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SINKING
Horadium Method
Stepwise Benching
Alimak Raising
The
easiest
way
to
line
a
sha;
is
with
rock-bol0ng
and
meshing.
A
wire
mesh
is
fastened
to
the
walls
with
evenly
spaced
rock
bolts.
For
ver0cal
sha;s
ring
shaped
beams
called
ribs
are
usually
also
added
to
support
increasing
horizontal
stresses
as
the
sha;
moves
down.
Rock
bol0ng
is
a
commonly
used,
cheap
method.
The
rock-bolts
increase
normal
stresses
on
joints
so
that
shear
failure
along
joints
becomes
more
dicult.
Cast-in-place
lining
It
is
possible
to
cast
concrete
rings
as
the
sha;
sink
progresses.
This
is
commonly
done
in
combina0on
with
a
V-mole
or
sha;
boring
machine.
Generally
temporary
rock
bolts
and
mesh
are
s0ll
required
close
to
the
cuEng
head.
Then,
on
a
second
oor
of
the
sha;
boring
machine,
an
L-shaped
casing
is
posi0oned
which
is
then
lled
from
a
hose
transpor0ng
concrete
from
a
surface
plant.
This
method
provides
a
smooth,
water0ght
and
permanent
lining
for
the
sha;.
The
casing
can
be
reinforced
to
cope
with
horizontal
stresses
(i.e.
ring-
shaped
reinforcement)
making
the
casing
elements
more
economical,
and
in
this
case
the
reinforcement
is
well
protected
by
the
concrete.
Some
aYen0on
should
be
given
to
connec0ng
the
elements
with
rubber
proles
to
prevent
water
inows.
The
Italian
ground
treatment
manufacturer
Soilmec
has
successfully
used
the
forepoling
method
in
rock
for
the
stabiliza0on
of
tunnels.
It
has
come
into
common
prac0ce
for
tunnelling,
also
given
the
name
Boodex
by
Atlas
Copco.
In
the
case
of
Soilmec,
the
method
uses
Tubex
technology
to
drill
a
ring
of
piles
about
12
metres
long
at
a
slight
incline
around
the
tunnel
face.
The
ring
forms
an
umbrella
to
support
the
next
nine
metres
of
excava0on,
before
a
new
ring
of
piles
was
installed.
The
method
described
above
is
typical
for
tunnelling,
but
has
also
been
used
ver0cally
for
sha;
drilling.
The
limited
length
of
piles
means
the
forepoling
or
Boodex
machine
has
to
be
used
from
within
the
sha;
along
with
conven0onal
drilling
and
blas0ng
or
mechanical
excava0on
for
the
removing
rock
and
soil.
Sha;s
up
to
4.5m
have
been
commonly
drilled
around
the
world
with
pre-cast
lining
posi0oned
during
or
a;er
workings.
A
large
diameter
steel
pile
is
o;en
used
because
it
is
strong
and
smooth
and
can
easily
be
lowered
or
driven
into
the
ground.
Concrete
can
then
be
poured
behind
the
walls
to
create
the
lining.
It
is
common
to
insert
the
steel
pile
during
drilling
in
clay
soils
which
tend
to
collapse,
but
also
have
low
fric0on
making
pile
driving
easy.
In
sands,
mudstone
and
sandstone,
steel,
pre-
stressed
concrete
or
composite
liners
with
a
smaller
diameter
than
the
sha;
are
lowered
a;er
drilling
out
the
hole.
The
space
behind
the
piles
is
then
lled
with
grout
to
ensure
a
close
t
with
the
surrounding
soils.
Caisson
sinking
Wall
elements
that
are
smaller
than
the
sha;
diameter
can
be
dropped
into
the
sha;
as
it
progresses,
or
upon
comple0on.
However,
this
means
the
sha;
must
be
supported
by
mesh
or
drilling
uids
during
construc0on.
As
an
alterna0ve,
it
may
be
possible
to
push
down
a
lining
as
work
progresses,
in
combina0on
with
sha;
excava0on,
and
only
lubricate
behind
the
sha;
wall.
Wall
elements
are
added
from
the
top
avoiding
the
need
for
any
workers
down
the
sha;,
and
providing
easy
access
to
the
work.
A
slip
form
lining
can
be
used,
allowing
a
con0nuous
poor
of
concrete,
or
pre-cast
elements
can
be
added
piece
by
piece.
The
most
problema0c
unstable
areas
in
overburden
are
commonly
encountered
near
the
bedrock
(hard
rock
base).
Con0nuous
ground
water
ow
and
movement
of
rock
layers
results
in
abundant
fracturing
and
weathering
at
this
loca0on.
Grou0ng
is
tradi0onally
performed
from
inside
the
sha;
in
combina0on
with
conven0onal
sha;
sinking.
To
get
workmen
out
of
the
sha;,
it
is
also
possible
to
grout
from
the
surface.
Rotary
percussive
drills
are
used
to
get
to
the
required
depth
where
packers
or
tubes-a-
mancheYe
are
used
to
inject
grout
at
high
pressure.
The
aim
of
this
grou0ng
is
to:
Decrease
permeability
and
thus
stop
water
ows
Increase
normal
stress
on
joint
planes,
thereby
increasing
shear
strength.
Increase
cohesion
on
joint
surfaces
by
replacing
so;
materials
and
forming
a
chemical
bond
with
the
rock
surface.
Freezing
Instead
of
crea0ng
a
grout
curtain
wall,
an
freezing
provides
an
alterna0ve
method
to
harden
the
ground.
This
is
common
prac0ce
in
Germany,
North
America
and
Canada.
The
primary
factor
aec0ng
ground
freezing
is
the
speed
of
groundwater
ow.
Other
factors
are
water
temperature
and
salinity
of
the
groundwater.
Groundwater
ows
are
usually
limited
in
greeneld
sites,
but
exis0ng
mine
developments
usually
have
some
form
of
groundwater
pumping
in
eect.
Because
of
the
heat
transport
that
accompanies
groundwater
ow,
it
will
cost
extra
0me
to
freeze
the
groundwater,
and
it
may
even
be
impossible
to
create
a
complete
ice
curtain.
The
problem
with
groundwater
ow
is
increased
if
the
groundwater
table
is
very
low.
To
create
a
frozen
curtain
wall
at
low
depths,
the
groundwater
table
should
be
raised.
Unfortunately
the
raising
of
the
groundwater
table
implies
groundwater
ows
away
from
the
sha;,
making
freezing
dicult.
The
ow
rate
may
be
limited
in
soil
strata
because
of
the
large
amount
of
pore
space
par0al
satura0on
will
be
enough
to
strengthen
the
soil.
In
fractured
rocks
full
satura0on
will
be
required,
and
pumping
will
induce
high
ow
veloci0es,
making
freezing
impossible.