
2
1
[ E1 I1 cos f1 + E1 I3 cos f3 + E1 I5 ]
(b)
2
1
[ E1I1 cos f1 + E3 I3 cos f3 ]
(c)
2
1
[ E1I1 cos f1 + E3 I1 cos f1 ]
(d)
2
30. The bridge method commonly used for finding mutual
inductance is
[2012, 1 Mark]
(a) Heavyside Campbell bridge
(b) Schering bridge
(c) De Sauty bridge
(d) Wien bridge
(a)
(b) (i) is false but (ii) is true

(c) both (i) and (ii) are true
(d) both (i) and (ii) are false
26. A dual trace oscilloscope is set to operate in the alternate
mode. The control input of the multiplexer used in the ycircuit is fed with a signal having a frequency equal to
[2011, 1 Mark]
(a) the highest frequency that the multiplexer can operate
properly
(b) twice the frequency of the time base (sweep)
oscillator
(c) the frequency of the time base (sweep) oscillator
Load
Potential coil
R2
(d) half the frequency of the time base (sweep) oscillator

19
31. A periodic voltage waveform observed on an oscilloscope
across a load is shown. A permanent Magnet Moving
Coil (PMMC) meter connected across the same load reads
[2012, 1 Mark]
the strain gauge resistance is increased by 1% over the

nominal value, the output voltage V0 in mV is
[2013, 2 marks]
R5
V(t)
10V
Vi
5V
0
5V
10
(a) 4 V
(c) 8 V
32.
12
20
R1
(b) 5 V
(d) 10 V
The input impedance of the permanent magnet moving

coil (PMMC) voltmeter is infinite. Assuming that the
diode shown in the figure below is ideal, the reading of
the voltmeter in Volts is
[2013, 1 mark]
R2
(a) 56.02
(b) 40.83
(c) 29.85
(d) 10.02
35. In an oscilloscope screen, linear sweep is applied at the
(a) vertical axis
[2014, Set-1, 1 Mark]
(b) horizontal axis
(c) origin
(d) both horizontal and vertical axis
36. The reading of the voltmeter (rms) in volts, for the circuit
shown in the figure is _________.
R = 0.5W
14.14 sin (314t) V
100 kW
+
1jW
Voltmeter
1/jW
100 sin(wt)
V
1jW
1/jW
(a) 4.46
(b) 3.15
(c) 2.23
(d) 0
Three moving iron type voltmeters are connected as
shown below. Voltmeter readings are V, V1 and V2 as
indicated. The correct relation among the voltmeter
readings is
[2013, 1 mark]
j 1W
V1
j 2W
V2
(a)
V=
V1
2
(c) V = V1V2
34.
R3
Time (ms)
1 kW
33.
V0
V2
2
(b) V = V1 + V2
[2014, Set-1, 2 Marks]

37. The dc current flowing in a circuit is measured by two
ammeters, one PMMC and anothrr electrodynamometer
type, connected in series. The PMMC meter contains 100
turns in the coil, the flux density in the air gap is 0.2 Wb/m2,
and the area of the coil is 80 mm 2. The electrodynamometer
ammeter has a change in mutual inductance with respect to
deflection of 0.5 mH/deg. The spring constants of both the
metres are equal. The value of current, at which the
deflections of the two meters are same, is _________.
[2014, Set-1, 2 Marks]
38. The total power dissipated in the circuit, shown in the figure,
is 1 kW.
10 A 2 A 1 W
(d) V = V2 V1
A strain gauge forms one arm of the bridge shown in the

figure below and has a nominal resistance without any load
as R5 = 300 W. Other bridge resistances are R1 = R2 = R3
= 300 W. The maximum permissible current through the
strain gauge is 20 mA. During certain measurement when
the bridge is excited by maximum permissible voltage and
A.C.
Source
XL
XC1
XC2
Load
200V
The voltmeter, across the load, reads 200 V. The value of XL

is _________.
[2014, Set-2, 2 marks]
20
39. Two ammeters X and Y have resistances of 1.2 W and 1.5 W
respectively and they give full-scale deflection with 150 mA
and 250 mA respectively. The ranges have been extended
by connecting shunts so as to give full scale deflection
with 15A. The ammeters along with shunts are connected in
parallel and then placed in a circuit in which the total current
flowing is 15A. The current in amperes indicates in ammeter
X is _________.
[2014, Set-2, 2 marks]
40. An LPF wattmeter of power factor 0.2 is having three voltage
settings 300 V, 150 V and 75 V, and two current settings 5 A
and 10 A. The full scale reading is 150. If the wattmeter is
used with 150 V voltage setting and 10 A current setting, the
multiplying factor of the wattmeter is _________.
[2014, Set-3, 1 Mark]
41. The two signals S1 and S2, shown in figure, are applied to Y
and X deflection plates of an oscilloscope.
Y
1
-1
(d)
Y
1
S1
X
(c)
2T
-1
S2
42.
2T
A periodic waveform observed across a load is represented

by
0 wt < 6 p
1 + sin wt
V(t) =
-1 + sin wt 6 p wt < 12p
The measured value, using moving iron voltmeter connected

across the load, is
[2014, Set-3, 2 Marks]
The waveform displayed on the screen is
[2014, Set-3, 1 Mark]
(a)
(a)
Y
1
3
2
(b)
2
3
2
3
(d)
3
2
In the bridge circuit shown, the capacitors are loss free. At
balance, the value of capacitance C 1 in microfarad is
_________.
[2014, Set-3, 2 Marks]
(c)
43.
-1
(b)
Y
1
X
-1
0.1 F
21
1.
2.
What is the correct sequence of the following types of

ammeters and voltmeters with increasing accuracy?
1. Moving-iron
2. Moving-coil permanent magnet
3. Induction
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
(a) 1, 3, 2
(b) 1, 2, 3
(c) 3, 1, 2
(d) 2, 1, 3
The total current I = I1 + I2 in a circuit is measured as I1 = 150
1 A, I2 = 250 2A , where the limits of error are given as
standard deviations. I is measured as
(a)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
( 400 3) A
( 400 1/ 5 ) A
(b)
( 400 2.24) A
( 400 1) A
(d)
(c)
A C.R.O. is operated with X and Y settings of 0.5 mV/cm
and 100 mV/cm. The screen of the C.R.O. is 10 cm 8 cm
(X and Y). A sine wave of frequency 200 Hz and r.m.s.
amplitude of 300 mV is applied to the Y-input. The screen
will show
(a) One cycle of the undistorted sine wave
(b) Two cycle of the undistorted sine wave
(c) One cycle of the sine wave with clipped amplitude
(d) Two cycle of the sine wave with clipped amplitude
A Wien-bridge is used to measure the frequency of the
input signal. However, the input signal has 10% third
harmonic distortion. Specifically signal is 2 sin 400 pt + 0.2
sin 1200 pt (with t in sec.). With this input the balance will
(a) Lead to a null indication and setting will correspond to
a frequency of 200 Hz.
(b) Lead to a null indication and setting will correspond to
260 Hz.
(c) Lead to a null indication and setting will correspond to
400 Hz.
(d) Not lead to null indication
Measurement of an unknown voltage with d.c. potentiometer
loses its advantage of open circuit measurement when
(a) primary circuit battery is changed.
(b) standardisation has to be done again to compensate
for drifts.
(c) Voltages larger than the range of the potentiometer are
measured.
(d) range reduction by a factor of 10 is employed in the
potentiometer to improve resolution.
A set of independent current measurements taken by four
observers was recorded as: 117.02 mA, 117.11 mA, 117.08 mA
and 117.03 mA. What is the range of error?
(a) 0.045
(b) 0.054
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
1. Maxwells bridge
2. Schering bridge
3. Wein-bridge
4. Hays bridge
5. Wheatstone bridge
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3, 4 and 5
(d) 1 and 4
The secondary winding of a current transformer is open
when current is flowing in the primary then,
(a) there will be high current in primary.
(b) there will be very high secondary voltage.
(c) the transformer will burn out immediately.
(d) the meter will burn out.
Which one of the following digital voltmeters is most
suitable to eliminate the effect of period noise?
(a) Ramp type digital voltmeter
(b) Integrating type digital voltmeter
(c) Successive approximation type digital voltmeter
(d) Servo type digital voltmeter
Match List - I (Instrument) and List - II (Error) and select the
correct answer using the code given below the lists:
List - I
List - II
A. PMMC voltmeter
1. Eddy current error
B. AC ammeter
2. Phase angle error
C. Current transformer
3. Braking system error
D. Energy meter
4. Temperature error
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 2 3 4 1
(b) 4 1 2 3
(c) 2 1 4 3
(d) 4 3 2 1
Which of the following can be used/modified for
measurement of angular speed?
1. LVDT
2. Magnetic pick-up
3. Tacho-generator
4. Strain gauge
Select the correct answer using the code given below
(a) Only 1 and 2
(b) Only 2 and 3
(c) Only 3
(d) Only 2, 3 and 4
A meter has full scale deflection at 90 at a current of 1 A,
the response of meter is square law. Assuming spring
control, the current for a deflection of 45 will be
(a) 0.25 A
(b) 0.50 A
(c) 0.67 A
(d) 0.707 A
The sensitivity of voltmeter using 0 to 5 mA meter movement
is
(a) 50 W/volt
(b) 100 W/volt
(c) 200 W/volt
(d) 500 W/volt
(c) 0.065
(d) 0.056
Which of the following bridges can be used for inductance
measurement?
22
14. The full scale deflection current of a meter is 1 mA and its
internal resistance is 100 W. This meter is to have full
deflection when 100 V is measured. What is the value of
series resistor to be used?
(a) 99.99 kW
(b) 100 kW
(c) 99.99 W
(d) 100 W
15. Calculate the maximum velocity of the beam of electrons in
a CRT having a cathode anode voltage of 1000 V. Assume
the electrons to leave the cathode with zero velocity.
Charge of electron = 1.6 1019 C and mass of electron
= 9.1 1031 kg.
(a) 0.1875 106 m/s
(b) 0.1875 107 m/s
(c) 0.1875 108 m/s
(d) 0.1875 109 m/s
16. In the Maxwell bridge as shown in the figure below, the
values of resistance Rx and inductance Lx of a coil are to be
calculated after balancing the bridge. The component values
are shown in the figure at balance. The values of Rx and Lx
will respectively be
LX
RX
2000 W
R4
0.05 mF
750 W
4000 W
(a) 375 W, 75 mH
(b) 75 W, 150 mH
(c) 37.5 W, 75 mH
(d) 75 W, 75 mH
17. A simple dc potentiometer is to be standardised by keeping
the slider wire setting at 1.0183 V. If by mistake, the setting
is at 1.0138 V and the standardisation is made to obtain a
source voltage of 1.0138 V, then the reading of the
potentiometer will be
(a) 1.0138 V
(b) 1.0183 V
(c)
(1.0138)2
(d) (1.0138)2 V
1.0183
18. Two-wattmeter method is employed to measure power in a
3-phase balanced system with the current coils connected
in the A and C lines. The phase sequence is ABC. If the
wattmeter with its current coil in A-phase line reads zero,
then the power factor of the 3-phase load will be
(a) zero lagging
(b) zero leading
(c) 0.5 lagging
(d) 0.5 leading
19. A digital voltmeter uses a 10 MHz clock and has a voltage
controlled generator which provides a width of 10 m sec per
volt of unit signal. 10 volt of input signal would correspond
to a pulse count of
(a) 500
(b) 750
(c) 1000
(d) 1500
20. In a digital voltmeter, the oscillator frequency is 400 kHz
and the ramp voltage fills from 8 V to 0 V in 20 m sec. The
number of pulses countered by the counter is
(a) 800
(b) 2000
(c) 4000
(d) 8000
21. A high frequency a.c. signal is applied to a PMMC
instrument. If the rms value of the a.c. signal is 2 V, then the
reading of the instrument will be
(a) zero
(b) 2 V
(c)
(d) 4 2V
2 V
22. A current i = (10 + 10 sin t) amperes is passed through an
ideal moving iron type ammeter. Its reading will be
(a) zero
(b) 10 A
(c)
(d) 10 2A
150A
23. In PMMC instrument, the central spring stiffness and the
strength of the magnet decrease by 0.04% and 0.02%
respectively due to a rise in temperature by 1C. With a rise
in temperature of 10C, the instrument reading will
(a) increase by 0.2%
(b) decrease by 0.2%
(c) increase by 0.6%
(b) decrease by 0.6%
24. Standard cell
(a) Will have precise and accurate constant voltage when
current drawn from it is few microamperes only.
(b) Will have precise and accurate constant voltage when
few milliamperes are drawn from it.
(c) Will continue to have constant voltage irrespective of
loading conditions.
(d) Can supply voltages up to 10 V.
25. If the reading of the two wattmeters are equal and positive
in two-wattmeter method, the load pf in a balanced 3-phase
3-wire circuit will be
(a) zero
(b) 0.5
(c) 0.866
(d) unity
26. A voltage of {200 2 sin 314t + 6 2 sin ( 942t + 30 )
+ 8 2 cos (1570t + 30 )}V is given to a harmonic distortion
meter. The meter will indicate a total harmonic distortion of

