Ex.

No: 2
Date

DIGITAL MODULATION

AIM
To design Binary Frequency Shift Keying and Binary Phase Shift Keying in Digital
Modulation Technique.
SOFTWARE TOOL REQUIRED

MATLAB Version 7.1

THEORY
INTRODUCTION
Digital modulation system represents a small set of abstract symbols, e.g., 0 and 1 for a
binary transmission system. In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a
digital bit stream. Digital modulation methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion,
and the corresponding demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. The changes in
the carrier signal are chosen from a finite number of M alternative symbols.
The most fundamental digital modulation techniques are:
ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a
carrier wave.
FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) data is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of
a carrier wave.
PSK (Phase Shift Keying) conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of a
reference signal.
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) conveys two digital bit streams by changing
the amplitudes of two carrier waves, using the amplitude-shift keying (ASK) digital
modulation scheme.

BINARY FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

Frequency shift keying (FSK) is one of several techniques used to transmit a digital
signal on an analogue transmission medium.In a binary FSK system, symbols 1 and 0 are
distinguished from each other by transmitting one of two sinusoidal waves that differ in
frequency by a fixed amount. The frequency of a sine wave carrier is shifted up or down to
represent either a single binary value or a specific bit pattern. The simplest form of frequency
shift keying is called binary frequency shift keying (BFSK), in which the binary logic values one
and zero are represented by the carrier frequency being shifted above or below the centre
frequency. In conventional BFSK systems, the higher frequency represents a logic high (one)
and is referred to as the mark frequency. The lower frequency represents a logic low (zero) and is
called the space frequency. The two frequencies are equi-distant from the centre frequency. A
typical BFSK output waveform is shown below.

ADVANTAGES

FSK is less susceptible to errors than ASK.

FSK is a constant envelope modulation.
FSK can be detected based on relative frequency changes between symbol states and thus
does not require absolute frequency accuracy.

DISADVANTAGES

FSK is slightly less bandwidth efficient compared to ASK and PSK.

The bit/symbol error rate performance of FSK is worse than PSK.

APPLICATIONS

Over voice lines.

Used in high frequency radio transmission.
Caller ID.
Remote Metering applications.

OTHER FORMS OF FSK

Minimum-shift keying
Minimum frequency-shift keying or minimum-shift keying (MSK) is a particular
spectrally efficient form of coherent FSK. In MSK the difference between the higher and lower
frequency is identical to half the bit rate.
Audio FSK
Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK) is a modulation technique by which digital data is
represented by changes in the frequency (pitch) of an audio tone, yielding an encoded signal
suitable for transmission via radio or telephone. Normally, the transmitted audio alternates
between two tones: one, the "mark", represents a binary one; the other, the "space", represents a
binary zero.

BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING

BPSK (also sometimes called PRK, phase reversal keying, or 2PSK) is the simplest form
of phase shift keying (PSK). It uses two phases which are separated by 180 and so can also be
termed 2-PSK. It does not particularly matter exactly where the constellation points are
positioned.
In the case of BPSK, the phase is changed to represent the data signal. There are two
fundamental ways of utilizing the phase of a signal in this way:

By viewing the phase itself as conveying the information, in which case the demodulator
must have a reference signal to compare the received signal's phase against; or

By viewing the change in the phase as conveying information differential schemes,

some of which do not need a reference carrier (to a certain extent).
This modulation is the most robust of all the PSKs since it takes the highest level of noise

or distortion to make the demodulator reach an incorrect decision. It is, however, only able to
modulate at 1 bit/symbol (as seen in the figure) and so is unsuitable for high data-rate
applications.

ADVANTAGES

It requires more bandwidth.

Less susceptible to interference.
Power efficient.
The system is simple.

DISADVANTAGES

Transmitted power is low.

Low bandwidth efficiency.

APPLICATION

Wireless LAN standard.

Used in RFID.
Biometric passports.
Low speed communications

RESULT
Thus BFSK and BPSK modulation technique was designed and the output was verified
successfully