Devarakonda Sri Lakshmi Kousalya

Empno:285244
Sem4 Batch C

Internet Protocol
Internet Protocol is a set of technical rules that defines how computers communicate over a
network. There are currently two versions: IP version 4 (IPv4) and IP version 6 (IPv6).
IPv4
IPv4 was the first version of Internet Protocol to be widely used, and accounts for most of todays
Internet traffic. There are just over 4 billion IPv4 addresses. While that is a lot of IP addresses, it is
not enough to last forever.
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP). It is one of the
core protocols of standards-based internetworking methods in the Internet, and was the first version
deployed for production in the ARPANET in 1983. It still routes most Internet traffic today,[1] despite
the ongoing deployment of a successor protocol, IPv6. IPv4 is described in IETF publication RFC
791 (September 1981), replacing an earlier definition (RFC 760, January 1980).
IPv4 is a connectionless protocol for use on packet-switched networks. It operates on a best effort
delivery model, in that it does not guarantee delivery, nor does it assure proper sequencing or
avoidance of duplicate delivery. These aspects, including data integrity, are addressed by an upper
layer transport protocol, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
Addressing:

Decomposition of the quad-dotted IPv4 address representation to its binary value

IPv4 uses 32-bit (four-byte) addresses, which limits the address space to 4294967296 (232)
addresses. This limitation stimulated the development of IPv6 in the 1990s, which has been in
commercial deployment since 2006.

Because of the demand of the growing Internet, the small address space finally
suffered exhaustion on February 3, 2011, after having been significantly delayed byclassful
network design, Classless Inter-Domain Routing, and network address translation (NAT).
IPv4 reserves special address blocks for private networks (~18 million addresses)
and multicast addresses (~270 million addresses).
Address representations:
IPv4 addresses may be represented in any notation expressing a 32-bit integer value. They are most
often written in the dot-decimal notation, which consists of four octets of the address expressed
individually in decimal numbers and separated by periods. The CIDR notation standard combines the
address with its routing prefix in a compact format, in which the address is followed by a slash
character (/) and the count of consecutive 1 bits in the routing prefix (subnet mask).
For example, the quad-dotted IP address 192.0.2.235 represents the 32-bit decimal number
3221226219, which in hexadecimal format is 0xC00002EB. This may also be expressed in dotted hex
format as 0xC0.0x00.0x02.0xEB, or with octal byte values as 0300.0000.0002.0353.

IPv6:

IPv6 is a newer numbering system that provides a much larger address pool than IPv4. It was
deployed in 1999 and should meet the worlds IP addressing needs well into the future.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP),
the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for
computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 was developed by
the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of IPv4
address exhaustion. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4.[1]
Every device on the Internet is assigned an IP address for identification and location
definition. With the rapid growth of the Internet after commercialization in the 1990s, it
became evident that far more addresses than the IPv4 address space has available were
necessary to connect new devices in the future. By 1998, theInternet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) had formalized the successor protocol. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address,
theoretically allowing 2128, or approximately 3.41038addresses. The actual number is
slightly smaller, as multiple ranges are reserved for special use or completely excluded from
use. The total number of possible IPv6 address is more than 7.91028 times as many as IPv4,
which uses 32-bit addresses and provides approximately 4.3 billion addresses. The two
protocols are not designed to be interoperable, complicating the transition to IPv6. However,
several IPv6 transition mechanisms have been devised to permit communication between
IPv4 and IPv6 hosts.

IPv6 provides other technical benefits in addition to a larger addressing space. In particular, it
permits hierarchical address allocation methods that facilitate route aggregation across the
Internet, and thus limit the expansion of routing tables. The use of multicast addressing is
expanded and simplified, and provides additional optimization for the delivery of services.
Device mobility, security, and configuration aspects have been considered in the design of
the protocol.

Difference b/w IPv4,IPv6:

The major difference between IPv4 and IPv6 is the number of IP addresses. There are 4,294,967,296
IPv4 addresses. In contrast, there are 340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374, 607,431,768,211,456 IPv6
addresses. The technical functioning of the Internet remains the same with both versions and it is
likely that both versions will continue to operate simultaneously on networks well into the future. To
date, most networks that use IPv6 support both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses in their networks.