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Vertical pipe
Horizontal pipe (optional)
(The equipment sent to a customer may have some differences from the above picture, mainly depending on options and
our continuing improvement of products.)
E-mail: essom@essom.com
www.essom.com
291211
CONTENTS
Page
Receipt of goods
Safety Guidelines
Installation instructions
A
B-C
D
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-1
5-1
General description
Theory
Test procedures
Typical data
Sample calculations
Addendum
Addendum 1
Addendum 2
Addendum 3
Addendum 4
Water manometer
Mercury manometer
Acrylic cylinder assembly instruction
Properties table of water in SI unit
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying
or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this
publication) without the written permission from ESSOM COMPANY LIMITED.
291211
RECEIPT OF GOODS
1. On Receipt of Goods
a) On receipt of the goods at the consignees premises, the shipment should be immediately inspected for any damages
or missing package. This should be checked against the packing list or shipping documents. Any damage should be
reported immediately to the insurance agent.
b) The package should then be open to check items or parts against the delivery list. Any damaged or missing items
should be immediately claimed to the insurance agent with copy to the supplier.
c) If insurance has been arranged by the buyer then you must notify your insurer in writing of any damage or loss of
parts which was observed regarding this shipment within a specified period of time as stated in the Terms and
Conditions. This should include detailed photographs of the damaged equipment.
d) If insurance has been arranged by the seller you should notify the insurances representative along with any
correspondence including the insurance certificate supplied by the seller. These should include detailed photographs for
evaluation of damages or replacement parts pertaining to the shipment.
e) The supplier will only replace damaged items or missing on notification by the insurance company that the claim has
been accepted. The insurance company may refuse responsibility if parts are damaged or missing while under custodys
for a long time without prior claim. Immediate claim is therefore vital.
2. Manufacturers Liability
a) Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment listed in the instruction manual, we would like to
alert the user to the health and safety aspects of people who will work on or operate our equipment with regard to the
liability of the manufacturers or suppliers.
b) Manufacturers or suppliers are absolved of any responsibilities with regard to misuse of their equipment causing
harm or financial charges being incurred against them from clients or third parties for consequences of failure or
damage of the equipment in any way if the equipment is not installed, maintained and operated as outlined in the
instruction manual published by the manufacturers or suppliers.
c) In order to safeguard the students and operators of the equipment it is vital that all safety aspects as outlined in the
instruction manual are observed.
291211
3. Safety Guidelines
3.1General Safety Concerns
Before proceeding to install, commission, or operate the equipment described in the instruction manual we would like to
alert you to the dangerous potential hazards that would be present if safety practices were not performed in accordance
with the local standards and governing bodies regulations.
-Injury would occur to the operational staff of the equipment through misuse, electric shock, rotating equipment hazards
and lack of cleanliness.
To be able to achieve the aim, of accidents can be avoided it must be ensured that the equipment is installed correctly,
regularly maintained and operators of the equipment are made aware of the potential hazards associated with the
particular equipment.
We would like to inform our valuable customers of the safety guide lines when using their equipment.
3.2 Awareness of Safety Hazards
(a) Before attempting to work on the equipment the personnel who are going to install, commission, or operate the
equipment must be qualified and fully aware of all the manufacturers and suppliers recommendations and instructions.
(b) Ensure that the all the recommendations specified in the instruction manuals are maintained as stated in the contents.
4. Electrical Safety
(a) Ensure that the person who works on the equipment is a qualified electrical engineer/technician who is competent in
the safety aspects and operational mode of the equipment.
(b) If the electrical supply to the equipment is supplied by means of a portable trailing cable, protective devices such as
an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) must be installed.
This protective device must have a very high sensitivity (20-30mA).This device is also referred to as a residual current
device(R C D) within the electrical supply circuitry for personnel protection.
(c) The supply cable must be sized accordingly for all fault and physical conditions pertaining to its use. The supply
network must also incorporate a protection device that will disconnect and isolate the supply voltage in the case of an
overload in a specified period of time without causing any damage to the equipment. (An overload relay)
5. Installation
(a) On receipt of the equipment extreme care should be used to avoid damage to the equipment on handling and
unpacking. If slings are used ensure they are held on a rigid part of the equipment, the structure. In the case of a
mechanical lift such as a fork lift ensure the lifting forks are beneath the structure framework so that no damage will
occur during the lifting operation.
