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ATENEO DE MANILA UNIVERSITY


Loyola Schools
COURSE SYLLABUS
COURSE NUMBER:
SA 141
TITLE:
Peoples and Cultures of Southeast Asia
DEPARTMENT:
Sociology and Anthropology
SCHOOL:
Social Sciences
SEMESTER AND SCHOOL YEAR: Second semester, 2015 - 2016
NUMBER OF UNITS:
3 units
FACULTY:
Dr. Fernando N. Zialcita
SCHEDULE & VENUE
B-206 Tuesdays - Thursdays 11-12:30
A.

COURSE DESCRIPTION

This is an introduction to the cultures, societies and peoples of Southeast Asia.


Anthropological concepts will be applied in examining major cultural
communalities that connect Southeast Asian nations together despite differences
introduced by the advent of the so-called Great Traditions coming in from outside
the region. In continuous interplay with the Indian, Chinese, Islamic and Western
traditions are cultural communalities resulting from interrelated language families
(Austronesian Austro-Asiatic Tai) and from responses to a similar physical
environment. Examples of indigenous cultural communalities would be the
continuing belief in nature spirits and in womens right to own and transmit
property.
At the same time the course does affirm the need to acknowledge the impact of
each of the four Great Traditions in shaping individual Southeast Asian nations.
Thus Northern Vietnamese culture continues to embody an interplay between the
indigenous Austro-Asiatic heritage and Chinese currents such as Confucian values
and Mahayana Buddhist ideals. In contrast the interplay in Cambodia is that
between the indigenous Austro-Asiatic heritage on the one hand and Theravada
Buddhism and other Indian influences on the other.
The student should be able to evaluate current attempts to affirm a Southeast
Asian identity by pointing out communalities that are overlooked and yet connect
the peoples together.
B. EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the course the students can:
1. Explain why and how Southeast Asia was invented, and why it is important to
make it inclusive, particularly within the context of the Association of South
East Asian Nations.
2. Identify indigenous cultural communalities that antecede the Four Great
Traditions and that are shared across the region.
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3. Differentiate each of the Great Traditions from the others, and analyze its
impact upon the original, indigenous cultural communalities shared across the
region.
4. Explain how, in a particular nation of the students choice, the Great Tradition
interacts with the original indigenous culture both in the past and today.
5. Recommend highlighting indigenous cultural communalities that continue to be
shared by the nation-states of ASEAN
C. COURSE OUTLINE
1. The invention of Southeast Asia making the concept more inclusive
2. Making a living and organizing societies
a. The geography and the people
b. Modes of food generation
c. Varieties of polities
3. Primal cultures vs. civil cultures
4. Indigenous communalities
a. A common language tree
b. Kinship and gender
c. Building and dress customs
d. Spirit beliefs
e. Food practices
f. The bird movement in dance
5. The entry of the Great Traditions
a. The Chinese: Vietnam, Chinese enclaves in SEA
b. The Indian: Cambodia, Thailand, Java, Laos, Myanmar
c. The Islamic: Mindanao, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia
d. The Western: Philippines, Singapore
6. Encounters between multiple traditions in a particular country
a. Indonesia
b. Thailand
c. Vietnam
d. Philippines
7. In search of a regional identity: ASEAN
Participating lecturers are Dr. Jowel Canuday, Dr. Andrea Soco-Roda, Ms. Clarissa
Mijares, Chef Myke Sarthou of Alab Restaurant, and religious specialists from the
Golden Mosque, the Hindu Temple and the Chinese Buddhist Temple in Manila.
D. READINGS
Topic 1: The Invention of Southeast Asia
Towards a More Inclusive Concept
Is there a Southeast Asia? Recent origins of the concept.
The challenge: Defining Southeast Asia as an inclusive term that will
comprehend Westernized Philippines and Sinicized Vietnam as well.
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A forgotten reality: Manila as the worlds first global city during the Galleon
Trade. Implications for understanding Southeast Asia.
Readings
Tilman, Robert O. 1987. Southeast Asia and the enemy beyond: ASEAN perception
of external threats. Boulder, Colorado, and London: Westview Press. Pp. 1619.
Weightman, Barbara. 2011. Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East and
Southeast Asia. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. Pp. 4-6.
Zialcita, Fernando. 2005. Southeast Asia is a Collage, pp. 269-72 only. Authentic
Though Not Exotic: Essays on Filipino Identity. Quezon City: Ateneo de
Manila University Press.
Recommended
Irving, David. 2010. Colonial Capital, Global City, pp 1-44. Colonial
Counterpoint: Music in Early Manila. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McCloud, Donald G. 1986. System and process in Southeast Asia: The evolution of
a region. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. Pp. 1-21
