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Recent Improvements
in K-Factor Models
Yixin Zhang
NEETRAC, Georgia Institute of Technology
2014 IEEE PES Panel Session
Discussions on IEEE Std.4-2013: High-Voltage Testing Techniques
Recorded Curve
Residual Curve
10
11
12
EP
0.15m
0.5m
0.8
k (pu)
1.0m
2.0m
2.5m
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
3
10
10
10
10
10
10
f (Hz)
Family of the test voltage function (K-factor) curves for rod plate samples with
different air gap spaces. The larger the gap space is, the smaller the K-factor
Is. Air gap may not be an issue for UHV apparatus under lightning impulse.
However, for nonhomogenous air gap with spaces larger than 0.15 m, the current Kfactor does not perfectly represent the dielectric breakdown behaviour. Therefore, more
work needs to be done in this area.
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14
15
16
17
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SUMMARY
The current K-factor function in IEC 60060 and IEEE 4
standards is an improvement on impulse voltage test
parameter calculation that produces more consistent test
voltage peak values worldwide for impulse waveforms with
overshoot (Note If not the most, a lot of impulse voltage
tests do not have overshoot issue)
K-factor function needs to be enhanced for higher test voltage
levels under different dielectric media and different electric
field homogeneity
We should work more closely with the related apparatus
standard committees in the future. Ideally, these committees,
not HVTT, would specify impulse time parameters, overshoot,
and new K-factor functions for their related apparatus
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Thank you!
References:
[1] Garnacho F. et. al: Evaluation of lightning impulse voltages based on
experimental results. Electra No. 204, October 2002.
[2] Okabe, S., Tsuboi, T. and Ueta, G., "Comprehensive Evaluation of theKfactor Values in the Lightning Impulse Voltage Test Techniques for UHVclass Electric Power Equipment", IEEE Trans. Dielectrics and Electrical
Insulation, Vol. 19, No.3, pp. 812-820, 2012
[3] Garnacho F. et. al: Procedures to Determine k-Factor Function for Air
Gaps ", IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol.28 Issue:2 April 2013
[4] Li, Y. et.al: Past, present and future of IEC and IEEE high-voltage and
high-current testing standards CIGRE D1.35 Brochure, to be published in
2014~2015