Physical e Ducati o 00 Knud

ULJJM
LIBRARY
PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
RISOURC!
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EDUCATION
1977- 78
(3x
mm
mmxsmm
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
RESOURCE BOOK
FOR
SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Digitized by the Internet Archive

in
2012 with funding from
University of Alberta Libraries
http://archive.org/details/physicaleducatioOOknud
CONTENTS
I.
II.
III.
INTRODUCTION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
INDEX
Page
111.1
111.2
111.3
111.4
GENERAL INFORMATION
Sports Competitions Selected for Competition at Each of
the Games
Participating Countries
Proposed Event Schedule
ATHLETICS
An Introduction to Athletics
Understanding the Sport of Athletics
Physical Skills
Technical Aspects
Facilities and Equipment Requirements for the Commonwealth
Games
The Participants' Point of View
Sources for Further Information
BADMINTON
An Introduction to Badminton
Understanding the Sport of Badminton
Physical Skills
Technical Aspects
Games
Audio Visual Aids
BOWLS
An Introduction to Lawn Bowling
Understanding the Sport of Lawn Bowling
Physical Skills
Technical Aspects
Games
Audio Visual Aids
4
5
9
9
13
14
18
18
19
23
23
26
26
28
30
35
36
39
40
41
43
46
47
48
48
Page
111.5
111.6
111.7
111.8
111.9
BOXING
An Introduction to Boxing
Understanding the Sport of Boxing
Physical Skills
Technical Aspects
Games
Audio Visual Aids
CYCLING
An Introduction to Cycling
Understanding the Sport of Cycling
Physical Skills
Technical Aspects
Games
Audio Visual Aids
GYMNASTICS
An Introduction to Gymnastics
Understanding the Sport of Gymnastics
The Basic Purpose - The Participants' Objective
Technical Aspects
Games
Audio Visual Aids
SHOOTING
Clay Pigeon Shoot-' ng
Full Bore Rifle
Small Bore Rifle
The Smallbore Prone
Rapid Fire Pistol
Free Pistol
International Skeet
SWIMMING
An Introduction to Swimming
Understanding the Sport of Swimming
Physical Skills
Technical Aspects
Games
-
51
51
51
51
54
54
54
54
57
57
58
58
60
61
61
61
65
65
67
70
73
73
74
75
79
81
84
85
86
87
87
95
96
97
98
99
100
Page
111.9
DIVING
An Introduction to Diving
Physical Skills
Technical Aspects
105
105
108
108
111.10 WEIGHTLIFTING
An Introduction to Weightlifting
Understanding the Sport of Weightlifting
Physical Skills
Technical Aspects
Audio Visual Aids
111.11 WRESTLING
An Introduction to Wrestling
Understanding the Sport of Wrestling
Physical Skills
Technical Aspects
Games
Audio Visual Aids
111.12 LACROSSE
An Introduction to Lacrosse
Understanding the Sport of Lacrosse
Physical Skills
Audio Visual Aids
IV.
113
114
116
116
118
119
120
127
128
128
129
133
133
136
137
141
142
146
149
149
APPENDIX
A.
COMMONWEALTH GAMES CURRENT RECORD HOLDERS

1930
B.
1974
SPECTATORS' GUIDE
TRACK EVENTS
153
157
I.
introduction
The Physical Education Resource Book is designed

to serve only as a reference source for pertinent information on the eleven sports that will be staged at
the XI Commonwealth Games.
The events and the regulations regarding each
competition are specific to the Commonwealth Games and
should not be confused with the Olympic Games or the
Pan American Games.
No curriculum guide with suggestions for learning
activities in physical education classes is included
as it is expected that the teachers will use this
material as it applies to their situation and locale.
Physical educators are encouraged to hold seminars/
workshops to discuss and share ideas regarding ways of
implementing the material. A slide-script on each of
the sports is available and will serve as an addition
to the material presented here.
It is also important
to note that curriculum has been prepared for Social
Studies, Fine Arts, English and an interdisciplinary
approach for K-VI so that arrangements can be made to
work with teachers in other subject areas.
The value of this book will not decrease when the

Games are finished; in fact, the interest should be
even greater in the year following the Games.
(It should be noted that some rules and specifications have been or will be revised prior
to the Games.
These changes occur as the
various International Sports Governing Bodies

hold their meetings.)
II.
acknowledgements
COMPILED BY:
Chairmen
Hope Knudson, Edmonton Public School Board

Nancy Campbell, Edmonton Public School Board
Ted Thresher, Edmonton Public School Board
Rick Mooney, Edmonton Separate School Board
We are indebted to the chairman of each of the

eleven Commonwealth Games Sports Committees for their
time and assistance in the preparation of this material
ATHLETICS
BADMINTON
BOWLS
BOXING
CYCLING
GYMNASTICS
SHOOTING
SWIMMING & DIVING
WEIGHTLIFTING
WRESTLING
LACROSSE
Editor:
Elizabeth McCardle
Cover and graphics:
Lenore Bell
Letraset arrangement:
Esther Stewart
Ken Porter
Dave Cathro
Harold Miller
Ossie Osland
Rudy Frahm
Francis Tally
John Primrose
Les Nelson and Larry Healy
Larry Mather
Ted Thresher
Fred Arnold
III.
index
Sports Competitions Selected for

Competition at Each of the Games
Participating Countries
Proposed Event Schedule
111.1
genera
information

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PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES
1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974
Antigua
Austral ia
Bahamas
Barbados
Bermuda
British Honduras
Canada
Cook Islands
Dominica
Enqland
X
X
X
X
Fiji-
Ghana
Gibral tar
Grenada
Guernsey
Guyana
Hong Kong
India
Isle of Man
Jamaica
Jersey
Kenya
Lesotho
Malaya
X
X
X
X
Malawi-
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Newfoundland
New Zealand
Nigeria
Northern Irel and
Pakistan
Papua/New Guinea
Rhodesia
Sabah (North Borneo)
St. Lucia
St. Vincent
Sarawak
Scotland
Sierra Leone
Singapore
South Africa
South Arabia (Ade n)
Sri Lanka
Swaziland
Tanzania (Tar gany ika)
The Gambia
Tonga
Trinidad Tobago
Uganda
Wales
Western Samoa
Zambia (North lern Rhodesia)
X
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X
X
X
X
X
X
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A.
An Introduction to Athletics
B.
Understanding the Sport

of Athletics
C.
Physical Skills
D.
Technical Skills
E.
Facilities and Equipment

Requirements for the
Commonwealth Games
F.
G.
III.
2 athletics
SPORT:
ATHLETICS
SECTION A:
(TRACK AND FIELD)
AN INTRODUCTION TO ATHLETICS
Track and Field might be considered to be the foundation sport of the

In "History of the Commonwealth Games" Arnold Henderson
Commonwealth Games.
reported that a dual track and field meet between a United States team and a
team composed of various representative countries of the British Empire was
After the 1924
held in London following the 1920 Antwerp Olympic Games.
Paris Olympic Games another United States versus the British Empire track
and field meet was staged in London.
The idea of an all British Empire Games was discussed at a meeting of
managers of the Track and Field Teams of the various countries of the British
At a subsequent
Empire competing at the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam.
meeting the track and field representatives from Australia, New Zealand and
South Africa suggested that swimming, boxing and wrestling should be added
The first British Empire Games were held in Hamilton, Ontario
to athletics.
in
1930.
Athletics in the first British Empire Games was limited to male

competitors. The ladies did, however, compete in the track and field events
in the 1934 Games.
Perhaps the most historical moment for the Commonwealth Games was the
Miracle Mile run at the V (Fifth) Commonwealth Games held at Vancouver in
This was the first time in history that two runners in the same race
1954.
broke "the four minute mile".
The two runners were Roger Bannister of
England who won with a time of 3:58.8 to beat John Landy of Australia by
0.2 seconds.
SECTION
1.
B:
UNDERSTANDING THE SPORT OF ATHLETICS
Track Events
WOMEN
MEN
100 M
200 M
400 M
800 M
1500 M
5000 M
10000 M
110 M Hurdles
400 M Hurdles
30 KM Road Walk
Marathon 26 miles, 385 yds.
(42,195 KM)
3000 M Steeplechase
4x100 M Relay
4x400 M Relay
M
M
M
M
M
M
M Hurdles
4x100 M Relay
4x400 M Relay
100
200
400
800
1500
3000
100
- 10 -
a)
The Sprints
100, 200 and 400 metre events every fraction of a second

counts.
To be successful, a sprinter must have precise control of
In the 100 and 200
his reflexes and have great dynamic strength.
metre races, the rate of acceleration and the duration of acceleration
are vitally important.
World class sprinters develop a consistent,
rapid rate of acceleration that only reaches its peak after 40 or 50
metres.
Unlike long distance runners who must depend on high oxygen
intake to sustain energy output, sprinters rely almost exclusively
on energy present in their bodies.
This is technically referred to
as an aerobic activity.
In the
b)
Middle Distance Races
To develop the speed, strength and cardio-respiratory endurance

for these events, demands many hours of preparation.
Most athletes
will log upwards of 160 kilometres a week over an extended preparatory
period.
Road work, hill running and fast-short intervals are also
included in the training program.
c)
Relays
The speed of the baton determines the result of the race, hence,
efficiency in baton passing is an important factor.
In the 4 x 100
metre relay there is a 10 metre acceleration zone included so that
the passes in the 20 metre exchange zone are made at higher speeds
than in the other relay event.
In the 4 x 400 metre relay the first runners commence from a
staggered start and must keep to their designated lanes. After they
take the first corner in their lanes they jockey for the inside
track and all subsequent runners run in the inside lane.
The 4 x 400
is one of the classic races of any athletic meet.
d)
The Hurdle Event
The women's hurdles consist of ten hurdles which are 2*9" (84cm)
in height.
The distance from the start to the first hurdle is
13 metres and 8.5 metres between hurdles,
ii) The men's 100 metre hurdles consists of 10 hurdles which are
3'6" (107cm) in height.
From the start to the first hurdle is
15 yds. and between hurdles, 10 yds.
iii) The men's 400 metre hurdles consist of one lap of the track and
10 hurdles spaced 35 metres apart.
The distance from the start
to the first hurdle is 45 metres.
i)
Many spectators wonder whether the hurdlers are penalized for

knocking down hurdles.
The rule is that there is no penalty unless it
The hurdlers try to avoid hitting the
is judged to be intentional.
hurdles because it interferes with the rhythm and fluidity of movement.
- 11 -
In the short hurdle races, 110 m. for men and 100 m. for
women, all hurdlers use three strides between the hurdles.
In the
400 metre hurdles for men, because of the overall distance the
striding may change from 13 to 15 over the last few hurdles in an
attempt to maintain maximum speed and precision.
e)
3000 Metre Steeplechase
Each lap of the steeplechase consists of four barriers and a

water jump. At the front of each water jump is a three foot
barrier.
The water jump consists of a twelve foot sloping pit.
The deepest end is closest to the barrier and is two feet in depth.
The entire event consists of 28 barriers and seven jumps.
f)
The Marathon
In modern times the length of the marathon was calculated on the

distance from London to Windsor Castle which is 26 miles. As the
most convenient spot for King George V was 385 yards further up the
road, the entire distance of the marathon has become 26 miles and 385
yards.
Originally in the 1896 Olympics, the distance was 40 km,
reputedly the distance from Marathon to Athens.
Races from then to
the early 1920's were not over a fixed distance although they were
approximately 40 to 42 km. More recently, a race cannot call itself
a marathon unless it is 26 miles, 385 yards (42.195 km).
To maintain the gruelling pace of this event is an energy-sapping

experience even for the athlete who must be at the peak of condition.
Tremendous endurance and fortitude is required of the marathon runners,
One of the most memorable and inspiring moments of the Games is the
arrival of the runners at the stadium for the last 300 metres of the
races.
g)
The 30 Kilometre Walk
The two longest races (Marathon and 30 km walk) on the Athletics

program for the 1978 Commonwealth Games will be carried out on
extremely flat courses beginning and ending in the Commonwealth
Stadium.
Both races will start in the cool of evening, at six
o'clock.
The 30 km walk for the most part will be conducted through
residential areas relatively shaded and protected from wind.
The
marathon run (scheduled for the third last day of the Games) will go
northwest to the Canadian Forces Bases at Namao on Highway 28.
- 12
2.
Field Events
MEN
High Jump
Long Jump
Shotput - 16 lbs.
Discus - 2 kg
Javelin - 800 grams
Triple Jump
Hammer Throw - 16 lbs
Pole Vault
a)
High Jump
WOMEN
High Jump
Long Jump
Shotput - 4kg (81bs,13oz.)
Discus - 1kg
Javelin - 600 grams
Various techniques are still used in this event but the two
basic styles are the straddle and Fosbury flop.
b)
Long Jump
To combine maximum speed with maximum lift is the objective

of the long jumper.
During fliqht various techniques such as the
"hitch kick" or "running in the air" are used to control forward
body rotation and maintain the best body posture that may give
an extra centimetre in distance.
c)
Pole Vault
Safe landing areas and the fibreglass pole have transformed

this event.
To be successful the athlete must combine the speed
of a sprinter with the strength and agility of the gymnast.
The
plant of the pole and the take-off is all important for a good
Timing is all important and the vaulter must work with the
vault.
action of the pole.
d)
Shot Put
Strength, speed and timing are vital factors for success in

putting the shot.
The athlete is restricted to a small (2.14
metre) circle and must put not throw the shot.
e)
Discus:
Throwing the discus is a great test of skill and accuracy. The

athlete is restricted by a 2.50 metre circle and the discus must be
hurled into a 45 degree sector.
The release of the discus is vital
to its flight.
- 13 -
f)
Javelin
The delivery of the javelin is a pulling action rather than a

In the final part of the approach run the athlete's body
throw.
is ahead of the javelin so that it can be pulled over the body
position for maximum velocity. The tip must touch ground before
the shaft, but does not have to stick in the ground.
3.
Women's Pentathlon
This event consists of five competitions competed for in the
following order:
100 metres, shotput, high jump, long jump, 800 metres
All events are held on one day.
or 200 metres.
4.
Men's Decathlon
This event consists of ten competitions spread over two days.
The
first day has:
100 metres, long jump, shotput, high jump, 400 metres.
The second day consists of 110 metre hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin
and 1500 metres.
SECTION
C:
PHYSICAL SKILLS
The events in Athletics focus on the three physical skills of running,

jumping and throwing.
Each event can be analyzed in terms of the degree
to which each skill is involved.
Races over a fixed distance not involving
obstacles are the only events featuring one specific skill.
All other events
are combinations of running, jumping and throwing.
In recent years, coaching articles have been written in which special
emphasis is given to the specific techniques, training methods and conditioning
programs for each event.
Those interested in a specific event are referred to
in the Appendix.
The many facets of Athletics focus on five main skills.