Topic 2: Making a Living and Organizing Society in a Distinct Region
Geography and Environment
Prehistory
The peoples of Southeast Asia: Races and ethnicities
Subsistence strategies - foraging and fishing, swidden, traditional wet rice
cultivation, mechanized farming
Types of polities: bands, tribal villages (or autonomous villages),
chiefdoms, theater-states, bureaucratic states, oligarchy-controlled states.
Readings:
Bellwood, Peter. 1992. Southeast Asia before history, in N. Tarling (ed) The
Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
Bowdler, S. 1993. Asian origins: Archaeology and anthropology, in G. Evans (ed)
Asias Cultural Mosaic. New York and Singapore: Prentice-Hall.
Weightman, Barbara. 2011. Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East and
Southeast Asia. Pp. 26-48, 119-147.
Recommended:
Bellwood, Peter. 1997. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago. Honolulu:
University of Hawaii Press, pp. 72-101.
Jones, E. L. 1991. A framework for the history of economic growth in Southeast
Asia. Australian Economic History Review 31:519.
Winzeler, Robert L. 1976. Ecology, culture, social organization, and state formation
in Southeast Asia. Current Anthropology 17:62339.
A Unique Island Republic: Singapore
Readings for All
Chua Beng Huat. 2003. Multiculturalism in Singapore: An Instrument of Social
Control. Race and Class, vol. 44 (3), pp. 58-77.
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Goh, Daniel. 2008. From Colonial Pluralism to Postcolonial Multiculturalism:
Race, State Formation and the Question of Cultural Diversity in Malaysia
and Singapore. Sociology Compass vol. 2 (1), pp. 232-252.
Recommended
Li-Ching Ho. 2009. Global Multicultural Citizenship Education: A Singapore
Experience. The Social Studies. November-December, pp. 285-293.
Modes of Food Generation
Varied responses to a diverse landscape
The continuing mosaic
Capitalism and global forces
Readings
Conklin, Harold. 1980. Ethnographic Atlas of Ifugao. New Haven and London: Yale
University Press. Synoptic Sketch, p. 1, Land and Society, pp. 4-34.
Clammer, J. 1993. Fishermen, Forest-Eaters, Peddlers, Peasants, and Pastoralists:
Economic Anthropology, in G. Evans (ed) Asias Cultural Mosaic, New York
and Singapore: Prentice-Hall.
Sather, Clifford. 1997. The Bajau Laut: Adaptation, History and Fate in a Maritime
Fishing Society of South-eastern Sabah. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Introduction, pp. 1-5., 12-25, 21-27.
Weightman, Barbara. 2011. Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East and
Southeast Asia. Pp. 26-48, 119-147.
Varieties of Polities
Bands, autonomous villages, chiefdoms, states
The pre-nineteenth century theater state
Bureaucracies versus oligarchies
Democratic states versus authoritarian states
Readings for All
Cohen, Paul T. 1993. Order under Heaven: Anthropology and the State. in G.
Evans (ed) Asias Cultural Mosaic, New York and Singapore: Prentice-Hall.
Sisbeth, Achim. 1991. The Batak: People of the Island of Sumatra. With
contributions by Uli Kozok and Juara R. Ginting. London: Thames and
Hudson. Rulership and Equality: A Contradiction, pp. 39-43.
Harris, Marvin and Orna Johnson. 2007. Cultural Anthropology. N.Y.: Barnes and
Noble. Law, Order and War in Non-State Societies, pp. 155-171; Origins
of Chiefdom and the State, pp. 174-188.
Shimizu, Hiromu. 1989. Pinatubo Aytas: Continuity and Change. Quezon City:
Ateneo de Manila University Press. Ayta History and Historical
Consciousness, pp. 7-17.
Recommended
Geertz, Clifford. 1980. Negara: The Theater State in Bali. Princeton: Princeton
University Press. Conclusion: Bali and Public Theory, pp. 98-104, 121-136.
Classes and Class Relations
What is a class?
Are there societies in Southeast Asia without social classes?
Varieties of class systems
Readings for all
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Evans, Gareth. 1003. Hierarchy and Dominance? Class: Status and Caste. Asias
Cultural Mosaic. New York: Prentice- Hall.
Ong, Aikwa. 1987. Chaps. 8 and 9. Spirits of Possession and Capitalist Discipline:
Factory Women in Malaysia. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Topic 3: The Great Tradition versus the Little Tradition
Readings for this will follow.
Topic 4: Indigenous Communalities
The Language Tree: Three Branches from One Trunk
The Austronesians, the Austro-Asiatics and the Tai: Originally one family?
Language and culture
Origins and diffusion
Readings for All
Bellwood, Peter. 1992. Southeast Asia before History, in N. Tarling (ed) The
Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. (Focus only on Ancestors for the Living, pp. 73-78
______________. 1997. Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago. Honolulu:
University of Hawaii Press, pp. 102-125.
Prasithratsinth, Amara. 1993. The Linguistic Mosaic, in G. Evans (ed) Asias
Cultural Mosaic, New York and Singapore: Prentice-Hall. (Focus on pp. 6388).
Bellwood, Peter. 1992. Southeast Asia before History, in N. Tarling (ed) The
Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. (Add pp. 94-105)