approximately
(a) 4.55%
(b) 6.5%
(c) 7.5%
(d) 8.5%
27. In the measurement of power on balanced load by twoWattmeter method in a 3-phase circuit, the readings of the
Wattmeters are 3 kW and 1 kW respectively, the latter being
obtained after reversing the connections to the current coil.
The power factor of the load is
(a) 0.277
(b) 0.554
(c) 0.625
(d) 0.866
28. A CRO screen has ten divisions on the horizontal scale. If a
voltage signal 5 sin (314 t + 45) is examined with a line base
setting of 5 m sec/div, the number of cycles of signal
displayed on the screen will be
(a) 0.5 cycles
(b) 2.5 cycles
(c) 5 cycles
(d) 10 cycles
29. A 0-10 mA PMMC ammeter reads 4 mA in a circuit. Its bottom
control spring snaps suddenly. The meter will now read
nearly
(a) 10 mA
(b) 8 mA
(c) 2 mA
(d) Zero
23
30. A Lissajous pattern, as shown in figure below, is observed
on the screen of a CRO when voltages of frequencies fx and
fy are applied to the x and y plates respectively. fx : fy is then
equal to
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
(a) 3 : 2
(b) 1 : 2
(c) 2 : 3
(d) 2 : 1
Two voltmeters have the same range 400 V. The internal
impedances are 30,000 ohms and 20,000 ohms. If they are
connected in series and 600 V be applied across them, the
readings are
(a) 360 V and 240 V
(b) 300 V and 300 V
(c) 400 V and 200 V
(d) None of these
A meter has a full-scale angle of 90 at a current of 1 A. This
meter has perfect square-law response. What is the current
when the deflection angle is 45?
(a) 0.5 A
(b) 0.65 A
(c) 0.707 A
(d) 0.87 A
Which of the following electronic instruments (or
equipment) can be used to measure correctly the fundamental
frequency component of a waveform and its higher
harmonics?
1. Cathode ray oscilloscope
2. Vacuum tube voltmeter
3. Spectrum analyzer
4. Distortion factor meter
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 4
(d) 1 and 4
In d.c. potentiometer measurements, a second reading is
often taken after reversing the polarities of the d.c. supply
and the unknown voltage, and the average of the two reading
is taken. This is with a view to eliminate the effects of
(a) ripples in the d.c. supply
(b) stray magnetic fields
(c) stray thermal emfs
(d) erroneous standardisation
Electrostatic instruments are normally used for
(a) low current measurements
(b) high current measurements
(c) low voltage mesurements
(d) high voltage measurements
A certain oscilloscope with 4 cm 4 cm screen has its own
sweep output fed to its input. If the x and y sensitivities are
same, the oscilloscope will display a
(a) triangular wave
(b) diagonal line
(c) sine wave
(d) circle
Which instrument has necessarily the square law type
scale?
(a) Permanent magnet moving coil.
(b) Hot wire instruments
(c) Moving iron repulsion
(d) None of the above
38. In a single-phase power factor meter, the controlling torque is

(a) provided by spring control
(b) provided by gravity control
(c) provided by stiffness of suspension
(d) not required
39. In electrodynamometer type wattmeter, the inductance of
pressure coil produces error. The error is
(a) constant irrespective of the power factor of the load
(b) higher at higher power factor loads
(c) higher at lower power factor loads
(d) highest at unity power factor loads
40. If an induction type energy meter runs fast, it can be slowed
down by
(a) lag adjustment
(b) light load adjustment
(c) adjusting the position of braking magnet and moving
it closer from the centre of the disc
(d) adjusting the position of braking magnet and moving
it away from the centre of the disc.
41. The reflecting mirror mounted on the moving coil of a
vibration galvanometer is replaced by a bigger size mirror.
This will result in
(a) lower frequency of resonance & lower amplitude of
vibration
(b) lower frequency of resonance but the amplitude of
vibration is unchanged
(c) higher frequency of resonance & lower amplitude of
vibration
(d) higher frequency of resonance but the amplitude of
vibration is unchanged
42. In calibration of a dynamometer Wattmeter by potentiometer,
phantom loading arrangement is used because
(a) the arrangement gives accurate results.
(b) the power consumed in calibration work is minimum.
(c) the method gives quick results.
(d) the onsite calibration is possible.
43. The accuracy of Kelvins double bridge for the measurement
of low resistance is high because the bridge
(a) use two pairs of resistance arms
(b) has medium value resistance in the ratio arms.
(c) uses a low resistance link between standard and test
resistances
(d) uses a null indicating galvanometer.
44. In a Q meter measurement to determine the self-capacitance
of a coil, the first resonance occurred at f1 with C1 = 300 pF.
The second resonance occurred at f2 = 2f1, with C2 = 60 pF.
The self-capacitance of coil works out to be
(a) 240 pF
(b) 60 pF
(c) 360 pF
(d) 20 pF
45. Which one of the following statements is correct?
The deflection of hot wire instrument depends on
(a) r.m.s. value of the a.c. current
(b) r.m.s. value of the a.c. voltage
(c) average value of the a.c. current
(d) average value of the a.c. voltage
24
46. Which one of the following decides the time of response of
an indicating instrument?
(a) Deflecting system
(b) Controlling system
(c) Damping system
(d) Pivot and Jewel bearing
47. Chopper stabilized d.c. amplifier type electronic voltmeter
overcomes the effect of
(a) Amplifier CMRR
(b) Amplifier sensitivity
(c) Amplifier drift
(d) Electromagnetic interference
48. Which one of the following defects is responsible for
creeping in an induction type energy meter?
(a) Imperfect lag compensation
(b) Over friction compensation
(c) Imperfect overload compensation
(d) Misalignment of brake magnet
49. What is the range for a 3 digital meter?
(a) 0 to 1999
(b) 0 to 1500
(c) 0 to 999
(d) 0 to 19999
50. Piezoelectric crystal is generally employed for the
measurement of which one of the following?
(a) Flow
(b) Velocity
(c) Acceleration
(d) Temperature
51. The deflection expression q V2 =
(a) Permanent magnet moving coil voltmeter

(b) Vacuum Tube voltmeter (VTVM)
(c) Transistor voltmeter (TVM)
(d) Phase Sensitive Detector (PSD).
55. An Ayrton shunt is used to make a d Arsonval
galvanometer into a
(a) single range voltmeter
(b) single range ammeter
(c) multirange voltmeter
(d) multirange ammeter
56. In the ac circuit shown in the given figure, when the ammeter
reads 10A, the readings on a voltmeter placed across the
entire circuit and then across each element are given below.
Match List - I (Position of the voltmeter) with List-II (readings
on the voltmeter) and select the correct answer using the
codes given below the lists:
A.C.
Source
DISPLACEMENT
j6
dC
corresponds to
dq
(a) moving iron type instrument

(b) electrodynamic type instruments
(c) electrostatic type instrument
(d) induction type instruments
52. A sinusoidal waveform, when observed on an oscilloscope,
has peak-to-peak amplitude of 6 cm. If the vertical sensitivity
setting is 5 V/cm, the rms value of the voltage will be
(a) 10.6 V
(b) 11.1 V
(c) 12.6 V
(d) 15 V
53. In the two-wattmeter method of measuring power in a
balanced three-phase circuit, one wattmeter shows zero and
the other positive maximum. The load power factor is
(a) zero
(b) 0.5
(c) 0.866
(d) 1.0
54. Which one of the following instruments should be used at
M in the given figure for the measurement of magnitude as
well as direction of the displacement?
j2
VT
List - I (Position of the
voltmeter
A. VT
B. VR
C. VL
D. VC
List - II (readings on
the voltmeter
1. 60
2. 20
3. 30
4. 50
5. 110
Codes
A B C D
(a) 5 4 2 1
(b) 5 3 1 2
(c) 4 5 1 2
(d) 4 3 2 1
57. A 10 V full-scale voltmeter having 100 k-ohm / V sensitivity
is used to measure the output of a photovoltaic cell having
an internal resistance of 1 M-ohm. The voltmeter reads 5 V.
The voltage generated by the photovoltaic cell is
(a) 5 V
(b) 10 V
(c) greater than 5 V but less than 10 V
(d) greater than 10 V
58. Differential transformer transducer is used for measurement of
(a) speech and music
(b) displacement
(c) liquid level
(d) temperature
25
59. A shunt type ohmmeter is shown in the figure given below.
With Rx disconnected, the meter reads full scale S
represents the meter current as a fraction of full scale current
with Rx connected such that S =
62. In the multimeter circuit shown in the figure for a.c. voltage
measurement, the function of diode D1 is to
D2
Rx
R x + Rp
M
D1
Rp
A
Im
E
Rx
Rm
The value of RP is given by

(a) Rm
(c)
(b) R1 + Rm
R1R x
R
( 1 + Rm )
(d)
(a) Provide half wave rectification

(b) Make the rectifier D2 perform full-wave rectification
(c) By-pass reverses leakage current of D2 in the negative
cycle of the input.
(d) Short-circuit over range voltages.
63. Two sine waves of same frequency are impressed on the X
and Y plates of a CRO and the Lissajous figure seen are
shown in the given diagram. The phase difference between
the signals is
R1.R m
R
( 1 + Rm )
Y2
60. The power in a resistor R is estimated by measuring the

voltage and current using the voltmeter-ammeter method.
Two different arrangements can be used as shown in circuits
I and II. Less erroneous results are obtained by adopting
+
Rsh
A
+
Circuit - I
+
V
Circuit - II
(a) circuit I for low values of R

(b) circuit II for low values of R
(c) circuit I for high values of R
(d) circuit II for low and high values of R.
61. A simple dc potentiometer is to be standardised by keeping
the sidewire setting at 1.0813 V. If by mistake, the setting is
at 1.0138 V and the standardisation is made to obtain a
source voltage of 1.0318 V, then the reading of the
potentiometer will be
(a) 1.0138 V
(b) 1.0813 V
(c) (1.0138)2 / 1.0813 V
(d) (1.0138)2 V
Y1
= 0.5
Y2
Y1
(a) 30 or 330 or 150 or 210