In track
events such as 100m up to Marathon, running is the skill involved.
However,
as the length of the race changes, so does the technique, strategy and
condition required for that race. There are two events centered in jumping.
The long jump requires a type of jump emphasizing distance, whereas the high
jump stresses height. Throwing events can be separated into one overhand
(javelin) and two underhand (discus and hammer).
Shotput is in a class of
its own, in that it is a pushing action rather than a throwing action.
The
30km road walk typifies a fast pace walking action.
Many of the events in Athletics require a combination of the five skills

already mentioned.
Hurdling and Steeplechase, which require running and jumping,
are prime examples.
To compliment basic skills, the athlete must train to
develop technique and strength suitable to the event.
This combination is
not sufficient unless the athlete is in a condition whereby he possesses the
stamina and desire.
- 14 -
SECTION
1.
D:
TECHNICAL ASPECTS
Organization of
Track and Field Meet
Track and Field will be a six day competition commencing August 4th,
Approximately
and continuing on August 5th, 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th, 1978.
forty-three nations and 300 to 700 athletes are expected to compete.
Each country is allowed to enter three competitors in each event.
When
they submit their entries, each nation is asked to indicate best performances of their athletes.
These times are used to seed heats. The
seeding of heats will likely be done by a computerized system.
If a computer is not used, the meet director will work the reported
times from slowest to fastest.
Once he has determined the number of
heats required, he then places the runners on a heat sheet as illustrated
below:
1
17
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
18
19
20
21
22
4
5
4
4
Heat No.
1.
will
4
4
3
2
1
4
4
3
23
24
2
1
consist of competitors ranked
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1,8,9,16,17,24,25,32.
For all events run in lanes and for all field events, finals will
If there are four heats
be limited to the best eight performances.
of eight competitors per heat then two semi-final races will be conducted.
Semi -finalists will either be the top four in each heat or the first
three finishers and the next four fastest times.
The Track and Field events are distributed over six days as follows:
(THIS PROGRAM SUBJECT TO CHANGE)
FIRST DAY
Morning
100 metres (men)
400 metres (men)
Pentathlon (women)
100 metres Hurdl es
Shot
400 metres (women
Heats
Heats
Heats
Afternoon
100 metres (men)
400 metres (men)
110 metres Hurdles (men)
10,000 metres (men)
2nd Round
2nd Round
Heats
Semi-Finals
Final
4
4
3
2
1
- 15 -
3,000 metres Steeplechase (men)

Hammer (men)
100 metres (women)
100 metres (women)
400 metres (women)
Pentathlon (women)
High Jump
Long Jump
800 metres
,
Heats
Final
Heats
Semi-Finals
Semi-Finals
SECOND DAY
Morning
Decathlon (men)
100 metres
Long Jump
Shot
400 metres (men)
Semi-Final
Afternoon
Semi-Finals
100 metres
100 metres
(men)
(men)
400 metres (men)
110 metres Hurdles
(men)
3,000 metres Steeplechase (men)

Decathlon (men)
High Jump
400 metres
100 metres (women)
400 metres (women)
Discus (women)
3,000 metres (women)
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
THIRD DAY
Morning
200 metres (men)
400 Metres Hurdles (men)
Decathlon (men)
110 metres Hurdles
Discus
800 metres (men)
200 metres (women)
Heats
Heats
Heats (if necessary)

Heats
Afternoon
200 metres (men)
5,000 metres (men)
Decathlon (men)
Pole Vault
Javel in
1,500 metres
800 metres (men)
200 metres (women)
800 metres (women)
Shot (women)
2nd round
Heats
Semi-Finals
Semi-Final
Semi -Final
Heats
Final
- 16 -
FOURTH DAY
Morning
Long Jump (men)
Long Jump (women)
Afternoon
30km road walk, (men)
200 metres (men)
200 metres (men)
800 metres (men)
5,000 metres (men)
High Jump (men)
Long Jump (men)
200 metres (women)
800 metres (women)
100 metres Hurdles (women)
Javel in (women)
Qualification
Qualification
Final
Semi-Finals
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Heats
Final
FIFTH DAY
Afternoon
Marathon (men)
1,500 metres (men)
4 x 100 metres relay (men)
Pole Vault (men)
Discus (men)
100 metres Hurdles (women)
4 x 100 metres relay (women)
Long Jump (women)
High Jump (women)
Final
Heats
Heats
Heats
Final
Final
Final
Heats
Heats
Heats
Final
Final
SIXTH DAY
Morning
Triple Jump (men)
Afternoon
1,500 metres (men)
Javel in (men)
Triple Jump (men)

Shot Put (men)
Qualification (if necessary)
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
Final
- 17 -
2.
Scoring
Winners in Athletics are determined by either:

1. running or walking the fastest,
2. jumping the furthest or highest, or
3. throwing the farthest.
The scoring for the women's pentathlon and the men's decathlon
A special scoring
differ from the rest of the Athletic Events.
all
possible
times or distances
system has been developed by listing
for each of the five or ten competitions and assigning a point value
for each time or distance.
These point values have been calculated
The
on the basis of frequency of results in World competitions.
Winner of
better the point or distance the higher the point value.
the pentathlon and decathlon is the competitor who is able to earn
the highest number of points.
Placement in each event is only used
to break ties in overall point totals.
At the 1970 Games held in Edinburgh, Scotland, all distances
were converted to the metric system. Thus the Commonwealth Games
Records sheet had to be completely revised.
For current Games
records, see Appendix.
3.
Rules
All the Track and Field Events will be conducted according to the
rules established by the Internal Governing Body of the International
Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF), based in London.
Rules for
competitions are set out in the IAAF Handbook. The Canadian Governing
Body is the Canadian Track and Field Association (CTFA).
Rules governing
specific Canadian situations are found in the CTFA Handbook.
4.
Officiating
Eighty to one hundred on-track officials will be required to
officiate the Track and Field Events. There will be a referee for the
Track events and another referee in charge of the Field Events.
Each
event will be conducted by a Chief Official.
Up to fifteen percent of
these officials may be foreign officials from Commonwealth countries.
Canadian Officials are rated by the National Officials Committee

(N.O.C.) of the Canadian Track and Field Association.
Foreign Officials
will be selected from names proposed by their own Track and Field
Association.
Selection will be made by the Officials Committee of the
Commonwealth Games Foundation which has a representative from N.O.C.
as a member.
All the timing will be electronic.
A camera placed at the finish
line will take a time sequence record of the finish.
Within a few
seconds after a race, the results will be flashed on the Stadium's huge
electric scoreboard.
18 -
Measurements for the Field Events will be done electronically.

optical
rod will be inserted in the spot where the discus, shot,
An
javelin or hammer lands.
The electronic rayc oeamed from the rod
are used to determine the correct distance.
SECTION
E:
FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COMMONWELATH GAMES
The Athletics events are to be held in the Main Stadium located

immediately north of Clarke Stadium.
Clarke Stadium will be used as a
practice site.
Competitors will also be utilizing the track and field
facilities at the University, Coronation Park and the South Side Athletic
Gounds for team practices.
SECTION
F:
ATHLETICS
THE PARTICIPANTS'
POINT OF VIEW
Track and Field is well organized for any student who wishes to compete
and train on a yearly basis.
Alberta has fourteen registered Track Clubs:
Calgary Spartans
Calgary Track & Field Club
Calgary Road Runners
Plastic Ono
Lethbridge Track Club
Grande Prairie Track Club
Hanna Track Club
Hinton Hurricanes
Central Alberta (Red Deer)
Edmonton Huskie Club
Edmonton Olympic Club
Edmonton Aces
Columbians
University of Alberta Track Club
The membership from the above clubs consists of approximately 500

athletes.
Local and Provincial meets are organized either on the basis
of performance level or age classification.
The age classes are:
GIRLS
BOYS
Bantam
Midget
Juvenile
Junior
Open
(All
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
years
years
years
years
years and over
and
and
and
and
13
15
17
19
Bantam
Midget
Junior
Senior
-12 and 13 years

-14 and 15 years
-16, 17 and 18 years
-19 years and over
ages are taken as of Januray 1st of the Year preceding the competition.)
The Alberta Schools Athletic Association conducts a Provincial Track

Four regional meets are held
and Field meet for Alberta High Schools.
prior to the Provincial final meets. These regional meets are for Calgary,
Each region
Edmonton, Northern Alberta and Southern Alberta High Schools.
is permitted two entries in each event except one relay entry.
- 19 -
Events for High School track and field are listed below:
Girls Events
Boys Events
100 metres
200 metres
100 metres
200 metres
400 metres
800 metres
1500 metres
4x100 metres Relay
110 metres Hurdles
3000 metres Open
4x400 metres Open Relay
Long Jump
High Jump
Triple Jump
Javelin
Shotput
Discus
400 metres
800 metres
1500 metres Open
4x100 metres Relay
80 metres Hurdles
4x400 metres Open Relay
Long Jump
High Jump
Javelin
Shotput
Oiscus
High School competitors are classified according to their ages.

are classified as:
Boys
Senior - under 20 years on September 1st of current school year.

Intermediate - under 17 years on November 1st of current school year.
Junior - under 16 years on November 1st of current school year.
Girls are classified as:
Senior
Junior
under 20 years on September 1st of current school year.

under 16 years on September 1st of current school year.
Competitors are limited to competition in one class at the A.S.A.A.

meet with the exception of Open Events.
Each competitor may enter a
maximum of four events. The number of track events entered by a contestant
can not exceed three.
In the long distance events a competitor may enter
two of the 800m, 1500m or the 3000m and no other track events, or the 800m
or the 1500m or the 3000m and two other track events.
SECTION
G:
SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
Booklets and Periodicals:

1.
Alberta Schools Athletic Handbook - Officials Handbook - 1975-76 available from Alberta Schools Athletic Association, Percy Page Center,
13 Mission Ave., St. Albert, Alta.
2.
Canadian Track & Field Association Handbook and Internation Amateur

Athletic Federation Handbook - available from C.T.F.A. National Office
333 River Road, Vanier City, Ontario
K1L 8B9.
3.
ATHLETICA:
P.O. Box
CP4981, Vancouver, B.C.
V6B 4A6
- 20 -
4.
Runners World . Published by World Publications, California, U.S.A.

Box 366 Mountain View, Calif.
94040.
5.
Track and Field News
6.
Women's Track
SECTION H:
&
Box 296, Los Altos, California
P.O.
Field World
Box 371, Claremont, Calif.
94022.
91711.
AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
1.
Commonwealth Games Film .

Available from Commonwealth Games
1974.
Office, Edmonton, Alberta,
(film shows build up to track events.)
2.
"Olympic Film"
Board.
3.
"Summer Rendezvous".
'68 and '72.
Available from Edmonton Public School
Available from Edmonton Public School Board.
A.
An Introduction to Badminton
B.
Understanding the Sport of

Badminton
C.
Physical Skills of Badminton
D.
Technical Aspects
E.

Commonwealth Games
F.
G.
H.
Audio Visual Aids
III.
3 badminton
- 23 -
SPORT:
BADMINTON
SECTION A:
AN INTRODUCTION TO BADMINTON
Badminton is a game played with rackets and a shuttlecock on a

Originally it was called "Battledore" or
court divided by a net.
The British soldiers stationed
"Shuttlecock" and played in India.
nineteenth
century played Battledore using wine
in India during the
corks and feathers to make a shuttlecock and wooden leather covered
racquets.
the British Isles it was first played out-of-doors, but the
rainy
often
English weather forced the game into the huge halls of
the country estates.
The present name of Badminton comes from the
name of an English estate.
At the turn of the century, Badminton
Within twenty years it was being played
spread to North America.
by the masses in Church halls, schools, gymnasiums, universities,
Y.M.C.A.'s and Y.W.C.A.'s.
In
The Canadian Badminton Association (C.B.A.) was formed in 1921

Today
and became a member of the International Badminton Federation.
there are over 25,000 players and 225 clubs registered as official
members of the C.B.A.
In
The game enjoys considerable popularity in many countries.
Europe the leading countries are Denmark, Sweden, West Germany and Great
Britain.
The Danish players are ranked among the best in the world.
China and Indonesia
They play an aggressive hitting or smashing game.
The finest club in the
are considered to be top nations in Badminton.
Indonesians treat their
World is located in the capital city Kjakarta.
Badminton champions as heroes much as Canadians treat their hockey stars.
Badminton is the national sport of Indonesia as well as that of India,
Malaysia and Thailand.
Badminton is a relatively new sport for the Games.

It was first
included in the 1966 Kingston, Jamaica Games.
Since its inception
Badminton has been dominated by Malaysia and England.
At the 1974
Christchurch, New Zealand Games, England won all the gold and silver
medals except in the men's singles.
Canada won a gold in the men's
singles at the Edinburgh Games.
SECTION
B:
UNDERSTANDING THE SPORT OF BADMINTON
Badminton is a game which has a popularity that is universal.

It
can be played indoors or outdoors by men, women and children of all ages.
There are very few sports in which it is possible to get the feeling of
"instant success" that Badminton offers.
The game is stimulating both
physically and mentally.
In a singles game lasting 20 minutes, a good player:
utilizes all the fundamental motor skills that man possesses,
makes 350 complete changes in direction,
3) covers one mile without leaving a court 20' x 22',
4) makes 400 strokes,
1)
2)
- 24 -
expends as much energy as a baseball pitcher does in three

complete games, and
6) can make a shuttlecock travel at speeds up to 120 m.p.h.
5)
While basic techniques are easy to learn, good players require

extremely quick reflexes and top notch conditioning to play the calibre
of Badminton necessary to participate in National and International
Tournaments.
To appreciate the Badminton played at International Tournaments
spectators should be aware of the tactics and strategy demonstrated by
the athletes.
During the course of a rally one can observe the development of offensive play. Winning an exchange is usually accomplished by
an offensive shot which requires speed, sharp angles and accurate direction.
However, through deception or superior court positioning a player can gain
a point by hitting a defensive shot.
Offensive strokes are shots which are
directed downward - smashes, half-smashes, dropshots, half-paced drives and
low serves; defensive strokes are those hit upward - clear, underhand dropshots, drives and high serves.
1.
The Singles Game

It
The most difficult event of Badminton is the game of singles.
requires excellent physical and mental conditioning and involves a great
Generally the game begins with a basic high serve to
deal of running.
move the opponent to the back boundary line.
A good high serve is
usually returned with a overhead clear
A poor high serve will allow
the receiver to gain the offensive by means of a dropshot, smash, halfsmash or an attacking clear.
The shots employed most effectively in
singles play are the high deep serve, the overhead clear, the overhead
dropshot, the half-smash, the underhand clear and hairpin net return.
Midcourt shots have little value in singles so that a rally will consist
of shots directed to the net or to the backline.
.
Some singles players prefer to play a deliberate power qame of

finesse utilizing the high serve, the high clear, the dropshot and the
half-smash.
Players who are adept at a quick, fast game are likely to
play the low serve, the driven or flick serve, the flat clear, the drive
During a Tournament many players will change from one
and the smash.
type of play to another depending on their opponent and the situation
at hand.
2.
The Doubles Game