(b) In some cases it is imperative that the equipment be installed on a level and solid foundation
5.1 Electrical Supply Cables
(a) The normal color code of the power cables supplied on this equipment is as follows:
- Black----------------------------Line.
- Gray or white -----------------Neutral.
- Green-Yellow-----------------Ground.
(b)The three phase power cable has five wires.
- Red, blue and black ---------Line.
- Light gray or white ----------Neutral.
- Green-Yellow ----------------Ground.
5.2 General Precautions for Equipment with Water Including Evaporative Cooling Towers
(a) Any water contained in the system should be drained regularly. If it is left in the system for a long period of time
without circulation it will stagnate.
(b) The equipment should be flushed regularly with clean water.
(c) Impurities in the water will cause scale or algae and must be cleaned on a regular basis. An anti rust additive such as
used in the automobile industry is recommended to inhibit this process.
(d) The water should be at temperature under 45 degrees C to maintain effectiveness.
(e) Many of the problems encountered with water contamination can be reduced and prevented by means of a water
treatment program being introduced using the expertise available locally or on site.
010811
291211
INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
HB 017 PIPE FRICTION
GENERAL INSTRUCTION
Equipment shipped overseas are usually partially assembled to reduce possibility of damages and
shipping volume for. For this equipment the clear acrylic tank may be removed (See addendum 3)
Parts list or packing list is normally shipped with shipping documents. When the shipping boxes reach
the site. The box should be carefully opened, and the parts must be checked / examined for damage and
identified according to the parts list.
160112
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
HB 017 PIPE FRICTION
1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This equipment measures pressure drop when water flows through a vertical pipe at various flow rates both
laminar and turbulent. It is to be used with HB100 Hydraulics Bench (separately supplied)
It consists of adjustable constant head water source of removable clear acrylic cylinder for laminar flow.
Turbulent flow may be achieved by directly connecting the pipe to the Hydraulics Bench water supply. Flow rate
can be controlled by a valve at outlet. A water manometer with a vent valve, a hand air pump and a mercury
manometer are provided for measurement of pressure drop. The apparatus has a hose with a male quick coupling
connection to the Hydraulics Bench.
1.1 Technical Data
1.1.1 Cylinder diameter
: 150 mm
1.1.2 Adjustable constant head
: 800-1000 mm
1.1.3 Water manometer
: 450 mm x 1 mm graduation.
1.1.4 Mercury manometer
: 450 mm x 1 mm graduation.
Notes : Due to transport laws, ESSOM cannot supply the mercury. Buyer must source it locally.
Approximately 25 ml. or 350 g. is required. ESSOM will supply filling kit.
1.1.5 Test pipe
: Stainless steel, 3 mm approx ID.
1.1.6 Test section length
: 510 mm
1.1.7 Measuring cup
: 1 l
1.2 Optional : Horizontal test pipe instead vertical.
: HF 033A Differential pressure sensor and indicator, 0-500 cm. water instead of mercury manometer.
: HF 033B Differential pressure gauge, 60 kPa, 100 mm diameter, instead of mercury manometer.
1-1
170314
Acrylic tank
Pressure inlets for
mercury manometer
Stilling material
Vent valves
Connection to hand
air pump
Pressure measuring
point
Water manometer
Hand air pump
Mercury manometer
Test pipe
Pressure measuring
point
Outlet pipe
Pressure inlet for water
manometer
Head tank
Stilling materials
Pressure inlets
(rear)
Vent valves
To test pipe
To water manometer
V5 Water manometer valve
To mercury manometer (U-tube)
Pressure measuring
points
V3
V2
V1
Inlet
Graduated beaker
Front View
Rear View
1-2
031011
170314
Stilling material
Scale
Acrylic tank
Vent valves
Connection to
hand air pump
Mercury manometer
Water manometer
Test pipe
V5
V6
V4 Flow control valve
Inlet
Outlet
Pressure measuring points
Water supply
control valves V1 V2 V3
Figure 1-4 Horizontal pipe
Head tank
Over flow pipe
Stilling materials
Flexible hose to Hydraulics
Bench storage tank
Vent valves
For hand air pump
Vent valves
Water manometer
Inverted (U-tube)
V5 = Water manometer
valve
Inlet
Outlet
Graduated beaker
V1 V2 V3
Water supply control valves
1-3
031011
170314
2. THEORY
When fluid flows in a pipe from one point to the next there is an energy loss due to the friction between the
pipe and the fluid and the interaction between particles of the fluid.
