What Is Infection

What is infection? What causes infections?
Last updated: 12 September 2014

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A human with an infection has another organism inside them which gets its sustenance
(nourishment) from that person, it colonizes that person and reproduces inside them. The
human with that organism (germ) inside is called the host, while the germ or pathogen is
referred to as a parasitic organism. Another name for an organism that causes infection is an
infectious agent.
It is only an infection if the colonization harms the host. It uses the host to feed on and
multiply at the expense of the host to such an extent that his/her health is affected. The
normal growth of the bacterial flora in the intestine is not an infection, because the bacteria
are not harming the host.
An organism which colonizes and harms a host's health is often called a pathogen. Examples
include:
Parasites
Fungi
Bacteria
Prions
Viroids (plant pathogens, they affect the health of plants)
We all develop a wide range of infections, but fight them off rapidly. Some people, however,
develop persistent, long-term (chronic) infections. The majority of chronic infections are
caused by viruses, such as hepatitis or herpes. Chronic bacterial infections are more likely to
affected patients with diabetes, as well as those with weakened immune systems.
Sometimes, if two organisms are present in the host together, they fight each other instead of
the human body, and the levels of each colony remain balanced - their presence, together
does not pose a problem for the host. An example could be some skin bacteria and yeast.
Antibiotics may, in fact, upset the balance by destroying the good bacteria, allowing the other
potential pathogen to multiply faster and cause health problems.
Viral infections
Infections caused by a virus. An individual may become infect by:
Inhaling the virus (breathing it in)
Being bitten by infected insects or parasites
Through sexual contact
Respiratory infections of the upper airways, nose and throat are the most common forms of
viral infections.
Some antiviral medications may help, they either undermine the virus' ability to reproduce, or
boost the patient's immune system.
Viruses are tiny organisms, much smaller than bacteria or fungi. The virus invades its host
and attaches to a cell, entering it and releasing genetic material (DNA or RNA). This genetic
material helps the virus multiply; it takes over control of the cell, making it replicate the
virus. A cell that has this genetic material inserted into it cannot function properly and soon
dies. When it does it releases new viruses, which infect new cells, etc.
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Not all viruses destroy their host cell. Some of them just alter what the cell does. Experts say
that some cells become cancerous as a result of a virus interfering with its functions.
Sometimes the genetic material lies dormant in a cell; some time in the future something
triggers the cell and the virus starts multiplying again, making the host ill.
Viruses target specific cells in the body, such as those in the genitals or upper respiratory
tract. Some target certain age groups, such as babies or young children, such as those that
cause croup. The rabies virus targets the cells in the host's nervous system. Viruses may target
skin cells and cause warts.
However, some viral infections can be systemic - they affect many different parts of the body,
causing for example runny nose, sinus congestion, cough, and body aches. A viral infection
that causes, for example viral conjunctivitis is local. Viral infections that cause pain, often
trigger itching or burning.
Bacterial infections
Bacteria are tiny single-cell microorganisms, usually a few micrometers in length that
normally exist together in millions - they are neither plants nor animals - they belong to a
group all by themselves. A gram of soil typically contains about 40 million bacterial cells. A
milliliter of fresh water usually holds about one million bacterial cells.
Planet Earth is estimated to hold at least 5 nonillion bacteria. Scientists say that much of
Earth's biomass is made up of bacteria.
5 nonillion = 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (or 5x1030).
Bacteria come in three main shapes:
Spherical (like a ball)

These are usually the simplest ones. Bacteria shaped like this are called cocci
(singular coccus).<.li>
Rod shaped
These are known as bacilli (singular bacillus).
Some of the rod-shaped bacteria are curved; these are known as vibrio. <.li>
Spiral
These known are as spirilla (singular spirillus). If their coil is very tight they are
known as spirochetes. <.li>
A bacterial cell differs somewhat from the cell of a plant or animal. Bacterial cells have no
nucleus and other organelles (sub-units within a cell with a specific function) bound by a
membrane, except for ribosomes. Bacteria have pili, flagella, and a cell capsule (most of
them), unlike animal or plant cells. An organism without a nucleus is called a prokaryote.
(Click here for a more comprehensive article about bacteria)
Bacteria can live in virtually any kind of environment, from extremely hot to super cold,
some even in radioactive waste. A number of bacteria live in our bodies, on our skin, airway,
mouth, digestive and urinary tracts - most of the time without causing any harm to the host.
A relatively small number of bacteria causes diseases in humans. Some of the most deadly
diseases and devastating epidemics in human history have been caused by bacteria, including:
Cholera
Diphtheria
Dysentery
Plague
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Typhoid
Typhus
Here is a list of infections and the names of the bacterium that commonly cause them
(Source: Wikimedia Commons):
Brain (bacterial meningitis) - Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria, meningitides,