It requires skill,
The most popular type of game is doubles play.
wit, and excellent teamwork.
Although it demands less stamina than
It has the advantage of allowinq
singles it is an extremely fast game.
two players unequal in ability to combine their best assets and to work
The low serve, the
out a system of play that is extremely effective.
driven serve, the drive, the smash, the half-smash and net shots are
usually utilized in doubles.
- 25 -
The primary purpose of doubles play is to force the opponents to

upward
so that the smash, half-smash and overhead dropshot can be
hit
Smashes are usually directed to the inside of the opponent.
executed.
Cross-court and half-smashes are used as a change of pace. The crosscourt smash is rarely used except for set-up. The smash and dropshots
are often returned with a high deep clear or flatter shot directed at
the opponents' head or shoulder level.
There are three systems of doubles play:

a)
Defensive Formation
Responsibilities:
each player covers court from net to back

line and from middle to the side
down the middle shots taken by player on
the left side assuming the players are right
Sometimes the middle shots are taken
handed.
by the partner more skillful at that type of
shot.
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
b)
area to defend is well defined

good to defend against a smash
-
opponents can play all shots to one player
Offensive Formation
Responsibilities:
one player plays the forecourt and the other

player plays the backcourt. The net man is
usually responsible for half court sideline
shots.
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
Up-and-Back
keeps pressure on opponents

easier to return cross-court shots
easier to protect weaknesses
net play can put away weak returns
-
c)
Side-by-Side
midcourt area along the sidelines

inadequate against the smash as the back player
can't protect the entire backcourt by himself
Combination
when a team is on the attack use the up-and-back
formation
when either player has to hit upward then move into
the side-by-side formation
- 26 -
3.
The Mixed Doubles Game
Generally the women will play the up position and the man the
back position when the couples are on the offensive.
The Basic Purpose of Badminton
Badminton is generally a matter of playing the basic fundamentals

better than your opponent and understanding and applying strategic
principles. A player should position himself on the court where the
greater percentage of returns are likely to come and then be alert for
the odd shot.
Move about a foot to the side of the court to which you
have directed the bird.
Try to trap the opponent into over-anticipating
certain shots by establishing a specific pattern. Try to direct the
play to your strengths and to your opponent's weaknesses.
SECTION C:
PHYSICAL SKILLS OF BADMINTON
There are numerous books and publications on the skills involved

Teachers might want to consider the skills as listed below:
in Badminton.
Skills Essential
1.
The Grip
Forehand
Backhand
The Ready Position
Footwork
High Singles Serve
High Doubles Serve
Low Doubles Serve
-
For All
7.
Players
The Overhead Clear
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Forehand
Backhand
The Dropshot
The Smash
Drive - Forehand & Backhand
Underhand Clear - Forehand &
Backhand
Underhand Dropshot
Skills For The More Advanced Players

1.
2.
3.
SECTION
The Half-Paced Smash

Backhand Smash
The Round-The-Head Shot
D:
4.
5.
The Driven Serve

Net Play - Hairpin Net Shot
- Push Shot
- Net Smash
TECHNICAL ASPECTS
Sixteen countries are expected to participate in Badminton.

(75 men and 45 women) will play 300 matches.
Approximately
120 athletes
Players will be
A single elimination Tournament will be conducted.
seeded according to the regulations established by the International
Badminton Federation. A player's International ranking and his performance
in current major International Badminton competitions will be taken into
account when the draw is made.
Very few players who will compete in Edmonton
Some countries will have
are expected to have an International ranking.
players who have not competed in the World Badminton Championships.
- 27 -
Competitions will be held in

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Ladies Singles
Men's Singles
Ladies Doubles
Men's Doubles
Mixed Doubles
Team Event
The Team Event is a new addition to the Edmonton Commonwealth Games.

It will consist of five of the above events but a country rather than an
individual is declared winner.
In individual events, a participant may play up to three matches per day,
During the team event, an individual could play up to six matches per day.
2.
Scoring
Play is started by an underhand serve.
Only the serving side can
If the serving side makes a fault, the server loses
score a point.
In doubles each player has a turn at serve.
Service
his right to serve.
The team beginning a game
is over when both players lose their serves.
of doubles has only one turn at serve in its first inning.
Doubles and Men's singles games consist of 15 points; Ladies singles

If the game becomes tied at the scores listed
consists of 11 points.
The side
below, the game is extended by the practice of "setting".
which reaches the tied score first has the option of setting or not
setting the score.
Points Required To
Ladies Singles Games
Score Set At
Win Set Game
11 points
11 points
9 all
10 all
15 points
15 points
13 all
14 all
points
points
Other
A match
sides of the
third game.
reaches 8 in
5
3
points
points
consists of the best of three games.

The players change
net at the beginning of the second, and if necessary, the
During the third game the ends are changed when one side
a game of 15 points or 6 in a game of 11 points.
Most books on Badminton can be consulted for the basic rules of

the game.
The International Badminton Federation annually publishes
handbook containing the complete rules of Badminton.
- 28 -
3.
Officiating
The Commonwealth Games will requ ire that each match has an Umpire,
one or two service judges and linesme n.
The match is conducted by the
UMPIRE who enforces the Laws of Badmi nton as well as keeping and calling
the score.
The SERVICE JUDGE watches for illegal serves and serving
faults when the serve is on his side of the net while the other SERVICE
JUDGE watches that the receiver does not commit faults during service,
LINESMEN , stationed at various positi ons adjacent to the court, determine
whether the bird is inside or outside the line. The Badminton Committee
estimates that 150 on-court Officials will be needed to conduct the
Games Tournament.
The Presiding Official for a Badminton Tournament is the REFEREE
The task of the Referee includes:
supervising the draw and seeing that the seeding is properly

carried out,
ensuring fair play so that opponents meet with an equal degree
of freshness or tiredness from previous matches,
organizing the play so the Tournament moves as rapidly as
possible,
d) appointment of court officials,
e) selecting the speed of the shuttle,
f) judge appeals on the actual laws of Badminton (players cannot
appeal on Umpire's decision regarding foul -hits, points or lets.),
g) rule on requests for substitution,
h) supervises playing and practice conditions and arrangements.
SECTION
1.
E:
FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COMMONWEALTH GAMES
The Racket
Rackets used by competitors must meet International Badminton Federation Standards.

A standard sized racket is 26 in. long, approximately
10 in. in the head length, 11 in. in the shaft and 5 in. in the grip.
They weigh from Ah to 5h ounces.
Some are wood while others are metal.
The popular types are Carlton, Yonex and Dunlop.
Whether a player uses a metal or wood racket depends on individual

preference.
Metal rackets strung with nylon can be strung more tightly
and do not warp as do wooden rackets.
Better quality rackets are made
of hickory wood with a steel or fiberglass shaft and strung with good
quality lamb's gut.
2.
The Shuttlecock (Bird)
Feathered shuttles are used in International Tournaments.

It has
fourteen to sixteen feathers attached to a kidskin covered cork base.
There is only one type of goose in the world that has the "right" tail
feathers to make a bird.
Czechslovakia is the main source of supply.
Recently the Asian countries have produced a bird equal in quality.
- 29 -
In order to insure that playing conditions are standard, testing

of the speed of a shuttlecock takes place just before matches are to
There can be a very real difference in games if a fast shuttle
begin.
Tournament officials should endeavour
instead of a slow shuttle is used.
to see that each time a game is played the bird should function at the
The referee is
same speed regardless of atmospheric conditions.
responsible for the testing of shuttles. Weights of manufactured
shuttles vary from 73 to 85 grains in order to meet a variety of condiEach grain adds about four inches in length of the bird's flight.
tions.
The greater the temperature
The heavier the bird, the faster it flies.
bird
will fly.
faster
a
Under normal
greater
the
altitude
the
and the
or
80
grain
is
used.
conditions a 70
shuttle
To test the shuttle a player of average strength who stands at the

If
back boundary line strikes the bird with a full under-hand stroke.
(2'6"
1")
of
to
just short
the opposite back
the bird lands in an area
A slow speed bird
boundary, it is considered to be the correct speed.
would land more than V 6" from the back boundary line while a fast speed
bird would go past the back boundary.
Nine hundred birds, varying in weight from 74-76 grains will be

needed for the Commonwealth Games.
Each competitor will be given six
Six different speeds will be available.
free birds for warm-ups.
Entrants in the Commonwealth Games Badminton Tournament must be advised
one year prior as to the type of shuttle that will be used in Edmonton.
The shuttle selected should be available in the competing countries.
3.
Facilities
Badminton is best played indoors and high level competition requires

the following conditions:
A court 20 feet by 44 feet with a minimum of 5 feet between
courts and 10 feet at the ends.
b) A net 5'r
in height at the side line posts and 5' in the
a)
center.
c) Non-slip floor surface.
d) A ceiling height of at least 30 feet but a 32 foot
ceiling is
preferred.
The lights should not cause
e) Lighting is of prime importance.
glare to the players and the birds do not disappear into the
lights.
Ceiling and walls must be of a color that allows the
bird to be seen at all times.
Medium to dark green with a matt
finish is the preferred. color.
f) Air movement is also important.. The bird must follow a true path..
The Commonwealth Games Committee
House as the site for Badminton.
The
of Alberta Dance Gym could be used as
Kinsmen Field House will consist of 6
have selected the Kinsmen Field

Royal Glenora Club and the University
practice sites.
Arrangements at the
game courts and 3 practice courts.
- 30 -
SECTION
F:
THE PARTICIPANTS'
POINT OF VIEW
Proponents of Badminton claim that Badminton is one of the fastest

growing sports in Canada. They cite the high volume of equipment and
increasing membership as evidence to back this claim.
They estimate that
15,000 people in Alberta play Badminton regularly at a recreational level.
In the Edmonton area there are approximately 5,000 players and the Edmonton
Badminton Association feels that number could be increased to 25,000 if
proper facilities were available.
In their final report the Commonwealth Sports Development GrouD states
that the A.B.A. membership is primarily adult as most clubs lack suitable
facilities and sufficient court time to operate both an adult and a junior
program. Thus, relatively few students are members of A.B.A. affiliated
Badminton Clubs. Only the private clubs such as the Royal Glenora Club
in Edmonton and the Glencoe Winter Club in Calgary can afford to offer
competitive opportunities and professional coaching for youngsters who
wish to become proficient at the game.
For most young people, the opportunity to play Badminton is confined

Badminton Club.
It is estimated that 3,000 to 4,000 students
are involved regularly in extra-curricular Badminton.
As an inter-scholastic
sport, Badminton is often given second priority to such activities as basketball and volleyball.
A competitive Badminton program for High School students
has been organized by the Alberta Schools Athletic Association.
to the school
Each of the ten A.S.A.A. Zones holds a Badminton Tournament for its
member Schools. A zone team of 12 girls and 12 boys competes in the A.S.A.A.
Provincial Badminton Tournament.
Players are ranked as A, B, or C, according
to their finish in Zone eliminations and may play in only one event - singles,
girls doubles, or mixed doubles.
Any student who has participated in the
A.B.A. Provincial Championship or the Pepsi-Cola Junior Team Championships
must play in the Tier 1 competition for the "A" ranked players.
Tier 1
points are not used to determine the best zone team.
Community Badminton clubs have developed around High Schools that have
facilities for teaching the game.
Under the Joint Use Agreement between the
Edmonton Public School Board and the Edmonton Parks and Recreation Department,
Community Clubs are able to use school Badminton facilities. The amount of
time these facilities are allotted to the Community Club varies from club
Community clubs are forced to either limit their membership or have
to club.
unlimited membership and require their players to wait long periods of time
to get one or two games per session.
strong club identification helps the sport to develop
development.
However, in Edmonton,
competitive Badminton players, who cannot afford to join a private club, must
join a number of community clubs to gain more court time.
Thus there is a
Top
low degree of club identification among competitive players in Edmonton.
players in Badminton are produced almost entirely in the private clubs.
In
many sports
as keen club rivalry encourages skill
- 31 -
The Organizing Committee for Badminton has provided a rough

schematic diagram of the status of Badminton in Edmonton:
INTERNATIONAL BADMINTON FEDERATION (IBF)

Sets, Governs International competitions
CANADIAN BADMINTON ASSOCIATION (CBA)

Governs national policy and competition,
Sets standards for coaching, officiating and player performance
ALBERTA BADMINTON ASSOCIATION (ABA)

-sanctions provincial competition
-fields Drovincial teams
-sponsor players, coaches and officials' clinics
EDMONTON AND DISTRICT BADMINTON ASSOCIATION (EDBA)

-sets up inter-club competitions
-establishes officials' committees
-organizes tournaments
-acts as a lobby on matters common to all clubs
facil ities
LOCAL BADMINTON
booked \
CLUBS
-recruit members
-establish ladders etc.
-both competitive and
recreational opportunities
-1 imited coaching
/
/
/
UNAFFILIATED
RECREATIONAL
BADMINTON GROUPS
EDMONTON PARKS AND

RECREATION
-allocates facilities
Joint use agreement for use

of facilities
EDMONTON PUBLIC
SCHOOL BOARD
-responsible for construction
of most gymnasiums
-occasionally
book facilities
SCHOOL BADMINTON
CLUBS
-operate through the school
physical education program
- 32 -
ALBERTA BADMINTON CLUBS

Contact
Secretary
:
11762
106 Street,
Edmonton
NAIT
c/o R.R. Gouchy

47 Gladstone Cr.
St. Albert, Alta,
Victoria Comp. High
Royal
St.
Glenora Club
Joseph's High
Harry Ainlay High
Derrick Golf
&
11160 River Valley Road

Edmonton
C.
10830 - 109 Street,

Edmonton
Secretary
4350 - 111 Street,

Edmonton
Secretary, Dawn Simpson
Winter Club
Majorie Small
Badminton Division
Box 8008, St. F,
Edmonton
Ms.
Jasper Place Comp. High

(Kingsway Badm. Club)
8950 - 163 Street

Edmonton
University of Alberta
U.
St.
Albert Badm.. Club
of A. Edmonton
St. Albert High

33 Mai mo Drive
St. Albert, Alta.
Northgate Club
Wagner Club
Dalgliesh
Cary Dilts
11636 - 86 Street
Ms.
Gary Woloshyniuk
4045 - 114 Avenue
Ms. Sharon Marchand
24 Laurier Crescent
St. Alberta, Alta.
Don Hoi ton, Pres.

13604 - 68 Street
Mr.
6310 Wagner Road

Edmonton
Ms. Ann Doris, Sec.

68 Medowbrook Road
Sherwood Park, Alta.

Ms. Germaine Mitchell
Sec. 33 Balmoral Drive
St. Albert, Alberta
Sturgeon Valley Club
Thorncliffe Badm. Club
8215 - 175th Street

Edmonton
Mr. Terry A. McLeod

17203 - 82 Avenue
Edmonton
International Badm. Club
c/o Archy Lim

6815 - 112 Street
Edmonton
Greisbach Badm. Club
c/o George Sedak

15012 - 105 Street
Edmonton
33 -
Calgary Racquets Club
c/o Mr. Bruce Scruggs

2227 - 8th Street, N.E.
Calgary, Alta.
Kingsboro Club
c/o Ms. Carol Hamilton

11008 Willowfern Drive, S.E,
Calgary, Alta.
University of Calgary
Secretary
1301
SAIT
16th Ave. N.W.
Secretary
Calgary
- 29th Ave. S.W..
Calgary
626
Glencoe Club
Secretary, Badm. Div.
Lethbridge Civic Centre

Badminton Club
Secretary
Lindsay Thurber Comprehensive

High School
c/o Mr. R.E. Albrecht

4204 - 58 Street
Red Deer, Alberta
Cold Lake Badminton Club
c/o Major Dave Hamel

P.O. Box 2659
Medley, Alta. TOA 2M0
Grande Prairie Badm. Club
c/o L. Tissington
9817 - 111 Ave.
Grande Prairie, Alta.
Connaught Badminton Club
c/o Mr. Deering

430 - 4th Street. S.E.
Medicine Hat, Alta.
Vulcan High School Badm. Club
Secretary, Vulcan
Stettler High School Badm. Club
Secretary, Stettler
Wainwright High School Badm. Club
Secretary
Fort McMurray Badm.
c/o Miss Janet Smith

316 ^renfall Cr.
Ft. McMurrary, Alta.
Club
- 34 -
OTHER CONTACTS
Mr.
Marvin Kirchner
Mr.
Geo.
Mrs.
Debny
Feef McDonald
Co-Ordinator 1976 Winter Games, Badminton Division,

Lethbridqe and District, 1123 - 29 A Street, S.
Lethbridqe, Alta.
Recreation Supt. Drumheller, Alta.
Co-Ordinator, Drumheller & District
1976 Alberta Winter Games, Badminton Div.
Secretary, Edmonton and District Badminton Association,
4011 - 126th Street, Edmonton, Alta.
ALBERTA BADMINTON ASSOCIATION
Mrs.
Pauline Ingall
President 8004 - 144 Street, Edmonton

488-6293
Chairman, Canadian Badminton Umpires Association
2nd Vice President, Canadian Badminton Association
Mr. Bruce Alexander
Vice President 1415 - 12 Street, S.W. Calgary

Co-ordinator, Alberta Foreign Tours,
and Southern Alberta Competitions
Mrs. G. Dinwoodie
Secretary-Treasurer
#1102,
10135 Sask. Dr.
439-4010
Directors
*Mr. Stu Barnard
Chairman, Canadian Badminton

Association Foreign Tours
Committee, Co-ordinator 1976
Alberta Winter Games, Badminton
Division
#1606, 505 - 6th St.