(b) 30 or 330 or 150
(c) 30 or 330
(d) 30
64. When the horizontal deflecting plates of a CRO are kept -at
the ground potential and 30 V dc is applied to the vertical
deflecting plates, the bright spot moves 1 cm away from the
centre. If with the same setting, a 30 V ac is applied to the
vertical deflecting plates, then the picture observed on the
screen would be
(a) a spot approximately 3 cm away from the center
(b) a vertical line 2 cm long
(c) a vertical line approximately 3 cm long
(d) two spots 2 cm vertical above each other
65. A 50 Hz voltage is measured with a moving iron voltmeter
and a rectifier type a.c. voltmeter connected in parallel. If
the meter readings are V1 and V2 respectively and the meters
are free from calibration errors, then the form factor of the ac
voltage may be estimated as
(a) V1/V2
(b) 1.11 V1 / V2
(c)
2V1 / V2
(d) p V1 / 2V2
66. The resistances of two coils of a wattmeters are 0.01 ohm

and 1000 ohms respectively and both are non-inductive.
The load current is 20 A and the voltage across the load is
30 V. In one of the two ways of connecting the voltage coil,
the error in the reading would be
(a) 0.1% too high
(b) 0.2% too high
(c) 0.15% too high
(d) zero
26
67. In the statement the wattmeter commonly used for power
measurement at commercial frequencies is of the X type.
This meter consists of two coil systems, the fixed system
being the Y coil and moving system being Z coil. X, Y and
Z stand respectively for
(a) dynamometer, voltage and current
(b) dynamometer, current and voltage
(c) induction, voltage and current
(d) induction, current and voltage
68. A galvanometer is tested shown in figure, in the circuit where
E = 1.5 V, R1 = 1.0 ohm, R2 = 2500 ohm and R3 is variable.
With R3 set at 450 W, the galvanometer deflection is 140 mm
and with R3 set at 950 ohm, the galvanometer deflection is
70 mm. The resistance of the galvanometer is
R3
RG
E
15 V
1.0 W
R1
2500 kW
R2
(a) 99 ohm
(b) 49 ohm
(c) 25 ohm
(d) 10 ohm
69. In the particular form of frequency meter, a 1 mF capacitor is
connected across a symmetrical square wave signal of IV
peak value. If the average value of the current taken by the
capacitor, after full wave rectification is measured as 2 mA,
then the frequency of the signal will be
(a) 1000 / p Hz
(b) 500 Hz
(c) 1000 Hz
(d) 1000 p Hz
70. Consider the following statements about LVDT as a
transducer:
1. The relationship between input displacement and
output voltage is almost linear.
2. The range of displacement that can be measured is
wide
3. It does not form a loading on the mechanical system.
Of these statements:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
(b) 2 and 3 are correct
(c) 1 and 2 are correct
(d) 1 and 3 are correct
71. In the Maxwell bridge as shown in the figure below, the
values of resistance Rx and Inductance Lx of a coil are to be
calculated after balancing the bridge. The component values
are shown in the figure at balance. The values of Rx and Lx
will respectively be:
LX
2000 W
RX
0.05 mF
750 W
4000 W
(a) 375 ohm, 75 mH

(c) 37.5 ohm, 75 mH
(b) 75 ohm, 150 mH

(d) 75 ohm, 75 mH
72. Consider the following statements regarding the sources of

error in a Q-meter:
1. If a coil with resistance R is connected in the direction
measurement mode and if the residual resistance of the
Q meter is 0.1 R, then the measured Q of the coil would
be 1.1 times the actual Q.
2. If the inductance to be measured i.e. less than 0.1 mH,
the error due to the presence of residual inductance
cannot be neglected
3. The presence of the distributed capacitance in a coil
modifies the effective Q of the coil.
Of these statements:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
(b) 1 and 2 are correct
(c) 2 and 3 are correct
(d) 1 and 3 are correct
73. Which of the following are the advantages of a balanced
bridge vacuum tube voltmeter in comparison with a
conventional VTVM?
1. Higher input impedance
2. Meter zero has less tendency to shift
3. Effects of changes due to variation of value
characteristics are minimized.
4. Power supply fluctuations have a smaller effect on the
measuring circuit.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Codes
(a) 3 and 4
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
74. A permanent magnet moving coil type ammeter and a moving
iron type ammeter are connected in series in a resistive circuit
fed from the output of a half wave rectifier voltage source. If
the moving iron type instrument reads 5A, the permanent
magnet moving coil type instrument is likely to read.
(a) zero
(b) 2.5 A
(c) 3.18
(d) 5 A
75. The coil is having self-inductance of 10 mH and 15 mH have
an effective inductance of 40 mH, when connected in series
aiding. What will be the equivalent inductance if we connect
them in series-opposing?
(a) 20 mH
(b) 10 mH
(c) 5 mH
(d) zero
76. In a digital voltmeter, the oscillator frequency is 400 kHz
and the ramp voltage falls from 8V to 0V in 20 m sec. The
number of pulses counted by the counter is
(a) 800
(b) 2000
(c) 4000
(d) 8000
77. Pulses of a frequency of 1 MHz are applied to the time base
selector of a digital frequency meter, which consists of 6
frequency dividers, each dividing the incoming frequency
by a factor of 10. The time-base setting at the output of 4th
frequency divider starting from the input is
(a) 1 ms
(b) 10 ms
(c) 100 ms
(a) 1 s
27
78. Which of the following error is likely to occur in bridge
method of measurement?
I. Residual error
II. Frequency and waveform error
III. Leakage and eddy current error
(a) I only
(b) II only
(c) I and II only
(d) I, II and IV
79. An ideal meter movement has a full scale deflection of 1 mA.
This meter is to be used in series with a vary-non-ideal
voltage source of 10 V to produce an ohm meter. It is noted
that the ohm-meter shows a full scale deflection when the
terminals are shorted (zero resistance). When the terminals
are open circuited, the meter movement deflection is zero
(infinite resistance). If 5 k ohm is placed across the terminals,
the meter movement will have a deflection of
(a) 1/5
(b) 1/2
(c) 1/3
(d) 2/3
80. A high - Q quartz crystal exhibits series resonance at the
frequency ws and parallel resonance at the frequency wp.
Then
(a) ws is very close to, but less than wp
(b) ws << wp
(c) ws is very close to, but greater than wp
(d) ws >> wp
81. An unshielded moving iron voltmeter is used to measure
the voltage in an a.c. circuit. If a stray d.c. magnetic field
having a component along the axis of the meter coil appears,
the meter reading would be
(a) unaffected
(b) decreased
(c) increased
(d) either decreased or increased depending on the
direction of the d.c. field.
82. A resistance is measured by the voltmeter ammeter method
employing d.c. excitation and a voltmeter of very high
resistance connected directly across the unknown
resistance. If the voltmeter and ammeter readings are subject
to maximum possible errors of 2.4% and 1.0%
respectively, then the magnitude of the maximum possible
percentage error in the value of resistance deduced form
the measurement is nearly
(a) 1.4%
(b) 1.7%
(c) 2.4%
(d) 3.4%
83. In d.c. potentiometer measurements, a second reading is
often taken after reversing the polarities of the d.c. supply
and the unknown voltage, and the average of the two
readings is taken. This is with a view of eliminate the effects of
(a) ripples in the d.c. supply
(a) stray magnetic field
(c) stray thermal emfs
(d) erroneous standardization.
84. In a dual slope integrating type digital voltmeter the first
integration is carried out for 10 periods of the supply
frequency of 50 Hz. If the reference voltage used is 2 V, the
total conversion time for an input of 1 V is
(a) 0.01 sec
(b) 0.05 sec
(c) 0.1 sec
(d) 1 sec
85. A CRO screen has ten divisions on the horizontal scale. If a

voltage signal 5 sin (314 t + 45) is examined with a line base
setting of 5 m sec/ div, the number of cycles of signal
displayed on the screen will be
(a) 0.5 cycles
(b) 2.5 cycles
(c) 5 cycles
(d) 10 cycles
86. The accuracy of a measuring instrument is determined by
(a) closeness of the value indicated by it to the correct
value of the measured
(b) repeatability of the measured value
(c) speed with which the instruments reading approaches
the final value
(d) least change in the value of the measured that could be
detected by the instrument
87. Given
Za = 100 50 ; Z b = 300 -90 ; Zc = 200 0
The value of Zd of the bridge shown in the figure to be
balanced is
(a)
600 -40
Zb
Za
(b)
600 140
(c)
600 -140
CRO
Zc
Zd
(d) 150 40
88. For the ac bridge circuit shown in the figure, at balance, the
value of Rd, Ld and Qd will be
(a)
(b)
Ra Rb Ra Rc
:
: wCb R b
Rc
Cb
Cb
RbRc Ra Rc
:
: wC b R b
Ra
Cb
Rc
Rb
D
Ld
Ra
(c)
RbRc
: R a R c C b : wCb R c
Ra
(d)
R a Rc
: R a R c Cb : wCb R b
Rb
Rd
89. Two in-phase 50 Hz sinusoidal waveforms of unit amplitude

are fed into channel 1 and channel 2 respectively of an
oscilloscope. Assuming that the voltage scale, time scale
and other settings are exactly the same for both the channels,
what would be observed if the oscilloscope is operated in
X-Y mode?
(a) A circle of unit radius
(b) An ellipse
(c) A parabola
(d) A straight line inclined at 45 with respect to the x-axis.
28
90. The Wein bridge circuit shown in the below figure can be
used as a frequency-measuring device, provided
(a)
R2
=2
R4
(b)
R4
=2
R2
(c)
(d)
z2
z1
R1
Wattmeter
R2
C1
z3
z4
R3
R2
=4
R4
C3
R4
VS
ZS
R2
=3
R4
91. A 0-150 V voltmeter has an accuracy of 1% of full-scale

reading. The voltage measured by this instrument is 75 V.
The limiting error is
(a) 1%
(b) 2%
(c) 2.5%
(d) 3%
92. The reading of high impedance voltmeter V in the bridge
circuit shown in the given figure is
10 W
20 W
v
20 W
10 W
+
10 V
(a) zero
(b) 3.33 V
(c) 4.20 V
(d) 6.66 V
93. Consider the following data for the circuit shown below:
W
LOAD
V
200
The overall uncertainty in the measured value of Z1 is

(a)
(c)
(b) 4%
11 %
5%
(d)
95. Match List - I (Instrument) with List - II (Frequency) and

select the correct answer using the codes given below the
lists:
List - I
List - II
A. Vibration Galvanometer 1. 100 Hz
B. Head phone
2. Zero Hz
C. DArsonval
3. 1 kHz
Galvanometer
D. CRO
4. Large frequency range
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 2 3 1 4
(b) 1 4 2 3
(c) 2 4 1 3
(d) 1 3 2 4
96. For the Owen-bridge circuit shown below, when balanced,
the values of L and R are
R
C1
Ammeter: Resistance 0.2 W; Reading 5.0 A

Voltmeter: Resistance 2 kW; Reading 200 V
Wattmeter: Current coil resistance 0.2 W, Pressure coil
resistance 2 kW
Load: Power factor = 1
The reading of the Wattmeter is
(a) 980 W
(b) 1000 W
(c) 1005 W
(d) 1010 W
94. Consider the circuit as shown below. Z1 is an unknown
impedan ce and measured as Z 1 = (Z 2Z 3 )/Z 4 . The
uncertainties in the value of Z2, Z3 and Z4 are 1% , 1%
and 3% respectively.
5%
R1
L
D
Cs
Rs
(a)
L = Cs R s / R1, R = R s Cs / C1
(b)
L = Cs R s R1, R = R s Cs / C1
(c)
L = C1R s R1 , R = R s Cs C1
(d)
L = Cs / C1R s R1, R = R1Cs / C1
29
97. In the bridge circuit shown below, at balance condition, the
value of Cs = 0.5 mF and Rs = 1000 W.
LX
1000 W
RX
Cs
1000 W
Rs
The values of inductance Lx and resistance Rx are

(a)
L x = 0.5 H, R x = 1000 W
(b)
L x = 0.25 H, R x = 2000 W
(c)
L x = 0.5 H, R x = 3000 W
(d)
L x = 0.25 H, R x = 500 W
98. The X and Y inputs to a CRO are respectively