The Shared Substrate 1: Kinship, Gender, and Indigenous Religion


Was the bilateral kinship system the norm before the coming of the Great
Traditions?
The relatively high position of women
Paradise is to lie at mothers feet
Readings for All
Fox, James. 2005. Southeast Asian Religion: Insular Cultures. In Encyclopedia of
Religion, pp. 8647-8652
Keyes, Charles. 2005. Southeast Asian Religion: Mainland Cultures. In
Encyclopedia of Religion, pp. 8638-8646. Note: Both are available at the
Reserve Section as photocopies under the title: Southeast Asian Religion.
Mulder, Niels. 1996. Inside Southeast Asia: Religion, Everyday Life and Cultural
Change. Amsterdam: Pepin Press.
Religious Syncretism in SEA Religion,
pp. 17-25; Living with Conflict among Javanese and Tagalog Filipinos, pp.
107-116; The Common Cultural Construction of Social Life, pp. 229-249.
On a Saturday, the class will go on a whole day tour of places of worship: Catholic,
Moslem, Hndu, Chinese Buddhist.
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The Shared Substrate 2: Food, Clothes and Houses
Waterways and houses on stilts
Similarities in dress
The recurring importance of seas and rivers
Fields and gardens
Readings for All:
Maxwell, Robyn. 1990. Textiles of Southeast Asia: Tradition, trade and
transformation. Oxford: University Press.
Wilson, Christine. 2000. Southeast Asia, pp. 1151-1165. The Cambridge World
History of Food, vol 2.. Edited by Kenneth Kiple and Kriemhild ConeeOrnelas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Davidson, Alan and Tom Jaine, editors. 2006. The Oxford Companion to Food.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brennan, Jennifer, Viet Nam, pp. 829-30.
Fernandez, Doreen, Philippines, pp. 600-601.
Iddison, Philip, Thailand, pp. 793-4.
Owen, Sri, Indonesia, pp. 401-2.
No specified author, Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, p. 474.

