VOLUME 1 : Gram negative bacteria of general, medical, and

industrial importance
1. Spirochetes
Spirochaeta
Christispira
Treponema
Borrelia
Leptospira
Treponema pallidum
Treponema pertenue
Treponema carateum
Borrelia burgdorferi
Leptospira interrogans
Pillotina
Diplocalyx
Clevelandina
Hollandina

Flexous, slender, helically coliled

Protoplasmic cylinder contains cytoplasm and nuclear
region
Periplasmic flagella responsible for screwlike motion
Cause: syphilis
Cause: yaws
Cause: pinta
Cause: Lyme disease
Vector: Ixodes scapularis, deer tick
Cause: leptospirosis
Host: wood-eating roaches, termites
Host: termites

2. Aerobic/ microaerophilic, motile helical/vibroid G- bac.

Spirillum
Found in marine and freshwater habitats
Aquaspirillum
Eco: organic matter recycling
Oceanospirillum
Host: animals (inc. humans); reproductive organs,
Campylobacter
gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity
Cause: STD in animals, abortions and infertility in cattle
Campylobacter fetus
and sheep
Campylobacter jejuni
Cause: gastroenteritis
Bdellovibrio
Host: other bacteria
3. Nonmotile G- bac.
Curved rod; forms rings after cell division and before
Microcyclus
cell separation
Produce gas vacuoles
4. G- bac. aerobic rods and cocci
Pseudomonadaceae
Polar flagellated rods
Pseudomonas putida
Eco: hydrocarbon and grease degradation
Cause: wound, burn, urinary tract infection; problem in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
hospital environment
Xanthomonas
Host: plant
Xanthomonas campestris
Cause: citrus canker
pathovar citri
Azotobacter
Eco: nonsymbiotic N-fixer
Rhizobium
Eco: symniotic N-fixer
Methylomonadaceae
Methylomonas
Eco: uses 1-C cmpds. (s.a. methane, methanol,
Methylococcus
formalin) as sole C and energy source
Neisseriaceae
Cause: gonorrhea
Neisseria gonorrheae
Extremely fastidious; requires moist environment
Neisseria meningitides
Cause: meningitis in children
Other genera
Brucella
Cause: infectious abortion in cattle
Bordetella
Cause: whooping cough
Francisella
Cause: tularemia in rabbits
5. Facultative anaerobic G- rods
Enterobacteriaceae
Vibrionaceae

Pasteurellaceae
Escherichia
Shigella dysenteriae
Salmonella typhi
Salmonella typhimurium
Yersina pestis
Vibrio cholera

Vibrio vulnificus

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Cause:
Cause:
Cause:
Cause:

bacillary dysentery
typhoid fever
gastroenteritis
bubonic plague

Cause: septicemia (blood infection)

Cause: wound infections and gastroenteritis in people
with compromised immune systems and liver disease
Vector: raw oysters
Halophile
Cause: gastroenteritis in Japan and countries where raw
seafood is consumed

6. Anaerobic G- rods
Bacteroides

Most common bacterium in human feces

Cause: periodontal disease
Fusobacterium
Common inhabitant of the mouth
7. Dissimilatory sulfate- or sulfur-reducing bacteria
Uses sulfur compounds as e- acceptors in anaerobic respiration
Live in anaerobic mud and sediments of freshwater, brackish water and seawater
Found in polluted waters showing blackening and
Desulfovibrio
sulfide production
Problem in oil industry; can corrode pipes
8. Anaerobic G- cocci
Isolated from dental abscesses and urinary tract
Veillonella
infections
Found in the intestinal tracts of animals (inc. humans)
Acidaminococcus
Uses amino acids as sole energy sources for growth
9. Rickettsias and Chlamydias
Very small, obligate intracellular parasites
Possess both DNA and RNA
CW similar to GBinary fission
Susceptible to bacterial antibiotics
Cause: Rocky Mountain fever
Rickettsia
Cause: different forms of typhus
Vector: arthropods
Cause: trachoma; leading cause of blindness worldwide
Chlamydia
Cause: lymphogranuloma venereum; STD
10. Mycoplasmas
Smallest free-living organisms known to man
Only bacteria that normally exist without a CW
Cause: primary atypical pneumonia; mild form of
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
pneumonia confined to the lower respiratory tract
11. Endosymbionts
Lyticum flagellatum
Symbiont with Paramecium tetraurelia

VOLUME 2 : Gram positive bacteria other than the actinomycetes

1. G+ cocci
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus

Nonpathogenic
Cause: impetigo, osteomyelitis, and toxic shock
syndrome
Cause: food poisoning; one of the most common cause
in the US
Cause: streptococcal pharingitis

Micrococcus
Ruminococcus
2. Endospore forming G+ rods and cocci
Bacillus
Bacillus anthracis
Clostridum
3. Regular, nonsporing G+ rods
Lactobacillus

Cause: bacterial pneumonia

Present in normal skin
Eco: cellulose digestion; found in animal rumens
Producer of important antibiotics, biological pesticides,
and industrial enzymes
Cause: anthrax
Cause: botulism, gas gangrene, tetanus
Forms lactic acid from carbohydrate metabolism
Can survive in pH as low as 5
Normal part of human vaginal flora; competes with
other inhabitants (s.a. Candida albicans, yeast)