10 cos (100t + f) and 10 sin (100 t + f). The resulting
Lissajous pattern is
(a) A straight line inclined at an angle f
(b) A horizontal line
(c) An ellipse with axis making an angle f
(d) A circle
99. Damping torque in the disc of an a.c. energy meter is provided
by which one of the following?
(a) Electrostatic effect
(b) Magnetostatic effect
(c) Eddy current effect
(d) Chemical effect
100. A voltmeter has a range 0-20 V and manufacturer rates its
accuracy as 1% fsd. Match List - I (Voltage values) with
List - II (Error as Percentage of True Value) and select the
correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List - I
List - II
A. 2 V
1. 4%
B. 5 V
2. 10%
C. 10 V
3. 2%
D. 20 V
4. 1%
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 3 1 2 4
(b) 2 1 3 4
(c) 2 4 3 1
(d) 3 4 2 1
101. Which one of the following statements is not correct?
(a) The power requirements of digital instruments are
considerably lower than that of analog instruments
(b) In analog instruments, the resolution limit is one part
in several hundreds, whereas digital instruments can
be made with a resolution of one part in several
thousands
(c) Digital instruments are extremely portable and usually
do not require an outside source of supply for
measurements
(d) Digital instruments indicate the readings directly
decimal numbers and therefore errors due to parallax
and approximation, etc., are eliminated
102. How can the resolution of a wire-wound potentiometer be

improved?
(a) By increasing the applied voltage
(b) By decreasing the applied voltage
(c) By reducing the diameter of the resistance wire
(d) By increasing the diameter of the resistance wire
103. The voltage across an impedance is measured by a voltmeter
having input impedance comparable with the impedance
causing an error in the reading. What is this error called?
(a) Random error
(b) Gross error
(c) Systematic error
(d) Loading effect error
104. The current passing through a 10 W resistance is given by
I = 3 + 4 2 sin 314t. This current is measured by a PMMC
meter. What is the measured value?
(a) 3A
(b) 4A
(c) 5A
(d) 4 2 A
105. For measurement of modulation factor by a CRO, a
trapezoidal pattern is obtained on the CRO screen, as shown
in figurg given above. What is the value of the modulation
factor M?
Modulated
Wave
Modulated
Wave
(a) 0
(b) 0.5
(c) 0.75
(d) 1
106. Voltages VY = 100 sin 1000 t and VX =50 sin 1000 t are
connected to Y and X terminals of a CRO, respectively.
What is the shape of the figure seen on the CRO?
(a) A circle
(b) A straight line
(c) An ellipse
(d) A parabola
107. Which one of the following measuring devices has minimum
loading effect on the quantity under measurement?
(a) PMMC
(b) CRO
(c) Hot wire
(d) Electrodynamometer
108. The figure shows Owen Bridge arranged to measure
incremental inductance of the unknown inductance LX, RX.
At balance, what are the values of LX and RX?
RC
Cb
CC
D
LX
Ra
RX
(b)
R a Rc
R C
;Rx = a b
Cb
Cc
L x = R a R cCb ; R x = R x Cb Cc
(c)
Lx =
(d)
Lx = R a R cCb ; R x =
(a)
Lx =
R a Rc
R C
;Rx = a c
Cb
Cb
R a Cb
Cc
30
109. Which one of the following statements is not correct?
(a) Data loggers are usually of digital types
(b) A digital voltmeter is essentially an A-D converter
(c) A servo-type Potentiometric recorder has a frequency
response better than that of a galvanometric recorder
(d) In digital transducers, there are ergonomic advantages
in presenting digital data
110. The Wheatstone bridge method of measuring resistance is
ideally suited for the measurement of resistance values in
the range of frequencies of
(a) 0.001 to 1 W
(b) 0.1 to 100 W
(c) 100 W to 10 kW
(d) 100 kW to 10 MW
111. Which of the following meters requires an external power
source for its operation?
(a) PMMC meter
(b) Hot wire meter
(c) Electronic voltmeter
(d) Electrodynamometer
112. In a digital voltmeter the oscillator frequency is 400 kHz and
the ramp voltage falls from 8 V to 0 V in 20 ms. What is the
number of pulses counted by the counter?
(a) 800
(b) 2000
(c) 4000
(d) 8000
113. Which of the following devices is used at the first stage of
an electronic voltmeter?
(a) BJT
(b) SCR
(c) MOSFET
(d) UJT
114. A single strain gauge of resistance 120 W is mounted along
the axial direction of an axially loaded specimen of steel
(E = 200 GPa). The percentage change in length of the rod
due to loading is 3% and the corresponding change in
resistivity of strain gauge material is 0.3%. For a Poissons
ratio of 0.3, the value of the gauge factor is
(a) 1.3
(b) 1.5
(c) 1.7
(d) 2.0
115. A voltmeter with an internal resistance of 200 kW when
connected across an unknown resistance reads 250 V. The
milliammeter internal resistance 0 connected in series with
the above combination reads 10 mA. The actual value of the
unknown resistance is
(a) 25 kW
(b) 200 kW
(c) 28.56 kW
(d) 20 kW
116. When a sinusoidal signal of 220 V, 50 Hz produces on CRO
a vertical deflection of 2 cm at a particular setting of the
vertical gain control, what would be the value of the voltage
to be applied to produce a deflection of 3 cm for the same
vertical gain?
(a) 330 V
(b) 110 V
(c) 220 V
(d) 55 V
117. Maximum value of voltage can be measured by 3 digit digital
voltmeter is
(a) 199 V
(b) 999 V
(c) 1999 V
(d) 900 V
118. A galvanometer is tested as shown in Fig., in the circuit

where E = 1.5 V, R1 = 1 W, R2 = 2.5 kW, and R3 is variable.
With R3 set at 450 W, the galvanometer deflection is 140 mm
and with R3 set at 950 W, the galvanometer deflection is
70 mm. The resistance of the galvanometer is
R3
E
R1
15 V
G RG
10 W
2.5 kW
R2
(a) 99 W
(b) 40 W
(c) 28 W
(d) 10 W
119. The arrangement shown in the given fig. represents an RC
potentiometer for measuring ac voltage. What should be
the value of C so that Vo/Vin is independent of the frequency
of the input signal?
1 mF
Input
Signal
10 kW
Vin
C
1kW V To meter
(a) 10 mF
(b) 11 mF
(c) 0.01 mF
(d) 0.09 mF
120. A scale of a 0-500 V voltmeter is divided into ten large
divisions representing 50 V each and each large division a
further subdivided into 10 small divisions, each representing
5 V. It is used for measurement of output voltage of a
potentiometer which can be varried form 0 to 500 V. It is
observed that when the sliding contact moved form its zero
position, there is no perceptible movement of pointer of the
voltmeter till the sliding contact reaches a position where
the output voltage should be 5 V. Therefore, it can be
concluded that
(a) threshold of the voltmeter is 5 V
(b) resolution of the voltmeter is 5 V
(c) sensitivity of the voltmeter is 5 V
(d) none of these
121. A slide wire potentiometer has 20 wires at 1 m each. With
the help of a standard voltage source of 1.018 V it is
standardised by keeping the jockey at 101.8 cm. If the
resistance of the potentiometer wires is 1000 ohm, then the
value of the working current will be
(a) 0.1 mA
(b) 0.5 mA
(c) 1 mA
(d) 10 mA
31
122. A 35 V d.c. supply is connected across a combined resistance
of 600 ohms and an unknown resistance of R ohms in series.
A voltmeter having a resistance of 1.2 kW is connected across
600 ohm resistor and reads 5 V. The resistance R will be
1200 W
5V
600 W
35 V
R
(a) 120 ohms

(b) 500 ohms
(c) 1.7 k ohms
(d) 2.4 k ohms
123. A basic d Arsonval movement with internal resistance 100
W and full scale current 1 mA is to be converted into a
multirange dc voltmeter with voltage ranges 0 10 V, 0 30
V, 0 100 V and 0 300 V. The circuit arrangement is shown
in the figure. The value of R1 will be
R4
R3
125.
126.
127.
124.
R1
30
V
10
30 0
R2
Detector
10 V
128. Current in the RF range is measured by

(a) simple ammeter
(b) ammeter using thermocouples
(c) multirange ammeters
(d) aryton shunt
129. An analogue voltage signal whose highest significant
frequency is 1 kHz is to be coded with a resolution of 0.01
percent for a voltage range of 01V. The minimum sampling
frequency and the minimum number of bits should
respectively be
(a) 1 kHz and 12
(b) 1 kHz and 14
(c) 2 kHz and 12
(d) 2 kHz and 14
130. A ring core current transformer having ratio of 1000/5 A is
operating at full primary current with a secondary burden of
non-inductive resistance of 1.1 W. Its exciting current is 1 A
at a power factor of 0.45. What is the ratio error at full load?
(a) 0.089%
(b) 0.099%
(c) 0.027%
(d) 0.045%
131. A current transformer has a rating of 1000/5 A. Its
magnetizing current and loss component of exciting current
are 10 A and 6 A respectively. The phase angle between
secondary winding induced voltage and current is 30. The
phase angle error of the transformer at rated current is
(a) 0.65
(b) 0.305
(c) 0.496
(d) none of these
132. The weins bridge shown in the figure is balanced at a
frequency of
(a) 0.0 W
(b) 100 W
4.7 kW
(c) 9.9 kW
(d) 10 kW
20 kW
5 nF
A single-phase energymeter is operating on 230 V, 50 Hz
supply with a load of 20 A for two hours at upf. The meter
D
makes 1380 revolutions in that period. The meter constant
10 kW
is
100 kW
(a) 695 rev/kWh
(b) 150 rev/kWh
(c) 0.15 rev/kWh
(d) 1/150 rev/kWh
10 nF
In the case of power measurement by two wattmeter method
(a) 32.8 kHz
(b) 15.9 kHz
in a balanced 3-phase system with a pure inductive load
(c) 3.28 kHz
(d) 1.59 kHz
(a) both the wattmeters will indicates the same value but 133. Two sinusoidal voltage signals of equal frequency are
applied to the vertical and horizontal deflection plates of a
with opposite signs
CRO. The output observed on the screen is shown in the
(b) both the wattmeters will indicate zero
following figure.
(c) both the wattmeters will indicate the same value with
same signs
Y
(d) one wattmeter will indicate zero and the other will
indicate some non-zero value
A 230 V, 10 A, single-phase energymeter makes 90
revolutions in 3 minutes at half load rated voltage and unity
5.0
3.0
pf. If the meter constant is 1800 revolutions / kWh, then its
X
X'
error at half load will be
(a) 13.04% slow
(b) 13.04% fast
(c) 15% slow
(d) 15% fast
The expected value of the voltage across a resistor is 80 V,
and the measured value is 79 V. What is the percentage
Y'
error and relative accuracy of the measurement?
The phase difference between the applied signals is
(a) 1. 265%, 98.735%
(b) 1%, 99%
(a) 31
(b) 53.13
(c) 2.625%, 97.375%
(d) 1.25%, 98.75%
(c) 143.1
(d) 59
32
134. The shunt type ohmmeter is NOT suitable for high
resistance measurements because
(a) a very low resistance of the meter would short the high
unknown resistance
(b) scale is highly cramped for high resistance values
(c) full-scale value of the meter may be exceeded
(d) battery cannot supply the necessary current for proper
meter detection
135. A CRO probe has an impedance of 500 kW in parallel with a
capacitance of 10 pF. The probe is used to measure the
voltage between P and Q as shown in figure. The measured
voltage will be
100 kW
10 V rms
100 kHz
136.
137.
138.
139.
To CRO
through
probe
100 kW
(a) 3.53 V
(b) 4.37 V
(c) 4.54 V
(d) 5.00 V
Which of the following are disadvantages of using
multipliers with voltmeters at high voltages?
(a) The power consumption of multipliers becomes large
average voltages.
(b) The multipliers at high voltages have to be shielded in
order to prevent capacitive currents.
(c) The metering circuit is not electrically from the power
circuit
(d) All of these.
When testing a coil having a resistance of 10 ohms,
resonance occurred when the oscillator frequency was 10
MHz and the rotating capacitor was set at 500 /2 p pF. The
effective value of the Q of the coil is
(a) 200
(b) 254
(c) 314
(d) 542
A dc circuit can be represented by an internal voltage source
of 50 V with an output resistance of 100 kW. In order to
achieve accuracy better than 99% for voltage measurement
across its terminals, the voltage measuring device should
have a resistance of atleast
(a) 10 MW
(b) 1 MW
(c) 10 kW
(d) 1 kW
In an oscilloscope, two Lissajous figure (X) and (Y) are
observed. This indicates that ratio of vertical input signal
frequency to that of horizontal input frequency are
(X)
(Y)
(a)
5
3
for X and for Y
3
2
(b)
5
3
for X and for Y
3
2
5
5
3
3
for X and for Y
(d)
for X and for Y
3
3
2
2
140. Three d.c. voltmeters are connected in series across a 120 V
d.c. supply. The voltmeters are specified as follows:
Voltmeter A : 100 V, 5 mA
Voltmeter B : 100 V, 250 ohms/V
Voltmeter C : 10 mA, 15,000 ohms
The voltages read by the meters A, B and C are, respectively
(a) 40, 50 and 30 V
(b) 40, 40 and 40 V
(c) 60, 30 and 30 V
(d) 30, 60 and 30 V
141. Consider the signal
Vm sin 100 t + 2 Vm sin 200 t
to be sampled and stored in a data acquisition system. The
same is to be extracted off-line later on. In order to extract
the signal effectively, the original sampling frequency has
to be
(a) 100 rad/s
(b) 200 rad/s
(c)
142.
143.
144.
145.
(c) 210 rad/s

