E Chap 4 Local Loop Technologies, Internet Access and Leased Lines

2/16/2015
Lecture 4: Local Loop

Technologies, Internet Access
and Leased Lines
Dr. Mohammed Hawa
Electrical Engineering Department
University of Jordan
EE426: Communication Networks
Internet Access Technologies
Dial-up Modems
Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL)
Fiber (FTTx)
Cable TV (CATV) Networks
WiMAX and Cellular
Power line communication (PLC)
Leased Lines
Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa
Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan
2/16/2015
Broadband in Different Regions
2/16/2015
Cable: 20%
Copper: 60%
Fiber: 20%
2/16/2015
Dial-up Modems (Voice-band Modems)
PSTN: Public Switch Telephone Network, or POTS: Plain Old Telephony Service
2/16/2015
Dial-up Modem
Dial-up Modem Standards

Connection
Modem 110
Modem 300 (Bell 103 or V.21)
Modem 1200 (Bell 212A or V.22)
Modem 2400 (V.22bis)
Modem 2400 (V.26bis)
Modem 4800 (V.27ter)
Modem 9600 (V.32)
Modem 14.4 (V.32bis)
Modem 28.8 (V.34)
Modem 33.6 (V.34)
Modem 56k (V.90)
Modem 56k (V.92)
Hardware compression (variable) (V.92/V.44)
Bitrate
0.1 kbit/s
0.3 kbit/s
1.2 kbit/s
2.4 kbit/s
2.4 kbit/s
4.8 kbit/s
9.6 kbit/s
14.4 kbit/s
28.8 kbit/s
33.6 kbit/s
56.0/33.6 kbit/s
56.0/48.0 kbit/s
56.0-320.0 kbit/s
10
2/16/2015
ITU-T V.32bis & ITU-T V.92

ITU-T V.32bis: Full-duplex
Download bit rate = 14.4 kbps
(ISP to user)
Upload bit rate = 14.4 kbps
(from user to ISP)
Uses QAM-128 modulation:
This means that 7 bits can be
sent per one QAM symbol.
ITU-T V.92: Duplex
Download bit rate = 56.0 kbps
Upload bit rate = 48.0 kbps
11
Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL)
12
2/16/2015
xDSL Standards
Different variants of DSL technologies exist:
ADSL/ADSL2/ADSL2+ (Asymmetric DSL),
SDSL (Symmetric DSL), HDSL (High-bit-rate DSL),
VDSL/VDSL2 (Very High Rate DSL), RADSL
(Rate-Adaptive DSL), GDSL (Gigabit DSL).
Name
ADSL
ADSL (G.dmt)
ADSL Lite (G.lite)
ADSL2
ADSL2+
VDSL
VDSL2
G.fast
Standard Name
ANSI T1.413-1998 Issue 2
ITU-T G.992.1
ITU-T G.992.2
ITU-T G.992.3/4
ITU-T G.992.5
ITU-T G.993.1
ITU-T G.993.2
ITU-T G.9700 & G.9701
Downstream rate
8 Mbit/s
8 Mbit/s
1.5 Mbit/s
12 Mbit/s
24 Mbit/s
52 Mbit/s
100 Mbit/s
1 Gbit/s
Upstream rate
1.0 Mbit/s
1.3 Mbit/s
0.5 Mbit/s
3.3 Mbit/s
3.3 Mbit/s
16 Mbit/s
100 Mbit/s
100 Mbit/s
13
Above Data Rates are Maximum
14
2/16/2015
Use bandwidth above 4 kHz
15
16
2/16/2015
G.fast and Vectoring

G.fast provides up to 1 Gbit/s aggregate uplink and downlink
data rate at 100m distance.
Approved in December 2014, deployments in 2016.
G.fast uses DMT. It modulates up to 12 bit per DMT
frequency carrier, reduced from 15 in VDSL2 to reduce
complexity.
G.fast uses 106 MHz bandwidth, with 212 MHz profiles
planned for future amendments.
Compared to 8.5, 17.664, or 30 MHz profiles in VDSL2.
G.fast uses TDD, as opposed to ADSL2 and VDSL2, which use
FDD, with symmetry ratios of 90/10 up to 10/90, including
50/50.
Performance in G.fast systems is limited by crosstalk between
multiple wire pairs in a single cable (called Self-FEXT: far-end
crosstalk).
17
Vectoring
Vectoring coordinates line
signals to reduce crosstalk
(noise cancellation).
Vectoring was previously
specified for VDSL2 by the
ITU-T in G.993.5, called
G.vector.
The first version of G.fast will
support an improved version
of the linear precoding
scheme found in G.vector.
Non-linear precoding planned
for a future amendment.
18
2/16/2015
G.fast Deployment
FTTdp (fiber to the distribution point) is
commonly associated with G.fast, similar to how FTTN is
associated with VDSL2.
FTTdp is in between FTTN and FTTH.
In FTTdp, a limited number of subscribers at a distance of
up to 200300 m are attached to one fiber node (can be
mounted on a pole or underground), which acts as a
DSLAM.
Compared to ADSL2 where the DSLAM is located in the
Local Exchange at a distance of up to 5 km from the
subscriber, while in some VDSL2 the DSLAM is located in
a street cabinet and serves hundreds of subscribers at
distances up to 1 km.
19
Fiber to the x (FTTx)
Telephony networks consist of a large distribution network of copper wires.

