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STEEL CONSTRUCTION:
APPLIED STABILITY
1. INTRODUCTION
Even when deflections are assumed to be small, stability problems are always non-linear,
in the sense that the equilibrium equations and boundary conditions must be established
2. METHOD OF VIANELLO
Vianello's method is an iterative procedure which may be used to determine
approximately the critical buckling load and mode of continuous or discrete structural
systems acted on by a set of loads that may be expressed in terms of a single load
parameter (proportional loading). The method is based directly on the differential
equation (system of simultaneous equations) of equilibrium of the system, which means
that it does not involve energy concepts. The application of the method consists of the
following steps:
(i) Make an initial estimate of the deflected configuration associated with the critical
buckling mode of the structure, which must satisfy the kinematic boundary conditions.
This initial estimate is a vector (discrete systems) or a function (continuous systems).
(ii) Based upon this assumed configuration calculate the internal forces in terms of the
unknown buckling loading parameter . These internal forces are concentrated forces
and/or moments (discrete systems) or bending moments (continuous systems).
(iii) Using a standard linear analysis determine the deflected configuration produced by
the internal forces calculated in (ii). This new deflected configuration, which depends
on , constitutes an improved approximation of the critical buckling mode of the
structure. The linear analysis involves the solution of a system of simultaneous
equilibrium equations (discrete or discretized systems) or of a differential equation
(continuous systems).
(iv) Equate the assumed and calculated deflections mentioned in (i) and (iii) to obtain
upper and lower bounds and an estimate of the critical value of the load parameter cr.
In discrete systems the upper (lower) bound of cr is the larger (small) value of
required to equalize a pair of corresponding non-zero components of the vectors
defining the assumed and calculated deflections. A possible estimate of is required to
equalize the values of the functions defining the assumed and calculated deflections at
a point of non-zero value. These bounds are often rather difficult to calculate and only
an estimate of cr is determined, which is the value of required to equalize the
functions at a specified point.
(v) Repeat the process using as initial estimate the shape of the deflection calculated in the
previous iteration. Stop whenever the desired accuracy is achieved. It is often
convenient, for numerical reasons, to normalize the calculated deflection before using
it as the initial estimate in the next iteration. The accuracy of the solution is measured
either by the difference between the upper and lower bounds or by the proximity of the
consecutive estimates of cr.
It can be shown that the process converges to the critical instability mode, therefore
allowing the calculation of the critical buckling load parameter cr.
3.2 Concepts
In order to apply Newmark's method it is necessary to divide the beam into several equal
segments. Each division point is referred to as a station. The number of stations must
enable a good description of the beam, loads and supporting conditions. When the loading
consists of concentrated loads acting at the stations, the method determines the shears in
the segments and the moments at the stations exactly. The shears are determined by
summing algebraically the loads along the beam and the bending moments are found by
adding or subtracting the product of successive shears and the lengths of the segments
over which they act. When the value of the shear or moment is not known at any point
along the beam, the calculations may be continued on the basis of some arbitrary chosen
value (usually zero), with a linear or constant correction added later to the resulting
moments (shears).
When the beam is acted on by distributed loads they must be replaced by equivalent
concentrated loads acting at the stations. Physically, these loads represent the reactions of
a series of hypothetical weightless stringers coinciding with the segments and interposed
between the loads and the beam (see Figure 1). The stringer reactions are equivalent to the
distributed loads in the sense that they produce the same shears and bending moments at
the stations. The formulae for computing the equivalent concentrated loads are exact
respectively for linear and parabolic loading distributions, and approximate for higher
order distributions. The formulae for end stations must also be used whenever there is a
jump in the magnitude or slope of the applied load.
4. METHOD OF VIANELLO-NEWMARK
Whenever Vianello's method is applied to axially loaded columns and step (iii) is
performed by means of Newmark's method, one has the method of Vianello-Newmark.