Haemuphilus influenzae, Streptococcus agalictaiae, Listeria monocytogenes.
Ear (otitis media ) - Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumonia
Commonly acquired - Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae,
Staphylococcus aureus.
Atypical - Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella
pneumophila
Tuberculosis - Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Upper respiratory tract infection - Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus

influenzae
Gastritis (inflammation of the stomach) - Helicobacter pylori
Food poisoning - Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Shigella, Clostridium,

Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli
Eye infections - Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrheae, Chlamydia

trachomatis
Sinusitis - Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae
Urinary tract infections - Escherichia coli, other Enterobacteriaceae,

Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Skin infections - Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas

aeruginosa
STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) - Chlamydia trahomatis, Neisseria

gonorrhoeae, treponema pallidum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Haemophilus ducreyi
Bacterial infections typically present with localized redness and heat, inflammation
(swelling) and pain. Bacterial infections tend to present localized pain more frequently than
viral infections (not always). Even with a throat infection, a bacterial one will usually have
more severe pain on one side of the throat. If there is pain in just one ear, it is more likely to
be a bacterial infection.
Mycosis (fungal infection/disease)

Mycosis is a fungal infection in or on a part of the body, or a disease caused by a fungus.
Some fungi reproduce through very small airborne spores which people either inhale or pick
up on their skin - i.e. must fungal infections start in the lungs or the skin.
Patients on long-term strong antibiotics are at higher-than-normal risk of developing a fungal
infection. Strong antibiotics can eventually reduce the population of good bacteria which help
maintain the balance of microorganisms in the intestines, mouth, vagina and other parts of the
body. If enough of these good bacteria are destroyed, the fungi have an opportunity to grow
and cause health problems for the host.
Patients with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS and individuals
receiving chemotherapy have a higher risk of developing a fungal infection. Diabetes
patients, especially those who do not have good disease control are also more susceptible.
There are three types of fungal infections of the skin:
Superficial mycoses - limited to the surface of the skin and hair, such as Tinea
versicolor, which commonly affects young people. The chest, back, upper arms or
legs may be affected (very rarely the face). Light or reddish-brown spots appear on
the skin. Sometimes the spots are not visible.
Cutaneous mycoses - occurs deeper in the skin, in the epidermis. The hair and nails
may also be affected. Cutaneous mycoses are limited to the keratinized layers of skin,
nails and hair. This type of mycosis is caused by dermatophytes (a group of three
types of fungus that commonly causes skin disease in animals and humans), which
may cause ringworm. Examples of dermatophytes are Microsporum, Trichophyton,
and Epidermophyton fungi. Athlete's foot is another example of cutaneous micosis.
Subcutaneous mycoses - these types of infections go deeper into the skin, including
the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, as well as muscle and fascia. The fascia is a band of
tissue below the skin that covers underlying tissues - it separates different tissue
layers and surrounds muscles. Subcutaneous mycoses tend to be long term (chronic)
and are usually caused by skin penetration.
Systemic mycoses due to primary or opportunistic pathogens - a primary pathogen causes

disease because of its very presence in a healthy human, while an opportunistic pathogen
causes disease in a host (human) with a weakened immune system. Systemic means the entire
body is affected.
Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens tend to originate in the lungs, and then spread to
other parts of the body; they are usually virulent (potent).
Candidiasis (thrush) is an example of systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens; in
other words, a patient is more likely to get thrush when their defenses (immune system) are
down.
Prion disease
A prion is an infectious agent consisting mainly of protein - it contains no genetic material. It
is neither bacterial nor fungal. It occurs normally in a harmless form, but when it folds into an
abnormal shape it turns into a rogue agent and affects the structure of the brain or other parts
of the nervous system. All forms of prion infections are currently untreatable and fatal.
Prions cause degenerative brain diseases, such as mad cow disease, CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jacob
disease), kuru, fatal familial insomnia, and scrapie. Experts also link some cases of
Alzheimer's disease to prion infection.
Prion diseases, also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, are brain wasting
diseases that affect humans and animals. Made primarily of protein, prions are small active
agents that act a bit like viruses: they don't replicate themselves but hijack material in the host
and cause it to behave abnormally, for instance they force host proteins to fold into shapes
that clump together into plaques that clog up the brain, causing it gradually to waste away.
A team of scientists from the US and the UK have found a new type of prion disease in mice
that damages brain arteries and may help us better understand and treat types of Alzheimer's
disease that cause similar damage. (link to article).
Worldwide deaths from infectious diseases