, Cambodia, p. 128.
Recommended
For those wishing to have a more in-depth understanding of each of these cooking
styles vis--vis culture and a history, read articles in Food of ASEAN, edited by
Mohd Ismail Noor, Kuala Lumpur: ASEAN COCI.
The Shared Substrate: The Bird Movement in Dance
This will be dance a workshop organized by Ms. Clarissa Mijares, an
anthropologist of dance.
Topic 5: The Entry of the Four Great Traditions
The Chinese Tradition, Colonization, Trade and Migration
The pillars of Chinese tradition and the Sinic ecumene
The colonization of North Vietnam
Chinese trade and migration in Southeast Asia
The Chinese and the Manila Galleon trade
Readings
Dawson, Raymond. 1978 (re-published 2000). The Chinese Experience. London:
Phoenix Press. The Political Experience: Sons of Heaven, pp. 3-32 (but
focus on pp. 3-21); The Philosophical Experience: Confucius, pp. 71-85,
The Rivals of Confucius, pp. 95-103, Buddhism, pp. 116-133.
Purcell, Victor. 1951. The Chinese in Southeast Asia. London and New York: The
Oxford University Press. Early Chinese Contacts with Southeast Asia,
Emigration to the Nanyang, Aspects of Chinese Society in Southeast
Asia, pp. 11-53.
The Indian Tradition, Trade, and Migration
The pillars of Indian tradition, and the Indic ecumene
The formation of states in Southeast Asia in response to Indian examples
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Indian trade and migration in Southeast Asia
The Indians and the Manila Galleon trade
Readings:
De Casparis, Johannes Gijsbertus and J.W. Marrett. 1992. Religion and Popular
Beliefs of Southeast Asia before c. 1500, pp. 276-340, in The Cambridge
History of Southeast Asia, Vol. 1: From Early Times to c. 1800. Edited by
Nicholas Tarling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hall, Kenneth. 1985. Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast
Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. (pages to be specified).
The Islamic Tradition: Early Contacts and Diffusion
(To be given by Dr. Jowel Canuday).
The Western Tradition: Colonization, Trade and Migration
The pillars of Western Christian tradition and the Western ecumene
Three distinct streams: the Iberian, the Anglo-Dutch and the French
Conversion: varying attitudes towards preaching the Gospel
Free trade versus monopolies
Readings:
Andaya, Leonardo Y. Interactions with the Outside World and Adaptation in
Southeast Asian Society, 1500-1800. in The Cambridge History of
Southeast Asia, Vol. 1: From Early Times to c. 1800. Edited by Nicholas
Tarling. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Noble, Thomas F.X., Barry Strauss, Duane Oshein, Kristen B. Neuschal, Elinor A.
Accampo, David D. Roberts, William B. Cohen. 2011.Western Civilization:
Beyond Boundaries. Boston: Wadsworth. The Renaissance, pp. 320-351.
European Overseas Expansion to 1600, pp. 353-379.
Irving, David. 2010. Colonial Capital, Global City, pp. 1-44. Colonial
Counterpoint: Music in Early Manila. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Topic 6: Encounters between multiple traditions in a particular country
Re-interpreting Identity
The Nation as Imagined Community: Suppose a variety of communities
exists within a bounded society?
Hybridity or the vertical co-existence of two or more traditions within a
society
Is the Hispanic concept of mestizaje the same as hybridity?
The Great Tradition versus the Little Tradition - horizontal dialectic
between a universalist tradition and particular, local traditions
Readings:
Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the origin and
spread of nationalism. London: Verso.
Redfield, Robert. 1967. The Social Organization of Tradition., pp. 25-34. In
Peasant Society: A Reader, ed. Jack Potter et al.. Boston: Little Brown.
The Indonesian Case: Animism, Hindu-Buddhism and Islam in Central Java
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Geertz, Clifford. 1960. Religion in Java. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
(pages to be assigned).
Van Klinken, Gerry. 2003. Ethnicity in Indonesia. In Ethnicity in Asia, ed. by Colin
McKerras. London: Routledge, pp. 64-87.
The Vietnamese Case: Chinese Hegemony and Local Responses
Twice a Chinese colony
Chinese attempts at erasing local customs
Chinese versus local customs: convergences and disjunctures
Readings:
Zialcita, Fernando N. 1995. State Formation, Colonialism and National Identity in
Vietnam and the Philippines. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society,
vol. 22 (2), pp. 77-117
The Philippine Case: Spanish Colonialism and Local Responses
Indirect rule and direct rule
Spanish attempts at erasing local customs
Spanish versus local customs: convergences and disjunctures
Readings:
Ileto, Reynaldo Clemea. 1981. Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the
Philippines, 1846-1910. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Zialcita, Fernando N. 1995. State Formation, Colonialism and National Identity in
Vietnam and the Philippines. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society,
vol. 22 (no. 2), pp. 77-117
The Thai Case: Several, Distinct Religious Traditions in Interplay
Three distinct traditions: Brahmanism, Buddhism and indigenous spirit
beliefs
Contemporary Chinese and Indian influences
Disjunctures and convergences
Readings:
Pattana Kitiarsa. 2005. Beyond Syncretism: Hybridization of Popular Religion in
Contemporary Thailand, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 36 (3), pp. 46187.
Topic 7: In Quest of a Regional Identity through ASEAN
ASEAN and the question of a SEA identity
Drumond, Catherine. 2013. The impossibility of performing Asia, pp. 179193. In Fujubi Nakamura et al., Asia through Art and Anthropology. London:
Bloomsbury.
Tolentino, Rolando. 2013. Niche globality: Philippine media texts to the world. In
Nissim Otmazgin et al. Popular Culture Co-Productions and Collaborations:
East and Southeast Asia. Singapore and Kyoto: National University of
Singapore Press and Kyoto University Press.
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E. COURSE REQUIREMENTS
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1. Experiential Activities. In order to ground the theories and concepts discussed
in class, the following experiences are being prepared:
Trip to religious sites in Metro Manila to understand the difference between
the major religions
Learn the Bird Movement and its variations across the region to embody the
Hexis of a particular SEA culture
Southeast Asian food as text: multi-cultural lunch at a restaurant
2. Quizzes
3. Two Exams
4. Student Led Discussions
5. Seatwork
6. Final paper (either as a group or as an individual)
7.
F. GRADING SYSTEM
8. Grades will be based on the following:
a. Quizzes (10%)
b. Student Led Discussions (10%)
c. Seatwork (10%)
d. First Exam (20%)
e. Second Exam (20%)
f. Paper (either as a group or as an individual) (25%),
g. Participation in Class Activities (5%).
G. CLASSROOM POLICY
The students are expected to attend all classes except in unavoidable
circumstances. They should be taking notes instead of relying on their memory.
Moreover, they should treat each other and the teacher with respect. All assigned
writing should be hand on time in class. Moreover the student should sign his/ her
name on a sheet to record submissions.
H.
CONSULTATION HOURS
t the Department on Wednesdays 9-12 unless I have a meeting off-campus.
Should you be unable to see me within those hours, please inform me for a special
appointment.
I.