Fiber to the node / Fiber to the neighborhood (FTTN)
Fiber to the curb (FTTC) / Fiber to the kerb (FTTK)
Fiber to the distribution point (FTTdp)
Fiber to the building (FTTB)
Fiber to the home (FTTH)
20
10
2/16/2015
21
Equipment
22
11
2/16/2015
FTTx
The two main
technologies on top of
FTTx architectures are:
VDSL2: used in FTTN,
FTTC and in some FTTB
deployments.
Passive optical network
(PON): used in FTTH
and in some FTTB
deployments.
23
Main standards for PON

Name
Standard
Maximum Downstream
Split ratio Capacity*
1:32
1.25 Gbps
BPON
ITU-T
(Broadband G.983
PON)
GPON
ITU-T
1:64
2.5 Gbps
(Gigabit
G.984
PON)
10G-PON
ITU-T
1:128
10 Gbps
(10 Gigabit G.987
PON)
EPON
IEEE
1:32
1.25 Gbps
(Ethernet
802.3ah
PON)
10G-EPON IEEE
1:64
10 Gbps
(10 Gigabit 802.3av
Ethernet
PON)
(*) before being divided by the number of splits
Upstream
Capacity*
622 Mbps
Layer 2
encapsulation
ATM
1.25 Gbps
ATM &
Ethernet
2.5 Gbps
Ethernet
1.25 Gbps
Ethernet
1.25 Gbps
Ethernet
24
12
2/16/2015
Cable TV (CATV) Networks
25
Cable Modems
26
13
2/16/2015
Coaxial Cable Bandwidth
27
DOCSIS (Data Over Cable

Service Interface Specifications)
CableModem
Standard
Name
Ratified
as ITU-T
Standard
DOCSIS 1.1
J.112
Annex B
J.122
J.222
DOCSIS 2.0
DOCSIS 3.0
4 channel
DOCSIS 3.0
8 channel
DOCSIS 3.1
200MHz
OFDM
J.222
October
2013
DOCSIS
(6 MHz channels)
Downstream
Upstream
rate
rate
42.88 Mbit/s
10.24 Mbit/s
EuroDOCSIS
(8 MHz channels)
Downstream
Upstream
rate
rate
55.62 Mbit/s
10.24 Mbit/s
42.88 Mbit/s
171.52
Mbit/s
343.04 Mbit/s
30.72 Mbit/s
122.88 Mbit/s
55.62 Mbit/s
222.48 Mbit/s
30.72 Mbit/s
122.88 Mbit/s
122.88 Mbit/s
444.96 Mbit/s
122.88 Mbit/s
10 Gbit/s
1 Gbit/s
28
14
2/16/2015
Fixed Broadband Wireless Access

(BWA) (Wi-MAX or IEEE802.16)
29
Base Station (BS)
30
15
2/16/2015
Subscriber Stations (SS)

(LOS and Non-LOS antennas)
31
IEEE 802.16 Standards (Wi-MAX)
IEEE 802.16a-2003
Maximum range of 50 km
6 MHz channels
42 Mbps downstream and 10 Mbps upstream in each channel
IEEE 802.16e-2005
IEEE 802.16m-2011
At 3.5 GHz and lower, does not require line-of-sight.

Adds mobility features.
Narrower bandwidth (a max of 5 MHz for each channel).
Uplink/Downlink data rate per channel is 70 Mbps/70 Mbps.
Advanced Air Interface
Data rates of 100 Mbit/s mobile and 1 Gbit/s fixed.
Also known as Mobile WiMAX Release 2 or WirelessMAN-Advanced.
Aiming at fulfilling the ITU-R IMT-Advanced requirements on 4G.
IEEE 802.16-2012
Rollup of 802.16h, 802.16j and 802.16m (excluding WirelessMAN-Advanced
radio interface, which was moved to IEEE Std 802.16.1)
Supports cognitive radio operation.
32
16
2/16/2015
Power line communication (PLC)
33
Split data stream at home
34
17
2/16/2015
Also for Home Networking
35
PLC Standards Groups

High Definition PLC (HD-PLC), led by Panasonic;
HomePlug Powerline Alliance (HomePlug);
various power line communications specifications
that support networking over existing home
electrical wiring (HomePlug 1.0 (14 Mbit/s),
HomePlug AV (80 Mbs) and HomePlug AV2 (600
Mbps), HomePlug Access BPL (Broadband Power
Line)).
IEEE 1901 supports both HomePlug and HD-PLC.
ITU-T G.hn/G.9960 as a standard for high-speed
power line, coax and phone line communications.
36
18
2/16/2015
Leased Lines from Telephony