2.1 Type of Flow
There are two types of flow in pipe: laminar and turbulent flow. Laminar flow is one which fluid
particles move parallel to the pipe where particles at the center line of the pipe move faster than those near the
wall. Turbulent flow is one which fluid particles move at random in all direction but generally move forward
along with the flow. Particles at the center line of the pipes and those near the wall move at nearly the same
velocity. Turbulent flow results in higher friction loss, s. Laminar and turbulent flows may be defined by
Reynolds Number (ReD)
Re D
Where:
VD
The flow is laminar when Re D 2,000 and is turbulent when ReD > 4,000. Flow which ReD is between
2,000 - 4,000 is considered as transitional flow.
2.2 Energy Loss in Pipe
V12
2g
Total
energ
r
Hydr
aulic
p1
grade
hL
line
V22
2g
p
V2
p
V2
( 1 1 Z1 ) ( 2 2 Z 2 ) h L
2g
2g
(1)
Z1
y line
p2
(2)
Z2
Datum line
2-1
180310
220414
Energy loss due to the fluid flow in a pipe can be explained by an energy equation as follows:
The energy equation for the flow from point (1) to point (2) of the same stream is as follow.
Where: p
V
Z
HL
g
p1
V1
2g
Z1 ) (
p2
V2
2g
Z2 ) h L
(1)
Reference points (1) and (2) refer to point (1) and point (2) of the pipe respectively.
Since the pipe is horizontal and diameter is constant, then
Z1 = Z2, and V1 = V2
Therefore from equation (1) we get:
p
p
hL 1 2
(2)
hL
32LV
gD
(3)
hL
L
32V
gD
... (4)
hL
L
(5)
Thus Poiseuilles experiment shows that energy loss in laminar flow is proportional to average
velocity of the flow.
2.3.2 Darcy and Weisbach Experiments.
From experiments by Darcy and Weisbach, it is found that energy loss for both laminar and
turbulent flow may be expressed as:
hL f
L V
. (6)
D 2g
2-2
180310
hL
1 V2
f
L
D 2g
.. (7)
L V
32LV
gD
D 2g
f
64
VD
.. (8)
64
Re D
.. (9)
hL
L
hL
L
1 V
L 2g
V2
.... (10)
The above equation shows that energy loss per unit length of pipe is proportional to the square of
the average velocity.
Osborne Reynolds Experiments
Transition Zone
From Reynolds experiments the energy loss per unit length for laminar flow and turbulent flow
may be expressed by a graph as shown per below.
Larminar
Turbulent
hL
1.7 to 2.0
V
L
hL
V
L
Log V
.... (11)
2-2
2-3
180310
hL
L
hL
L
V1.7
. (12)
V2
. (13)
Thus for turbulent flow the energy loss depends on average velocity or Reynolds Number and roughness
of the pipe wall
f F(Re D , /D)
Where:
F = Function
= Absolute roughness of pipe
2-2
2-4
180310
Moody experiment
Moodies studied Reynolds experiment and found the relationship between Reynolds number and
pipe roughness as f F(Re D , /D) and can be expressed in a graph as per diagram below. This is
known as Moody Diagram which show the relationship of f, Re D and /D
2.4.2
2-5
180310
hL f
Where:
L V
D 2g
64
Re D
, 103 Pa.s
Temperature, C
2-6
180310
3. TEST PROCEDURES
Acrylic tank
Pressure inlets for
mercury manometer
Stilling material
Vent valves
Connection to hand
air pump
Pressure measuring
point
Water manometer
Hand air pump
Mercury manometer
Test pipe
Pressure measuring
point
Outlet pipe
Pressure inlet for water
manometer
Stilling material
Scale
Acrylic tank
Vent valves
Connection to
hand air pump
Mercury manometer
Water manometer
Test pipe
V5
V6
V4 Flow control valve
Inlet
Outlet
Water supply
control valves V1 V2 V3
Figure 3-2 Horizontal pipe
3-1
160112
Stilling materials
Pressure inlets
(rear)
Vent valves
To test pipe
To water manometer
V5 Water manometer valve
To mercury manometer (U-tube)
Pressure measuring
points
V3
V2
V1
Inlet
Graduated beaker
Front View
Rear View
3-2
160112
Head tank
Over flow pipe
Stilling materials
Flexible hose to Hydraulics
Bench storage tank
Vent valves
For hand air pump
Vent valves
Water manometer
Inverted (U-tube)
V5 = Water manometer
valve
Inlet
Outlet
Graduated beaker
V1 V2 V3
Water supply control valves
3-3
160112
DATA SHEET
HB 017 PIPE FRICTION
Tested by .Date
Manometer
h1
mm Hg
h2
mm Hg
h2- h1
h1
h2
h1- h2
mm Hg
mm H2O
mm H2O
mm H2O
3-4
Please note: 1. This is the upstream test point.
