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Photovoltaic System
Xiong Liu1
Peng Wang1
Feng Gao2
Member, IEEE
Member, IEEE
Member, IEEE
Member, IEEE
Division of Power Engineering, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
Email: {liux0039, epwang, epcloh, efhchoo}@ntu.edu.sg
2
School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, 73 Jingshi Road, Jinan, China
Email: fgao@sdu.edu.cn
1
I.
INTRODUCTION
336
Ultracapacitor
Battery
Symbol
Description
Value
Photocurrent
Module reverse saturation current
Electron charge
Ideality factor
Boltzman constant
Small series resistance
Short-circuit current
SC current temperature coefficient
Reference temperature
Reverse saturation current at Tr
Energy of the band gap for silicon
Number of cells in parallel
Number of cells in series
Solar radiation level
Surface temperature of the PV
1.602 1019 C
1.60
1.38 1023 J/K
3.27 A
1.7e-3
301.18 K
2.0793e-6 A
1.1eV
8
900
0~1000 W/m2
400 K
A.
System Configuration
The proposed system configuration is shown in Fig. 1. The
PV array is composed of several PV modules connected in
series and parallel to form an appropriate output voltage and
power. The output power of the solar panel alters with solar
irradiation levels and ambient temperature to consider the
intermittent and uncertainty of solar energy. In order to
harness maximum power from the solar panel at any instant,
a MPPT control algorithm is accomplished by the dc/dc boost
converter which is connected between the terminal of the
solar panel and the dc link capacitor. The bidirectional dc/dc
converter of battery is used to track its predetermined
charging/discharging current reference curve which is given
by higher level energy management system, the ultracapacitor converter is controlled to provide remaining load
current and maintain the dc-link voltage across capacitor Cd
stable. It is necessary to keep the dc-link voltage constant
through making full use of high power and high energy
devices when the power output of PV or power demand of
load alters, otherwise, a poor dc-link voltage waveform will
do harm to sensitive dc loads. The three converters (Boost
converter, two bidirectional dc/dc converters) share a
common dc bus, dc loads can also be tied to the dc-link.
B.
Where Ipv and Vpv are output current and voltage of the
PV array respectively, np and ns are number of cells
connected in series and parallel respectively, S and T are solar
irradiation level and temperature respectively, the other solar
panel specifications are shown in TABLE I.
C.
Modeling of Battery
The battery model is modeled as a nonlinear voltage
source whose output voltage depends not only on the current
but also on the battery SOC, which is a nonlinear function of
the current and time, the mathematical expressions of the
battery can be extracted from the software and be described
as below [17].
Vb = Vo Rb ib K
Q
Q ib dt
SOC = 100(1
+ A exp( B ib dt ) (4)
i dt )
b
(5)
Modeling of Ultra-capacitor
The ultra-capacitor can be modeled by a capacitor C
connected in parallel with resistor Rp which represents the
current leakage effect, then connected in series with Rs which
represents the loss caused by internal heating in the capacitor
[18], as shown in Fig. 2.
(1)
(2)
TABLE I
337
Rp
Rs
E.
V pv VT = L1 di1 / dt + R1i1
(6)
VT = Vd (1 d1 )
(7)
VB Vb = L3 dib / dt + R3ib
VC = Vd d 3
I in ib d 3 = ic = Cd dVd / dt
(8)
(9)
(10)
where VB and Vb are the voltage across switch ST4 and the
battery terminal voltage respectively, Iin is the current flowing
into the dc-link, ic is the current flowing through the
capacitor, d3 is the duty ratio of the switch ST3. The two
switches conduct complementally, which means that the duty
ratio of ST4 is (1-d3). This converter can operate in buck
mode or boost mode. Suppose the battery current ib is
positive when operating in charging mode, and it is negative
in discharging mode. Time-average model of the battery
converter is shown in Fig.4. Similarly, the model of ultracapacitor converter is the same as battery converter.
338
Pdc Pu Pb Pl = Cd vd dvd / dt
(11)
Where Pdc is the power generated from the boost converter,
Pu and Pb are the power exchanged with ultra-capacitor and
battery respectively, Pl is the power consumed by the load.
Since the ripple in the capacitor voltage is much less than the
steady-state voltage. Equation (11) can be rewritten as
ib* +
ib
PI
PWM
ST3
PWMup
L3 R3
ib
C bt
D3
B
Cd
Pdc Pu Pb Pl Cd Vd dvd / dt
(12)
Pdc, Pb and Pl are assumed to be constant at any particular
instant, so the power from the ultra-capacitor converter is
responsible to regulate the dc-link capacitor voltage.
Therefore, the transfer function from Pu to vd is given by
ST4
PWMdown
D4
vd ( s )
Pu ( s )
1 1
Cd Vd s
(13)
Pu ( s ) = Vu iu ( s )
iu ( s )
Ultracapacitor
Vd
PI
-1
vd ( s )
Vd
+
(14)
Vu 1
Cd Vd s
(15)
1
iu * = (kvp + kvi )(vd * vd )
s
B.
(16)
1
d 2 = (kip + kii )(iu * iu )
s
(17)
339
TABLE II
PARAMETERS FOR THE INTEGRATED SYSTEM
Value
110uF
2.5mH
4700uF
3mH
0.3ohm
220uF
3mH
0.3ohm
220uF
10kHz
400V
30F
340
260
240
Voltage: V
220
200
180
160
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Time: s
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.15
0.2
0.25
Time: s
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Cpv
L1
Cd
L2
R2
Cul
L3
R3
Cbt
fs
Vdc
C
Description
Discharge curve
Nominal area
Exponential area
200
150
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
Time (hours)
E0 = 214.125, R = 0.76923, K = 3.125, A = 24, B = 2.3077
250
Voltage
Symbol
200
150
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (Minutes)
70
80
90
[4]
V 250
240
220
200
0
9
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
[5]
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
[6]
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
6
3
0
0
% 100
99.995
99.99
0
[7]
Time: s
[8]
405
390
370
350
0
5
0
-5
-10
-15
0
V 200.1
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
[10]
0.5
[11]
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
[12]
200
199.9
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
[13]
Time: s
V.
[14]
[15]
CONCLUSIONS
[16]
[17]
[18]
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
341