COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & ARCHITECTURAL

ENGINEERING

CVEN 214: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Chapter 1: STRESS
WAEL I. ALNAHHAL, Ph. D., P. Eng
Spring, 2015

Introduction
Mechanics of materials is a study of the relationship

between the external loads on a body and the

intensity of the internal loads within the body.
This subject also involves the deformations and
stability of a body when subjected to external forces.
Hence, this course will basically deal with loads,
deformations and the forces acting on the materials

Definition: Mechanics of materials or strength of materials is a branch of

applied mechanics that deals with the behaviour of solid bodies
subjected to various types of loading

Compression Tension (stretched) Bending

Torsion (twisted)

Shearing

Objectives

Objectives

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

External Forces
1. Surface Forces

- Caused by direct
contact of other bodys
surface
-Either concentrated or
distributed
2. Body Forces
- other body exerts a force

without contact
(gravitational force)

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Support Reactions
Surface forces developed at the supports/points of
contact between bodies.

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Equations of Equilibrium
Equilibrium of a body requires a balance
of forces and a balance of moments

F = 0

=0

For a body with x, y, z coordinate system

with origin O,

F = 0, F
M = 0,M
x

F
= 0,M

= 0,

y
y

=0

=0

Best way to account for these forces is

to draw the bodys Free-Body Diagram

(FBD).

Free Body Diagram (FBD)

A free body diagram is a graphic, symbolic

representation of a body with all connecting physical

"parts" removed and replaced by the applied external
forces and/or moments.
Loads, distributed or concentrated, are removed and
replaced with representational force system

Free Body Diagram (FBD)

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Internal Resultant Loadings
Objective of FBD is to determine the resultant force
and moment acting within a body.
In general, there are 4 different types of resultant
loadings:
a) Normal force, N
b) Shear force, V
c) Torsional moment or torque, T
d) Bending moment, M

Coplanar Loadings
Free Body Diagram

F = 0
for V , F = 0
for M , M = 0
for N ,

 Understand the concepts of normal and shear stress

Analyze and design of members subjected on axial load
or shear

Introduction
Stability and Deformations of a body depend on the
intensity of the external forces applied on the body as well
as the load carrying capacity of the body

Applied
External Load

Internal
Stresses

Determine Using Equilibrium

Equations

Deformations

Concept of Stress
Types of externally applied Loading

(a) Tensile (b) Compressive and (c) Shear Loading

Obtaining the distribution of internal loading (or force) is

of primary important in mechanics of materials.

To solve this problem its is necessary to establish the
concept of stress
Stress is the intensity of internal force at a specific
plane (area) passing through a point.

Concept Stress

Types of Stress
Stress is the intensity of internal force at a specific plane
(area) passing through a point.
1. Normal Stress,
The internal force per unit area acting normal to A
Fz
F
=z = lim
N / m 2 or pascal ( Pa )
A A0 A

2. Shear Stress,
The intensity of force per unit area
acting on a plane Tangent to A
Fx
F
Nm 2 or pascal ( Pa )
zx= = lim
A A0 A
Fy
F
Nm 2 or pascal ( Pa )
zy= = lim
A A0 A

Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar

When a cross-sectional area bar (long & slender

mechanical or structural element) is subjected to

axial force through the centroid, it is only subjected
to normal stress.
Stress is assumed to be averaged over the area.

Average Normal Stress in an Axially Loaded Bar

Average Normal Stress Distribution
When an axially loaded uniform bar is
subjected to a constant uniform deformation,

dF = dA
A

P = A
P
=
A
= average normal stress
P = resultant normal force
A = cross sectional area of
bar

Types of Normal Stress

For Vertical Equilibrium of Axially loaded bars
The two normal stress components Must be equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction

Maximum Average Stress

For a bar subjected to

several external loads

along its axis or a change
in its cross-sectional
area, as result , the
could be different from
one area to another on
the bar.
Determination of the
maximum P/A= is
very important in this
case

Procedure for Normal Stress Analysis

Generally, the equation

P
A

gives the average normal

stress due to internal force P

For axially loaded bars
Internal Loading determinations:
Section the members perpendicular to its longitudinal
axis at the point of interest
Use the necessary FBD and equilibrium equations to
determine the internal axial force P
Average Normal Stress determination:
Determine the A and compute the = P
A

Example 1.6
The bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm.
Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is
subjected to the loading shown.

Solution: Example 1.6

By inspection, different sections have different internal forces.

Solution: Example 1.6

Graphically, the normal force diagram is as shown.

By inspection, the largest loading is in region BC,

PBC = 30 kN
Since the cross-sectional area of the bar is
constant, the largest average normal stress is

PBC
=
=
BC
A

30 (103 )

= 85.7 x106 N/m 2 or 85.7MPa (Ans)

( 0.035)( 0.01)

Example 1.7

Example 1.7

Example 1.8
The casting is made of steel that has a specific weight of
st = 80 kN/m 3 . Determine the average compressive stress
acting at points A and B.

