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Nishant Singh
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Rakesh Sinha
Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
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Feature Article
Introduction
Stress has a psychological origin and/or is due to mental
mode under different events and abnormalities1 that affect
several physiological processes.2,3 Stress triggers the autonomic
nervous system (ANS) in which parasympathetic nervous
system (PNS) is suppressed and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is activated. This activation and suppression of
the ANS cause the release of hormones in bloodstream responsible for vasoconstriction and alterations in blood pressure and heart rate. However, when stress is no longer present,
the sympathovagal balance is established through homeostasis between the SNS and PNS.4 With the applications
of advanced functional imaging devices and with mental
chronometric techniques,5 it is now established that the
degree of zonal cerebral activation is correlated with the
degree of mental stress or effort,6 which is also responsible
for modulating the autonomic responses.7,8 Furthermore,
it can be suggested that the unidirectional continuous goal
directed eye gaze may produce mental effort, and the firing
of the cortical neurons of the parietal and occipital region of
the brain is highly correlated with the visual information.9-11
A number of methods have been suggested in stress measurement through speech, salivary amylase, oxygen saturation in arteries, skin temperature fluctuations, heartbeat rate,
blood pressure, electrodermal activity, and pressure at fingertips.1 In this, the heart rate variability (HRV) as an indicator of the dynamic interaction and balance between the
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems2 has been widely
accepted in stress assessment. For the change in heart rate,
explained as alterations in activation of sympathetic activity,
in evaluating the sleep stages,3 concentration meditation1,2
has already been proposed. Furthermore, the spectral analysis method has also been suggested in understanding the
state of ANS and its use in assessing the HRV.3 These works
have demonstrated that significant alteration in autonomic
parameters occurs with the mental efforts. But the literature on the analysis of variation in autonomic responses
due to visual and/or eye gaze parameters is still virtually
nonexistent.
In the present work, therefore, efforts have been made
to analyze the effects of prolonged eye gaze on a specific
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Feature Article
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Feature Article
an index of autonomic neural control of cardiopulmonary
system. Furthermore, the calculated tachogram is used for
HRV analyses with the help of HRVAS,13 using different
techniques, which includes analysis in time domain, frequency domain, time-frequency domain, and nonlinear
methods to estimate the fluctuations in the heart rate13-16
for both the eye fixation and relax condition.
Interpolated HRV Estimation
For the present work, a total of 200 trials (100 each for gaze
and relax periods) for the 5 subjects using Acknowledge
4.0 (Biopac Inc) have been used. A threshold level of 0.5 V
was decided for the selection of R-wave peaks. It was used
for the calculation of interpolated HRV (IHRV) and interpolated PPG (IPPG) from ECG and PPG signals at 8-Hz
spline resampling frequency, respectively, by a linear interpolation method. The trials of IHRV and IPPG were normalized to keep their origin at 1 point. It was achieved by
subtracting digital values of the trials with their fifth digital
value. Furthermore, the average of these normalized trials
were calculated and plotted for mean IHRVand mean IPPG
analysis both for eye gaze (30 seconds) and relax condition
(10 seconds).
Time-Domain Analysis
Parameters included in the time-domain method are mean
RR interval, SD of RR interval series (SDNN), SD of the
heart rate, root mean square of the successive differences
in RR time series (RMSSD), triangular index (TI), and triangular interpolation of the RR interval histogram (TiNN).
These parameters are calculated as follows:
SDNN
SDHR
s
;
1 N
~ RRj RR2
N 1 j1
v
u N
; 2
u
u~
60000=RRj HR
t
j1
N 1
s
2
1 N1
RMSSD
~ RRj1 RRj
N 1 j1
TI
N
Y
75
N
N
5
2 4
~ Cos2 2f t n
~ Sin2 2f t n
n1
n1
where, X and 2 are the mean and variance of the time series and
0 N
1
~ Sin4Pft n
B n1
C
C
T tan1 B
@N
A
~ Cos4Pft n
n1
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Feature Article
calculation is the integration of RR interval time series
of length N.
k h
;
yk ~ RRi RR
(7
i1
r
1 N
~ yk yn k 2
N k1
j1k1
X k ~ xj!N
j1
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b ~ Kik 1
1 e k e M:
10
i1
11
In the present work, the widely used fuzzy C means algorithm18 is applied. The algorithm is based on reducing
the Euclidian distance between data points and cluster prototypes (centers). This is achieved by the minimization of
the following objective function.19
C
J U ; P : Z ~ ~ K ik m d ik 2
i1
12
k1
13
j1
jj Z k V i jj
jj Z k V j jj
2 #1
14
V i ~ Kik m Z k
k1
M
15
~ Kik m
k1
Feature Article
In the present work, fuzzy clustering has been applied
to distinguish between the rest and eye gaze based on
the features extracted from frequency spectrum, that is,
Fourier coefficients.
Kohonen Neural Network
The KNN is one of the most widely used neural networks
based on unsupervised learning algorithm. It utilizes the
concept of self-organizing feature mapping by using a
similarity index to cluster a set of data points. The similarity index is generally derived using the Euclidian distance
computation. Similar to the fuzzy clustering approach, the
features extracted from Fourier spectrum are used as an
input to the KNN. The 2-layered network learns by identifying similarities in the input patterns and modifies itself
to the future presentation of these patterns. A set of similar
input vectors is recognized such that only that neuron responds, which contains information closer to the input.
For a network performing the clustering of data points in
n dimension into m clusters, the weights connecting the
input and output layer are initialized by random numbers.
For every presentation of the input pattern xi, the Euclidean
distance dj is calculated
16
k1
17
Results
At first, the HRV/IHRV data have been analyzed for all
the parameters, and then the IHRV was used for the feature extraction and classification purposes.
