Lecture Notes in Algebra

Example 1. Find the middle term of the expansion

of
2
16
(x + 1)
Solution:
In the expansion, there will be 17 terms, and the
middle term is the 9th term, thus n = 16;
r = 9;
2
x=x ;
y=1
9th (middle term) =

(16 15 14 13 12 1110 9) 2 8 7
( x ) (1)
(8!)

= 12870 x16

Example 2. Find the term free of x in the expansion

of

Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA

7th term =

(15 14 13 12 11 10)
= 5005
(6!)

Example 3. Find the sum of the coefficients of the

expansion of the following:
11
7
a. (2x + 3y -3z)
b. (3x -4y -2)

-3/2 15
)

x = x;

y = x-3/2; r = unknown; n = 15

x n r +1 y r 1 = x15 r +1 ( x 2 ) r 1 = x 0
x0 = x

3 3
(16 r ) + ( r + )
2 2
35 5 r

x0 = x 2

equating exp onents

35 5r
0=

2 2
r =7

b = 2k 1;

c = -3k

11

a. (2x + 3y - 3z) b. (3x - 4y - 2)

Solution:
a. Replace x, y and z with 1
Sum = (2+3-3)7 = 27 = 128

b. If we replace the variables with 1,

the term will be Sum = (3-4-2)11 , so
only interested in the sum of the numerical

Solution:
In the expansion, the required term is free of x,
meaning; the exponent of the simplified term has
x0 as a factor, with

Solution: Here a = 7;
+2

Sum of Roots = -b/a = -(2k-1)/7

7

we have to subtract (-2)11 if we are

(x + x

Example 5. Determine the value of k so that the

sum and product of the roots are equal from the
2
given equation, 7x + (2k - 1)x - 3k + 2 = O.

coeffficients of the variables.

therefore:
Sum = (3-4-2)11 (2)11 = 175099
Example 4. Find the value of k so that the two
roots of
2
2x + 3kx +8 = 0 are equal
Solution:
Here a = 2;
b = 3k;
For the roots to be equal:
b2 4ac = 0

c=8

= c/a = (-3k + 2)/7

for the first reviewee

since the constant term is wrong,
then a and b must be correct

Sum = product

(2k 1) (3k + 2)
=
7
7
k = 1
Example 5. Find the value of k in the given
quadratic equation if 3 is one of the roots.
2
3x - kx + x - 7k = 0
Solution: Here the equation can be rewritten in the
std. quadratic form

3 x 2 + (k + 1) x + (7 k ) = 0
then a = 3;

b = -k + 1;

Example7. Two reviewees attempt to solve a

problem that reduces to a quadratic equation. One
of them made a mistake only in the constant term of
the quadratic equation and gives an answer of 8 and
2 for the roots. The other reviewee, solving the
same problem made an error in the coefficient of
the first degree term only and gives his answer as -9
and -1 for the roots. If you were to check their
solutions, what would be the correct quadratic
equations?

c = -7k

c 7 k
=
= 3 x2
a
3
7 k
x2 =
9

product of roots =

from sum of roots:

b
x1 + x2 = = 8 + 2 = 10
a
b = -10a

for the second reviewee

since b is wrong then a and c
must be correct
then
from the product of the roots
c
= (9)(1) = 9
a
c = 9a

x1 x2 =

the correct quadratic equation is

ax 2 + bx + c = 0
ax 2 10ax + 9a = 0

k + 1
b
=
= 3 + x2
a
3
k + 1
k 1
3 =
3
x2 =
3
3
k 10
x2 =
3 3

sum of roots =

then
(3k ) 2 4(2)(8) = 0
k =

Product

8
3

then solving for k; k = 3

then
x 2 10 x + 9 = 0

Example 8. Simplify the following:

i 8 (4 + i )(3 + 2i )
2 i

i 8 = (i 2 ) 4 = (1) 4 = 1

Lecture Notes in Algebra

(4 + i )(3 + 2i ) = 12 + 3i + 8i + 2i 2
= 12 + 11i + 2(1)
= 10 + 11i
thus
i (4 + i )(3 + 2i ) 10 + 11i
=
2i
2 1

Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA

f ( x) = ( x)5 - 3(-x) 4 + 2(-x)3 + 6(-x) 2 +12(-x) - 24

2w3 + 5w 2 - w - 6 = ( w 1)( w + 2)(2w + 3) Example 16. Write a cubic whose roots are -1, 2,

= x 3x 2 x + 6 x 12 x 24
the sign variation : -, -, -, +, -, - or 2 sign variations

Hint: Use your calculator and solve for w

10 + 11i 2 + i
20 + 22i + 10i + 11i 2
(
)=
2i 2+i
4 i2
20 + 32i 11
=
4 (1)
9 + 32i
=
5
9 32
= + i
5 5
Example 9.
At most, how many roots could the

following function have?

3x 7 - 5x 4 + 12x 2 - 4x - 24 = 0
Solution: the degree of this equation is 7, therefore
the equation will have at most 7 roots. These roots
maybe real or imaginary, rational or irrational,
equal or unequal.
Example 10. How many positive and negative
roots can the given polynomial function have?
3
2
5
4
x 3x + 2x + 6x +12x 24 = 0
the sign variation in f(x) = x 5 - 3x 4 + 2x 3 + 6x 2 +12x - 24 = 0
is +, -, +, +, +, - or 3 sign variations so there are at most 3
positive roots and 2 negative roots. It is possible also to have
1 positive root and 4 negative roots

and 4.

so there are at least 2 negative roots and 3 positive roots

or 4 negative roots and 1 positive root as before

then

Example 13. Find the upper and lower bounds of

the real roots of the equation

Example 11. Find the remainder if

2
4
x - 10x - 9x - 20 is divided by x - 4
Solution:
Here:
4
2
N(x) = x - 10x - 9x - 20
x-a=x4
Therefore a = 4
4
2
N(a) = 4 -10(4) - 9(4) 20

x = 2 (x - 2) = 0
x = 4 (x - 4) = 0

By synthetic division, the roots

or the values of x are

and
(x+1)(x-2)(x-4) = 0

x = 4 upper bound value

x = 1 intermediate value

x3 5x2 6 x + 8 = 0

x = - 12 lower bound value

R = 40

x 4 +x 3 +4x 2 +6x - 12 = 0?

Example 12. Find the complete factorization of

3
2
2w + 5w w 6

by synthetic division :
the values of x are

Solution:
here, if the remainder is 0 when

x = 1

rational root

x = -2

rational root

the given polynomial be divided

by x - a then x - a is a complete
factor or exact divisor of the given
polynomial. In this example x is w

x =

to determine a they are the

factors of -6: (-1,6) or (1,-6)

-6 irrational root

Example 15. If 1 and -2 are rational roots of the

given equation: what is the second depressed
equation?

x 4 +x 3 +4x 2 +6x - 12 = 0?
Solution: By Synthetic Division, the remainder

for values of w = 1, -2 and

-3
2

Example 17. Find a positive value of x so that 4x,

2
5x + 4 & 3x -1 will be in arithmetic
progression.
Here the approach is to apply the definition of
arithmetic progression: A series of numbers a,b,c
are in AP if and only if
b - a = c - b = d (common difference)
2
Then: (5x+4)-4x = (3x -1)-(5x+4)
2
0 = 3x -1-5x-4+4x-5x-4
2
2
0 = 3x -6x-9 = x -2x-3
x = 3 or -1

x = 6 irrational root

or (-2,3) or (-2,3)

by the remainder theorem, the remainder is zero

x = -1 (x +1) = 0

2 x3 9 x 2 + 3x + 4 = 0

Example 14.
What are the rational roots and
irrational roots of the equation?

R = N(a) = 256 -160 -36 -20

here the values of x are -1, 2 and 4

so

after x +x +4x +6x - 12 = 0 is divided by

x - 1 and x + 2 successively, is x2 + 6. This is now
the second depressed equation.