Solution: Example 1.8

By drawing a free-body diagram of the top segment,
the internal axial force P at the section is

+ Fz = 0;

P Wst = 0
P (80 )(0.8) (0.2 ) = 0
P = 8.042 kN
2

The average compressive stress becomes

8.042
P
2
=
64
.
0
kN/m
(Ans)
= =
2
A (0.2 )

Example 1.9

Example 1.9: Solution

Average Shear Stress

Shear Stress:The intensity of force

per unit area acting on a plane Tangent

to A
The average shear stress distributed over each

sectioned area that develops a shear force.

avg

V
=
A

= average shear stress at section

V = internal resultant shear force at the
section determine from equilibrium equations
A = area at that section

Two Different types of shear

a) Single Shear connections: e.g lap joints

b) Double Shear-surfaces: eg double lap-joints

Shear Equilibrium

Procedure for Shear Stress Analysis

Generally, the equation

V
A

is used to compute the

average shear stress in materials via the steps below:
Internal Shear Stress determinations:
Section the member at the point of interest
Draw the necessary FBD and use the equilibrium
equations to determine the internal shear force V
Average Normal Stress determination:
V

=
Determine the A and compute the
A

Example 1.10

Example 1.10

Example 1.10

Example 1.10

Example 1.12
The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 3000 N. Determine
the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of contact defined by AB
and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by
EDB.

Solution:

The compressive forces acting on the areas of contact

are

+ Fx = 0;

+ Fy = 0;

FAB 3000( 53 ) = 0 FAB = 1800 N

FBC 3000( 54 ) = 0 FBC = 2400 N

Solution: Example 1.12

The shear force acting on the sectioned horizontal plane
EDB is

+ Fx = 0;

V = 1800 N

Average compressive stresses along the AB and BC planes are

1800
= 1.80 N/mm 2 (Ans)
(25)(40)
2400
=
= 1.20 N/mm 2 (Ans)
(50)(40)

AB =
BC

Average shear stress acting on the BD plane is

avg =

1800
= 0.60 N/mm 2 (Ans)
(75)(40)

Allowable Stress
Many unknown factors that influence the actual

stress in a member.
A factor of safety is needed to obtained allowable
load.
The factor of safety (F.S.) is a ratio of the failure
load divided by the allowable load
F .S =

F fail
Fallow

fail
F .S =
allow
fail
F .S =
allow

Example 1.14
The control arm is subjected to the loading. Determine to the nearest 5 mm the
required diameter of the steel pin at C if the allowable shear stress for the steel is
allowable = 55 MPa . Note in the figure that the pin is subjected to double shear.

Solution: Example 1.14

For equilibrium we have

+ M C = 0;

+ F x = 0;

+ F y = 0;

FAB (0.2 ) = 15(0.075) 25( 53 )(0.125) = 0 FAB = 15 kN

15 C x + 25( 54 ) = 0 C x = 5 kN

C y 15 25( 53 ) = 0 C y = 30 kN

Solution: Example 1.14

The pin at C resists the resultant force at C. Therefore,

FC =

(5)2 + (30)2

= 30.41 kN

The pin is subjected to double shear, a shear force of 15.205 kN acts over its crosssectional area between the arm and each supporting leaf for the pin.
The required area is

A=

allowable

15.205
2
6
276
.
45
10
m
=
=

55 103

d
2
d = 18.8 mm

= 246.45 mm 2

Use a pin with a diameter of d = 20 mm. (Ans)

Example 1.17
The rigid bar AB supported by a steel rod AC having a diameter of 20 mm and an
aluminum block having a cross sectional area of 1800 mm2. The 18-mm-diameter
pins at A and C are subjected to single shear. If the failure stress for the steel and
aluminum is ( st ) fail = 680 MPa
a & ( al ) fail = 70 MPa respectively, and the failure

shear stress for each pin is fail = 900 MPa , determine the largest load P that can
be applied to the bar. Apply a factor of safety of F.S. = 2.

Solution: Example 1.17

The allowable stresses are

( st )allow =

( st ) fail

680
= 340 MPa
F .S .
2
( al ) fail 70
( al )allow =
= = 35 MPa
2
F .S .
fail 900
=
= 450 MPa
allow =
F .S . 2
=

There are three unknowns and we apply the equations of equilibrium,

+ M B = 0;

+ M A = 0;

P(1.25) FAC (2 ) = 0

(1)

FB (2 ) P(0.75) = 0

(2)

Solution: Example 1.17

We will now determine each value of P that creates the allowable stress in the rod,
block, and pins, respectively.

For rod AC,

Using Eq. 1,

( )[

Using Eq. 2,

(
106.8)(2 )
P=
= 171 kN
1.25

For block B,

FAC = ( st )allow ( AAC ) = 340 106 (0.01) = 106.8 kN

( )[

)]

FB = ( al )allow AB = 35 106 1800 10 6 = 63.0 kN

(
63.0 )(2 )
P=
= 168 kN
0.75

Solution: Example 1.17

For pin A or C,

2
6
=
=
=
V F=

A
450
10

0.009
( ) ( ) 114.5 kN
AC
allow

Using Eq. 1, P = (114.5)(2 ) = 183 kN

1.25

When P reaches its smallest value (168 kN), it develops the allowable normal
stress in the aluminium block. Hence,

P = 168 kN (Ans)

READING QUIZ
1.

What is the normal stress in the bar if P=10

kN and 500mm?
a)

0.02 kPa

b)

20 Pa

c)

20 kPa

d)

200 N/mm

e)

20 MPa

READING QUIZ (cont)

2.

What is the average shear stress in the

internal vertical surface AB (or CD), if
F=20kN, and AAB=ACD=1000mm?
a)

20 N/mm

b)

10 N/mm

c)

10 kPa

d)

200 kN/m

e)

20 MPa

CONCEPT QUIZ
1) The thrust bearing is subjected to the loads as shown.
Determine the order of average normal stress
developed on cross section through BC and D.

a)

C>B>D

b)

C>D>B

c)

B>C>D

d)

D>B>C