Calgary, Alberta
Phone: 266-6322
Gerry Mcllveen
Chairman, National Test Program

Committee and Alberta Coaches
Association
14340 - 92 A Ave.
Edmonton
Phone:
488-4324
Mr.
Brian Dick
Chairman, Players Development

Committee, Alberta Division
c/o Calgary Winter Club

4611 - 14th St. N.W.
Calgary, Alta.
Mr.
Bill
Co-ordinator, Red Deer Division

1976 Alberta Winter Games
38 Stewart Street
Red Deer, Alta.
Phone: 346-2127
Co-ordinator, North Eastern

Alberta Division, 1975 Alberta
Winter Games
P.O. Box 2658

Medley, Alta.
Phone: 494-3160
W.
Owen
Major Dave Hamel
*M
Members of the Board of Directors of the Canadian Badminton
Association.
S.W.
- 35 -
Mr.
Dave Kirk
President, Edmonton & District

Badminton Association
Co-ordinator North Western Div.
1976 Alberta Winter Games
23 Fairview Blvd.
St. Albert, Alta,
Chairman, Badminton Committee

Commonwealth Games Foundation
11467 - 51 Ave.
Edmonton, Alta.
434-3926
Phone:
Phone: 459-7602
Ex Officio
Mr.
Dave Cathro
SECTION G:
1.
LOCAL COACHES MANUAL

Published by the Canadian Badminton Association, 333 River Road,
Vanier City, Ontario K1L 8B9.
(Highly recommended)
(Presents
two pages of reference material).
2.
THE BADMINTON COACH

Available from Coaching Association of Canada,
Pat Davis, $5,00.
333 River Road, Vanier City, Ontario K1L 8B9.
3.
TEACHING BADMINTON
D.R. Gregory, $3.00.
Available from the Coaching Association of
Canada, 333 River Road, Vanier City, Ontario K1L 8B9.
4.
PROGRESSIVE BADMINTON
Ken Crossley, $3,00.
Available from the Coaching Association of
Canada, 333 River Road, Vanier City, Ontario K1L 8B9.
5.
L' UN I VERS du BADMINTON

Yves Pare, Journal Offset Inc. 254 Benjamin-Hudon, Ville St.
Laurent, Que.
6.
THE INTERNATIONAL BADMINTON FEDERATION STATUTE BOOK

The International Badminton Federation, 4 Madeira Ave., Bromley,
Kent, England.
7.
HOW TO BE AN EFFECTIVE COACH

Coaching Association of Canada and Manufacturers Life.
8.
IDEAS FOR BADMINTON INSTRUCTION

Lifetime Sports Education Project, 1201 16th Street, N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20036.
9.
BADMINTON REVIEW
Canadian Badminton Association, 333 River Road, Vanier City,
Ontario K1L 8B9
- 36 -
SECTION H:
1975, All
AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

England Championship Finals
Catalogue No. 03-0007 - Ladies' Singles Final - C. Gilkes, England vs.

H. Yuki
Japan.
The film includes slow motion of rallies and the stroke
production of each of the contestants.. Footage at normal speed captures
the drama of the contestants each playing in the All England ladies'
singles final for the second time in two years.
,
Catalogue No. 03-0008 - Ladies' Doubles Final - M. Aizawa and E. Takenaka,

Japan vs. L. Widiastuti and I. Wigeono, Indonesia.
This film shows in both
slow motion and regular speed the defensive play of the strong Japanese
team who eventually defeated the team from Indonesia.
In watching this
film it is interesting to remember that later in the 1975 Uber Cup the
result of a match between the contestants was reversed and the Indonesian
team are now holders of the Uber Cup.
Denmark vs. R. Hartono,
Catalogue No. 03-0010 - Men's Singles Final - S. Pri
Indonesia.
Considerable footage on the films studies the movement of Rudi
Hartont in both slow motion and regular speed.
Svend Pri is also studied
in the same way.
Slow motion footage appears to be the normal speed of most
of the play we generally see and normal speed shots of rallies appear to
have been speeded up but this is not the case.
,
Catalogue No. 03-0011 - Men's Doubles Final - Tjun Tjun and J. Wahjudi,
Indonesia vs. Christian and Ade Chara, Indonesia. The speed at which
this men's doubles final was played requires to be seen to be believed.
Returns of service are devastating and birds lifted are dealt with severely.
Footage at slow motion and regular speed add interest and contrast.
Catalogue No. 03-0012 - Mixed Doubles Final - E.C. Strart and N.C. Gardner,
England vis. R. Maywaid and B. Steden, Germany.
The 1975 Mixed Doubles
Final has been reported as not being the greatest final of all time.
Nevertheless it does contain some very fine play, particularly by the ladies.
Much mixed doubles is played in clubs and many will feel the need to include
this tape in their library.
Produced by BBC.
Maryland, U.S.A.
Available from J.F. Devlin, Dolfied Road, Owinqs Mills,
A.
An Introduction to
Lawn Bowling
B.

of Lawn Bowling
C.
Physical Skills
D.
Technical Aspects
E.

Commonwealth Games
F.
The Participants' Point

of View
6.
Sources for Further

Information
H.
Audio Visual Aids
1.4
bowls
- 39 ~
SPORT:
LAWN BOWLING
SECTION A:
1.
AN INTRODUCTION TO LAWN BOWLING
Introduction
In order to understand the game of lawn bowls, Canadians might
compare it to curling. The basic nature of the games, terminology and
technical skills are very similar.
Both sports require the delivery
of an object across a relatively smooth surface so that it stops at a
Lawn bowling involves the delivery of a slightly oval
specific point.
Unlike curling the target, a
ball to a target 23 to 32 metres away.
small white ball termed the jack, is movable.
2.
A Brief History of Lawn Bowling
Egyptian tombs prove

The origin of lawn bowling is rather obscure.
the existence 4000 years ago of a game that consisted of rolling balls
From Egypt the sport spread to
as a pastime at the royal courts.
ancient Greece and Rome. A game called boccie, a type of a game still
played in Italy, was played by the Roman Emperors.
The Romans probably
introduced bowling to Britain.
It was there the modern game was born
around the 13th century.
In 1299 bowling became so popular that a group
of enthusiastics formed the first club in Southampton.
The Southampton
Town Bowling Club is still in existence, and its members play on the
original green.
However, its
At first the game belonged to the wealthy nobility.
popularity soon spread to the common people. This popularity almost
proved its undoing when soldiers would neglect their archery to play
bowls.
The game became closely associated with gambling and drinking
Thus the game
as most greens were attached to inns and taverns.
attracted dissolute persons and led to a frightening degree of betting,
drunkenness, quarreling and even dueling.
Edward III and Richard II passed edicts making Lawn Bowling illegal,
spite of measures to kill the sport for the masses, bowls was still
played by noblemen and monarchs.
Henry III is reported to have amused
himself with bowls.
Charles I was an expert bowler and loved to bet on
himself, and on one occasion lost 1000 to a merchant.
In 1845 the game
of lawn bowling was legalized for all citizens to play.
In
All through the centuries, the development of bowling owes much to

Many of
the Scots who first played the game in the sixteenth century.
the rules they laid down 300 years ago still remain in the modern game.
- 40 -
3.
The History of Lawn Bowling in the Commonwealth Games

Lawn Bowling has been an event in all of the Commonwealth Games
except the 1966 Games in Jamaica. The Commonwealth Games has been the
stimulus for the international development of lawn bowling championships.
World Bowls were initiated because Jamaica had been unable to provide
proper bowling facilities.
Starting with the nucleus of the Commonwealth
Games countries, international bowling has expanded to other nations.
The "World Bowls" are held every two years after the Commonwealth Games.
SECTION B:
UNDERSTANDING THE SPORT OF LAWN BOWLING
There are four common types of lawn bowling games - singles, doubles
or pairs, triples and fours or rinks.. Competition in the Commonwealth
Games will include singles, pairs and fours.
For international matches and in the Commonwealth Games, twenty-one
ends constitute a game for pairs and fours.
Single games will be twenty-one
points.
In pairs
A total of eight bowls per end are delivered by each team.
each player delivers four bowls while in fours each player delivers two
bowls.
In singles both players deliver four bowls alternately.
As in
curling, the four players are named according to the order in which they
play - lead, second, third and skip.
Each player plays his bowls alternately
with his opponent. Whoever wins the end plays first in the next end.
To totally
Lawn Bowling, as a spectator sport, has limited appeal.
appreciate the sport it must be played. The current dress regulations of
As
all white make it difficult to distinguish one team from another.
players are allowed to use their own bowls, trying to determine which
bowls belong to which team demands a concentrated effort on the part of
the spectator.
Spectators are expected to show an attitude of neutrality and "neither

Cheering is not part of
by word or act disturb or advise the players".
However, good play may be applauded by moderate clapping.
lawn bowling.
To start the game, the first player to bowl rolls the jack from a mat
at one end of the rink.
The jack must travel at least 23 metres (75 feet).
Once it comes to rest the jack is placed on a centre line which runs the
length of the rink.
The first player then rolls his bowls along the rink to deliver it as
close to the jack as possible.
Next the opposing first player either
attempts to roll his bowl closer to the jack, to knock the opponent's bowl
away from the jack or to knock the jack away.
If the jack is moved by a
A dead end is declared if the jack is
bowl it stays in it's resting position.
moved completely outside the sidelines of the rink. A dead end must be
replayed.
When the end is completed the players bowl in the opposite
direction for the next end.
- 41 -
SECTION C:
1.
PHYSICAL SKILLS
Grippinq the Bowl

The bowl should be held so it leaves the hand smoothly and in
Grips generally are a "thumb and finger" grip
vertical plane.
In the first type the bowl is held mainly with
or a "palm" grip.
In the
the thumb and fingers and allows for more sensitivity.
second type, the bowl is held in the palm and is less fatiguing.
The grip must suit the individual so that it is comfortable with
no undue strain.
a
Teaching Points
Rest bowl in left hand - hand is underneath the bowl.

Hold bowl in a vertical position in front of the body - left
fingers point in direction to be bowled.
c) Place right hand on top of bowl - thumb on the side and centre
finger on the centre of the running surface.
d) Turn hands over so right hand is underneath - the grip should
feel comfortable.
a)
b)
2.
Hand Position
Beginning bowlers have to decide the position of the hand while

preparing to bowl and on the back swing. The palm of the hand could
face the jack, the body or the rear.
Palm toward the jack is the most
This position places the muscles in a tense position which
common.
Although the palm toward the rear position reduces
can become tiring.
tension, the arm must be turned during the arm swing.
Bowlers who use
the palm toward the body will sometimes roll the bowl off the side of
the index finger rather than the ends of the finger.
3.
The Delivery
There are two deliveries, forehand and backhand.

Choice of forehand or backhand depends on personal preference, weather conditions and
the green.
Steps in the Delivery
a)
Step
-
b)
The Stance
start in an erect position to estimate distance.

concentrate on intended path of the bowl.
bend knees and incline body forward until body is in
position.
Step 2
-
Backswing
use momentum not muscle strength to provide force.

the higher the ball is held the greater the momentum.
comfortable
- 42 -
c)
Step
-
d)
f)
greater force,
Sink the Body
keep the fingers on the bowl as far forward as possible.

release the bowl as it swings past the front foot
7
Follow-Through
after the release, the hand fol lows-through in the direction of

the bowl and then up in an arc.
Step 8
-
4.
The Forward Swing
the body should sink downward with the step and forward swing.
Step
-
h)
Step 6 - Release
-
g)
The Step
plant the stepping foot, the swing arm forward to exert

hand and arm act as one unit.
bend hand backward and lock the wrist and elbow.
Step
-
allow for balance, accuracy and comfort.

the longer the step the longer the ball is in the hand, the greater
the effect on accuracy.
a too long step can affect balance and produce fatigue.
step so the lower right leg is parallel to the ground.
Step 4
-
e)
Maintain the Stance
keep feet in place and body down well after the release.
Supplying Force
The speed of the arm should be faster for more force or slower
for less.
All other factors, the backswing, the arc and the length of
the stride should be the same.
5.
Reducing Errors
The more movements, the more possible sources of error in timing,
co-ordination, control and ultimately accuracy. Therefore, reduce all
unnecessary movements.
Common Faults:
Error No.
Moving the wrist to give the bowl
top
spin.
Error No.
6.
Lifting the back foot before the delivery.
Reading the Greens

As the texture of grass can vary greatly, factors such as grass
length, surface texture, amount of moisture and winds can affect the
- 43 -
The ability to read

speed at which the bowl covers a given distance.
the green is a skill specific to lawn bowling which requires a great
deal of playing experience.
Greens are referred to as fast or slow

On a fast green the
If the
resistance of the playing surface is less than a slow green.
bowl travels slowly on the green it is described as a fast green; while
if the bowl travels the same distance more quickly the green is a slow
green.
.
The time for a bowl to travel 27.4 metres (90 feet) can vary from
An eight second green is a very slow green; a twentyfour second green is extremely fast.
On a 8 second green the bowl is
delivered with a very fast arm action because the playing surface offers
The 24 second green offers very little
a great deal of resistance.
resistance therefore the arm action becomes very slow.
8 to 24 seconds.
TECHNICAL ASPECTS
SECTION D:
1.
Organization of Lawn Bowling in the Commonwealth Games

Over 100 competitors from Australia, Canada, England, Guernsey,
Fiji, Hong Kong, Northern Ireland, Jersey, Kenya, Malawi, New Zealand,
Papua/New Guinea and Zambia will take part in the lawn bowling meet.
A round robin tournament will be held.
Beginning Thursday, August 2
until Saturday, August 11, the games will be played at 9:00 a.m. and
2:00 p.m.
The team with the best win-loss record will be declared
winner.
Unless there is a tie, there will be no final play-off.
2.
Scoring
One point is scored for every bowl that is closer to the jack than
the closest opposing bowl.
Thus the score for an end may range from
zero (if both teams have their closest bowl equidistant from the jack)
to eight (if one team has all eight bowls closer than their opponents).
A measuring device is used to decide which is the closer of the two or
more bowls.
The bowl or bowls nearer to the jack are termed "shot" or "shots".
Shots are not counted until 30 seconds after the last bowl has come
to rest.
None of the bowls nor the jack are moved until the skips
have agreed on the number of shots.
3.
Rules
a)
Game Arrangements
Singles
ii)
Pairs
iii)
Fours
i)
each player delivers 4 bowls alternately with his

opponent,
the two opposing leads alternately play 4 bowls ,
next the two skips alternately play 4 bowls
each player delivers 2 bowls alternately with his
opposing counterpart.
,
- 44 -
b)
Starting the Game

Two trial ends are played before the game starts.
Competitors are not allowed to practice on the game
green during the tournament.
PENALTY:
Disqualification
ii) A coin is tossed to determine which side shall play
Winners of the toss may elect to play first
first.
or last bowl
iii) After the first end the winner of the end plays first
in the next end.
i)
c)
Placing the Mat

The first player of each end places the mat lengthwise on
the centerline - back edge of mat is 4 feet from the
ditch,
ii) The mat is not moved during the end.
iii) Winner of each end has the option of placing the mat at
any spot on the green providing the jack travels 75 feet.
i)
d)
Stance on the Mat

At the moment of delivery of the jack or bowl the player
must have one foot on or over the mat
Failure to do so is
called foot fault
First foot fault is warning by the umpire.
PENALTY:
Subsequent foot fault, the bowl is stopped and declared
.
dead.
e)
The Jack
Deljvery _ T ne player to play first delivers the jack.