Example 18. The arithmetic mean of 6 numbers is

17. If two numbers are added to the progression, the
new set of number will have an arithmetic mean of
19. What are the two numbers added if their
difference is 4?
The approach is to apply the arithmetic mean
concept
Let x and y be the numbers to be added and x be
the sum of the 6 numbers and xm be the arithmetic
mean which is 17

Lecture Notes in Algebra

xm = x/n = x/6 = 17 ; x = 102
(102 + x + y)/8 = 19
x + y = 50
Also;
xy=4
Solving;

c. Find the harmonic mean between 1/2 and 1/8

c.

solution

eq 1
eq 2

a1 =

a3 = 18

Example 19.
a. How many terms of the series 3, 5, 7,.must be
taken for their sum to be equal to 2600?

these numbers are in HP if

their reciprocals are in AP
1
1

2 = 8
am
am

a.
here
a1 = 3

[ 2a1 + (n 1)d ]
2600 = n2 [ 2(3) + (n 1)2]
Sn =

n
2

solving
n = 50
b. Find the quotient of the sum of all off integers
between 100 and 1000 when it is divided by 9.

b.

a1 = 101,

an = 999,

d =2

first, determine how many odd

numbers in all are there between
100 and 1000
a n = a1 + (n 1)d
999 = 101 + (n 1)2
n = 450
S n = 450
101 + 999]
2 [

S n = 247,500
Quotient (Q )
Q=

1
2

a2 = harmonic mean

x = 27, y = 23

d = 53 = 75 = 2
S n = 2600

247,500
= 27,500
9

Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA

a.
for a series to be in GP
a2 a3
= = r (common ratio)
a1 a2
an = a1r n 1

c. given here is

here

2
200
a1 = 2( )50 =
3
3
2
r = , n
3
formula for the sum of Infinite GP
a
Sn = 1
1 r

a4 = 216 = a1r 3 eq1

a6 = 1944 = a1r 5 eq 2
divide
a1r 5
1944
= r2 =
=9
3
a1r
216

2
= 10 am = 5
am

r = 3 and a1 = 8
a8 = 8(3)7

th
d. The 6 term of a harmonic progression is 12. the
th
th
10 term is 6, find the 8 term.

d.
h e r e t h e H P te r m s a r e
a 6 = 12
a10 = 6

using r = -3 a8 = 17496,17496

b. In a benefit show, a number of wealthy men

agreed that the first one to arrive would pay 10
centavos to enter and each later arrival would pay
twice as much as the preceding man. If he total
amount collected from all of them was P104,857.50
how many wealthy men paid?

b. given here is

f r o m n th t e r m f o r m u la o f A P
a n = a 1 + ( n 1) d

a1 = 0.1

1
6

1
a1

1
a1

+5d

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

r=2

g.

1
=
a8

h.

from the sum of GP formula

d =
1
48

1
48

+ 7 ( 418 )

a8 = 8
Example 20.
th
a. The 4 term of a geometric progression is 216
th
th
and the 6 term is 1944, find the 8
term.

a1 (r n 1)
r 1
0.1(2n 1)
104,857.5 =
2 1
solving
n = 20 wealthy men

1 23

= 200

Example 21. Given the numbers 12, 16 and 25

+9d

a1 = 4 8 ,

200
3

Total Distance = 250 ft

S n = 104,857.50

s o lv in g

Sn =

using r = +3 a8 = 17496, 17496

a8 = ?

1
12

c. A rubber ball is made to fall a height of 50 ft. and

is observed to rebound 2/3 of the height it falls.
How far will the ball travel before coming to a
stop?

Sn =

Compute the first proportional number

Compute the second proportional number
Compute the third proportional number
Compute the fourth proportional number
Compute the mean proportional number to
12 and 16
Compute the mean proportional number to
16 and 25
Three men are to share for an excavation
job amounting to P5,400 in the ratio 1:3:8.
How much does each man receive?
If x varies directly as y and inversely as z,
x = 14 when y = 7 and z = 2, find x when y
= 16 and z = 4

b.

a.

c.

x,12,16, 25 12, x,16, 25 12,16, x, 25

x
12

= 16
25

x = 7.68

12
x

= 16
25

x = 18.75

12
16

x
25

x = 18.75

Lecture Notes in Algebra

e.