Concerning step (ii), i.e. the computation of the values of the bending moments at the
stations in terms of the load parameter and on the basis of the initial estimate of the
buckling mode, the following procedure is applicable, which is exact provided that all the
axial loads are concentrated at the stations:
(i) Calculate the axial forces (N) in the segments in terms of the axial loads (P) which may
be expressed in terms of a single load parameter . If the column is statically
indeterminate in the axial direction the values of N must be determined by means of a
suitable method (e.g. force method).
(ii) Calculate the values of deflection minus the increment in deflection taking place in
each segment, on the basis of the initial estimate (yij = yi - yj). This sign convention is
adopted so that all the quantities may still be added when proceeding from left to right
across the beam and subtracted in the opposite case.
(iii) Calculate the increment in bending moment due to the axial force taking place in each
segment (Mij = Nij yij).
(iv) Calculate the bending moments, due to the axial forces, at the stations (M) by adding
or subtracting the values of M. These bending moments do not include the influence
of the support reactions, and therefore, need to be corrected whenever this influence is
present.
(v) Perform the appropriate corrections on the bending moments calculated in (iv). These
corrections are identical to the ones discussed in the previous chapter and lead to exact
5. EQUILIBRIUM CONFIGURATIONS
The methods of Vianello and Vianello-Newmark may also be used to determine
equilibrium configurations of geometrically imperfect or transversally loaded columns
under the action of specified axial loads. Only the method of Vianello-Newmark is
discussed below. Vianello's method can be applied only in very simple cases.
For instance, the behaviour of a beam-column is given by the solution of the following
differential equation (N piecewise constant):
(5)
The application of the method of Vianello-Newmark consists of an iterative procedure
which requires an initial guess of the deflected shape of the beam-column. It converges to
the corresponding exact shape y(x). Each iteration involves the solution of the following
two equations:
=q
=
(6)
(7)
Equation (6) is a standard linear analysis and only needs to be solved once, since yI (x) is
the same in all iterations. Equation (7) strongly resembles the eigenvalue-eigenfunction
problem dealt with before, the difference residing in the fact that the axial forces are now
due to known applied forces. The amplitude of the initial estimates of the deflected shape
must, therefore, be controlled by a factor , determined at the end of each iteration by the
condition
(8)
where n is the number of stations. This condition imposes a similarity between the initial
and calculated deflected shapes, in the sense that the sum of their station values must be
the same.
If the initial imperfection consists of an eccentricity e0 of all the applied loads, then yI (x)
is the solution of (N piecewise constant):
Finally, it should be mentioned that the method will diverge if the axial loading parameter
is larger than the corresponding critical value cr.
6. CONCLUDING SUMMARY
This lecture dealt with the use of iterative methods to solve stability problems,
namely the determination of critical loads and equilibrium configurations.
The basic idea of these methods was introduced by Vianello and consists of
replacing the solution of a non-linear problem by the solution of a convergent
sequence of linear problems.
The method of Vianello is used to calculate critical buckling loads of discrete and
continuous systems. However, in the case of continuous systems the method is
only applicable to rather simple problems.
Combining the method of Vianello and Newmark's integration technique, it is
possible to establish an efficient method to calculate critical loads and determine
equilibrium configurations of axially loaded columns.
The Vianello-Newmark method is particularly useful in the presence of nonstandard features such as distributed axial loads, variable bending stiffness, or
complex boundary conditions.
7. ADDITIONAL READING
1. Newmark, N.M. - "Numerical Procedures for Computing Deflections, Moments
and Buckling Loads", Transactions ASCE, Vol. 108, 1943.
2. Timoshenko, S.P. and Gere, J.M. - "Theory of Elastic Stability", McGraw-Hill,
New York, 1961.
3. Bleich, F. - "Buckling Strength of Metal Structures", McGraw-Hill, 1952.
4. Allen, A.G. and Bulson, P.E. - "Background to Buckling", McGraw-Hill (UK),
1980.
5. Lind. N.C. - "Numerical Analysis of Structural Elements", Solid Mechanics
Division, University of Waterloo Press, Canada, 1982.
6. Chen, W.F. and Lui, E.M. - "Structural Stability-Theory and Implementation",
Elsevier Science Publishing Co, New York, 1987.