Once the jack comes to rest it is placed on the center line
If the jack stops within
closest to its resting position.
2 yards of the back ditch it is moved out to a spot on
the centerline 2 yards from the ditch,
ii) 2.m P_rP_P.riy_De^live_red_Ja_cj^ - is one which stops in the
ditch, outside the sideline, less than 25 yards from the
front edge of the mat.
PENALTY:
The jack is returned to the opposing first
player to deliver but the first player who
improperly delivered the jack still bowls first,
iii) Dead_Jack_
a jack is dead if it is sent onto the bank
When the jack is
or completely over the side boundary.
Dead ends are scored as
dead the end is declared dead.
If the jack is moved
zero and the end is played over.
still
"live".
into the ditch by a bowl it is
i)
- 45 -
f)
The Bowl
i)
Uy.e _B_wl - a bowl is not considered out of bounds unless

Officials place a mirror or string
it is entirely outside.
on a sideline marker on the bank to determine if a bowl is
in or out.
ii) 2ea_d_Bowl_ - a bowl
is considered dead if it:

-stops in the ditch or on the bank
-travels less than 15 yards from the front of
the mat
-comes to rest wholly outside the boundaries,
iii) Rebou^nd_in_g_Bowl_s - a bowl which touches the jack and then
rebounds from the bank to the ditch on the playing surface is
considered "live",
iv) J_ouchers - a bowl which touches the jack and then stops in
the ditch is considered "live" and is called a "toucher".
Touchers may act on the
A toucher is marked with chalk.
jack and other "touchers" in the ditch.
g)
Players and Their Duties

Non-p_l ayj_n g_ p_laye_rs_ must stand behind the jack or behind the
mat.
As soon as the bowl is delivered the skip in front of
the jack is expected to move behind it.
ii) The Ski_p - has sole charge of his rink and his instructions
must be followed by his team.
- two opposing skips decide all points and whether a
bowl is alive or dead.
If they
Their decisions are final.
can't agree, the final decision is made by the umpire.
iii) J_he_ Second - if there is no official scorekeeper, keep
a
record of all shots scored for and against his team,
iv) J_he_ Lead - places the mat and delivers the jack if he plays
first.
He ensures that the jack is properly centered before
he plays his first bowl.
i)
h)
Playing Irregularities
a bowl played by mistake shall be
replaced by the player's own bowl,
ii) Playin qut_ of_turn_ - if a player plays before his turn the
opposing skip can stop the bowl while it is moving and the
player replays it in the proper order.
If the bowl has moved
the jack or another bowl, the opposing skip has the option
to allow the end to remain as it is or declare the end dead.
i)
4.
Playi_ng_ the wrp_n bowl
Officiating
Thirty to forty officials will be needed to serve as umpires and
markers - 2 umpires per green and 1 marker for each single game. A
head umpire will be in charge of each of the three events.
Another
thirty to forty people will be required to scorekeep.
To date, the
Canadian Lawn Bowling Association has no formal system certifying
- 46 -
officials.
Knowledgeable members of the Canadian Lawn Bowling
Council will be used to act as officials.
The majority (80-85%)
of the officials will be from Canada.
a)
Duties of the Umpire

-
b)
Checks the stamps of all the bowls.

Checks the width of the rinks.
Measures any shot or shots in dispute.
Decides all questions of distance.
Decides whether a bowl or jack is alive or dead,
Duties of the Marker

-
Checks the stamps of all bowls prior to play.

Placement of the jack after it has been delivered.
Chalks all "touchers".
Removes "dead" bowls to the bank.
Measures all doubtful shots when requested by either side,
Records and announces the score after each end.
OFFICIALS LISTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Jury of Appeal
(4 members )
International Bowling Board Observers
(1)
Director of Bowls
(1)
Bowls Control Committee
(3)
Umpires - Chief Umpire - Deputy Chief Umpire
Markers - Chief Marker - Deputy Chief Marker
Scorers - Chief Scorer - Deputy Chief Scorer
Scoreboard Operators
(6)
THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

-
17
14
38
representative from each competing country
Director of Bowls
Secretary Bowls Control Committee
Official Observers
Officers of Commonwealth Games Federation
SECTION
1.
E:
Site for the Eleventh Commonwealth Games

Lawn Bowling will be located at the west side
Park (142nd Street and 111th Avenue) in Edmonton.
the City of Edmonton and is under the operation of
Recreation Department. The competition facilities
clubhouse with two locker rooms and four greens.
of the Coronation
The site is owned by
the Parks and
will include a
47 -
The playing surface is very fine grass referred to as the green .

Divided into parallel rinks the green is about 39 metres by 39 metres.
In order to avoid
Each rink is approximately 5.75 metres in width.
excessive wearing of the grass, the direction of the rinks will be
shifted daily from a north-south direction to an east-west direction.
Surrounding the green is a small ditch which is considered part of
the playing surface.
At the outside of the ditch is a 9" perpendicular
backboard which marks the boundary of the playing area.
Players will not be allowed to practice on the Coronation Greens.
Instead, a number of private clubs have offered their facilities to
These clubs include the:
be used as practice greens.
-
2.
Royal Lawn Bowling Club

Garneau Lawn Bowling Club
Highlands Lawn Bowling Club
Patricia Lawn Bowling Club
Westlawn Lawn Bowling Club
Equipment Needed for Lawn Bowling

Compared to some sports, lawn bowling requires a minimum of
equipment.
Players use their own set of bowls.
However, the City of
Edmonton expects to purchase 48 sets of bowls to be used by the public
on a rental basis.
Commonwealth Games competitors must use bowls which have been

tested by a representative of International Lawn Bowling Association.
A date stamp is imprinted on bowls whose performance and curvature
compares to that of a Master Bowl .
Players have to have their bowls
tested every ten years. Most bowls are either black or brown with
two colored discs on the sides.
The biased, or curved side, has a
smaller sized disc.
For the Commonwealth Games the bowls must be
made of rubber or composition (plastic) with a diameter of 120.65mm
(4 3/4") to 130.17mm (5 1/8") and weight not to exceed 1.59kg (3 lbs.
8 oz.).
SECTION
F:
THE PARTICIPANTS' POINT OF VIEW
More than a million bowlers throughout the world enjoy the game today.
There are about 20,000 active bowlers in Canada including 600 to 700 players
in Alberta.
There are fourteen active clubs in Alberta which are affiliated
with the Alberta Lawn Bowling Association and its tie with the Canadian
Lawn Bowling Association and the International Bowling Board.
Eight of the provinces in Canada are organized on a provincial basis

and belong to the Canadian Lawn Bowling Council.
Membership fees range from $5.00 to $25,00.

For those who are interested
bowling, the various clubs have scheduled games two nights
week.
The club programs are enriched by invitational and open events and
in recreational
a
- 48 -
tournaments sponsored at the club local, regional and provincial levels.

These competitions range from the more social mixed to the highly
competitive leading to provincial, national and international championships,
While
To date the Commonwealth Games has held competitions for men.
Commonwealth
Games,
there will be no women's events at the Edmonton
the
International Women's Bowling Board anticipates that women's lawn bowling
will be included in the 1982 competitions.
International competitions are held every two years.
The World Cup
conducted in the two year period between the Commonwealth Games is the
only time that non-Commonwealth countries can compete on an international
These two competitions are the only world lawn bowling competitions
basis.
SECTION G:
Published
Ezra Wyeth and Paul Thomas.
"The Lawn Bowler's Handbook".
in Australia by Wyeth Enterprises, Benson Lane, Mt. Nebo, Queensland,
Printed by The Wilke Proprietary Limited, 485 Zillmere
Australia, 4520.
Road, Zillmere, Queensland, Australia, 4034.
SECTION
H:
AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
A 16mm film on Lawn Bowling is available from Mr.
Chairman for Lawn Bowling.
Harold Miller, Sports
A.
An Introduction to Boxing
B.

of Boxing
C.
Physical Skills
D.
Technical Aspects
E.

Commonwealth Games
F.
The Participants' Point

of View
G.
Sources for Further

Information
H.
Audio Visual Aids
III.
5 boxing
- 51 -
SPORT:
BOXING
SECTION A:
AN INTRODUCTION TO BOXING
Boxing became a designated sport for the Commonwealth Games in 1930.

Unlike some sports, boxing has been included in each staging of the
Commonwealth Games since 1930.
SECTION B:
UNDERSTANDING THE SPORT OF BOXING
Boxing in the Games is broken down into eleven (11) classes based on
Their weight classes coincide with international
the participant's weight.
groupings for Amateur Boxing.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
Light Flyweight
Flyweight
Bantam Weight
Feather Weight
Light Weight
Light Welter Weight
Welter Weight
Light Middle
Middle Weight
Light Heavyweight
Heavy Weight
48 kgs
48 kgs-51 kgs
51 kgs-54 kgs
54 kgs-57 kgs
57 kgs-60 kgs
60 kgs-63.5 kgs
63.5 kgs-67 kgs
67 kgs-71 kgs
71 kgs-75 kgs
75 kgs-81 kgs
over 81 kgs
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
or
must not exceed 105 lbs 13 oz.

lbs 13 oz. to 112 lbs 6 oz.
lbs 6 oz. to 119 lbs
lbs to 125 lbs 10 oz.
lbs 15 oz. to 147 lbs 11 oz,
over 178 lbs 9 oz.
105
112
119
125
132
139
147
156
165
The basic objective in Amateur Boxing is to out point your opponent in

each successive stage of a simple Round Robin Draw, under the rules and format which will be discussed later.
Medals will be awarded to the top three
placings in each weight category.
SECTION C:
PHYSICAL SKILLS
In Amateur Boxing the ideal situation for a participant is to develop

as much speed, technical skill, strength and endurance as possible at a
desired weight.
Boxing, like all highly skilled individual sports, requires
a tremendous dedication towards fitness as well as continued striving to
develop basic skills such as punching, counterpunching, taking a punch and
remaining composed under great mental and physical strain.

Amateur boxers
must be very offensive minded since the winner is determined by the number
of scoring blows landed upon the target area of his opponent.
A good
defensive boxer however, can also win.
SECTION
1.
D:
TECHNICAL ASPECTS
Organization of
Boxing Meet
Boxing during the 1978 Commonwealth Games will take place over
time period of eight (8) days.
Game organizers anticipate approx-
- 52 -
imately one hundred and fifty-five (155) entries which will result
A one day rest
in about one hundred and forty four (144) bouts.
between the semi-finals and finals is mandatory under International
rules.
Gold medals are awarded to the winner of the finals, silver and
bronze to the second and the two third place finishers.
(There are
two third place finishers.)
2.
Scoring
A bout is scored on points awarded by a panel of five judges.
Twenty points are awarded for each round.
No fraction of points may
be given.
At the end of each round the better boxer will receive the
twenty points, the loser proportionately less.
When boxers are equal
in merit each shall receive twenty points.
The judges will attempt
to determine who deserves the twenty points per round based on the
For a blow to score it
number of scoring blows landed by a boxer.
must land squarely on the target area of an opponent.
No extra points
are awarded for a knockdown.
A winner of a bout must be determined.
If at the end of a bout the boxers are tied, the judges will pick a
winner based on who did most of the leading off and has shown better
style or defence.
A Referee may warn a boxer for fouls such as unsportsmanlike conduct, hitting after the bell, elbowing and head buttinq.
Judges may
take points off a boxer by means of a Judge's warning or a Referee's
warning.
A bout may be decided by the Judges on points but the Referee
can award the bout to one of the boxers because of:
3.
a)
Retirement
b)
Disqualification
c)
Knockout
d)
Referee Stops Contest
failure to continue boxing by

corner retiring the boxer.
-
boxer or his
due to various fouls.
boxer fails to resume boxing before the count

of ten.
-
due to injury or outclassed.
Rules
The ru.les that govern boxing in the Commonwealth Games are set
down by the International Boxing Association.
All bouts will be held under the conditions set by the A.I.B.A.
(International Amateur Boxing Association).
Each bout will consist
Each boxer
of three (3) rounds, each round will be 3 minutes long.
is allowed two men called seconds to help in his corner, one of these
may go into the ring between rounds.
53 -
The boxing rings for the Games will be twenty feet by twenty
feet, inside the ropes.
The gloves for the boxers weigh eight (8)
Headguards cannot be worn
ozs., 4 ozs. leather and 4 ozs. padding.
by the boxers, however, in North America boxers must wear headguards
The boxer's hands must be taped with soft
and use 10 oz. gloves.
surgical bandages before each bout.
Each boxer must have complete medical certification before the
start of competition and is given a complete medical examination after
No boxer can box if he suffers from any ailment such
each bout.
All
as epilepsy, deafness, dumbness or has vision in only one eye.
They are weighed again and
boxers must weigh-in before the Games.
Three
checked by a medical panel on each day they are slated to box.
doctors must be present at the ringside for every bout.
Boxers are required to wear light boots or shoes without heels or

Shorts and a vest to cover the chest and back as well as an
spikes.
Mouthpieces, which are compulsory
athletic cup support are mandatory.
in North America, are optional for International events.
4.
Officiating
All boxing at the Commonwealth Games in Edmonton will be under the
control of the International Amateur Boxing Association, (A.I.B.A.).
The Boxing Committee will be at their disposal.
It is estimated that
approximately 25 to 30 Referees and Judges will be needed. Canada is
allowed to supply three.
The rest, all of whom must have international
certification will be provided by other countries.
The President of the A.I.B.A. or his representative (usually a

Vice-President from a Commonwealth country) will preside over the
boxing events.
He, along with a "Jury" of between three and five
persons selected by the A.I.B.A., will designate Referees and Judges
for each bout and be a Judge of their performance.
This "Jury" can
remove any judge or referee it feels is incompetent.
A referee is in charge of each bout.
The referee controls the
bout but cannot score.
There are five Judges for each bout and it is
their responsibility to score the bout and determine a winner.
The minor officials required for the Games are Timekeepers,

Recorders and Announcers for each bout as well as a Medical staff of
at least sixteen to twenty doctors.
A large volunteer force will be
needed to supervise the many other aspects such as communications,
typists, facility maintenance, training sites, gloving and equipment,
etc.
- 54 -
SECTION
E:
For this
The boxing events will take place in the Edmonton Gardens.
for
staging
reason, notwithstanding, some renovations, the cost
boxing will
setting
minimum.
include
the
The renovations will
up of a main
be held at a
will
also
ring in the Gardens.
for
Games
set up
The Boxing Committee
the
two
four
in
hockey
arenas
and
six training areas throughout the city:
possibly in existing facilities such as the Canadian Native Friendship Centre
and the Edmonton Boys' Club.
These six centres will be used for training by
competitors during the Games.
It is anticipated that after the Games,
equipment acquired by the Games Foundation will be made available to the
people of Edmonton.
SECTION
F:
THE PARTICIPANTS'
POINT OF VIEW
Amateur Boxing is often seen as a stepping stone to becoming a professional fighter; however, êry few Amateur Boxers ever become professionals
Most boxers take up the sport because of the individuality involved, fitness,
The boxers in Canada
and of course, the \/ery competitiveness of the sport.
usually start at the club level; if they are strong enough, have the desire
and ability, progress to National and International events.
SECTION
G:
Contact:

Technical Co-ordinator
Canadian Amateur Boxing Association
333 River Road, Place Vanier
Vanier City, Ontario K1L 8B9
Osland
President
Canadian Amateur Boxing Association
Edmonton Parks and Recreation
A.
SECTION H:
AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
Books:
1)
Better Boxing
David James
Kaye & Word, London 1970.
2)
An Advanced Coaching Handbook .