d.

f.
16, x, 25

12,16, 25, x 12, x,16

12
12
= 16x
= 25x
x
16
x=

100
3

16
x

x=8 3

D = demand

x x2=0
( x 2)( x + 1) = 0
x = 2; 1
x=-1 is rejected

pD
A
D=k k =
A
p
pD
p D
1 1= 2 2
A
A
1
2
(20)(10,000) p2 (10,000)
=
40,000
50,000
p = P 25
2

then
1( x) + 3( x) + 8( x) = 5400
= P 450 share of 1st man
man

8 x = P3600 share of 3 man

rd

h.
given that
y
xz
x=k k =
z
y
x1 z1 x2 z2
=
y1
y2

Example 23.

(14)(2) ( x2 )4
=
7
16
x2 = 16

or 2m = 64 = 28
m = 8

Example 22. An electronics company dealing with

spare parts for computers determine that the
demand for one of its product is directly
proportional to the amount spent on advertisement
and inversely proportional to the price of the
product. When PhP40,000 is spent on
advertisement and the price unit is PhP20, the
monthly demand is 10,000 units. If the amount of
advertisement were increased to PhP50,000.00,
how much would the price be increased to maintain
a monthly demand of 10,000 units?

Given that

Let x = common ratio

of their share

3x = P1350 share of 2

x + 2 = x2

p = price of product

x = 20

nd

Let
A = amount paid on ads

x
25

g.

Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA

1. x = log 2 4
6

3 log 2 4

let m =log 2 4 m = log 2 64

3

x 6 = 88 = (23 )8 = 224 = (24 )6 = 166

x = 16
2

2. Solve for x if ln( x + x 2) = ln x 2 + ln( x 1)

ln( x + x 2) = ln( x )( x 1)
2

taking the inverse logarithm of both sides

x + x 2 = x ( x 1)
2

( x + 2)( x 1) = x 2 ( x 1)

3. Solve for x if

3logx
x
= 100x

x
= 100x
take logarithm of both sides

3(log x)2 log x log100 = 0

3(log x)2 log x 2 = 0
by quadratic formula
-(-1) (-1)2 4(3)(2)
2(3)
1 5
logx=
6
2
x = anti log(1 or - )
3
x = 10
logx=

log( 27)( 8)( 125)

log(6)(5)

x=

log (27)(8)(125)
log30

x=

log 33 23 53
log 30

3
3
log 30
log 303 log(30) 2 2
x=
=
=
log 30
log 30
log 30
3
x=
2

3logx

log[x 3logx ] = log100 x

3log x log x = log100 + log x

x=

5.Solve for N if
log a MN = 6
M
=2
N
log a N M = 16
log a

log a MN = 6
log a M + log a N = 6

eq 1

M
=2
N
log a M log a N = 2

eq 2

log a

log a N M = 16
M log a N = 16

log 27 + log 8 + log 125

=x
4.
log 6 + log 5

eq 1 - eq 2

Hint: Use your calculator if you want to shorten

your time and simplification process

log a N = 2

2 log a N = 4

eq 3

Lecture Notes in Algebra

from eq 3
M log a N = 16
= 16

M (2)
M

=8

also
log a MN = log a 8 N = 6
a6 = 8N
log a N

= log a N = 16
8

8 log a N = 16
log a N = 2
a2 = N
a 6 = 8 N = ( a 2 )3 = 8 N
N = 8N
3

N2 = 8
N =2 2
Determinants and Matrix
Example 1

Solve for x,y and z

Use Cramer's Rule

Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA

x + y z = 6
3x y + 4 z = 5
x + 5 y 3 z = 24
Solve for D
1 1 -1 1 1
D = 3 -1 4 3 -1 = 2 /
1 5 -3 1 5
D =[3+4-15]-[1+20-9]
D =-20
Solve for x
-6 1 -1 -6 1
Dx= 5 -1 4 5 -1
-24 5 -3 -24 5
20 x = [18 96 25] [24 120 15]
x = 1
solve for y
1 -6 -1 1 6
Dy= 3 5 4 3 5
1 -24 -3 1 24
20 y = [15 24 + 72] [5 96 + 54]
y = 4
Sum of Matrices; Scalar Product; Matrix
Multiplication
Example 2.
Given:

0 1 6
4 1 0
A=
& B=

1 5 4
4 4 4
Required: 2A-3B

A =

0 1 6
1 5

2A = 2
2A =

2A =
3 B

0 1 6
1 5 4

2 10

12
8

3 B
3 B

3
0 5 4
2
&
A=
C
=

1
1
3

2
(0)(3) + 5(2) + (4)(2)
AC =
1(3) + 1(2) + 3(2)

4 1 0
=

4 4 4
4 1 0
= 3

4 4 4
12 3 0
=

12 12 12

AC =

0 2 12
2 10 8
12 3
=
12 12

2 A 3 B = 2 A + ( 3 B ) =
2 A 3B =

18 19
1 20

Expansion, Minor, Co-factor, Value of a

Determinant

0
12
0

2 10

12
8

12 3
+
12 12

0
12

Example 4.
Given

2 1 3
3 2 5

12 1 12
14 2 20

Matrix Multiplication
The product AB of two matrices is defined if and
only if the number of columns in A is equal to the
number of rows in B. The product (AB)mxn of the
matrices Amxp and is the matrix with the element

in the ith row and jth column. The element cij, is

found by adding the product of the first element ai1
in the ith row of A and the first element b1j, in the
jth column of B, the product of the second element
ai2 in the ith row of A and the second element b2j
in the jth column of B etc
Example 3.

Given:

3 1
0 5 4
A=
& C = 2 1

1 1 3
2 6
Required: AC

1
1
6
0(1) + 5(1) + (4)(6)
1(1) + 1(1) + 3(6)

Required: Expand and simplify and compute the

value

the minor of element -2 is

2 3
4 1

A determinant is expanded according to the element

of a row or of a column
D = (1) 2 (2)

2 5
1 3
1 3
+ (1)3 (3)
+ (1)4 (4)
0 1
0 1
2 5

D = 2(2 0) + 3(1 0) + 4[5 (6)]

D = 4 3 + 44 = 37
Co-Factor of an Element
The co-factor Aij of an element aij of a determinant
is the minor proceeded by a positive sign if i + j is
an even number and proceeded by a negative sign if
i + j is an odd number.

Expand accdg. to the elements of 3rd row

Lecture Notes in Algebra

2 1 3
1 3
2 3
2 1
3 2 5 = (1)4 (4)
+ (1)5 (0)
+ (1)6 (1)
2 5
3 5
3 2
4 0 1

1 3
cofactor of 4 is
= 5 (6) or 11
2 5
cofactor of 0 is

3 5

Transpose of a Given Matrix

The matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and
columns of a matrix A is called the transpose of A
and is designated by AT.

2 1 3
A = 3 2 5
4

2 3 4
T
A = 1 2 0

5 1

Inverse of a Square Matrix

a11
1
A = a21

a12
a22

a13
a23 =

a31

a32

a33

1
det A

A11
A12

A21
A22

A31
A32

A13

A23

A33

-1

The inverse of a determinant A (A ) is (1/detA)

times the transpose of the matrix obtained from A
by replacing each element by its co factor
Example 5. Determine the inverse of A (A-1)

-3 -5
4

4 1
4

-1
2

det A =[-4+20+0]-[-24+0+3]=37

3
-1

-3 -2

= 4

= 11

-3 -5

=1

=1

= 7

step 3
1

11

1
1
AT =
17 10 1
det A
37
4 7
8

2
37
17
A -1 =
37
8
37

-2 -5

co factor of 0 is -

Step 1. Calculate the value of the determinant A

2 -1 3 2 -1
det A = -3 -2 -5 -3 -2

1
37
10
37
4
37

11
37
1
37
7
37

partial fractions

x2 + 9 x + 2
( x 1)( x + 1)( x + 2)