(d)
100 2 + 2002 rad / s
The maximum temperature rise of a transformer is 50C. It
1
attains a temperature of 31.6 hour. What is its thermal
2
time constant?
1
(a) 2 hours
(b)
hour
2
1
(c) 1 hour
(d)
hour
4
A moving-coil instrument gives full-scale deflection for
1 mA and has a resistance of 5 W. If a resistance of 0.55 W is
connected in parallel to the instrument, what is the maximum
value of current it can measure?
(a) 5 mA
(b) 10 mA
(c) 50 mA
(d) 100 mA
A (0 25) Amp ammeter has a guaranteed accuracy of 1 per
cent of full scale reading. The current measured by this
ammeter is 10 Amp. The limiting error in percentage for this
instrument is
(a) 2.5%
(b) 0.5%
(c) 0.25%
(d) 0.025%
A moving coil ammeter having a resistance of 1ohm gives
full scale deflection when a current of 10 mA is passed
through it. The instrument can be used for the measurement
of voltage up to 10 V by
(a) connecting a resistance of 999 ohm in series with the
instrument
(b) connecting a resistance of 999 ohm parallel to the
ammeter
(c) connecting a resistance of 999 ohm parallel to the load
(d) connecting a resistance of 1000 ohm in series with the
load
33
NUMERICAL TYPE QUESTIONS
146. A dc circuit can be represented by an internal voltage source
of 50 V with an output resistance of 100 kW. In order to
achieve accuracy better than 99% for voltage measurement
across terminals, the voltage measuring device should have
a resistance of at least _____ MW.
147. In the measurement of power on balanced load by two
Wattmeter method in a 3-phase circuit, the readings of the
Wattmeters are 3 kW and 1 kW respectively, the latter being
obtained after reversing the connections to the current coil.
The power factor of the load is _____.
148. A 1 cm piezoelectric transducer having a g-coefficient of 58
V/kg/m2 is subjected to a constant pressure of 103 kg/m2
for about 15 minutes. The Piezo electric voltage developed
by the transducer will be mV _____.
149. A moving-coil instrument gives full-scale deflection for
1 mA and has a resistance of 5 W. If a resistance of 0.55 W is
connected in parallel to the instrument, what is the maximum
value of current it can measure?
150. A single side wire is used for the measurement of current in
a circuit. The voltage drop across a standard resistance of
1.0 W is balanced at 70 cm. What is the magnitude of the
current, if the standard cell having an e.m.f. of 1.45 volts is
balanced at 50 cm?
151. Pulses from the clock of frequency 100 kHz pass through
the counter of digital multimeter during a gate period 5.75 m
sec.
The number of pulses counted by the counter will be
152. In a CRT, 3 1017 electrons are accelerated through a
potential difference of 10,000 V over a distance of 40 mm per
minute. Calculate the average power supplied to the beam
of electrons.
153. A zero to 300 V voltmeter has a guaranteed accuracy of 1%
full scale reading. The voltage measured by the instrument
is 83 V. The percent limiting error is
154. In a dual slope integrating type digital voltmeter the first
integration is carried out for 10 periods of the supply
frequency of 50 Hz. If the reference voltage used is 2 V the
total conversion time for an input of 1 V is
155. When testing a coil having a resistance of 10 W, resonance

occured when the oscillator frequency was 10 MHz and the
rotating capacitor was set at 500/2p pF. The effective value
of the Q of the coil is
156. A Wheatstone bridge requires a change of 6 ohms in the
unknown arm of the bridge to produce a change in deflection
of 3 mm of the galvanometer. The sensitivity of the instrument
is
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 157 and 158
Consider a RLC circuit shown in figure.
R = 10 W
L = 1 mH
C = 10 F
ei
e0
157. For a step-input ei, the overshoot in the output e0 will be

(a) 0, since the system is not under-damped
(b) 5%
(c) 16%
(d) 48%
158. If the above step response is to be observed on a nonstorage CRO, then it would be best to have the ei as a
(a) step function
(b) square wave frequency 50 Hz
(c) square wave frequency 300 Hz
(d) square wave frequency 2.0 kHz
34
PAST GATE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

1.
2.
3.
(c)
(a) The permanent magnet moving coil measures the DC
value only. The torque will be reversed if the current
is reversed. If the instrument is connected to AC, the
deflection responds to the mean torque which is
zero. Hence, voltmeter reads 2 V.
i1 R2 R4
=
=
i2 R1 R3
R1 =
7.
xy
z
Taking log, we get,
log w = log x + log y + log z
By considering only positive error, differentiating
with respect to w, we get, for maximum uncertainly
(d) Given, w =
4.
kn - R
R
0.5 R1 = 100 kn 100 R1
(kn = 200)
R1 =201
l0 cos a
=1
lg
8.
V 2 t 230 230
=
1
R
R
R = 23.W
\ Power dissipated in
9.
(d)
(b) At balance condition,
= 10A
Moving iron also reads rms value, so its reading will

also be 10 A, hence ultimately it will be (8, 10, 10).
(c) p-p division of upper trace voltage = 2
and value of p-p voltage = 5V
Voltage
= 2.5
divisions
Now it will same for unknown voltage,
p-p division of unknown voltage = 3
So p-p voltage = 3 2.5 = 7.5 voltage
Frequency of upper trace = 1 kHz.
R3
i1
A
R4
R2
6 2
8 +
2
i2
\ n becomes 199.
% error in ratio = 0
(c) PMMC instrument leads only DC value and since, it
is centre zero type so, it will give 8 value. RMS
meter will read rms value of the current
So, RMS =
V 2 200 200
=
kW =
R
R
40
103 = 1.739 kW..
=
23
R1
l0 cos(d + a)
= 200 + l0 cos a
lg
But % error ratio = 0.5 =
2.3 103 =
5.
6.
(a) Here, we assume that (d = 0)

nls = lp
R=n+
dx dy dz
dw
= +
+ 100
w
y
z
x
0.4 1 0.75
+ +
100
=
80 20 50
= 7% of reading
(b) Reading of Energy Meter = 2.3 Units (kWH)
R2 R3
R4
1
= 10-3 = 1 ms
103
and division on x-axis = 4
\ Time Period =
Time
1 ms
=
Division
4
and division of Lower trace voltage on x-axis = 8
Thus,
~
V
VB = VD
V i1R1 = V i2R2
and V i1R3 = V i2R4
Thus,
Time
1 ms
=
Division
4
Time
Period of unknown signal,
8 = 2 ms
Division
35
Z1 Z4 = Z2 Z3
R1 (R4 + jX4) = (R2 + jX2) (R3 jX3)
500 (R4 + jX4) = (300 + j200) (300 j200)
500 (R4 + jX4) = 90000 + 40000
10. (a) From waveform it is clear that for half of time period
the power is of opposite sign of equal amplitude to
another half of the time period. The total power in
one period is zero. Hence, the reading of wattmeter
is zero.
11.
R4 + jX4 =
1
X1 = wL1 , X 4 =
, Z1 = R1 + jX1 ,
wC4
(c)
Z4 = R4 jX4
At balance,
14. (d)
Z1 Z3
=
Z2 Z4
1
(R1 + jwL1 ) R 4 - j wL = R 2 R 3
4
Equating real and Imaginary terms, we get,
L1 =
1 + (w C 4 R 4 ) 2
Quality factor, Q =
, R1 =
w2 R 2 R 3R 4C42
1 + ( wC 4 R 4 ) 2
wL1
1
=
wC 4 R 4
R1
B
0W
50
Z1
A
X2
X3
D
R4
Z3
0.398 mF
R3 300W
C
\q(w2t ) = A sin(w2t + 90)

q(w2t ) = A cos(w2t )
15. (a) The time taken by both ADCs will remain TA, TB
16. (c)
V - 240
2p 2000 0.398 10-6

Under balanced condition
= 200 W
120
b
120
V - 0
V - 120
Assume Vab as reference phasor, we have

Vab = V0
Vbc = 400 120
Vca = 400 240
Current through current coil,
V
400 - 240
I cc = ca =
Z2
100 + j 0 = 4 240A
and, voltage across pressure coil,
Vpc = Vbc = 400 120
Hence, wattmeter reading,
P = Vpc Icc cos f
f is the angle between Vpc and Icc
= 400 4 cos 120
= 800 watts
17. (d) For triangular wave,
Vm
Average value =
3
rms =
1
XC =
2pfC
w2 1
w
=
w2 = 1
w1 2
2
and q(w2t ) will lead p(w1t ) by 90
2
4
Then, L1 =
Number of times tangent touches top or bottom

Number of times tangent touches either side
w R2 R3 R4 C
R2 R3C4
, R1 =
1
1
1+ 2
1+ 2
Q
Q
For Q > 10, L1 R2R3C4, R1 = w2R2R3C42R4
As R2 is common in both the expression of L1 and R1,
then R2 would have to be adjusted first and then R4
should be adjusted.
12. (b) Here, B is a common point
S1 A
G1 B
S2 C
G2 B
Hence answer is A, B, C, B
13. (a) XL = 2p fL
= 2p 2000 15.91 103 = 200W
2
Oscillator
w2 w y
=
w1 wx
=
Z1Z4 = Z3Z2
R 2 R 3C 4
\ Z = 260 + j0
130000
= 260
500
Vm
3
Vm
= 10V Vm = 30
3
rms =
30
3
= 10 3
36
18. (d) The relative error of product or division of different
quantities is equal to the sum of relative errors of
individual quantities.
19. (b) Pressure coil of a dynamometer type wattmeter is
made to have very high resistance which includes
small unavoidable inductance.
20. (b) In X-Y mode, if figure shows ellipse that indicates
the amplitude is not equal but it changes to circle
means amplitudes are equal. The inference can be
made from the amplitudes of the signal are very
close but not equal.
Z3
R3
Z1
jw
L
21. (a)
22. (d)
A1
05A
0.2W
For 25A,
Let 5A through ammeter A1.
So, remaining current through Rsh,
I = 25 5 = 20 A
\ 20 Rsh = 0.2 5
1
= 0.05 W
20
23. (c) The fixed coil or field coil is connected in series with
the load and so carries the current in the circuit. The
fixed coil therefore forms the current coil. The moving
coil is connected across the voltage and therefore
carries a current proportional to voltage.
24. (c) Number of full digits = 4
Rsh =
1
digits display = 19999
2
Full-scale reading = 200 V
4)
Maximum count with 4
200V
19999
Then, error corresponding to 10 counts
j
/ (w
R2
R4
(0 25A)
Rsh
Z4
Z2
1 Count =
200
= 0.1 V
19999
and, error corresponding to 0.2% of reading
= 10
100
= 0.2 V
100
Hence total error, E = E1 + E2 = 0.3V
= 0.2
At balance,
Z1 Z3
=
Z2 Z4
E
100% = 0.3%
100
(b) The compensating coil is made nearly identical with
the current coil and is also coincident with the
current coil and opposes the field produce by current
coil.
The additional conductor is an internal connections,
corresponding to the lead from P to Q of Fig. which
carries the voltage-coil current in a reverse direction
through the winding.
% percentage error =
R + j wL
= R3
+ j w C4
R2
R4
R
wL R 3
+j
=
+ jw R 3 C 4
R2
R 2 R4
Equating real and imaginary parts,
25.
I = I P + IC M
R
R
= 3
R2 R4
Supply V1
R 2R 3
R=
R4
IC
P
IP
M.C
OR
P.C
Compensated wattmeter
wL
= w R 3 C4
R2
L = R2R3C4
Thus any extra torque due to the voltage-coil current