Source: World Health Organization (WHO)
Lower respiratory infections

Deaths 2002 - 3.9 million
Percentage of all deaths - 6.9% 4.1 million
HIV/AIDS
Percentage of all deaths - 4.9%
Diarrheal diseases
Tuberculosis (TB)
Malaria
Measles
Pertussis (whooping cough)

Tetanus
Meningitis
Syphilis
Hepatitis B
Tropical diseases
Written by Christian Nordqvist

Copyright: Medical News Today
Not to be reproduced without permission.
References
Additional Information
Citations
Rate this article (click stars to rate)

Public / Patient:
17 ratings
4 ratings
email
add your opinion
27
Suggested ReadingYou may be interested in these related

articles
Antibiotics are 'overprescribed' among children for respiratory infections
What is MRSA? How can MRSA be treated?
Fat Clue To TB Awakening

2
Add your opinion to this article
Join the discussion on "What is infection? What causes infections?" with other
healthcare professionals, patients and members of the general public.
Contact our news editors

For any corrections of factual information, or to contact our editorial team, please see our
contact page.
Note: Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for
informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a health
care professional. For more information, please read our terms and conditions.

Last updated: 12 September 2014
9 Like27
Infectious Diseases / Bacteria / Viruses
add your opinion
email
Knowledge Center
Ratings for this article (click to rate)
Public / Patient:
A human with an infection has another organism inside them which gets its sustenance
(nourishment) from that person, it colonizes that person and reproduces inside them. The
human with that organism (germ) inside is called the host, while the germ or pathogen is
referred to as a parasitic organism. Another name for an organism that causes infection is an
infectious agent.
It is only an infection if the colonization harms the host. It uses the host to feed on and
multiply at the expense of the host to such an extent that his/her health is affected. The
normal growth of the bacterial flora in the intestine is not an infection, because the bacteria
are not harming the host.
An organism which colonizes and harms a host's health is often called a pathogen. Examples
include:
Parasites
Fungi
Bacteria
Prions
Viroids (plant pathogens, they affect the health of plants)
We all develop a wide range of infections, but fight them off rapidly. Some people, however,
develop persistent, long-term (chronic) infections. The majority of chronic infections are
caused by viruses, such as hepatitis or herpes. Chronic bacterial infections are more likely to
affected patients with diabetes, as well as those with weakened immune systems.
Sometimes, if two organisms are present in the host together, they fight each other instead of
the human body, and the levels of each colony remain balanced - their presence, together
does not pose a problem for the host. An example could be some skin bacteria and yeast.
Antibiotics may, in fact, upset the balance by destroying the good bacteria, allowing the other
potential pathogen to multiply faster and cause health problems.
Viral infections
Infections caused by a virus. An individual may become infect by:
Inhaling the virus (breathing it in)
Being bitten by infected insects or parasites
Through sexual contact
Respiratory infections of the upper airways, nose and throat are the most common forms of
viral infections.
Some antiviral medications may help, they either undermine the virus' ability to reproduce, or
boost the patient's immune system.
Viruses are tiny organisms, much smaller than bacteria or fungi. The virus invades its host
and attaches to a cell, entering it and releasing genetic material (DNA or RNA). This genetic
material helps the virus multiply; it takes over control of the cell, making it replicate the
virus. A cell that has this genetic material inserted into it cannot function properly and soon
dies. When it does it releases new viruses, which infect new cells, etc.
Ads by Google
SAFC PharmaGrade Products - Reduce risk with high-quality raw materials. Learn more. sigmaaldrich.com/PharmaGrade
We Want Malaysian Authors - Start Publishing Your Book. Get A Free Book Publishing
Guide Now! - partridgepublishing.com/Singapore
Stroke Patient Services - Transportation, Home Care & More. Get Your Free Consultation
Session. - www.door2doordoctor.my/stroke-care
Not all viruses destroy their host cell. Some of them just alter what the cell does. Experts say
that some cells become cancerous as a result of a virus interfering with its functions.
Sometimes the genetic material lies dormant in a cell; some time in the future something
triggers the cell and the virus starts multiplying again, making the host ill.
Viruses target specific cells in the body, such as those in the genitals or upper respiratory
tract. Some target certain age groups, such as babies or young children, such as those that
cause croup. The rabies virus targets the cells in the host's nervous system. Viruses may target
skin cells and cause warts.
However, some viral infections can be systemic - they affect many different parts of the body,
causing for example runny nose, sinus congestion, cough, and body aches. A viral infection
that causes, for example viral conjunctivitis is local. Viral infections that cause pain, often
trigger itching or burning.
Bacterial infections
Bacteria are tiny single-cell microorganisms, usually a few micrometers in length that
normally exist together in millions - they are neither plants nor animals - they belong to a
group all by themselves. A gram of soil typically contains about 40 million bacterial cells. A
milliliter of fresh water usually holds about one million bacterial cells.
Planet Earth is estimated to hold at least 5 nonillion bacteria. Scientists say that much of
Earth's biomass is made up of bacteria.
5 nonillion = 5,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (or 5x1030).
Bacteria come in three main shapes:
Spherical (like a ball)

