Frequency response of a

Low pass filter & High pass filter

By definition, a low-pass filter is a circuit offering easy passage to low-frequency
signals and difficult passage to high-frequency signals.
All low-pass filters are rated at a certain cutoff frequency. That is, the frequency
above which the output voltage falls below 70.7% of the input voltage. This
cutoff percentage of 70.7 is not really arbitrary, all though it may seem so at first
glance. In a simple capacitive/resistive low-pass filter, it is the frequency at
which capacitive reactance in ohms equals resistance in ohms. In a simple
capacitive low-pass filter (one resistor, one capacitor), the cutoff frequency is
given as:

Low pass filters will allow the low frequencies to pass through, but block the high
frequencies. The cut off frequency is the frequency that the filter begins to
attenuate the content. So a low pass filter set at 100Hz will remove the frequency
content above 100Hz, but not below 100Hz. It follows that a sinewave with a
fundamental frequency of 10Hz would not be affected by a 100Hz low pass filter.
But a sinewave of 200Hz would be heavily affected by a low pass 100Hz filter as
the frequency content above 100Hz would be removed.

Low-pass and high-pass filters

By far the most frequent purpose for using a filter is

extracting either the low-frequency or the high-frequency
portion of an audio signal, attenuating the rest. This is
accomplished using a low-pass or high-pass filter.

Ideally, a low-pass or high-pass filter would have a

frequency response of one up to (or down to) a specified
cutoff frequency and zero past it; but such filters cannot
be realized in practice. Instead, we try to find realizable
approximations to this ideal response. The more design
effort and computation time we put into it, the closer we
can get.
Circuit 1:

Results: The table below shows the observations made in the laboratory on
oscilloscope:
Given
Frequen
cy

Output
Frequen
cy

Input
Voltage

Output
Voltage

3
5
10
60
100
200
700
1000

3.2
5
11.39
66.83
106.4
208
724
1.024k

1.78
1.76
1.78
3.34
3.32
880m
880m
1.38

1.76
1.74
1.76
3.3
3.3
820m
820m
1.02

Outp
ut
Phas
e
-14
-7
-4.3
3.91
4.6
6.37
-6.94
20.2

Vout/Vi
n
0.988
0.988
0.988
0.988
0.993
0.931
0.931
0.739

10k
15k
20k
40k
60k
80k

10k
15.4k
21.16k
40.5k
61.3k
81.7k

2.52
2.2
1.96
1.76
1.68
1.68

2
1.56
1.14
740m
520m
420mv

-32.6
-49.7
-46.7
-100
-114
-98.2

0.793
0.709
0.581
0.42
0.309
0.25

Circuit 2:

Results: The table below shows the observations made in the laboratory on
oscilloscope:
Given
Frequen
cy
30
60
100
300
500
800
1k
4k
7k
12k
17k
25k
50k
70k
80k

Output
Frequen
cy
38
61.58
100
272
423
785
1.05k
3.8k
6.76k
12.5k
16.8k
24.41k
50k
71.09k
87.72

Input
Voltage

Output
Voltage

800m
800m
860m
1.28
1.28
1.32
1.36
1.24
1.18
1.06
2.1
1.96
1.78
1.72
1.7

62m
68m
80m
140m
120m
160m
140m
340m
460m
600mv
1.48
1.56
1.62
1.6
1.6

Output
Phase

Vout/Vi
n

5.1
-1.31
-0.000664
167
-7.86
-39.6
90
84.1
64.4
19.1
45.3
29.5
21.5
13.5
11.4

0.0775
0.085
0.1
0.109
0.0937
0.121
0.102
0.274
0.389
0.566
0.704
0.795
0.91
0.941
0.941

Collaboration :
Myself, Abhi and Zach worked together to understand the functionalities of both the
Low pass filter and high pass filter. Input wave is a sine wave given by using
function generator. For the first time we got an opportunity to use the Oscilloscope
to measure the reading over the circuit and note them down through channel 1 and
channel 2.

Learnings from the lab :

From the lab I got to know that a low pass filter passes signals with a frequency
lower than the cut-off frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies higher
than the cutoff frequency.
A high pass filter passes signals with a frequency higher than a certain cut-off
frequency and attenuates signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency.
Finally, I am able to produce desired graphs by building two filters from the
components available in the lab.

References:

http://msp.ucsd.edu/techniques/v0.11/bookhtml/node129.html
http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/textbook/alternatingcurrent/chpt-8/low-pass-filters/