Kaye & Word, London 1970.
David James
A.
An Introduction to Cycling
B.

of Cycling
C.
Physical Skills
D.
Technical Aspects
E.

Commonwealth Games
F.
G.
H.
Audio Visual Aids
III.
6 cycling
- 57 -
SPORT:
CYCLING
SECTION A:
AN INTRODUCTION TO CYCLING
Cycling was introduced as a Commonwealth Games event in 1934 and

During this period, Canada
has remained a regular Games event since.
The
managed
win
two
gold
medals,
in
the Ten Mile Race.
to
both
has
most recent was won by Ontario's Jocelyn Lovell in the 1970 Edinburgh,
Scotland Games.
Canadian cycling is controlled by the Canadian Cycling Association,

formerly the Wheelmen's Association founded in 1882.
Each province is
governed by a provincial federation such as the Alberta Bicycle Association.
The provinces of Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia are the strongest
These are closely followed by Alberta

in terms of popularity and numbers.
Road racing can be run anywhere but the other events must
and Manitoba.
In
be held on a track, such as the one built in Edmonton for the Games.
1976 there were tracks located in Vancouver, Toronto, Winnipeg, Calgary
and Montreal
Historically, cycling competition began in 1868 when the first bicycle

race took place on 1,200 metres of paths in the park at St. Cloud, France.
On November 7, 1869, the first true road race was held between Paris and
Rouen, a distance of about 120 kilometres.
SECTION B:
UNDERSTANDING THE SPORT OF CYCLING
International Cycling that will take place in Edmonton during the

Games is broken into two categories:
a)
b)
The Track or Velodrome events;

The Marathon or Road Race.
The Velodrome events are:

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
1,000 metres Individual Time Trial;

The Sprint;
4,000 metres Individual Pursuit;
Tandem Sprint;
4,000 metre Team Pursuit;
Ten Mile Road Race.
The Road Race is approximately 100-120 miles.
There are different bikes used for these events.

The Velodrome requires
Sprint Bikes of special design with lock gears; the Marathon needs a high
quality Road Bike similar to many seen on our roads today.
Gold, Silver and Bronze medals are awarded to the first three finishers
in each event.
- DO -
SECTION
C:
PHYSICAL SKILLS OF CYCLING
The skill required for cycling varies according to the level of the
participant, be it recreational, local club, national or international.
Well developed lower bodies plus exceptional cardio-vascular fitness
are the prime requisites for racing cyclists.
Years of training involving
miles of road work (30-50 miles per day) is the average for local racers.
Considerable weight training is required also.
The type of skill needed for Velodrome racers will tend to vary from
Strategy and sprinting ability become increasingly more
the road racers.
important.
Stamina is the major criteria for road races.
International cyclists tend to reach a peak later in life than competitors in other sports; the stars of cycling tend to be in their twenties.
Cyclists must submit themselves to extremely high mental and physical stress
loads in order to achieve international success.
SECTION
1.
D:
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF CYCLING
Organization of
Cycling Meet
In order to properly stage the cycling events for the 1978 Games,
it is estimated that up to forty officials will be needed.
The
majority will come from Edmonton and Alberta.
In order that the 1978
Games cycling events achieve International ratification, representatives

from the World Cycling Association must be present.
It is expected over 65-70 entrants from 20 Commonwealth countries
will be in Edmonton for the Games.
2.
Scoring
The determination of winners for each separate cycling event is
In several events, teams are involved; in others, individuals
varied.
are involved.
a)
1,000 Metres Individual Time Trial
From
Each man in turn races individually against the clock.
standing start he must cover 2h laps of the 400 metre track at
maximum speed. The winner is the rider with the fastest over the
1,000 metres.
a
b)
The Sprint
The
Two or three racers on the track at once race two laps.
early part of the race involves an attempt by a rider to catch
Timing for
his opponents off guard and beat him to the finish.
- 59 -
the event is recorded over the final 200 metres.

The gold medalist
is the person who wins the best of the final.
The winner of each
race moves on while the loser in early rounds gets back into competition by a series of repechage heats, much is like a B event in
curling.
c)
4,000 Metre Individual Pursuit
Riders start from opposite sides of the track and race ten
In the early rounds up to the quarter final, riders race
laps.
against the clock.
From there they race against each other and
The first person to finish ten laps or pass his
the clock.
opponent is the winner.
d)
The Tandem Sprint
Similar race to the Individual Sprint except that two racers

Winners are riders with the fastest
go on a bike instead of one.
times over the last 200 metres. The top four teams enter the semi
finals.
The winner must take two out of three races to advance
to and win the finals.
e)
The 4,000 Metre Team Pursuit
A team's time is recorded once their third rider crosses the

finish line.
Then
The four fastest teams enter the quarter final.
the quarter finals two teams race against each other as well as the
clock.
The winner is determined by the fastest time.
f)
The Ten Mile Race

Involves a large starting field from a rolling start and takes
about 40 laps of the track.
Four riders from each team on separate
bikes race against the clock.
This race is not an Olympic event, it
is specific to the Commonwealth Games.
g)
The Road Race (The Marathon of the Cycling Events):

An unusual ribbon-type course through the North Saskatchewan
River Valley has been laid out for the Road Race on the final day
of the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton.
Cyclists will travel 15 laps of the 7,8 mile course for a

distance of 117 miles. The route which begins in Mayfair Park is
described as fast and competitive.
Participants travel less than
500 feet before making a 180 degree turn to take them south up a
hill where they climb 130 feet in the next three quarters of a
mile.
After a distance of just over a mile through a residential
section they swing back down the hill and across the valley via
Groat Bridge and up another incline for almost a mile.
- 60 -
For the spectators, the course allows high vantage points

along the route. There is also considerable area inside the park
to view the final mile of the race.
3.
Rules
Each race has different rules but basically the goal
to record the fastest time over a prescribed course.
is the same
In a race against the clock, and only one rider is on the track
at a time, a rider may if he punctures a tire, be granted a restart
after a brief rest.
Deliberate fouls such as crowding, pushing or deliberate interference may, on the judges opinion, result in disqualification. A re-race
if necessary, can be ordered.
Bikes used during competition must be kept in perfect running
order and racers use their own bikes.
Each bike type (sprint or road)
must meet requirements which vary for individual and tandem races but
deal with the type of tire and frame size.
The Velodrome, in order to be used for international competition,
must be exactly 333 1/3 metres and be sloped at a specific angle.
4.
Officiating
Officials from the World Cycling Association will be present to
sanction the cycling events for the Commonwealth Games. The vast majority
of officials will come from Canada.
The highly skilled officials such as cycling co-ordinator judges,
timers and starters are equipped with the best possible starting and
timing devices; they will be experienced in staging major competitions.
Canada was host for the 1975 World Cycling Championships and this, along
with the hosting of the Olympic Games will ensure excellent officials
for the Commonwealth Games.
Many minor officials will be required such as course guides on the

road races, announcers, marshal Is, typists, and City Police for crowd
control and help during the Marathon road race.
SECTION
E:
Edmonton at present, does not have the necessary facilities that will
However, the
be required to stage this portion of the Commonwealth Games.
Games Foundation has decided upon the 333 1/3 metre track or Velodrome to be
built in Argyll Park. Ample spectator space will be available, some temporary,
some permanent.
The other facility required is the six to ten mile long road course
Current planning is for a course around
which is needed for the Road Race.
All traffic will be
the River Valley between Groat Road and 107 Avenue.
re-routed on race day for about five hours.
- 61 -
The steep banked walls of the Velodrome require bikes with special
Velodrome
tires and a particular design unlike the normal road bike.
However,
usage by Edmontonians after the Games will encounter no problems.
the local clubs and stores in the city do have sprint bikes and arrangements
will certainly be made to ensure ample use of the Velodrome in the future.
SECTION
F:
THE PARTICIPANTS'
POINT OF VIEW
Each cyclist entered in the Commonwealth Games will have spent years
preparing for his event.
Cyclists tend to specialize in certain events
Each event requires the
much like swimmers or track and field athletes.
basic cycling skills and strength but each rider trains according to his
interests.
In the 1,000 metres Individual Time Trial the racer attempts to spread
the effort evenly over the race with a strong finish much like a miler in
track.
In the Sprints, tactics and speed are the main prerequisite of a racer.
He attempts to catch his opponent with a loss of balance or concentration.
It is at this time the races come almost to a standstill.
Once the racer
rakes off he must sprint full force over the last 200 metres.
pursuit races, pacing and speed are very important to the rider as
he tries to overtake his opponent.
In
In
as well
the ten mile race and the Road Race, strategy becomes very important
as speed and endurance, and experience is a major requisite for success
SECTION G:
Don Sutherland
National Cycling Coach
Canadian Cycling Association
333 River Road
Mr.
SECTION H:
AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
-Slides available from the Commonwealth Games Office.
-Cycle 60.
National
Film Board.
-Labatts Cycling Film.
Labatts Co. Edmonton.
A.
An Introduction to Gymnastics
B.

Gymnastics
C.
The Basic Purpose - The

Participants' Objective
D.
Technical Aspects
E.

Commonwealth Games
F.
G.
H.
Audio Visual Aids
.7
gymnastics
- 65 -
SPORT:
GYMNASTICS
SECTION A:
AN INTRODUCTION TO GYMNASTICS
The term "gymnastics" encompasses many forms of activities, from a

developmental aspect to various competitive forms.
Gymnastics is used in preschool and elementary school programs as a

form of movement education. This form of gymnastics is used as a
technique of developing young children's basic patterns of motor skills.
In many cultures throughout the world, these gymnastics programs form the
basis of both physical education and sport programs.
A very popular form of gymnastics in Europe is that called Modern
Rhythmic Gymnastics.
It combines the aesthetics of a limited number of
dance techniques with the use of ribbons, hoops and balls and produces
a beautiful form of mass involvement which can either be done on a
recreational, demonstrative or competitive basis.
The competitive form of gymnastics as will be seen during the Commonwealth Games is known as "Artistic Gymnastics".
The events and equipment we
New
see being used today have undergone several phases of evolution.
equipment has been added and some standards for equipment measurements have
been changed.
As gymnastics continues to progress we will be able to see
continual adjustments to the set standards of today.
Gymnastics is a new sport for the Commonwealth Games.

The Games of
be the first international commonwealth competition.
Competitive
gymnastics has been popular in European countries for many years and this
popularity has recently spread throughout North America.
'78 will
SECTION
B:
UNDERSTANDING THE SPORT OF GYMNASTICS
During competition, female gymnasts compete in four events and male

gymnasts compete in six events.
A gymnast must compete all-around, meaning
they must compete in all events.
The competitive order for the four events for women is:
side horse
vaulting, uneven parallel bars, balance beam and floor exercise.
The order
for the six men's events is:
floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings,
long horse vaulting, parallel bars and horizontal bar.
Below, the brief
descriptions of each event will help distinguish the moves during competition,
1.
Women's Vault
Each gymnast is allowed two vaults with the better vault being
scored.
The horse is placed crosswise at a height of 110 cm.
The
vault has a value assigned to it according to the difficulty. of
execution. The vault consists of a long preflight, momentary hand
contact with the horse, an equally long afterflight with a controlled
landing on the mat.
One vault must pass through the inverted position
(feet rotate over the hands during momentary contact with the horse)
with a twist of the body in the air during preflight or afterflight.
- 66 -
2.
Women's Uneven Bars

This is the one women's event where swinging movements predominate.
The
The high bar is 230 cm and the low bar 150 cm from the floor.
swinging sequences must demonstrate equal use of both bars for execution
of the movements.
Release and regrasp of the bars is necessary, often
accompanied by full twists of the body. This routine shows shoulder
and arm strength and flexibility in the female gymnast as well as
muscle and body control of the lower body parts.
3.
Women's Balance Beam

The women's beam routine is often thought of as the most daring
female event because of the apparatus they must work upon.
The beam
measures 10 cm. in width, 5 metres in length and 120 cm in height.
The routine is timed between 1 minute 15 seconds to 1 minute 35 seconds.
The routine must be a continuous combination of acrobatic moves and
dance technique, and is rewarded for originality and daring moves.
This event demonstrates a high degree of balance, flexibility, rhythm
and strength or complex body control.
4.
Women's Floor Exercise

Women's floor exercise is done to musical accompaniment of a
single instrument. The mat area is 12 metres by 12 metres and the
routine is timed between 1 minute and 1 minute 30 seconds. The routine
demonstrates continuity between dance, acrobatic skills and tumbling
sequences. A good routine also shows originality of movements, superior
execution of all skills and interesting floor pattern on the mat area
available. The routine reflects musical interpretation and the gymnast's
personality. This event shows many qualities of the gymnast; rhythm,
flexibility, strength of execution and originality.
5.
Men's Floor Exercise
The men's floor exercise event is done without musical accompaniment

on the 12 metre by 12 metre mat, with the duration of the routine being
50 seconds to 70 seconds.
The emphasis is on power tumbling, flexibility,
a wide variety of movements and the originality in composing the routine.
Tumbling sequences are integrated with kips, turns, leaps and balances.
The floor pattern of movement must be interesting and show variety of
moves, good execution and changes in tempo and direction.
6.
Men's Pommel Horse
The pommel horse is composed of clean swings without stops on a

horse at a height of 110 cm. The gymnast must demonstrate the use of
all three parts of the horse.
Double leg circles predominate, but
scissor movements are also required to be performed both forward and
backwards.
Undercuts of one leg complete the requirements, often
serving as linking movements between other, more complex, sequences.
- 67 -
7.
Men's Still Rings
Men's rings combines movements of swinging, strength and holds