These are usually the simplest ones. Bacteria shaped like this are called cocci
(singular coccus).<.li>
Rod shaped
These are known as bacilli (singular bacillus).
Some of the rod-shaped bacteria are curved; these are known as vibrio. <.li>
Spiral
These known are as spirilla (singular spirillus). If their coil is very tight they are
known as spirochetes. <.li>
A bacterial cell differs somewhat from the cell of a plant or animal. Bacterial cells have no
nucleus and other organelles (sub-units within a cell with a specific function) bound by a
membrane, except for ribosomes. Bacteria have pili, flagella, and a cell capsule (most of
them), unlike animal or plant cells. An organism without a nucleus is called a prokaryote.
(Click here for a more comprehensive article about bacteria)
Bacteria can live in virtually any kind of environment, from extremely hot to super cold,
some even in radioactive waste. A number of bacteria live in our bodies, on our skin, airway,
mouth, digestive and urinary tracts - most of the time without causing any harm to the host.
A relatively small number of bacteria causes diseases in humans. Some of the most deadly
diseases and devastating epidemics in human history have been caused by bacteria, including:
Cholera
Diphtheria
Dysentery
Plague
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Typhoid
Typhus
Here is a list of infections and the names of the bacterium that commonly cause them
(Source: Wikimedia Commons):
Brain (bacterial meningitis) - Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria, meningitides,

Haemuphilus influenzae, Streptococcus agalictaiae, Listeria monocytogenes.
Ear (otitis media ) - Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pneumonia
Commonly acquired - Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae,
Staphylococcus aureus.
Atypical - Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Legionella

pneumophila
Tuberculosis - Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Upper respiratory tract infection - Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus

influenzae
Gastritis (inflammation of the stomach) - Helicobacter pylori
Food poisoning - Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Shigella, Clostridium,

Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli
Eye infections - Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrheae, Chlamydia

trachomatis
Sinusitis - Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae
Urinary tract infections - Escherichia coli, other Enterobacteriaceae,

Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Skin infections - Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas

aeruginosa
STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) - Chlamydia trahomatis, Neisseria

gonorrhoeae, treponema pallidum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Haemophilus ducreyi
Bacterial infections typically present with localized redness and heat, inflammation
(swelling) and pain. Bacterial infections tend to present localized pain more frequently than
viral infections (not always). Even with a throat infection, a bacterial one will usually have
more severe pain on one side of the throat. If there is pain in just one ear, it is more likely to
be a bacterial infection.
Mycosis (fungal infection/disease)

Mycosis is a fungal infection in or on a part of the body, or a disease caused by a fungus.
Some fungi reproduce through very small airborne spores which people either inhale or pick
up on their skin - i.e. must fungal infections start in the lungs or the skin.
Patients on long-term strong antibiotics are at higher-than-normal risk of developing a fungal
infection. Strong antibiotics can eventually reduce the population of good bacteria which help
maintain the balance of microorganisms in the intestines, mouth, vagina and other parts of the
body. If enough of these good bacteria are destroyed, the fungi have an opportunity to grow
and cause health problems for the host.
Patients with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS and individuals
receiving chemotherapy have a higher risk of developing a fungal infection. Diabetes
patients, especially those who do not have good disease control are also more susceptible.
There are three types of fungal infections of the skin:
Superficial mycoses - limited to the surface of the skin and hair, such as Tinea
versicolor, which commonly affects young people. The chest, back, upper arms or
legs may be affected (very rarely the face). Light or reddish-brown spots appear on
the skin. Sometimes the spots are not visible.
Cutaneous mycoses - occurs deeper in the skin, in the epidermis. The hair and nails
may also be affected. Cutaneous mycoses are limited to the keratinized layers of skin,
nails and hair. This type of mycosis is caused by dermatophytes (a group of three
types of fungus that commonly causes skin disease in animals and humans), which
may cause ringworm. Examples of dermatophytes are Microsporum, Trichophyton,
and Epidermophyton fungi. Athlete's foot is another example of cutaneous micosis.
Subcutaneous mycoses - these types of infections go deeper into the skin, including
the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, as well as muscle and fascia. The fascia is a band of
tissue below the skin that covers underlying tissues - it separates different tissue
layers and surrounds muscles. Subcutaneous mycoses tend to be long term (chronic)
and are usually caused by skin penetration.
Systemic mycoses due to primary or opportunistic pathogens - a primary pathogen causes