2. This is the downstream test point.
Thus h1 is lower than h2 for mercury manometer
But h1 is higher than h2 for water manometer
Voluml
Time
sec
Flow rate
10-3 l/sec
Velocity
m/sec
ReD
L V2
D 2g
f from
hL
2
L V
D 2g
Moody chart
(smooth pipe)
220414
4. TYPICAL DATA
DATA SHEET
HB 017 PIPE FRICTION
Tested by..S.Srinilta.. Date.26/12/95
Manometer
h1
h2
h2- h1
h1
h2
h1- h2
Volume
l
Time
sec
Flow rate
10-3 l/sec
Velocity
m/sec
ReD
L V2
D 2g
f from
hL
2
L V
D 2g
Moody chart
4-1
mm Hg
mm Hg
mm Hg
mm H2O
mm H2O
mm H2O
215
232
0.82
123.48
6.64
0.841
3808
5.69
0.041
0.042
213
232
0.46
64.68
7.11
0.9
4075
6.51
0.0366
0.04
213
232
0.455
60.24
7.55
0.956
4329
7.35
0.0342
0.039
212
234
0.48
60.23
7.97
1.009
4569
8.19
0.0338
0.038
211
235
0.50
60.29
8.29
1.05
4755
8.87
0.034
0.038
210
236
0.50
60.31
8.29
1.05
4755
8.87
0.0368
0.038
206
239
1.205
30.36
39.69
5.029
22775
203.52
0.002038
0.0245
201
243
1.2
30.31
39.59
5.01
22688
202
0.00261
0.024
(smooth pipe)
220414
5. SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
5.1
5.2
Sample Calculations
Then, head loss due to friction between point (1) and (2) is:
hL = 23.2 cm.Hg 21.5 cm.Hg
= 1.7 cm.Hg
12.6 cm.H 2 O
21.42 cm.H 2 O
= 1.7 cm.Hg
cm.Hg
= 21.42 cm.H2O
= 0.2142 m. H2O
Flow rate in the pipe is:
Measuring volume
Q
Measuring Time
1.82 l
l
l 1m3
m3
0.00664 0.00664
6.64 10 6
123.48 s
s
s 10 3 l
s
Dimensions of test pipe is 3.17 mm. in inside diameter and 500 mm. long, then velocity of water in the pipe is:
Q
6.64 10 6 m 3 /s
A (3.17 10 3 m) 2
4
m
0.841
s
L V2
D 2g
Substituting all variables in Equation (6) gives:
From Equation (6),
0.2142 m f
hL f
500 10 3 m
3.17 10 3 m
f 0.038
0.841 m/s2
2 9.81 m/s 2
995.7 kg/m 3
kg
m.s
o
Reynolds number of water in pipe at water temperature 30 C is:
kg
m
995.7 3 0.841 3.17 10 3 m
VD
s
m
Re D
kg
0.80110 3
m.s
3,313.99
For stainless steel tube (smooth pipe)
0.801 10 3
From the Moody chart, for smooth pipe at ReD = 3314 gives f 0.042.
5-1
220414
160112
ADDENDUM 1
WATER MANOMETER
Multi-Tube Manometer
Top chamber
This manometer uses 2 clear acrylic tubes.
For multiple reading, the number of tubes may
be 4, 6, 8, 10 or more available as an option.
Instruction for Use
1. Close the vent valve at the top chamber.
2. Connect pressure lines from the pressure
source to the inlet pressure ports of the
manometer. Water levels will show on the
manometer scale.
3. If the levels are too low, release pressure from
the top chamber by opening the vent valve or
increase static pressure of the system to be
measured by closing the system outlet valve. If
the levels are too high, open the outlet valve of
the system slightly more or increase the top
chamber pressure by hand air pump via air
pressuring valve.
4. If differential pressure exceeds the water
manometer range. Close the water manometer
inlet valves and use the mercury manometer
only.
Pressure inlet valve
Pressure line
Notes : More than one pair of tubes may be used simultaneously if average pressure from one pair is not much different
from the other pairs. In this case, downstream average pressure is always lower than upstream average pressure. Thus, if
anyone pair of water levels are out of the manometer range, that pair cannot be used, simply close the inlet valves of
that pair or close the pressure tapping ports at the pressure source.