The exercise must
(static parts), without swaying of the rings.
include at least two handstands, of which one must be achieved through
strength and the other in a swing from a hanging position, or an
In addition, it must include
inverted hang, or a half-inverted hang.
at least one hold of pronounced difficulty, such as the free front
horizontal support, the cross, the inverted cross or others.
8.
Men's Vault
The horse is placed lengthThe men are allowed only one vault.
wise at a height of 135 cm. This event is judged on the difficulty of
the vault completed and the perfection of the execution of the vault.
Vaults
Again, the inverted position during the vault is prevalent.
most commonly seen are handsprings followed and made more difficult by
adding a somersault and/or a twisting action about the long body axis.
9.
Men's Parallel Bars

The parallel bars are 170 cm. high on which is done a routine
demonstrating swinging and hold elements.
Gymnasts are required to
perform skills with release of the grip both above and below the bars.
During the duration of the routine, no more than three stops are
allowed, so swinging movements predominate.
10.
Men's Horizontal Bar

The horizontal bar event is composed of clean swings without stops
Giant circles in both direction are
on bars at a height of 250 cm.
combined with grip changes and releases by one and two hands, in bar
work, and kips.
Spectacular dismounts are often seen which combine
one or more somersaults with one or more twists.
SECTION
C:
THE BASIC PURPOSE
THE PARTICIPANTS' OBJECTIVE
The competitors we will observe during the Commonwealth Games have

become involved in gymnastics for a variety of reasons.
Many become
involved in competitive gymnastics through recreational or physical education
classes being fun and often thrilling. The thrill of completing a very
complex movement has lured many competitors to be involved. Other gymnasts
may seek the high honor of representing their country or the honor of
attending the Olympic Games or World Championships.
Still others will accept
the challenge of artistic expression which Gymnastics offers.
This sport
attracts perfectionists who will strive long and hard to reach the rarely
awarded perfect score of 10.0 points.
These interests can develop into a deep involvement and loyalty to the
sport.
By the time the gymnast becomes an international competitor, the
sport requires total commitment and often becomes a way of life.
- 68 -
1.
Movement Qualities and Capabilites

Physical movement could be simply described as the application of a
It is
force to an object in order to move it through time and space.
of
swinging
rhythm
a
movement
in
rhythm that co-ordinates movement. The
Gymnastics is therefore a temporal dynamic structure of the whole movement,
The temporal order of combinations, or of a whole exercise, brought about
by the change of accent in movement depends completely on technically
correct and expedient execution. The accent reveals itself as the
kernel of each part of an exercise in which the concentrated action of
the central movement is inseparable from a technically correct execution.
For example:
in the case of a swinging motion in a hand, or support, the
accent results in an upward or downward phase which is brought about
through the acceleration or extension of the legs, or the extension of
the body, with simultaneous pulling of the arms.
In other exercise parts, the accent-of-movement is seen in the
pushing off of the legs or hands. Accent is also understood as a
suspension, or as an acceleration, change in duration or direction of
movement, change in radius of the turn etc.
The basic line of the moving rhythm is determined by limiting the

accents in their timing relation to the non-accented phases of the parts
of the exercise.
In the case of exercise combinations formed of
structurally related parts, a regular rhythm is mandatory.
In the case
of exercise parts formed from structurally different parts, an irregular
rhythm is required.
From a quality point of view, in the optional exercises care is to be taken that the entire exercise is rhythmic, versatile
and interesting, i.e. that the regular rhythm is complemented with the
irregular rhythm and that the movements are carried out with maximum
amplitude into their highest potentials so that the contrast between
accented and non-accented phases is clearly expressed.
Certain capabilities are required in order to express oneself

through movement.
Gymnastics develops the capabilities of:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a)
Strength
Flexibility
Balance
Co-ordination, and
Kinesthetic Sensitivity
Strength
Well developed strength is mandatory for both female and male
gymnasts.
Men's events of rings and parallel bars show the essential
need for strength in the upper body while in women's events the same
strength is needed in uneven bars and vaulting.
Leg strength is
prevalent in floor exercise and vaulting for both men and women.
b)
Flexibility
Flexibility is defined as the range of movement and mobility in
the muscles and joints of the body.
Flexibility is most easily seen
- 69 -
in women's floor exercise and balance beam routines and on men's

horizontal bar.
Simple splits or a walkover are common examples
of a skill displaying a great degree of flexibility.
c)
Balance
Both dynamic and static balance is essential to all Gymnastics
movements.
Static balance is most easily observed on men's rings,
Dynamic balance is necessary
parallel bars or on floor exercise.
to control the body or body parts during execution of a sequence of
moves, and is best displayed in an event such as balance beam for
women.
d)
Co-ordination
How the gymnast performs the stunts is of the essence, for
this outcome is what is displayed to the spectators.
Poor execution
of skills or general lack of co-ordination during stunts is easily
distinguishable.
Signs of awkwardness, poor posture, hesitations,
uncertainty and lack of rhythm and timing cost the gymnast vital
points when being scored by the judges.
Co-ordination is an exact
timing of all movements of all body parts so that a stunt may be
performed.
e)
Kinesthetic Sensitivity
This ability seems most important during the learning phases of
skill.
It deals with a person's awareness of such things as where
the body parts are in space and what each part is doing in relation
It is the most difficult of all body capabilities
to other parts.
to develop.
Agility is sometimes thought of as a unique capability.

However,
it combines the capabilities of strength, flexibility and co-ordination
to show nimbleness.
2.
Force Qualities
There are four main qualities of force that are used or expressed
movement. They are:
in Gymnastics
Sustained
constant and equal application of strength such as

seen in some elements on men's rings or pommel horse.
Explosive - a sudden application of force seen in tumbling and
vaul ting movements.
Pure Swing - a relaxed pendular action such as seen in men's
horizontal bar and parallel bars.
Suspension - At the high point of a leap or swing, where all forces
are zeroed out, there is an effect of suspension that
gymnasts strive out.
-
- 70 -
The capabilities and qualities on the preceding page, are used

to build and display exercises that form a complete and harmonious
whole.
The artistic gymnast is
execution, richness, freedom of
the mastering of difficulty and
an inner experience and harmony
artistic gymnastics.
SECTION
1.
D:
capable of blending elegance of

movement and amplitude in flight, with
risk.
The total presentation radiates
which characterizes the virtuosothus,
TECHNICAL ASPECTS
Organization of
Gymnastics Meet
The format of a competition varies with each level or type of

competition.
A meet may be as short as a few hours for a dual meet
(involving only two teams) or as much as five days for the Olympic
Games.
Several factors such as number of competitors and types of
competition (compulsory or optional routines or both) determine the
format and the length of time required.
The gymnastics competition at the Commonwealth Games will take

place over four days.
Only optional routines will be performed. Two
types of competition are involved - each a championship on its own
and the last two days will involve team competition, occurring as
follows:
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
Day 4
Women's Individual All-Around Competition

Men's Individual All-Around Competition
Women's Team Competition
Men's Team Competition
During the all-around competition, individual competitors vie for

honours, the award going to the gymnast accumulating the most points
in all (six for men and four for women) events.
It is important,
therefore, for a gymnast to be consistent in all events.
In these Games, a country is allowed to send up to four men and
four women to compete.
The team placings are decided by adding the
best three of four scores in each event towards a cumulative team
total.
Team awards are presented to each of the men's team and the
women's team with the highest cumulative score.
All competitors compete in the same order of rotation of events

(Olympic order) so that all events can be presented simultaneously.
2.
Scoring of Optional Routines

Both male and female gymnasts are scored out of a 10 point total.
The composition of the routine is the basis for the 10 points and points
are deducted for poor performance or execution.
- 71 -
First, we will look at the basis for judging female gymnasts.

The 10 point system is divided into two broad categories of composition
and execution with each being further subdivided as follows:
COMPOSITION
DI
(5
points)
FFICULTY
4 Moves of medium difficulty (0.3 each)
3 Moves of superior difficulty (0.6 each)
POINTS
GENERAL COMPOSITION
0.5 POINTS
ORIGINALITY AND VALUE OF CONNECTIONS
1.5 POINTS
EXECUTION
(5
points)
EXECUTION AND AMPLITUDE
GENERAL IMPRESSION
.1
TOTAL
POINTS
POINT
10 POINTS
The above standard is for judging bars, beam and floor exercise.
The routine is judged out of 10 points with points being awarded for
elements in and composition of, the routine.
Elements of Gymnastics
are deemed medium or superior moves according to the difficulty of
Points are deducted for failure to properly execute the
execution.
moves and lack of composition.
These deductions are standardized
according to an international code of points.
The standard for judging male gymnasts on the 10 points system
has the points designated slightly differently.
DIFFICULTY
4 A moves (low difficulty) at 0.2 each
5 B moves (medium difficulty) at 0.4 each
1 C move (superior difficulty) at 0.6 each
3.4 POINTS
COMBINATION
1.6 POINTS
In addition to the required difficulty, the
requirements for the content of an exercise
must be met as outlined previously in
Section B of this paper
--This is the actual value of an exercise.
EXECUTION
For correct form and technically correct
execution
RISK, ORIGINALITY, VIRTUOSITY
5.0 POINTS
4.4 POINTS
.0.5 POINTS
10.0 POINTS
- 72 -
As for female gymnasts, the routine is awarded points for

composition, then a code of points for standard deductions to be used
This point system is also used
for imperfections of performance.
for all men's events except vaulting.
The scoring of vaults diverts from the example on the preceding

page.
The vault performed is given a value set by the code of points
From that value, points are deducted
from the difficulty of execution.
for imperfection in execution.
3.
Officiating
Each event is judged by a panel of five judaes, one of which is
designated as the head judge. The head judge is in control of that
event and ensures that all judges' scores are within a certain range
If the range is too wide, consultaas stated by the code of points.
The head judge's
tion is held to determine the cause of discrepancy.
score may be used only in a case of a discrepancy in scores that
From the four remaining scores the middle two are
cannot be solved.
averaged to determine the score awarded to the gymnast.
Normally, during International competition, each country involved

allowed an equal number of judges.
During the Commonwealth Games
in Edmonton, however, it is likely that Canada will be required to
supply extra judges as some countries being represented may not have
qualified International judges.
is
The process of becoming a certified Gymnastics judge is often long

and difficult.
Most judges are former competitors who begin by judging
at a local level, then progressing in qualification through to National
and International levels.
At all levels, judges must take both written
and practical examinations.
In order to maintain any level, periodic
re-examination is necessary in addition to continuous involvement as

an active judge.
Each level of development often takes several years
of experience to qualify, so that by the time a judge reaches an International level he/she is often a knowledgeable technician in Gymnastics.
4.
Rules
When discussing rules, it is important to differentiate between

regulations or framework within which a competition is
conducted, and the standard by which a gymnast is scored.
the overall
In National and International competitions, each gymnast is

scored by the standards discussed in the previous section on scoring.
This standard is obtained from the Code of Points which is set down by
the International Gymnastics Federation (F.I.G.).
The F.I.G. also
determines the guidelines for the organization and conducting of meets
at an International level.
At other levels of competition such as local, provincial or

inter-school meets, both of these sets of guidelines are adapted
- 73 -
according to the type of competition and skill level of the competitor.

Most of the format of the code of points is followed with the exception
This adaptation allows
of the difficulty requirements for each routine.
a standard set of rules to be followed which is important for both
coaches and judges, but accounts for the skill and age level of the
participant.
SECTION
E:
The gymnastics part of the Games will be held in the Coliseum.

The
size of the hockey arena is very appropriate for holding all Gymnastics
events.
Apparatus is set up on a raised platform around which are placed the

judges and scoring officials.
This allows the competitor to be most visible
to the spectator.
Most of the equipment used for this competition will need to be purchased
This involves each of the apparatus for men and women and enough protective
mats for each apparatus.
After the Games, the equipment will become the
property of the City of Edmonton, and will be used for a variety of purposes.
For the two weeks prior to the Games, two practice facilities and
equipment will be available to the gymnasts.
These facilities will be the
University of Alberta and Jasper Place High School.
SECTION
F:
GYMNASTICS
THE PARTICIPANTS'
POINT OF VIEW
The International gymnast is at the height of competition, a climb

through many lower level competitions.
It is sometimes a tedious and often
frustrating yet exciting experience to work to this level of excellence in
a sport, only achieved by the very dedicated athlete.
Below is an outline of what a gymnast has accomplished in order to

qualify as an International competitor plus the programs in Alberta where
different levels of Gymnastics occur.
The first introduction to Gymnastics for the majority of school age
children is during the physical education classes in elementary schools.
Gymnastics instruction often continues in competitive clubs.
The interested student may want further instruction at a recreational

outside of the school curriculum.
The recreational gymnast usually
spends 1 to 3 hours a week at Gymnastics in programs offered by City or
Town Parks and Recreation Departments, Y.M.C.A. or Y.W.C.A., school teams
or clubs, university physical education department, junior colleges or
post-secondary vocation institutes and through junior clubs.
level
The recreational gymnast is often motivated or encouraged to become

competitor.
At this
This means many hours of instruction and practice.
- 74 -
For Junior
level, instruction is essential for girls in order to excel.
and Senior High School students, competition may take place as a member
of a school Gymnastics team.
For the younger and/or more serious comThese areas
petitor, the gymnast usually belongs to a private club.
directly relate to the availability of coaches, facilities, and equipment.
Gymnastics instruction and practice may be anywhere from 10 to 25 hours
weekly with extra practice and conditioning varying in time length with
each competitor.
Competition in schools may develop into being a member of a private

club competing at zone level.
For open competitions, Alberta is divided
into two zones; North Zone is Red Deer to our northern border and inclusive
east to west, and South Zone is all area south of Red Deer to Alberta's
southern border inclusive east to west. The competitors are classified
according to their age as of September every year. The top six gymnasts
all-around for each age group in each zone qualifies to compete at the
Provincial level.
As is expected, the Provincial level gymnast is very dedicated and
loyal to train for the sport.
Instructional time in Gymnastics and dance
will not likely increase, but the individual practice and general body
conditioning is expected. The gymnast is now at a level of competency to
work on his/her own.
Self-motivation and self discipline to know what is
expected of him/her is evident in the gymnast's training program.
The top gymnasts in each age group at Provincial

to "Western Canadians".
level
then progress
Gymnasts of Junior and Senior age can progress from a Provincial

qualification to a National Championship, held annually.
From this
Championship and other selection meets, a National team is chosen to
represent Canada at International events.
It is obvious that to achieve this level, an athlete is or has to
become very dedicated and loyal to the sport, with his/her lifestyle often
revolving about the sport. Only a very small percentage or participants
have the aspirations- to progress to this standard of competition whereas
countless numbers are involved in programs at the local level in both
competitive and non-competitive programs.
SECTION
G:
Magazines
Gymnastics Bulletin - ($3.00 per year)

Canadian Gymnastics Federation
333 River Road
The Gymnast Magazine - ($14.00 per year subscription)
Sundby Publications
Box 110
Santa Monica, California, U.S.A. 90406
- 75 -
Books
Charteris, Jack. This Is Gymnastics

Champaign, Illinois.
1969
Stipes Publishing Co.,
The Magic of Gymnastics

George, Gerald S.
1970
Box 110, Santa Monica, California.
Sundby Publications,
Training, Conditioning and Flexibility for Women's

Hartley, Sandra.
Competitive Gymnastics
C.G.F. Technical Co-ordinator, 333 River Road,
Vanier City, Ontario K1L 8B9.
1971.
.
Modern Rhythmic Gymnastics .