therefore
2x 5 5 15
15
3
=
+

x( x 1)3 x x 1 ( x 1)2 ( x 1)3

solution

= 10

2 -1

co factor of - 5 is -

co factor of 1 is

2 3

co factor of 4 is

=8

-1 3

Case 1. Distinct Linear Factors

Example 6. Resolve/Split the given fraction into its

= 17

1
0

co factor of - 3 is co factor of -2 is

= 2

-3 -2

co factor of 3 is

A -1 =

co factor of -1 is -

A = 3 2 5
4 0 1

-2 -5

Put x = -1 -7 = (-8)(5) - 4B - 2C + 3 C + 2B = -15 eq 1

Put x = 2 -1 = 5 + 2B + 2C -6
B + C = 0 eq 2
solving B = -15 and C = 15

Partial Fractions

Step 2, Calculate the co-factors of each element

co factor of 2 is

= [10 (9)] = 1

Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA

Case 3. Quadratic Factors

x2 + 9x + 2
A
B
C
=
+
+
(x 1)(x +1)(x + 2) x 1 x +1 x + 2
x2 + 9x + 2
[(x 1)(x +1)(x + 2)] (x 1)(x +1)(x + 2)
A
B
C
= [(x 1)(x +1)(x + 2)]
+
+
x 1 x +1 x + 2
x2 + 9x + 2 = (x +1)(x + 2)A+ (x 1)(x + 2)B + (x 1)(x +1)C
Set x = 1
12 =6A A = 2

Set x = -1
-6 = -2B B = 3

Set x = -2
-12 = 3C C = -4

x +9x + 2
2 + 3 4
=
(x 1)(x +1)(x + 2) x 1 x +1 x + 2

Example 8. Resolve/Split the given fraction into its

partial fractions

6 x 2 + 3x 2
( x + 1)( x 2 + x + 1)

solution
A (2x +1)B + C
6x2 + 3x 2
=
+ 2
x + x +1
(x +1)(x2 + x +1) x +1
multiply both sides by (x +1)(x2 + x +1)
6x2 + 3x 2 = (x2 + x +1) A + (x +1)(2x +1)B + (x +1)C
Put x = -1 1 = A

Case 2. Repeated Linear Factors

Equate coefficients of x2 6 = 1 + 2B B =

Example 7. Resolve/Split the given fraction into its

Put x = 0

partial fractions

therefore

2x 5
x( x 1)3

Solution :
2x 5
A
B
C
D
= +
+
+
x( x 1)3 x x 1 ( x 1) 2 ( x 1)3
multiply both sides by x( x 1)

5
2

-2 = 1 + 52 + C C = - 112

6x2 + 3x 2
1 5 (2x +1) 11
1
=
+ ( 2
) ( 2
)
2
(x +1)(x + x +1) x +1 2 x + x +1 2 x + x +1
Case 4. Repeated Quadratic Factors

2 x 5 = ( x 1)3 A + x( x 1) 2 B + x( x 1)C + Dx
Put x = 0 -5 = -A then A = 5
Put x = 1 -3 = D then D = -3

Example 9. Resolve/Split the given fraction into its

partial fractions

x 4 + 2 x3 + 11x 2 + 8 x + 16
x( x 2 + 4) 2

Lecture Notes in Algebra

Solution;
x + 2 x + 11x + 8 x + 16
x( x 2 + 4) 2
A B (2 x) + C D(2 x) + E
= +
+
( x 2 + 4) 2
x
x2 + 4
4

Multiply both sides by x( x 2 + 4)2

x 4 + 2 x3 + 11x 2 + 8 x + 16 = A( x 2 + 4) 2 +
[ B(2 x) + C ]( x3 + 4 x) +
x [D (2 x ) + E ]

x 4 + 2 x3 + 11x 2 + 8 x + 16 = A( x 4 + 8 x 2 + 16)
B(2x 4 + 8 x 2 ) + C ( x3 + 4 x)
D(2x ) + Ex
put x = 0; 16 = 16A then A = 1
Equating coefficients of like powers in x:
2

x : 2=C
x: 8 = 4C + E then E = 0
x 4 : 1 = A+2B

then B = 0

x 2 : 11=8A +8B+2D then D =

3
2

therefore the partial fractions are

x 4 + 2 x 3 + 11x 2 + 8 x + 16 1
2
3x
= + 2
+ 2
2
2
x( x + 4)
x x + 4 ( x + 4) 2

Number Problem 1

In a constitutional convention, attempting to amend

the charter was attended by 8600 delegates. Had 1/3
of those objecting the proposal abstained and half
of those who were in favor behaved likewise, the
majority of those who opposed against those who
favored would have been reduced by 200. How
many were against the proposal?

Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA

let x = number of delegates on the affirmative side
y = number of delegates on the negative side

conditions/equations:
2t = u + h eq a

Let x = dimension of the square base

1
x = number of abstinence on the affirmative side
2
1
y = number of abstinence on the negative side
3
y - x = majority of negative over affirmative if all

100h + 10t + u
12
= 56 +
eq b
h+t+u
h+t+u
100u + 10t + h =

equations/conditions:

will vote
2
1
y x = majority of negative over affirmative
3
2
if there are abstinence
equations :
x + y = 8600

eq 1

2
1
y x = y - x - 200 eq 2
3
2
solving y = 5400; x = 3200

Number Problem 2

Twice the middle digit of a three-digit number is

the sum of the other two. If the number is divided
by the sum of its digit, the answer is 56 and the
remainder is 12. If the digits are reversed, the
number becomes smaller by 594. Find the number.
Let N = the number

u = unit digit
------t = ten's digit
h = hundred's digit
then N = 100h + 10t + u

100h + 10t + u -594 eq c

solving: h = 8, t = 5 and u = 2

y = height of the vat

12800 = 30x 2 + 20(4 xy ) eq 1
512 = x 2 + 4 xy

eq 2

solving: x = 16 m and y = 4 m

N = 852 answer
Age Problem 1
Geometric Problem 1:

A piece of wire 72 cm long is cut into segment of

unequal lengths. Each segment is bent to form a
square. The sum of the areas of the squares is 194
sq. cm. Find the measure of a side of the smaller
and bigger square.

Mary is 36 years old. She is twice as old as Ann

was when she was as old as Ann is now. How old is
Ann?
Tabulation:
Person

Age m yrs ago

72 - x = other segment
equation

Mary
Ann

36 m
18

x
72 x 2
( )2 + (
) = 194
4
4
x = 20;52

Equations/Conditions:

Let x = one segment

Present Age
36
18 + m

36 m = 18 + m
m = 9

5 and 13 sides of the squares

Therefore Ann is 27 years old

Geometric Problem 2

The cost for building a rectangular vat with a

square base was PhP12800. The base cost
PhP30/sq.m and the sides PhP20/sq.m. Find the
dimensions of the vat if the combined area of the
base and of the sides was 512 sq.m.

Age Problem 2

Cleopatra passed a sixth of her life in childhood, a

twelfth in youth, and a seventh more as a spinster.
Five years after her marriage was born a child who
died four years before his mother at half his
mothers final age. How old was she when she
died?
Let x = age of Cleopatra
Equation:

x=

x x x
x
+ + +5+ + 4
6 7 12
2

Lecture Notes in Algebra

x = 84 years old
Clock Problem 1

How soon after noon will the minute and the hour
hands form a 120 angle between them?

Accordingly:
=
11x 10
11x
+ = 15
12 3
12
x = 6.36 minutes
time = 3:6.36 pm

WORK PROBLEM 1

Equation: A whole equals sum of its parts

x = 20 + x/12
x = 21.82 mins
Time = 12:21.82 PM
Clock Problem 2

It is between 3 and 4 oclock in the afternoon. In 20

minutes, the minute hand will be ahead of the hour
hand as it is now behind it. What time is it now?

A piece of work was started on a machine which

could finish it in 5 hours. After 3 hours, the
machine broke down, and the job had to be finished
on a smaller machine which could have taken seven
hours for the entire job. How long did it take the
second machine to complete the work?
Let x = number of hours the remaining job could be
finished by the second machine

After 20 minutes, the minute-hand is ahead the

hour-hand by :

A man can do a job with his son in 30 days. If after

working together for 12 days, the son worked alone
and finished the job in 24 more days, how long will
it take the son to do the job alone?
Let x = number of days the man could finish the job
y = number of days the son could finish the job

Mixture Problem 2

One jar contains 5/6 alcohol and another 8/9

alcohol. How many liters taken from each jar are
required to fill a third jar 24 liters capacity so that
it will be 7/8 alcohol?