in the current coil itself is neutralized by the torque
due to the voltage-coil current in the additional
winding.
37
26. (c) Oscilloscope with two vertical inputs, referred to as
dual trace oscilloscope. Using a single-beam CRT,
they multiplex the inputs, usually switching between
them fast enough to display two traces apparently
at once.
Switching channels can be asynchronous, i.e., free
running with trace blanking while switching or after
each horizontal sweep is complete. Asynchronous
switching is usually designated chopped while
sweep-synchronised is designated att [esnate].
27. (c) The circuit shown in the figure is the Maxwell's
inductance-capacitance bridge. In this bridge, an
inductance is measured by comparison with a
standard capacitance. This bridge is limited to
measurement of low Q coil.
28. (d) Let resistance of voltmeter be RkW.
200 kW
+
R kW
440 V V
352
V = 352 +
80
R
...(ii)
+
220
VL
480
220 = 406 V
40 + 220
(c) Average power,
VL =
1
+
2p
2p
v (t ).i (t ).d (wt )
[ E1 sin wt + E3 sin 3wt ].[ I1 sin(wt - f1 )].d wt
2p
0
E1 I3 [cos(f3 - 2wt ) + cos(4wt - f3 )].d wt
2p
E3 I1[cos(2wt + f1 ) - cos(4wt - f1 )].d wt
1
4p
2p
E3 I3 (cos f3 - cos 4wt - f3 ).d wt
[ E1 sin wt + E3 sin 3wt ].I 3 sin(3wt - f3 ).d wt
2p
1
4p
E1 I5 (cos 3wt - cos 2wt ).d wt
2p
E3 I5 (cos wt - cos 4wt ).d wt
E1I1 cos f1 1
+ .E3 I3 cos f3
2
2
All other terms are zero.

2p
as cos(2wt - f1 ).d wt
0
sin(2wt - f1 ) 2 p
=0
=
2
30. (a)
31. (a) PMMC type of instrument measure average value
1
4p
2p
1
+
4p
2p
E1 I1[cos f1 - cos(2wt - f1 )].d wt
< P >=
40 kW
1
=
2p
[ E1 sin wt + E3 sin 3wt ].I 5 sin 5wt.d wt
...(i)
480
352 V
440
V=
20 + 440
R
1
<P> = 2p
1
+ 4p
2p
2p
Solving, V = 480 V
R = 220 W
29.
1
= 4p
1
2p
80 kW
+
V
Area of graph
Total time
1
10 10 - 5 2 + 8 5
= 2
20
80
= 4V
20
38
when Rs is increased by 1% new value of
1 kW
R 'e = 303W
32.
(a)
v0 = v0 - v1 = v mn - v
100 kW
Voltmeter
During the half cycle, the diode is forward biased (anode

is connected to positive, Cathode is connected to
negative).
The voltage across forward biased ideal diode is zero.
During ve half cycle the diode is reversed biased.
Cathode is connected to negative, cathode is connected
to positive).
The average voltage across the voltmeter will be
14.14
100 102
3
100 10 + 110
300
12 = ( 6 - 5.97 ) v = 0.03 v = 30 mv
603
(b) horizontal axis
140 to 142
3.0 to 3.4
17.34 W
Total power dissipated in the circuit is 1kW.
P = 1kW
1000 = I2.1+ I2.R.
1000 = (2)2 . 1 + (10)2 . R.
= 6-
35.
36.
37.
38.
R = 9.96W
1
= 4.46V
2
|Z| =
Input Voltage
V
200
= 20
1
10
R 2 + XL2
|Z| =
X 2L = (Z)2 - R 2
14.14
X 2L = (20)2 (9.96)2
20 ms
10 ms
wt, t
X L = 17.34W
39.
10.157
X and Y ammeters are connected in parallel
Shunt Registration of X and Y meters:
15A
Voltage across the voltmeter
1.2W
10 ms
20 ms
Rshx
Imx= 150mA
1.5W
Rshy
Imy = 250mA
14.14
33.
34.
(d) V2 > V1 and phase difference is 180 and hence MI/

voltmeter will read
V = V2 V1
(c) Maximum permissible voltage = (300 + 300) 20 103
= 12 V
R1
R2
b
+
Rs
d
Rshx =
R3
15 103
150 - 1
Rshx = 0.01212W
Rshy =
V0
1.2
1.5
15 103
250 - 1
Rshy = 0.02542W
Current through X ammeter is
0.02542
15
(0.1212 + 0.2542)
= 10.157 amperes
39
40.
2
Power at full scale reading = 150
Current range used = 10A
Voltage range used = 150V
Power factor = 0.2
Multiplying factor =
PRACTICE EXERCISE
Current range used voltage range p.f.

Power at full scale reading
1.
(c) Induction principle is more generally used for Watthour meters than for ammeters and voltmeters owing
to their comparatively high cost, and inaccuracy of
induction instruments of the latter types.
2.
(b)
10 150 0.2
15
=2
41.
(a)
I 2 I 2
s1 =
s +
s
I1 I1 I2 I2
I
I
=
=1
I1 I2
(1) 2 (1)2 + (1) 2 ( 2) 2

I = ( 4.00 2.24 ) A
\ s1 =
Points Y(S1 )
X (S2 )
x 2 + y2
f = 100 -1
-1
-1
45
2
0
3.
(a)
6.
(a) Average current =
0
225
y
1
4. (d)
5. (c)
117.02 + 117.08 + 117.11 + 117.03

4
= 117.06 mA
as Imax = 117.11 mA & Imin = 117.02 mA
( Imax - Iav ) + ( Iav - Imin )

\ range of error =
2
0.05 + 0.04
= 0.045mA
2
7. (d)
8. (b)
9. (d) Refer potentiometric type digital voltmeter
10. (b)
11. (b) LVDT & strain gauge measure linear displacement.
12. (d)
Td = Cq, Td = KI 2
2
\I =
= 2.24A
C
q = C 'q
K
I2 C ' p / 4
=
1 C'p / 2
2 1
I = ; I = 0.707A
2
1
= 200 W / V
13. (c) Sensitivity (I) =
5mA
42.
(a)
2 1
RMS value = 1 +
2
= 1+
=
43.
kW = 99.99 kW
14. (a) Series resistor = 100 kW - 1
100
15. (c) Work done by the electric field = eV
1
2
3
2
Kinetic energy =
0.3
z1z4 = z2z3
or v =
1
1
35kx jw 0.1 = 105k jwc
1
c1 = 0.3 mF
2eV
=
m
1
mv 2 = eV
2
2 1.6 10 -19 1000

9.1 1031
= 0.1875 108 m/s

R
750
16. (a) R1 = R 2 3 = 2000
= 375W
R4
4000
L1 = R2R3C4 = 2000 750 0.05 105 = 75 mH
40
17.
19.
21.
23.
24.
25.
27.
29.
31.
33.
34.
36.
38.
39.
40.
41.
(a)
18. (c)
(c)
20. (d)
(a)
22. (c)
(a)
(a) The makers specify the maximum value as 100 mA. This
means that the current drawn from the cell should be
less than 100 mA and this current should flow
momentarily.
(d)
26. (a)
(a)
28. (b)
(b)
30. (c)
(a)
32. (c)
(c) Both spectrum analyzer and distortion factor meter are
signal analysers. A spectrum analyser sweeps the signal
frequency band and displays a plot of amplitude versus
frequency. Distortion factor meter tunes out the
fundamental signal and gives an indication of the
harmonics.
(c)
35. (d)
(b)
37. (b)
(d) There will be two deflecting torques, one acting on coil
A and the other on coil B. The coil windings are so
arranged that the torques due to the two coils are
opposite in direction. So, there is no controlling torque.
(c) The error caused by pressure coil inductance is VI sin
f tan b. With low power factor, the value of f is large
and therefore, the error is correspondingly large.
(d) Braking torque TD R2 where R is the radial position
of braking magnet with respect to the centre of the
disc.
(a) Bigger size mirror results in increased inertia constant J.
GIm
1 K
&A=
2
2p J
(Dw ) + (K - Jw 2 ) 2
as J increases both fn & A decrease.
42. (b) Actual loading arrangements would involve a
considerable waste of power. In order to avoid this
Phantom or Fictitious loading is done.
43. (a) Kelvin bridge overcomes the difficulties that arise in a
Wheatstone bridge on account of the resistance of the
leads and the contact resistances while measuring low
valued resistors. The Kelvin double bridge incorporates
the idea of a second set of ratio arms, hence the name
double bridge and the use of four terminal resistors for
the low resistance arms. The second set of ratio arms
eliminate the effect of connecting lead resistance.
fn =
C - 4C2
44. (d) Self-capacitance Cd = 1
3
45. (a) The expansion (deflection) is proportional to the
heating effect of the current and hence to the square of
the rms value of the current. Therefore, the meter may
be calibrated to read the rms value of the current.
46. (c)
47. (c) Simple a.c. amplifiers may be used to amplify a dc input
through use of an additional circuit component known
as chopper. The approach is used to build a dc amplifier
where in the dc is first converted to an equivalent a.c.

signal that is amplified by a standard a.c. amplifier. The
a.c. signal is finally converted back to a dc signal.
Chopper stabilized amplifier eliminates the effects of
dc offset currents & the drift of other dc parameters by
using an a.c. coupled amplifier for necessary gain.
48. (b) In some meters a slow but continuous rotation is
observed even when there is no current flowing through
the current coil and only pressure coil is energized.
This is called creeping. The major cause for creeping is
over-compensation for friction.
49. (a) A three digit display on a digital voltmeter for 0-1 V
range will be able to indicate values from zero to 999
mV, with smallest increment or resolution of 1 mV. In
practice a fourth digit usually capable of indicating
either 0 or 1 only is placed to the left of active digits.
This permits going above 999 to 1999 to give overlap
between ranges for convenience. This is called over
ranging. This type of display is known as a 3 digit
display.
50. (c) Refer Piezoelectric type accelerometer.
51. (c)
65
52. (a) Amplitude of the signal is
= 15 V
2
15
\ rms value is
= 10.6 V
2
53. (b) The wattmeters read
One cos (30 + f)
The other cos (30 f)
Thus whenever load p.f. angle f becomes 60 one of
the wattmeters would read zero.
\ For the given condition, the load p.f. is
cos 60 = 0.5
54. (d) M should be able to detect phase reversal if not strictly
phase sensitive. Phase sensitive detector can well serve
the purpose.
55. (d) Strictly speaking, an Ayrton shunt is used to protect
the galvanometer during initial stages of balancing by
reducing the galvanometer sensitivity. However, it can
also be used to convert a galvanometer into a
multistage ammeter
5
3
I
r1 + r2
I'
=
I r1 + r2 + r3 + r4 + r5
56. (d) It is simple to see VR = 30 V, VL = 20 V,

VC = 60 V and VT = 50 V.
41
= 30, therefore, the phase difference is 30 or 30,
i.e., 30 or 330. Y1 is the deflection on the y-plates
when x-plates deflection is zero, i.e., when Vx(t) = 0 and
Vy(t) = Vmy sinf and Y2 is the deflection due to Vmy.
64. (c) The total length observed will be proportional to
57. (b)
I = 5 mA
E
1 MW
5V
1 MW
Voltmeter resistance = 100 10 = 1000 k-ohm = 1 M-ohm