ADDENDUM 2
MERCURY MANOMETER
MERCURY MANOMETER
Pressure inlet
valve (rear)
1. Description:
This manometer employs clear acrylic tubes with top reservoirs for
mercury overspill and vent valves. Pressure ports are at the top.
Range
: 500 or 950 mm
Graduation
: 1 mm
Application
: High differential pressure of water or air
The manometer uses 2 clear acrylic tubes connected as a U-tube. The top
part of each tube has a chamber which acts as the mercury reservoir in case
of a pressure surge. Connected to the chamber is pressure inlet port with a
valve and a vent valves. These valves are used to bleed out air in the system.
2. Instruction for Use:
2.1 Differential pressure for air
2.1.1 Make sure there is nothing but air above the mercury. If there is
any water in any tube, empty the manometer tubes and refill with
mercury about half full.
2.1.2 Close both vent valves.
2.1.3 Connect the pressures from the pressure sources to the
manometer inlet valves using flexible hoses.
2.1.4 The differential pressure is the difference in height of the two
manometer columns. The equivalent height of water column for
the differential pressure is calculated as follows:
Equivalent water column height = 13.6 mercury column height difference.
2.2 Differential pressure of water
2.2.1 Connect the pressure inlet valves to the differential pressure
source to be measured.
2.2.2 Slightly open one of the valves at the pressure source and at the
mercury manometer. Water will flow into the connected tube of
the manometer and push the mercury to a higher level in the
other tube.
2.2.3 Slowly open the vent valve of the second tube to allow air
bubbles in the system (if any) out. Continue 2.2.2 until all air
bubbles in this tube are removed, then close the vent valve.
2.2.4 Repeat 2.2.2 and 2.2.3 for the other tube of the manometer. Now
only water remains on top of the mercury in the manometer. The
manometer is ready to record differential pressure. Equivalent
height of water column for the differential pressure is calculated
as follows:
Equivalent water column height = (13.6-1) mercury column height difference.
= 12.6 mercury column height difference.
3.2
Mercury
Manometer
3.4
Water
Manometer
Mercury
container
Tube
Valve open
Mercury level
3.5
ADDENDUM 3
ACRYLIC CYLINDER ASSEMBLY INSTRUCTION
Acrylic tank
Compressive Ring
O-ring
2. Install the tank to the support and screw the compressive ring until it is hand tight.
3. Put the diffuser plate into the acrylic tank with caution and adjust the over flow tube until the height equal to
the top of diffuser plate.
Diffuser plate
4. Put the glass balls into the acrylic tank on the over flow pipe side
Diffuser plate
Glass ball
ADDENDUM 4
PROPERTIES TABLE OF WATER IN SI UNITS
Temp, C
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Specific
weight
, N/m
9805
9806
9803
9798
9789
9779
9767
9752
9737
9720
9697
9679
9658
9635
9600
9589
9557
9529
9499
9469
9438
Viscosity
Density
, kg/ m3
999.9
1000.0
999.7
999.1
998.2
997.1
995.7
994.1
992.2
990.2
988.1
985.7
983.2
980.6
977.8
974.9
971.8
968.6
965.3
961.9
958.4
, kg/ms
10
-3
1.792
1.519
1.308
1.140
1.005
0.894
0.801
0.723
0.656
0.599
0.549
0.506
0.469
0.436
0.406
0.380
0.357
0.336
0.317
0.299
0.284
Surface
Tension
Kinematic
Viscosity
, m2/s
-6
10 =
, N/m
100 =
1.792
1.519
1.308
1.141
1.007
0.897
0.804
0.727
0.661
0.605
0.556
0.513
0.477
0.444
0.415
0.390
0.367
0.347
0.328
0.311
0.290
7.62
7.54
7.48
7.41
7.36
7.26
7.18
7.10
7.01
6.92
6.82
6.74
6.68
6.58
6.50
6.40
6.30
6.20
6.12
6.02
5.94
Vapor
Pressure
head
/, m
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.17
0.25
0.33
0.44
0.58
0.76
0.98
1.26
1.61
2.03
2.56
3.20
3.96
4.86
5.93
7.18
8.62
10.33
Bulk
modulus
of elasticity
2
K, N.m
-2
10 K =
204
206
211
214
220
222
223
224
227
229
230
231
228
226
225
223
221
217
216
211
207