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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
1. VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Voltage transformers (VT) were formerly called "Potential" transformers (PT)
and are often referred to by that name.
A voltage transformer is basically constructed by using a conventional
transformer with a primary winding and secondary windings on a common
core.
Standard voltage transformers are single-phase units that are designed and
constructed so that the secondary voltage maintains a fixed relationship with
the primary voltage.
2. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
A current transformer (CT) transforms line current into values that are suitable
for standard protective relays and isolates the relays from line voltages.
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Wound-Primary Type
Bar-Primary Type
Window Type
Bushing Type
Wound-Primary Type
A wound-primary type current transformer has a primary winding that consists
of one or more turns that are mechanically encircling the core or cores. The
primary and secondary windings are insulated from each other and from the
core, and they are assembled as an integral structure. Wound-primary type
CTs can be used in outdoor and indoor applications.
Bar-Primary Type
A bar-primary type current transformer has a fixed, insulated, straight
conductor in the form of a bar, rod, or tube that is a single primary turn that
passes through the magnetic circuit. This primary is assembled to the
secondary, core, and winding. Bar-primary type CTs are often used between
lineups of switchgear, where the switchgear cubicles are connected by a bus.
Bushing-Type
A bushing-type current transformer has an annular core and a secondary
winding that is insulated from and permanently assembled on the core. The
Operation of CT
The basic operation of the CT is similar to any transformer except that the
output of the secondary is a current signal, which is proportional to the current
through the primary winding. The secondary is wound on an iron core. The
primary winding is connected in series with the circuit that is carrying the line
current to be measured, and the secondary winding is connected to protective
devices, instruments, meters, or control devices.
The secondary winding supplies a current in direct proportion and at a fixed
relationship to the primary current during normal operation.