Photovoltaic cell internal resistance = 1 M-ohm
The voltmeter reads 5 V. Therefore, the internal voltage
is 10 V.
58. (b) Differential transformer transducer is used for
measurement of displacement.
E
59. (d) Ifs =
R1 + R m
With R connected,
Rx
E
I=
R x + R m R1 + ( R m R x ) / ( R m + R x )
ER x
ER x
=
R1 ( R m + R x ) + R m R x R x ( R 1 + R m ) + R1R m
Rx
Rx
E
= Ifs
=
R
+
R
R
( 1 x ) R x + ( R1R m ) / ( R1 + R m )
x +Rp
R1R m
R1 + R m
60. (a) It is an elementary piece of knowledge. For low
resistance measurements, if circuit II is used, the
ammeter resistance, which may be comparable with the
low resistance being measured, is added to the
unknown and thereby causing larger error.
61. (c) The setting of the potentiometer is at 1.0138 instead of
1.0813. Therefore, the working current in the slide wise
is more than what it would have been if the setting was
at 1.0813, i.e. the correct value for applied voltage of
1.0813 V,
where, R p =
I 1.0813
=
Ic 1.0138
If the setting is at 1.0138 and the applied voltage is also
1.0138, the standardisation is then correct.
(Statement of the problem appears ambiguous)
62. (c) If D1 were not there in the negative half cycle of the
applied voltage, there would be some small reverse
current through D2 (in the reverse direction) and the
meter, thereby giving erroneous mean value and hence
of the applied voltage. With D1 as in circuit, the current
in the negative half cycle flows through Rsh and D1
and there is no voltage across D2 and hence no current
through D2.
63. (c) When major area of the Lissajous figure lies in the 1st
and 3rd quadrant, then the angle is within 0 and 90.
If the loop lies in 2nd and 4th quadrant, then the angle
is 180 q where q is within 0 and 90. In the present
case the angle is given by q = sin1 (Y1/Y2) = sin1 0.5
2Vm = 2 2 30. 30 V dc causes 1 cm deflection from

the centre point. Therefore, the length observed is 2 2
cm 3 cm.
RMS Value
65. (b) Form factor =
of the wave M.I. Instrument
Mean Value
will show RMS value. Rectifier voltmeter is calibrated
to read rms value of sinusoidal voltage, i.e., with form
factor of 1.11. Therefore, mean value of the applied
V2
voltage is
.
1.11
V1
1.11V1
=
Hence, form factor =
V2 / 1.11
V2
66. (c) rcc = 0.01 ohm, rvc = 1000 ohm.
The current coil and voltage coil can be connected in
two ways. The wattmeter reads high by an amount
equal to power loss in current coil in one case and in
voltage coil in the other. The two possible power losses
are
(i) Ic2 rcc = 202 0.01 = 4W
V2 302
=
= 0.9W
rve 1000
The two percentage errors are
4 100 2
(i)
=
600
3
0.9 100
= 0.15
(ii)
600
67. (b) In the induction type of instrument there is no moving
coil. Therefore, the wattmeter is question is of
dynamometer type. The fixed coil is the current coil
and moving coil the pressure or voltage coil.
68. (b) It is simple resistive circuit calculation,
(ii)
Ic =
1
=
1+ R3 + RG
1
1( R 3 + R G )
2500 +
1 + ( R3 + R G )
From the given data,

1
1 + 450 + R G
1
1 + 950 + R G
1
450 + R G
2500 +
1 + 450 + R G
2E
950 + R G
2500 +
1 + 950 + R G
2500 (451 + RG) + 450 + RG
= 2500 (951 + RG) + 50
2501 RG = 2500 (951 902) + 50
= 2500 49 + 50 = 2501 49 + 1
Hence, RG = 49 + 1 / 2500 49 W.
42
69. (a)
f=
1000
Hz
p
2p 10 -6
70. (d) Only 1 and 3 statements are correct. Measurement range
is not wide.
71. (a) Applying the usual balance condition relation Z1Z4 =
Z2Z3, we have
79. (d) For 10 V to produce 1 mA requires a 10 k ohm resistor.

Thus, the meter will appear as:
10 kW
M
+
10 V
LX
R2
RX
S
C4
R3
When 5 kilo-ohms is placed across the terminals, the

current will be 10 V / (10 + 5) k.
Thus, 10 V/15 K = 2/3 mA and thus 2/3 deflection.
R4
80. (a)
81. (d) The meter reading will either decrease or increase
depending upon the direction of flux.
Fm
1/ R 4 jC 4 w
( R1 + jL1w ) R + 1/
jC 4w
4
Or, ( R1 + jL1w)
( R 4 / jC4w )
R 4 + 1/ jC4 w
= R 2R3
R1R 4 + jL1wR 4 = R 2 + R 3 + jR 2 R 3R 4C4w

\ R1 = R 2
R3
;
R4
L1 = R 2 R 3C4
750
= 375 ohm. And,
4000
L1 = 2000 750 0.05 106 = 75 mH.
(c) Q = Lw / R. With Q-meter resistance considered, the
measured or indicated Q is 1/1.11 times the actual Q.
Thus, statement 1 is not correct. Statements 2 and 3 are
correct.
(d)
(c) For a half radiated wave
\ R1 = 2000
72.
73.
74.
Idc =
I peak
p
and Irms =
Ipeak
2
\ PMMC reading would be Idc =

75. (b)
25
= 3.18 A
p
L = L1 + L 2 2M
When ordinary, L = L1 + L2 + 2M
40 = 10 + 15 + 2M.
\ 2M = 15 mH
When opposing, L = L1 + L2 2M
= 10 + 15 15 = 10 mH
76. (d) Assuming that gate open when the ramp is 8V and
closes when the ramp reached zero, then the number of
pulses counted by counter would be :
400 103 20 103 = 8000
77. (b) f = 1 106 / 1 104 = 100
1
= 10 ms
100
(d) All the three errors may occur in bridge method of
measurement.
\ T=
78.
F
Fs
As shown in fig. let Fm is the flux due to meter coil and
Fs is due to stray magnetic field, then resultant will be
F. Similar but opposite will happen when Fs is in
opposite direction. Thus, the reading will either increase
or decrease.
82. (d) Ammeter error, DI = 4%
Voltmeter error, DV = 24%
Resistance to be measured, R = V/I
In case, error in resistance measurement is DR , then
the maximum possible error will be
R + DR = V + DV / I - DI
or RI + IDR - RDIDR = V + DV
Neglecting DR being small and substituting V = RI
we have,
V + IDR - RDI = V + DV
IDR - RDI = DV
Dividing by IR,
DR / R - DI / I = DV / IR = DV / V
D R / R = DV / V + D I / I
Therefore, maximum percentage error
= 2.4% + 1% = 3.4%
83. (c) Error in the potentiometer is due to thermo electric emfs
set up at junctions of dissimilar metals and also by the
heat from the operators hand during adjustment of
the working parts of the potentiometer. Reversing of
polarity and taking reading will give error in the negative
direction. Suppose, the reading with error due to one
direction is D + DR and in the other direction is D DR,
then the mean value is (D + DR + D DR) / 2 = D; which
is the actual value.
43
84. (c) In a dual slope integrating type digital voltmeter,
Vin = Vref ( t 2 / t1 )
Then, V = V1 V2 =
Where, t1 is the first integration time.

t1 = 10 1/50 = 0.2 s
Vm = 1 V
Vref = 2
t2 = VinT1 / Vref = 1 0.2 / 2 = 0.1 sec
85. (b) The lines base setting = 5 msec/div.
1
Input frequency =
-3
87. (c)
20 10
- = 3.33V
3
3
(100 50)Zd = (300 - 90) (200 0)
Rb
1 + j wCb R b
1.5
= 0.02
75
voltage between the limits,
Relative error, e r =
75 (1 0.02) = 75 1.5V
1.5
100 = 2%
% limiting error =
75
(b) As voltmeter has high impedance, therefore, current
through it is zero or negligible.
1
I=0
20 W
10 W
2
LOAD
V = (0.2 + 0.2) 5 + 200 = 202 V;

I=5A
Wattmeter reading,
P = V I cos f = 202 5 1 = 1010 W.
94. (a) The overall uncertainty;
(1)2 + (1)2 + (3)2
= 11%
95. (d) A 1, B 3, C 2, D 4
Instruments
A.Vibration Galvanometer
B. Head phone
C. D ' Arsonval Galvanometer
D. CRO
Frequency
100 Hz
1 kHz
0 Hz
L arg e frequency range
96. (b)
C1
R1
V
L
D
Cs
Rs
In balanced condition;
wC1 ( R + jwL )
Rs
R + jwL
=
= jwCs R s
1
1
wC1R1 - j
R1 - j
wC1
jwCs
C1 ( R + jwL) = jCs R s ( wC1R1 - j)
Equating real terms
10 W
20 W
Wx = w 2x + w x2 + w 2x
1
2
3
(1 + jwCb R b ) .R a R c = R b ( R d + jwLd )
RbRd = RaRc Rd = RaRc / Rb
And, wCbRbRaRc = wRbLd Ld = RaRcCb
89. (d) As both the signals are of same frequency, same phase
and of same amplitude hence these are applied at the
X-Y input of the CRO, hence on the CROs screen,
these will produce a straight line with 45 with respect
to x-axis.
90. (a)
91. (b) Magnitude of the limiting error, A = e r .As
= 0.01 150 = 1.5 V
92.
IR
A
IV
Zd = 600 -140
88. (d) From balance condition
R a R c = ( R d + jwLd )
93. (d)
1000
= 200 Hz
50
5 10
Frequency of input signal = 314 = w,
or, 2pf = 314 or f = 314 / 2p = 50 Hz
Number of cycles of signal displayed
= 50 10 / 200 = 2.5
86. (a) The accuracy of a measuring instrument is
determined by the closeness of the value indicated by
it to the correct value of the measurement.
10
10
.20 - .10
30
30
C R
C1R = Cs R s R = s s
C1
Equating imaginary terms:

wLC1 = wCs R s C1R1
\ L = Cs R s R1
10 V
44
97. (a)
LX
1000 W
RX
V
Cs
1000 W
Rs
In balance condition:
Rs
1000
=
R x + jwL x ( jwR s Cs + 1) 1000
( jwR s Cs + 1) 106 = R s ( R x + jwL x )
103. (d) Loading effect error: When the voltage across

impedance is measured by a voltmeter, the voltmeter
acts as a load and due to its internal impedance an
error in reading occurs. This error is called loading effect
error.
104. (a) The PMMC is used for measurement of DC. Therefore,
the current
i = 3 + 4 2 sin 314t = 3A .
105. (d) In a trapezoidal pattern, modulation factor (M)
M=
Large line Smaller line

Large line + Smaller line
Equating real terms: R s R x = 106

Given
106
Rx =
= 103 = 1000 W
R
1000
=
W
Rs
s
Imaginary terms;
106 jwR s Cs = jwR s L x 106 Cs = L x
L x = 106 0.5 10 -6 = 0.5H

[Given Cs = 0.5 mF = 0.5 106 F]
98. (d) Inputs to the CRO are:
Vx = 10 cos (100t + f); and
Vy = 10 sin (100t + f) = 10 cos (100t + f + 90).
The resulting Lissajous pattern is a circle as the
magnitudes of the two signal are same and phase
difference is 90.
Note: A circle can be formed in Lissajous pattern only
when the magnitudes of the two signals are equal and
the phase difference between them is 90 or 270.
99. (c) The damping torque in the disc of an ac energy meter
is produced by Eddy current effect (by interaction of
the eddy current and permanent magnets field).
100. (b) Error as percentage of true value;
=
Full scale voltage

Accuracy
Voltage value
Given, V.M. range = 0 to 20 v and

Accuracy = 1%
Hence, for voltage values 2V, 5 V, 10 V and 20 V
respectively; errors are:
A.
20
1 = 10%
2
20
1 = 2%
C.
10
B.
20
1 = 4%
5
20
1 = 1%
D.
20
Smaller line
Larger line
So, in the trapezoidal pattern smaller line = 0.