Analysis of HRV
The summarized results of the HRV analysis are presented
in the Table. The relatively higher mean RR interval and
the lower SDNN have been observed for all the 5 subjects
during the gaze duration as compared with the relax condition. However, for RMSSD, TI and TiNN lower values
have been achieved during the eye fixation period, although
marginal higher values have been obtained from S2 and
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Feature Article
TABLE. Variations in the Parameters for Gaze/Relax Condition Using Different HRV Analysis Techniques
Sl No.
1
Subjects
Heart Rate
Variability
Analysis
S1
(Gaze/Relax)
S2
(Gaze/Relax)
S3
(Gaze/Relax)
S4
(Gaze/Relax)
S5
(Gaze/Relax)
709.8/700.6
776/767.5
833.6/808.4
871.3/861.1
901.8/865.6
66.6/86.6
86.3/108.3
57.7/85.4
68.6/124.9
89.3/115.7
8.1/13.3
10.2/14.1
4.3/14.2
8.3/15.9
8.8/14.1
65.1/109.5
101.2/146.2
67.8/112.1
75.8/152.6
100.4/148.2
4.7/5.2
3.8/3.1
3.6/3.2
3.4/2.8
4.5/5.1
TiNN, ms
230.6/279.7
230.6/239.1
193.6/185.6
165.0/186.3
319.2/347.3
Frequency
domain
LF, nu
0.441/0.458
0.406/0.428
0.477/0.442
0.346/0.351
0.483/0.451
HF, nu
0.559/0.542
0.594/0.572
0.523/0.558
0.654/0.649
0.517/0.549
Time-frequency
VLF, ms2
580.4/800.2 1,405.1/955.4
518.7/697.8
858.5/3,187.2
1,406.6/1,435.1
LF, nu
0.455/0.461
0.421/0.445
0.461/0.451
0.358/0.428
0.525/0.446
HF, nu
0.545/0.539
0.579/0.555
0.539/0.549
0.642/0.572
0.475/0.554
LF/HF
0.835/0.855
0.727/0.801
0.854/0.822
0.559/0.748
1.105/0.834
SD1, ms
46.0/77.6
71.6/103.6
48.0/79.4
53.6/108.1
71.1/18.8
SD2, ms
82.2/94.8
98.8/112.9
66.1/9.0
80.9/139.7
104.4/31.8
SD1/SD2
0.559/0.818
0.724/0.917
0.776/0.872
0.662/0.773
0.681/0.591
Detrended
fluctuation
analysis
>1
0.921/0.867
0.679/0.713
0.849/0.717
0.757/0.884
0.874/0.932
>2
0.670/0.545
0.865/0.357
0.719/0.422
1.071/0.703
0.707/0.785
Sample
entropy
SE
2.225/2.232
1.990/1.591
1.648/1.927
1.819/1.605
2.522/2.216
Time domain
Parameter
Mean RR
interval, ms
SDNN, ms
SD of the heart
rate, beats/min
RMSSD, ms
TI
Poincare
analysis
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Feature Article
FIGURE 3. Poincare
analysis during (A) gaze period and (B) rest period, where IBI is interbeat interval.
Discussion
Since the last several decades, cardiac activities have been
used as an important tool to monitor the mental effort
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Feature Article
FIGURE 4. Detrended uctuation analysis during (A) gaze condition and (B) rest condition.
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Feature Article
FIGURE 5. Mean pulse rate variability under eye gaze of 30 seconds followed by 10 seconds relaxation period (n = 5, 100 trials).
FIGURE 6. Mean HRV under eye gaze of 30 seconds followed by 10 seconds relaxation period (n = 5, 100 trials).
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Feature Article
FIGURE 7. Three-dimensional features extracted from the Fourier spectrum of the HRV under different trials of eye gaze movement (circle)
and rest condition (dot). The arrow refers to the feature vectors that have been misclassied using fuzzy C means clustering.
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Mental efforts and stressors cause increase in SNS and decrease in PNS activity that can be realized with the increase
in LF and decrease in HF resulting in the increase in LF/HF,
like in most of the mental arithmetic tasks. Furthermore,
mental tasks such as perceptual illusion and focused attention have also been shown with PNS activation or PNS/SNS
activation. Overall, mental efforts are shown to enhance
the SNS activity, which is reflected by reduced total power
and increase in LF along with decrease in HF.30,36 Thus,
the LF/HF is task dependent and differs with individuals.
With the aim of classification between the resting and
the stresses condition, classifiers based on fuzzy clustering
and KNN have been proposed to identify the IHRV data
to extract the features for classification for all the trials.
The application of frequency spectrum-based features revealed the significance of LF subbands in the clustering
process. A wide disparity in the feature corresponding to
the lowest subband was observed between the gaze and
relax condition for all the subjects. An accuracy of 98% was
achieved for both the classifiers with the lowest subband.
Conclusions
Mental stress is a huge problem in todays society and can
be developed in a number of day-to-day activities and enhances the SNS and decreases the PNS activity but task
dependent. With these findings, it has been understood
that the continuous eye gazeYinduced mental stress influences
the ANS. The accuracy in feature classification obtained
from the frequency analysis of the HRV was found to be
98% in the lowest subband, which favors its practical implementation in evaluating the mental stress level.
Mental efforts cause alterations in increase in SNS and
decrease in PNS activity. Furthermore, mental tasks such
as perceptual illusion and focused attention have also been
shown with PNS activation or PNS/SNS activation. Overall,
mental efforts are shown to enhance the SNS activity, which
is reflected by reduced total power and increase in LF along
Volume 39 & Number 2 & April/June 2014
Feature Article
with decrease in HF.30,36 Thus, the LF/HF is task dependent
and differs with individuals.
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