Local Loop,
or Last Mile
Core
Public Switched Telephone Network
Up to 10,000
local loops
Main Exchange,
or Toll Office
or Central Office
(Analog,
Twisted Pair)
Local Exchange,
or End Office
(Codec, Digital)
Medium-bandwidth Trunks
(Digital, Optical Fiber)
(E1, E2, T1, T2)
Trunks between
PSTNs/Countries
(STM-16, STM-64)
High-bandwidth Trunks
(Digital, Optical Fiber)
(E4, STM-1)
Public Switched Telephone

Network
37
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)

European Standard:
Carrier Multiplex
E0
1 channel (voice or signaling)
E1
30 speech + 1 framing + 1 signaling channels
E2
Four E1 carriers + framing
E3
E4
E5
U.S. Standard:
Carrier Multiplex
T0
1 channel (voice and signaling combined)
T1
24 PCM channels + framing
T2
Four T1 carriers + framing
T3
Seven T2 carriers + framing
T4
Six T3 carriers + framing
Data Rate
64 kbps
2.048 Mbps
8.448 Mbps
34.368 Mbps
139.264 Mbps
565.148 Mbps
Data Rate
64 kbps
1.544 Mbps
6.312 Mbps
44.736 Mbps
274.176 Mbps
MUX Level
1st Level
2nd Level
3rd Level
4th Level
5th Level
MUX Level
1st Level
2nd Level
3rd Level
4th Level
38
19
2/16/2015
SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) /

SONET (Synchronous Optical NETwork)
European Standard:
Optical Carrier
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
STM-64
STM-256
STM-1024
U.S. Standard:
Optical Carrier
OC-1
OC-3
OC-12
OC-48
OC-192
OC-768
OC-3072
Multiplex
Basic
Four STM-1 carriers
Four STM-4 carriers
Four STM-16 carriers
Electrical Carrier
STS-1
STS-3
STS-12
STS-48
STS-192
STS-768
STS-3072
Multiplex
Basic
Three OC-1 carriers
Four OC-3 carriers
Four OC-12 carriers
Four OC-48 carriers
Four OC-192 carriers
Four OC-768 carriers
Data Rate
155.52 Mbps
622.08 Mbps
2.48832 Gbps
9.95328 Gbps
39.813 Gbps
159.252 Gbps
Data Rate
51.84 Mbps
155.52 Mbps
622.08 Mbps
2.48832 Gbps
9.95328 Gbps
39.813 Gbps
159.252 Gbps
39
Remember
SDH is an ITU-T standard (G.707, G.708, G.709)
STM-n stands for: Synchronous Transport Module
Level n
STS-n stands for: Synchronous Transport Signal
Level n
OC-n stands for: Optical Carrier Level n
Benefits of SDH/SONET over PDH: simpler and a
more flexible multiplexing at high data rates.
Huge capacity of extra bits dedicated for network
management and maintenance functions to allow
protection rings.
40
20
2/16/2015
Cellular Telephony
Standard
Name (Technology)
2.5G
GPRS
3G
UMTS
General
Packet
Service (TDMA)
Universal
Mobile
Telecommunications
System (CDMA)
High Speed Packet Access
(OFDMA)
Evolved
High
Speed
Packet Access Release 6
(OFDMA + MIMO)
Evolved
High
Speed
Packet Access Release 9
(OFDMA + MIMO)
Long Term Evolution
(OFDMA + MIMO)
Long
Term
Evolution
Advanced
(OFDMA + MIMO)
HSPA
3.75G
HSPA+ Rel. 6
HSPA+ Rel. 9
LTE
4G
LTE Advanced
Downstream
Rate
Radio 54 kbps
Upstream
Rate
27 kbps
384 kbps
128 kbps
7.2 Mbps
3.6 Mbps
14.4 Mbps
5.76 Mbps
84.4 Mbps
11.5 Mbps
100 Mbps
50 Mbps
1 Gbps
500 Mbps
41
42
21

E Chap 4 Local Loop Technologies, Internet Access and Leased Lines

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

E Chap 4 Local Loop Technologies, Internet Access and Leased Lines

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

2/16/2015

Lecture 4: Local Loop

EE426: Communication Networks

Internet Access Technologies

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Broadband in Different Regions

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Dial-up Modems (Voice-band Modems)

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Dial-up Modem Standards

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

ITU-T V.32bis & ITU-T V.92

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL)

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Above Data Rates are Maximum

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Use bandwidth above 4 kHz

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

G.fast and Vectoring

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Fiber to the x (FTTx)

Telephony networks consist of a large distribution network of copper wires.

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Main standards for PON

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Cable TV (CATV) Networks

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan

Coaxial Cable Bandwidth

Copyright Dr. Mohammed Hawa

Electrical Engineering Department, University of Jordan