Building as Human Shelter

Design and Purpose:

The purpose of a building is to provide shelter for the performance of human activities.
The form of a building is an outgrowth of:
1. Function buildings differ in form because of the difference in functions that they fulfill.
2. Environment Environmental condition may affect both the shape and appearance of a
building structure. For instance, an urban school may use a blank wall to seal out the city for
being destructive to the attention of the students. On the other hand, a country school may
adjust the design as an integral part of the landscape even though both schools serve the
same functions.
3. Various Socio Economic Factors socio economic factors that affect the building includes:
a. Land Cost
b. Tenancy
c. Building Budget
d. Zoning Restrictions
Loads on Buildings
Loads on a structure may be classified as dead loads or live loads
1. Dead Load loads of constant in magnitude that remains in one position. This consist mainly
of the weight if the structure and other permanent attachments to the frame.
2. Live Load are loads that may change in magnitude and position. Live loads that move
under their own power are called moving loads. Other loads are those caused by the wind,
rain, earthquakes, soils, and temperatures changes. Wind and earthquake loads are called
lateral loads.
*Accdg. to NSCP(National Structural Code of the Philippines),Chapter 2, table 207-1, Aurora has a
basic wind speed of 250 kph, under zone 1. Basic wind speed is used in determination of
design wind loads on buildings and other structures.
*Accdg. to NSCP(National Structural Code of the Philippines),Chapter 2, the Philippine Archipelago is
divided into two seismic zones only. Zone 2 covers the provinces of Palawan, Sulu and TawiTawi while the rest of country is under zone 4. Zone 2 ha active faults and trenches.
The Roof System
Roof System has several forms and numerous varieties of shapes popularly referred to as:
1. Shed or Lean-to type
2. Gable or Pitch roof
3. Saw tooth roof
4. Double Gable
5. Hip roof
6. Hip and Valley Roof
7. Pyramid roof
8. Gambrel roof
9. Ogee Roof
10. Mansard roof
11. Dome
12. Conical roof or Spire
13. Butterfly roof
14. French or Concave mansard roof

ROOFING WORKS:
a. TRUSS DETAILS

King
Post

Top
Chord
Web members

Purlins

Bottom
Chord

b. Roofing Materials
1. Roofing Sheets
2. Rivets/Nails
3. Gutter
4. Flashing
5. Ridge Roll/Hipped Roll/Valley Roll
*Methods of construction:
1. Preparation of the Roof Accessories
2. Installation of Gutters, Valley Roll
3. Layering of roof Sheets
4. Nailing or Punching and Riveting
5. Installation of Flashing, Ridge and Hip roll
BEAM DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION
Beam -is the structural member supporting the transverse load with each end resting on a support.
Beam is classified as:
1. Simple Beam sometimes called simply supported beam. It refers to as single span beam
supported at its end without a restraint.
2. Continuous beam is a term applied to a beam that rest on more than two supports.
3. Semi continuous beam refers to a beam with two span with or without restraint at the two
extreme ends.
The Compression and Tension Beam
The portion of the beam above the neutral axis at the support o column is under
tension while the lower part is under compression. Likewise, the lower portion of the beam
that tends to bend downward between the supports is considered to be under tension while
the upper portion is under compression.
*Accdg. to NSCP(National Structural Code of the Philippines), Chapter 4, section 407.7.1; The
minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be db but not less than 25mm.
Reinforcements for Beam
Stirrups
- are provided to resist the diagonal tension and counteract the shear action on the
structure.
COLUMN DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION
Column is a support to a beam or girder, floor or roof and also an arch. In general, columns are
classified as short columns and long columns.
1. Short column is when the unsupported height of the column is not greater than ten times
the shortest lateral dimension of the cross section.
2. Long column is when the unsupported height of the column is more than ten times the
shortest lateral dimension of the cross section.
Types of Column:

a.) Plain concrete pedestal - This may be used only if the height does not exceed three times
the least lateral dimension.
b.) Tied columns - A column in which the longitudinal bars are braced with a series of closed
ties.
c.) Spiral columns - a column in which the longitudinal bars and concrete core are wrapped with
a closely spaced helix or spiral.
d.) Composite columns - These columns may contain a structural steel shape surrounded by
longitudinal bars with ties or spirals or it may consist of high-strength steel tubing filled with
concrete.

Tied Columns
Tied columns have reinforcements consisting of vertical and longitudinal bars held in
position by lateral reinforcement called ties. The vertical reinforcement consists of at least 4 bars
with a minimum diameter of 16mm or number 5 steel bars.
The ACI Code on Lateral Ties so provides that:
All non pre stressed bars for tied column shall be enclosed by lateral ties of at least No.3 bar size,
for longitudinal bars No.10 or smaller and at least No.4 size for No.11, 14 and 18 and bundled
longitudinal bars. The spacing of the ties shall not exceed 16 longitudinal bar diameter or the least
dimension of the column.
The Code was specific as to the size of the lateral ties required with respect to the size of the
longitudinal bar of main reinforcement of the column. Thus:
1. A number 3 or 10mm size steel bar for lateral ties is required if the main reinforcement of
the column is No.10 or smaller bar.
2. Number 4 or 12mm lateral ties shall be used if the main reinforcement of the column is
either No.11, 14 or 18 steel bars.
The Spacing of lateral ties for a tied column is governed by anyone of the following rules
whichever is lower.
1. That the distance should not be more than 16 times the diameter of the main reinforcement.
2. That the spacing should not be more than 48 times the diameter of the lateral ties.
3. That the spacing should not be more than the shortest dimension of the cross section of the
column.
Reinforcement Ratio and Limitation
The ACI Code states that:
The cross sectional area of the vertical reinforcement shall not be less than .01 nor more than .09
times the gross area of the column section.
Spiral Reinforcement Limitations and Spacing

1. The spiral reinforcements shall have a minimum size diameter of 10mm.

2. The clear spacing between the spirals should not be more than 7.5 centimeters or less than
2.5 centimeters.
3. The area of main reinforcement to the gross column area shall not be less than .01 or more
than .08.
4. The maximum number of vertical bars should not be less than 6 pieces of 16mm steel bar
diameter.
Section 7.12.2 of the ACI Building Code Provides that:
Spiral reinforcement for compression members shall consists of evenly spaced continuous
spiral held firmly in place and true the line by vertical spacers. At least two spacers shall be used
for spirals less than 50 centimeters diameter, three for spirals 50 cm. to 75 cm. in diameter and
four spacers for more than 75 centimeters diameter.
When bigger size of steel bar is used for spherical such as 16 mm or larger, three spacers
shall be used for spiral having 60cm. diameter. The spiral shall be protected from distortion due to
handling and placing from the designed dimensions.
Spiral Anchorage and Spacing
The anchorage of spiral reinforcement should be provided with one and one half (1) extra
turn of spiral bar or wire at each end of the spiral unit. When splicer is necessary for special bars, it
should be tension lap splicer with 48 bar diameters as maximum length but in no case shall be less
than 30 centimeters or welded.
The ACI Code states that:
The reinforcing spiral shall extend from the floor level in any storey or from the top of the
footing to the level of the lowest horizontal reinforcement in the slab, drop panel or beam above.
Where beams or brackets are not present on all sides of the column, ties shall extend above the
terminal of the spiral to the bottom of the slab or drop panel. In a column with a capital, the spiral
should extend to a plane at which the diameter or the width of the capital is twice that of the
column.