SCHEDULE
Tues SLD Day

January

19 Schola Brevis
Introduction to course: its
goals and expectations
Organize the class according
to a seating plan

Thurs Workshop,
Experiences
21 Defining Southeast Asia
The challenge in finding
communalities that unify the
region. Video clips and lecture
Organize the students into
groups. Each will handle a
Student-Led Discussion (SLD) per
week, and will be responsible for
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26: The geography of SEA


SLD 1
Lecture by outside speaker
February

2: Modes of livelihood
SLD 2
Lecture by FNZ
9: Polities and economies
SLD 3
Lecture by FNZ
16: Communalities: The
language tree
SLD 4
Lecture by FNZ

23: Exam 1
Two parts: Objective and
subjective

March

1: Communalities: Material
culture: Houses and clothes
SLD 5
Lecture by FNZ
8: The Great Tradition vs.
the Little Tradition
SLD 6
Lecture by FNZ
15: The Chinese GT
SLD 7
Lecture by FNZ

a reading. Define the parameters.


28: A unique island city-state:
Singapore
Lecture by outside speaker
Student Workshop (SW) follows.
4: Modes of livelihood
Videos on different modes of
livelihood: hunting, fishing,
swidden, wet rice cultivation,
industrialism. SW
11: Polities and economies
Quiz 1 on geography and
livelihood.
Video on the classic agrarian
state: Angkor. SW
18: Communalities: Kinship,
gender and indigenous
religion
Analyze religious artifacts and
spirit beliefs from Java and
Southern Philippines to
understand male-female roles.
SW
25: Communalities: The bird
movement in dance across the
region
Dance workshop organized by
outside speaker
***** Saturday
27: Communalities: Cookery
Lunch at Alab Restaurant at
Rallos corner Morato, QC.
(Obligatory)
3: Communalities: Houses and
clothes
Videos and power point
SW
10: The Great Tradition vs. the
Little Tradition
Videos and power point. SW
17: Vietnam: An interplay
between Chinese and
indigenous traditions
Power point lecture by FNZ. SW
***** Saturday
19: Tour of Four Sacred
Spaces: Church, mosque, Hindu
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22: The Indian GT


SLD 8
Lecture by FNZ
29: The Islamic GT
SLD 9
Lecture by outside speaker
April

5: Quiz 2, Recap of topics


thus far
SW

12: The Western GT


SLD 10
Lecture by FNZ

May

19: Actualizing the ASEAN


vision
Lecture by FNZ
SW
26: Free cut
Compensate for field trip
3: Group Presentations of
paper
10: Group Presentations of
paper
17: Work on final draft of
paper

temple, Chinese temple.


(Obligatory)
24: Thailand: An interplay
between Indian and
indigenous traditions
Power point lecture by FNZ. SW
31: Java: An interplay between
Islamic, Indian and indigenous
traditions
Power point lecture by FNz. SW
There will be no class from Holy
Wednesday to Easter Sunday.
Suggestion: observe Holy Week
celebrations in and around Metro
Manila, e.g. Marikina or San
Pedro Makati. NB: Flagellations
do not typify most of Holy Week
in the Philippines!
14: The Philippines: An
interplay between Western,
Chinese and Mexican
traditions
Power point lecture by FNZ. SW
21: Free cut
Compensate for field trip
28: Exam 2
5: Group Presentations of
paper
12: Group Presentations of
paper
19: Submit paper

Sessions outside the classrooms are obligatory for all. Please treat them as class
time by being present and by taking notes.

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