disease because of its very presence in a healthy human, while an opportunistic pathogen
causes disease in a host (human) with a weakened immune system. Systemic means the entire
body is affected.
Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens tend to originate in the lungs, and then spread to
other parts of the body; they are usually virulent (potent).
Candidiasis (thrush) is an example of systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens; in
other words, a patient is more likely to get thrush when their defenses (immune system) are
down.
Prion disease
A prion is an infectious agent consisting mainly of protein - it contains no genetic material. It
is neither bacterial nor fungal. It occurs normally in a harmless form, but when it folds into an
abnormal shape it turns into a rogue agent and affects the structure of the brain or other parts
of the nervous system. All forms of prion infections are currently untreatable and fatal.
Prions cause degenerative brain diseases, such as mad cow disease, CJD (Creutzfeldt-Jacob
disease), kuru, fatal familial insomnia, and scrapie. Experts also link some cases of
Alzheimer's disease to prion infection.
Prion diseases, also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, are brain wasting
diseases that affect humans and animals. Made primarily of protein, prions are small active
agents that act a bit like viruses: they don't replicate themselves but hijack material in the host
and cause it to behave abnormally, for instance they force host proteins to fold into shapes
that clump together into plaques that clog up the brain, causing it gradually to waste away.
A team of scientists from the US and the UK have found a new type of prion disease in mice
that damages brain arteries and may help us better understand and treat types of Alzheimer's
disease that cause similar damage. (link to article).
Worldwide deaths from infectious diseases

Source: World Health Organization (WHO)
Lower respiratory infections

Percentage of all deaths - 6.9% 4.1 million
HIV/AIDS
Diarrheal diseases
Tuberculosis (TB)
Malaria
Measles
Pertussis (whooping cough)

Tetanus
Meningitis
Syphilis
Hepatitis B
Tropical diseases
Written by Christian Nordqvist

Copyright: Medical News Today
Not to be reproduced without permission.
References
Additional Information
Citations
Rate this article (click stars to rate)

Public / Patient:
17 ratings
4 ratings
email
add your opinion
27
Suggested ReadingYou may be interested in these related

articles
Antibiotics are 'overprescribed' among children for respiratory infections
What is MRSA? How can MRSA be treated?
Fat Clue To TB Awakening
2
Add your opinion to this article
Join the discussion on "What is infection? What causes infections?" with other
healthcare professionals, patients and members of the general public.
Contact our news editors

For any corrections of factual information, or to contact our editorial team, please see our
contact page.
Note: Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for
informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a health
care professional. For more information, please read our terms and conditions.

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What Is Infection

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What is infection? What causes infections?

Last updated: 12 September 2014

Viroids (plant pathogens, they affect the health of plants)

Inhaling the virus (breathing it in)

Being bitten by infected insects or parasites

Through sexual contact

Spherical (like a ball)

Brain (bacterial meningitis) - Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria, meningitides,

Ear (otitis media ) - Streptococcus pneumoniae

Upper respiratory tract infection - Streptococcus pyogenes, Haemophilus

Gastritis (inflammation of the stomach) - Helicobacter pylori

Food poisoning - Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Shigella, Clostridium,

Eye infections - Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrheae, Chlamydia

Sinusitis - Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae

Urinary tract infections - Escherichia coli, other Enterobacteriaceae,

Skin infections - Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas

STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) - Chlamydia trahomatis, Neisseria

Mycosis (fungal infection/disease)

Systemic mycoses due to primary or opportunistic pathogens - a primary pathogen causes

Worldwide deaths from infectious diseases

Lower respiratory infections

Pertussis (whooping cough)

Written by Christian Nordqvist

Rate this article (click stars to rate)

Suggested ReadingYou may be interested in these related

Antibiotics are 'overprescribed' among children for respiratory infections

What is MRSA? How can MRSA be treated?

Fat Clue To TB Awakening

Contact our news editors