4. Irregular, nonsporing G+ rods

Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Arthrobacter
Proprionibacterium

Cause: diphtheria; formation of pseudomembrane in the

throat
Unusual life cycle; changes from rod to coccoid cells
Produces proprionic acid and CO2 during cellular
metabolism

5. Mycobacteria
Mycobacterium

Rod shaped to filamentous

Large quantity of lipids in cell evelopes
Cause: leprosy, tuberculosis, respiratory ailments

VOLUME 3 : The Archaea, cyanobacteria, and remaining Gram

negative bacteria
1. Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria
Have bacteriochlorophylls instead of chlorophylls
Do not produce oxygen in photosynthesis
Posses only 1 photosystem instead of 2
bChl a and b
Purple bacteria
photosynthetic machinery found in internal membranes
found in the cytoplasm
Purple sulfur bacteria
Use sulfur compounds (s.a. H2S) as electron donors in
(Chromatiaceae and
photosynthesis
Ectothiorhdospiraceae)
Purple nonsulfur bacteria
Unable to utilize elemental sulfur
(Rhodospirillum)
Do not use sulfide at low concentrations
bChl c, d, and e (and some a)
Green bacteria
photosynthetic apparatus contained in cylindrical
vesicles called chlorosomes
Can oxidize simple organic molecules for phototrophic
Green sulfur bacteria
growth
Multicellular, filamentous, green bacteria
2. Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
Resemble other bacteria
CW composed of murein and several amino acids
Slimy material outside the wall for gliding motility along
Cyanobacteria
solid surfaces
Many can fix nitrogen to ammonia
Cell. org.: unicellular, multicellular, filamentous
Unicellular rods or cocci
Chroococcaceae
Reproduction through binary fission or budding
Single cells enclosed in fibrous layer
Pleurocapsaceae
Reproduction through multiple fission

Trichomes
Reproduction by fragmentation
Nostocaceae
Forms trichomes containing vegetative cells and also
Stigonematoceae
heterocysts
Contains chl b in addition to chl a
Prochlorophyta
No phycobilins, appear green instead of blue green
Have double membraned thylakoids
Spherical, unicellular
Prochloron
Extracellular symbiont of marine vertebrates
Free-living, filament-forming, spherical organism
Prochlorothrix
Found in Dutch lakes
Aerobic chemolithotrophic bacteria and associated organisms
Oxidize ammonia to nitrate (nitrosofying) and nitrite to
Nitifiers
nitrate (true-nitrifying) in two separate stages
Nitromonas
Nitrospira
Nitrosofying
Nitrosococcus
Nitrosolobus
Nitrobacter
Nitrospina
True nitrifying
Nitrococcus
Oxidize reduced sulfur compounds to sulfate
Colorless sulfur bacteria
Found in acid environments, pH is lowered by sulfuric
acid produced by the oxidation
Used in mining to recover valuable metals from sulfur
Thiobacillus ferroxidans
containing ores
Usese H2 as e- donor and O2 as e- acceptor to produce
Hydrogenobacter
H2O from the reduction of O2 with H2
Fe and Mn oxidizing and/or depositing Use organic compounds as source of energy and are not
bacteria
chemolithotrophs
Siderocapsa
Siderococcus
Naumanniella
Demonstrate magnetotaxis
Microaerophilic, aquatic bacteria that travels downward
Magnetotactic bacteria
along magnetic field lines, away from oxygen-enriched
surface waters and towards more anaerobic sediments
Budding and/or appendaged bacteria
Hyphomicrobium
Buds and appendages are usually direct cytoplasmic
Caulobacter
exclusions of the cell called prosthecae
Sheated bacteria
G- cells, arranged in chains in filaments
Surrounded by outer sheaths of proteins, polysaccharides and lipids
Sphaerotilus
Found in activated sludge (sewage treatment product)
Nonphotosynthetic, nonfruiting gliding bacteria
No flagella but exhibits gliding motion
Cytophaga
Able to digest cellulose, chitin, and agar
Beggiatoa
Live in aquatic environment rich in H2S
Thiothrix
For energy H2S is oxidized to elemental sulfur, w/c is
Leucothrix
deposited as granules inside the filaments
Fruiting, gliding bacteria
Myxobacterales
Archaea
Methanogenic archaea
Sulfate reducers
Extreme halophilic archaea
Archaea lacking cell walls
Oscillatoriaceae

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.
8.

Exteme thermophilic elemental sulfur metabolizers

VOLUME 4 : The Actinomycetes

G+ bacteria; rod shaped or form branching filaments that in some genera form
mycelium
High G+C content in DNA
Nocardia
Cause: pulmonary and tissue infections
Dermatophilus
Cause: skin infections; usually in hooves of cattle,
sheep, and similar animals
Franka
N-fixing plant symbiont
Root nodules
Actinoplanes
Present in most soils; especially abundant in neutral pH
Streptomyces
Important in antibiotic production (streptomycin,
tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin)
Produce coenzymes that degrade polysaccharides,
proteins, fats, and other molecules
Streptosporangium
Forms single or clustered mycelia sporangia on aerial
mycelia
Thermoactinomyces
Contain calcium dipicolinate and have typical structure
of endospores
Optimum growth temp @ 50C