Large line 0
Hence, M = Large line + 0 = 1
106. (b) The shape of the figure seen will be a straight line as
both the voltages are equal and in phase with each
other (the shape will be a straight line even if the two
voltages are out of phase by 180).
107. (b) CRO has minimum loading effect on the quantity under
measurement.
108. (d) Owens bridge is used for measurement of inductance
in terms of capacitance.
At balance condition;
1
1
R c + jwC R a = ( R x + jwL x ) jwC
c
b
By equating real terms; Lx = RaCbRc

R C
Equating imaginary terms; R x = a b
Cc
109. (c) Ser vo type Potentiometric r ecorder has better

frequency response than galvanometric recorder.
110. (c) The Wheatstone bridge is ideally suited for measuring
resistance in the range of 100 W to 10 kW.
111. (c) Electronic voltmeter requires external source for its
operation.
Electronic voltmeter consumes low power.
112. (d) Given;
Oscillator frequency = 400 kHz = 400 103 Hz.
Time period of oscillation; T =
400 103
Number of pulses counted by the counter (in 20 ms);
-3
-3
20 10
20 10
101. (c)
=
= 200 400 = 8000
1
102. (c) The resolution of a wire wound potentiometer can be
T
.
improved by reducing the diameter of the resistance
400 103
wire.
45
113. (c) In electronic voltmeter MOSFET is used at the first
stage.
114. (c) Percentage change in length = 3%;
Change in resistivity = 0.3%; hence,
Gauge factor
G f = 1 + 2v +
r / r
[where, v = poissons ratio]
l / l
= 1 + 2 0.3 +
0.3
= 1.7
3
115. (c) Given;

Internal resistance of voltmeter (Rv) = 200 kW.
Voltmeter Reading = 250 V
Ammeter reading = 10 mA
Internal resistance of Ammeter 0
Value of unknown resistance (say RU) = ?
Now, effective resistance, R e =
250
10 10-3
To calculate unknown resistance (RU):
R e = R U || R v 25 =
= 25 kW
R U 200
R U + 200
25 (RU + 200) = 200 RU

RU = 5000/175 = 28.571 kW = 28.56 kW
116. (a) Given:
220 V produces deflection of 2 cm. So, for 3 cm
deflection:
220 3
= 330V
2
117. (d)
118. (b)
119. (a) As given VO/Vin is independent of frequency then;
C = 1 10/1 = 10 mF.
120. (a)
121. (c) Total length of the slide wire = 1000 cm
Total resistance of the slide wire = 1000 ohm
\ Resistance per cm = 1 ohm
Resistance of 101.8 cm segment of the wire = 101.8 ohm
This corresponds to a voltage of 1.018 V
1.018
\ Current =
= 1 mA
101.8
122. (d) Parallel sum of 600 ohm and 1200 ohm
600 1200
=
= 400 ohm
1800
R
400
=
\
35.5
5
or R = 2400 ohms = 2.4 k ohms
123. (c)
10
3
R1 + 100 = 10
or
or
230 20 1 2
= 9. 2 kWh
1000
Revolution made = 1380
124. (b) Energy consumed =
1380
= 150 rev/kWh
9.2
125. (a) Two wattmeter readings are
W1 = VLIL cos (30 f)
= VLIL cos (30 90) = VLIL cos 60
W2 = VLIL cos (30 + f)
= VLIL cos 120 = VLIL cos 60
126. (c) Energy consumed as indicate by energy meter
\ Meter constant =
90
= 0.05 k Wh
1800
Actual energy consumed
10
3
= 230 1 103 = 0.0575 kWh
2
60
\ Error = 0.0500 0.0575 = 0.0075 kWh
Hence meter is slow by
127. (d) Absolute error =
0.00075
100 = 15%
0.0500
exp ected value - measured value

exp ected value
80 - 79
100 = 1.25%
80
measured value
Relative Accuracy = exp ected value 100
or Relative Accuracy = 100 % absolute error

= 100 % 1.25 % = 98.75 %
128. (b) Thermocouple instruments are suitable for very high
frequencies upto 50 Mhz.
129. (d) By nyquist theorem minimum sampling frequency
should be twice of highest signal frequency. Here
sampling frequency is 2 kHz.
Resolution =
or
1
2n - 1
= 0.01 100
n = 14
130. (d) Nominal ratio

Secondary burden
Knom =
1000
= 200
5
Re = 1.1W
Since the burden of secondary winding is purely

resistive therefore, secondary winding power factor is
unity or d = 0. The power factor of exciting current is
0.45
\ cos (90 a) = 0.45

R1 + 100 = 10000
or a = 90 cos1 0.45 = 26.74
R1 = 9900 ohm = 9.9 kW
46
Since there is no turn compensation, the turns ratio is
equal to nominal ratio or Kt = Knom = 200. When the
primary winding carries rated current of 1000 A, the
secondary winding carries a current of 5 A.
Rated secondary winding current, Is = 5A
Actual transformation ratio,
I0
sin ( d + a )
Kact = Kt +
Is
1
1
reactance Xc =
=
jwC 2p 100 103 10 10 -12
writing node equation at P
VP - 10
1
j
1
+ VP
+
=0
100 500 159
100
\ I0 = 1A
10 VP = VP (1.2 j 0.628)
1
= 200 + sin ( 0 + 26.74) = 200.09
5
Ratio error =
Nominal ratio - Actual ratio

100
Actual ratio
200 - 200.09
100 = - 0.045%
200.09
131. (d)
132. (c) The frequency is obtained by following equation
f=
=
10 = (2.2 j 0.628) VP
136. (d)
137. (a)
Q=
1
=
2p C1R1R 3C3
Lw 0
1
=
R
Cw0 R
1
( 500 / 2) 10 -12 2p 107 10
104
= 200
500
1
2p 5 10
-9
4.7 103 10 10 -9 10 103
= 3.283 kHz
2p 5 10-10 4.7
133. (c) Pattern observed on the screen is an ellipse. So, phase
angle
3
f = sin 1 = 36.9 or 143.1
5
We can see from the figure that ellipse is in second and
fourth quadrants so the valid value of phase angle is
143.1.
134. (b) Meter current, Im = Ifs
138. (a)
139. (d)
140. (a)
= 20000 W
141. (b) fs = 400 rad/s

For reconstruction in SH circuit for signal we keep
frequency fs/2 to have a linear phase response.
\ Sampling rate of signal =
142. (b)
31.6 = 50 1 - e t/T
400
= 200 rad/s
2
1 - et/T = 0.632
\ T = 1/2 hrs
5W
143. (b)
100 kW
XC
5 10-3
Voltage developed across voltmeter will be in

proportional to their resistance.
Rx
Rx + Rp
R1R m
(quite a low value)
R1 + R m
Variation in the value of Rx when Rx is in the high value
range, cause hardly any variation in Im and thus the
scale is highly cramped for high resistance values.
135. (b) In the following configuration
100 kW
100
R3 = 15000 W
and R p =
10 V rms
R1 =
R2 = 250 100 = 25000 W
where, Rx is unknown
100 kHz
10
= 4.38 V
2.28
VP
Ife
500 kW
0.55
Ife = I
0.55
1
1 = I
I = 10 mA
5 + 0.55
10
47
144. (a)
154. In a dual slope integrating type digital voltmeter.

\ Vin = Vref (t2/t1)
where t1 is the first integration line
t1 = 10 1/50 = 0.2 sec
Vm = 1 V
Vref = 2
X
1 25
d x = d l . FS =
= 2.5%
IA
10
145. (a)
Rint = 1 W 10 mA
M
10 V
10
R + 1 = 1000
R +1
R = 999 ohm (in series with first resistance)
10 10 -3 =
146.
E L 49.5
=
=
E0
50
t1
0.2
= 1
= 0.1 sec
Vref
2
t2 = Vin
From figure
155. Q =
1
ZL 10 MW
100 kW
1+
ZL
147. When p.f. < 0.5 one of the wattmeter reads negative power;
which is read after reversing the connections to the current
coil or pressure coil. Also by formula:
P -P
cos f = cos tan -1 3 1 2 = 0.277
P1 + P2
Lw 0
1
=
R
Cw 0 R
1
( 500 / 2) 10 -12 2p 107 10

104 10000
=
= 20
500
500
156. 0.5 mm/ohm.

R = 10 W L = 1 mH
157. (c)
where, P1 = 3 kW and P2 = 1 kW.

ei
V
58 10 -3 = 58 mV
P
149. v = 5 1 = 5 mV
148. g =
New resistance =
s2 +
5 111
10 mA
55
150. Voltage drop per unit length = 1.45/50 = 0.029 V/cm
Voltage drop across 70 cm. length = 0.029 70 = 2.03 V
\ Imax =
R
1
s+
=0
L
LC
s 2 + 2xwn s + wn2 = 0
2xwn =
2.03
\ Current through resistor = 1 W = 2.03A
wn =
151. No. of pulses = 5.75 100 = 575 pulses.

152. Total energy supplied by the source in one minute.
W = 3 1017 1.6 1019 10000
= 4.8 102 J = 480 J
\ Average power supplied to the beam = 480/60 = 8 W
300 1
100
= 3 may be present in any reading. Since the deflection is 83

V the present limiting error is
e0
C = 10 m F
The characteristics equation
5 .55 55
=
W
5.55 111
153. 1% accuracy means that a maximum possible error of
x=
R
L
1
LC
R
LC
= 0.5
L
2
e-px
Peak overshoot =
1 - x2
100%
= 16%
158. (a)
3
100 = 3.62
83

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CHAPTER

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS

MOVING ELEMENT SUPPORT

PERMANENT MAGNET MOVING COIL (PMMC) INSTRUMENT

Fig. 1: PMMC instrument

MOVING IRON TYPE INSTRUMENT

Fig. 2: Attraction type instrument

And controlling torque, Tc = K1 sin q

ELECTRODYNAMOM ETER TYP E INSTRU MENT

Fig. 3: Electrodynamometer instrument

This type of instrument is capable of measuring AC voltage and AC current as

INDU CTIO N TYPE INSTRUMENTS

Fig. 4: Induction type instrument

MEAS UREMENT OF VOLTAGE

Fig. 6: Voltmeter connection in circuit

MEASU REMENT OF CU RRENT

Fig. 7: Digital Voltmeter

Fig. 8: Circuit arrangement for Current

Fig. 9: Resistive Heating

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Fig. 10: Electrodynamometer type

Fig. 11: Induction type wattmeter

Induction Type Wattmeter

Fig. 12: Induction type energymeter

(a) Driving System

MEASUREMENT OF PO WER FA CTOR

Fig. 13: Electrodynamic type power

Let the deflecting torque in A = TA = kVIM max cos f sin q

Electrodynamic Type Power Factor Meter

Fig. 16: Potential transformer

Fig. 17: Wheatstone bridge

Fig. 18: Kelvins bridge

Kelvins Double Bridge

Fig. 19: Maxwells Induction Bridge

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Fig. 21: Vector diagram

Fig. 22: Desaultay Bridge

Fig. 23: Vector diagram

Fig. 24: Anderson bridge

POT ENTI OM ETER

A potentiometer is a three terminal device shown in fig. 26 which is used as a variable

Fig. 26: Potentiometer

Fig. 27: Ramp type voltmeter

Fig. 28: Timing diagram

Fig. 29: Potentiometric digital voltmeter

Ramp Type Voltmeter

A Multimeter is a measuring instrument which is used to measure several functions like

Fig. 30: Multimeter

PHASE AND FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT

Fig. 31: Phase difference

So, by calculating the number of oscillations of a signal or events which occur in

Fig. 32: Oscilloscopes

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SOME SOLVED EXAMPLES

Therefore, P = W1 + W2 = 10.5 + ( -2.5) = 8 W

f = tan -1 (2.81458) = 70.440

Power factor = cos f = cos 70.440 = 0.334

So, the measured power is

Current through galvanometer, I1 =

Multiplying factor power =

Solution : Given, uniform radial flux density, B = 200 10 -3 T

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The Q-meter works on the principle of