Mixture Problem 1

Find the amount of pure silver and pure lead that

should be added to 50 kg of a mixture containing
25% silver and 30% lead to produce an alloy which
is 30% silver and 40% lead.

Solving: x = 6 liters;

By ratio and proportion:

WORK PROBLEM 2

= 15 + x/12 - x
= 15 - llx/12

1 1
( + )30 = 1
x y
1 1
1
+
=
eq. 1
30
x y
1 1
1
( + )12 + (24) = 1
x y
y
12 36
+
=1
x
y
1 3 1
+ =
eq. 2
x y 12
solving: x = 120 days; y = 40 days

Since the larger machine operated for 3 hours, the

remaining job is 2/5.

2
: x = 1: 7
5
14
x=
= 2.8 hours
5

At present (now), the minute-hand is behind the

hour-hand by :

Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA

y = 18 liters

Discharge Problem 1

Equating amounts of lead:

0.30(50) + y = 0.4(50 + x + y )
0.6 y 0.4 x = 5
3 y 2 x = 25
eq. 1

A tank can be filled by one pipe in 16 minutes, by a

second in 24 minutes and can be drained by a third
pipe in 48 minutes. If all the pipes are open, in how
many minutes can the tank be filled?
1
1
1
)x = 1
( +
16 24 48
x = 12 minutes

Equating amounts of silver:

Discharge Problem 2

0.25(50) + x = 0.30(50 + x + y )
0.7 x 0.3 y = 2.5 or
7 x - 3 y = 25
Solving : x = 10 kg;

eq. 2
y = 15 kg

A tank can be filled when empty by an inlet in 8

hours and can be drained by an outlet when full, in
12 hours. How long will it take to fill the tank when
both pipes are open, if initially the tank is 2/5 full?

Lecture Notes in Algebra

1 1
3
( )x =
8 12
5
x = 6 hours

Motion Problem 1

Arvin started on his mountain bike for Legazpi, a

distance of 30 miles, intending to arrive at a certain
time. After biking for 10 miles, he was detained for
half an hour due to bad weather, and as a result he
had to speed up 2 mph faster. What was the original
speed of Arvin?

Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA

Investment Problem 1

Engr. Richard Manaog has PhP 60,000 to invest,

part of it @ 3% and the rest at 4%. His annual
income from these two investments is PhP 2,080.
How much is invested at each rate?

36 passed in Mathematics and 2 failed in both

subjects, the number of students who passed both
subjects is:

Let x = amount invested at 3%

y = amount invested at 4%

Equation :
Conditions/Equations:
x + y = 60,000 eq.1
0.03x+0.04y = 2080 eq.2
solving : x = 32,000; y = 28,000
Investment Problem 2

Motion Problem 2

A man drives a certain distance at 50 kph and a

second man drives the same distance in 20 minutes
less time at 60 kph. Find the distance traveled

x
x 20
=
+
50 60 60
x = 100 km

36 x + x + 30 x + 2 = 40
x = 28
Venn Diagram 2

The survey of seventy one students reveals that:

50 take the jeepney
If Engr Daisy Nueva was left with 10 hectares
36 take the bus
fewer than 40% of her land after selling 6 hectares
33 take the train
more than 70% of her land, how many hectares of
2
0 take the jeepney and the bus
land did she initially own?
18 take the bus and the train
22 take the train and the jeepney
Let x = original number of hectares she has
12 take the jeepney, bus and train
0.7 x + 6 = number of hectares sold
A. How many students take the jeepney only?
B. How many students take the bus only?
0.4 x - 10 = number of hectares left
C. How many students take the train only?

Equation / Condition :
0.4 x - 10 = x - (0.7 x + 6)
x = 40 hectares

Venn Diagram 1

A class of 40 students took examination in

Mathematics and English. If 30 passed in English,