Mayfield Publishing
Schmid, Andrea B.
Co., 285 Hamilton Avenue, Palo Alto, Calfornia, U.S.A.
Taylor, Bajin and Zivic.
Olympic Gymnastics for Men and Women
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliff, N.J.
1972.
SECTION
H:
AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
Major Skills for Uneven Parallel Bars

Department of Radio and Television,
CW005 Biological Science Building, University of Alberta.
.
Gymnastics Flashbacks .
Department of Extension, University of Alberta.
1972 Olympic Finals .

Filmloops available at 25<t per foot.
Contact
the Coaching Association of Canada, 333 River Road, Vanier City,
Ontario K1L 8B9.
Phone:
(613) 746-0060.
Records
Hoctor Dance Records Inc

115 Manhatten Avenue
Waldwick, N.J.
01463
Phone:
(201) 652-7767
Rhythmic Record Series
Cron's Gymnastics Inc.
41-14 Broadway
Astoria, N.Y.
U.S.A.
11103
A.
Clay Pigeon Shooting
B.
Full
C.
Small Bore Rifle
D.
The Smallbore Prone
E.
Rapid Fire Pistol
F.
Free Pistol
G.
International Skeet
11.8
Bore Rifle
shooting
- 79 -
SPORT:
SHOOTING
SECTION A:
CLAY PIGEON SHOOTING
Clay Pigeon Shooting is also known as International Style Trapshooting.

The most common style of Trapshooting is known as American Trap which is the
most common style in North America. The basic differences are the following:
A.
Shooting the targets travel much faster and thus go

greater distance than in American Trap.
In Clay Pigeon
a
B.
In Clay Pigeon Shooting the angles of the targets thrown are more
extreme and also the heights of the targets are variable whereas in
American Trap the targets have a smaller range of angles and the
heights are constant.
C.
Shooting two shots are allowed to attempt to break

target
the
but in American Trap only one shot is allowed unless it
is a specific event called doubles where two shots are used.
In Clay Pigeon
forms of trapshooting the targets used are made of a clay like

material with tar; the shape is similar to that of a saucer.
The diameter
is 4V.
When the pellets from the shotgun hit the target, it breaks and
this scores one point.
A wery high level of co-ordination is required to
hit a fast-moving target the size of a saucer that is travelling away from
the shooter at a distance of half a football field.
Most of the targets
are white, or yellow on top of a black base.
In all
1.
History
The sport originated in England with bows and arrows; the targets
being live pigeons tethered to a high pole.
Later in time the targets
ranged from live pigeons to glass balls with feathers to tar and clay
saucer-like targets. The clay targets now used are thrown from spring
The
loaded machines which have automatic loading and release systems.
machines are located in a traphouse with a roof located at ground level.
Clay Pigeon Shooting has been an Olympic sport since 1900 and it
World
is also included in the Commonwealth Games and Pan-American Games.
Championships are held each year other than the Olympic years.
In American Trap,
itors.
2.
the "Grand American" shoot in Ohio, attracts over 3,000 compet-
Competitors
It is the competitive
Males and females of any age may compete.
spirit which keeps the interest up. Tournaments of course, are quite
essential to improve a person's score.
It is necessary to keep in good
physical condition to prevent the fatigue that will set in during a full
day of shooting.
The eyes and muscle co-ordination are the most important elements for good scores.
- 80 -
The ages of Clay Pigeon Shooters generally falls between 25 and 40 and
since it is highly competitive, many years of competitions are required
to gain the experience necessary to be a winner.
3.
Arms and Ammunitions

All types of shotguns, including automatics (self-loading), 12
gauge and smaller, may be used. The majority of guns are over and
under shotguns.
It is essential that the gun fit the shooter to minimize the felt recoil and also since the shotgun is fired with both eyes
open and is not aimed similar to a rifle.
The ammunition is 11 gauge
in size and the shot size is either 7^ or 8.
(2. to 2.5 mm. diameter).
No more than 1 1/8 oz. of shot is allowed; thus the shells are usually
lighter in recoil than hunting shells. The initial velocity of the shot
charge is about 1250 ft. per second.
4.
Shooting Range
The shooters stand on shooting stations (cement sidewalk) which are
at ground level and located 15 meters behind the "trap", "traphouse", or
"pit" which contain 15 throwing machines to throw the birds into the air
at an initial velocity of approximately 80 mph.
The top of the trap is
at the same level as the shooting stations (i.e. ground level).
There
are 5 shooting stations on a line parallel to the trap and a 6th station which is a waiting station.
The targets are thrown a distance of
75 5 meters from the trap at angles up to 45 degrees away from the shooter,
The shooter does not know the direction the target will go but on top of
the trap in front of each station there is a little white mark which inThere are 3 machines,
dicates the initial starting point of each target.
one meter apart that are located under each white mark and the shooter
knows that he or she will receive a target from one of the 3 machines
when the release command is given out.
5.
Shooting Procedure
All the competitors in a competition, are divided by a draw for poMost comsitions, into squads (groups) of 6 for each day of shooting.
petitions are composed of 200 targets shot over two days or three days
The squads shoot 25
of competition, i.e. 100+100=200 or 75+75+50=200.
targets at a time and thus shoot rounds of 25 targets. After a competitor shoots on one station he moves to the adjacent station on his right
During a round of 25 targets each shooter
when it is his turn to move.
There is a 6th "waiting" station behind
shoots 5 shots per station.
station 1.
A shooter is allowed to shoot twice at a target and the result for

scoring purposes is the same whether he breaks the target on the 1st or
2nd shot.
A target is scored as dead when a visible piece is broken from
This occurs when a pel"Dust" from a target is not a hit.
the target.
let hits the target but does not break it.
extremely important that the rules of safety be followed when

carrying firearms on the range.
It is
- 81
6.
Officials and Duties

On each field there is a referee whose main function is to make immediate decisions regarding hit or missed tragets.
He will be aided by 3
assistant referees, 2 of whom watch the targets and the 3rd will watch
the scoreboard to make sure it is accurate.
Targets thrown broken from
the trap must be thrown again whether or not the competitor fires.
A competition jury of 3-5 individuals is appointed whose duty is
to set the traps to make sure the targets are legal and generally to
supervise the total operation of the shoot.
7.
Commonwealth Shooting History and Records

Although Clay Pigeon Shooting was admitted to the Olympic Games
back in 1900, its inclusion in the Commonwealth Games came in 1974 in
Christchurch, New Zealand.
John Primrose, from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada won the Gold Medal with a score of 196/200 to establish a CommonIn Christchurch a Continental Trap was used which
wealth Games Record.
is a modification of the Olympic trap that will be used in Edmonton in
1978.
Clay Pigeon Shooting will be shot at the new Strathcona Shooting
Range located on the southern outskirts of the City on 5th Ave. and
50th St.
SECTION
1.
B:
FULL BORE RIFLE
History
Just as there are many facets to any sport e.g. swimming, breaststroke, backstroke, freestyle, etc., so in shooting there are different
disciplines of which Full Bore Rifle is one.
Organized Full Bore Shooting in the Commonwealth started at Wimbledon, England in 1860 where Queen Victoria pulled a ceremonial cord
to fire a rifle.
It is interesting to note that the first steps toward
the formation of a National Rifle Association were the result of civilian demand and activity and not as a government or military action.
This, no doubt, was the result of apprehension over a possible invasion.
The opening of the rifle meet was a great social event with large
attendance of royalty and nobility. The whole shooting movement met with
great acclaim throughout the Empire.
In 1871, the Ontario Rifle Association sent a team to represent
Canada and from 1872 until the present with exception of war years,
D.C.R.A. (Dominion of Canada Rifle Association) have sent teams.
In 1890, the site of these Empire matches moved to Bisley, England
where it remains the "mecca" of Full Bore Shooters in the Commonwealth.
- 82 -
The Dominion of Canada Rifle Association is the parent shooting

body in Canada for Full Bore Rifle.
It was formed in 1868 to encourage
rifle shooting in the Militia and Cadet Service of Canada.
Provincial
Rifle Associations followed and in Alberta the Alberta Provincial Rifle
Association was formed in 1902. Through grants, ammunition, range facilities, etc., men and women were able to shoot and thus provide, in the
event it became necessary, trained marksmen who could train others.
Each year at Ottawa, D.C.R.A. selects a team to represent Canada
at Bisley the following year.
Actually Canada sends three teams; Military,
Cadet and Civilian.
As one walks back and forth to his assigned shooting positions over
the 200 to 1,000 yard range one meets a wider variety of people than encountered in any other sport. Competitors of both sexes vary in age
from teenagers to octogenarians, and in life vocations from students to
professionals-truly a lifetime sport.
Desmond T. Burke, E.D., M.D., CM., D.M.R., (Eng.), C.R.C.P. (C),

M.O.S.R. (Hon.) in his book "Canada Bisley Shooting, An Art and a Science", says "I have regrets that work concerning a worthy sport on
which is expended annually twice as much as is spent on any other two
sports, including spectator sports, should carry the stigma of war.
It is hoped that in the future we may say "for war of a defensive nature
only", and finally that we may say "never for war-never to cause suffering to wildlife, but only for sport"
The sport does not promote brutality.
One never hears stories of addled brains as in a ring sport or
the cracked heads of hockey or so on.
In over 100 years of Bisley and
D.C.R.A. shooting, I know of no fatal accident in connection with our
authorized competitions."
2.
Equipment
The rifle used is now commonly referred to as a 7.62 mm target
rifle.
This firearm must meet certain specification i.e. iron sights,
maximum weight of 11^ pounds, and is designed to fire the N.A.T.0. 7.62
ammunition, to a large measure, reduce the outcome of matches to individual efforts.
3.
Competition
The 1978 Games will see the "Queen's Match" as the course of fire.
This is fired in 3 stages all from the prone position.
A.
200, 500 and 600 yards

Seven rounds on score at each distance for an aggregate of 150
B.
300, 500 and 600 yards

Ten rounds on score at each distance for an aggregate of 150
C.
900 and 1 ,000 yards

Fifteen rounds on score at each distance for an aggregate of 150
- 83 -
Bullseye sizes for various ranges

yards
yards
yards
yards
yards
yards
200
300
500
600
900
1,000
1-2
15
15
30
30
Shooters are controlled on the range by a Range Officer.

This Officer is responsible for the safety and conduct of the shoot.
Targets are
scored by a "Butt Party" under the control of the Butt Officer and the
results signalled to the shooter after each shot.
The customary method
of signalling is by a Signal Board the various corners of which, when they
are covered with a marker, signify the value, i.e.
OUTER
BULLSEYE
4.
MAGPIE
INNER
Competitors
Self discipline is an integral part of this sport.
Consider first
the object, to direct a 147 gr piece of metal over distances of 200 yards
to over \ mile into bullseyes of the above diameter.
Second, control of
nerves so that under competitive conditions one can virtually "still"
body movements and third
atmospheric conditions, i.e. wind, rain, etc.
Number One-requires no elaboration

Number Two-is an elaborate subject which basically can
only be perfected through training and practice.
Number Three-The following example although extreme, provides the reader with an insight into problems
the wind can effect.
In 1902, the winner of the King's Match, in the 1,000 yard event,
started by aiming at the bull on the next target (targets are usually
16 to 18 feet apart) and adding a few more minutes of wind (1 minute
of angle equivalent to approximately 10" at 1,000 yards) on his rear
sight.
As mentioned above, this was an extreme case but the vagaries

of wind and mirage (air currents) provide a challenge equal to that of
any sport.
- 84 -
SECTION
1.
C:
SMALL BORE RIFLE
History
Not until after the Second World War
come very popular in Canada.
Most target
was of the military type, using army .303
Dominion of Canada Rifle Association.
We
all International events.
did Small
Bore shooting beshooting up until that time

rifles, sponsored by the
now send small bore teams to
1966 marked the first year that rifle shooting was held at the
Commonwealth Games.
2.
Competitors
Participation in small bore shooting is the highest of all the

shooting events.
Persons doing this type of shooting usually start by
becoming a member of one of the many shooting clubs.
Shooting for pins
and crests such as those offered by C.I.L. and Winchester.
The more interested shooter will then advance to more difficult types of targets
and competitions, such as Provincial Championships and National events.
Those competitors placing high enough at the national events are invited
to become members of the National team, and from there compete at Olympic
Games, World Championships and other International events such as the
Commonwealth Games.
3.
Arms and Ammunition
The type of rifle used for small bore rifle shooting ranges from
the inexpensive type .22 caliber rifle to the most advanced type of 3
position rifle, that can cost as much as $800.00.
International rules
state that the calibre may not be larger than 5.6mm' s and must be rim
fire.
4.
Targets
Various types of targets are used by small bore shooting clubs;
they are the sporting rifle type with a 10 ring of approximately 1"
at 50 yards-to the 50 meter International target with a 10 ring of 12.4
M.M. -these targets are usually of the 5 bull type where the shooter uses
1
bull for sighting shots and fires 5 rounds at each of the remaining bulls
for a total of 20 rounds on score.
International targets are of the 1
bull type whereby the shooter fires 1 shot at each bull.
5.
Shooting Ranges
Most small bore ranges are of the indoor type, usually 20 yards
This type of range is usually constructed in basements of
large buildings; a good exhaust system is required to prevent lead poisoning.
Outdoor ranges that are used for competitive shooting are usually
no longer than 100 yards, having from 20 to 50 firing points that are
in length.
- 85 -
covered by a roof to keep the sun and rain off the shooters.
Earth
bearms usually border the two sides and a higher bearm for the bullet
stop.
6.
Shooting Procedures
When a competitor enters a match, he is given a squading card that
tells him what firing point he is to fire from and what relay he is on.
There are matches where there are more shooters than firing points so a
When a shooter fires the
second and a third relay is used if necessary.
required number of shots at his target, they are removed and sent to the
New targets are then put up for the next relay.
After
storing committee.
At
the targets are scored, the results are posted on a large scoreboard.
the completion of the match there is usually a presentation of trophies
to the winners.
7.
Officials
The hosting of an official small bore match requires that
They are as follows:
of Officials be present.
8.
number
A.
CHIEF RANGE OFFICER

The Chief Range Officer is in charge of all activity
He is responsible for
that takes place on the range.
the safety and conduct of all persons while on the
range.
He may have assistant range officers assisting him.
B.
CHIEF STATISTICIAN
He or she is in charge of the scoring committee and sees
A record of all
that the results are posted accurately.
scores are kept and sent to the National office for shooter
classification.
Commonwealth Shooting History

Shooting was first introduced into the Commonwealth Games at KingIt was not included in the Games that were held
ston, Jamaica, in 1966.
It was again included in 1974, at
at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1970.
Christchurch.
In the two times that shooting events were held we have
managed only one medal, in small bore shooting, in 1966, at Kingston,
Jamaica, the late Gil Boa won the gold medal.
SECTION
D;
THE SMALLBORE PRONE (The English Match-50 meters)
More shooters throughout the world compete in this event than any other
single International event. The competitor fires a maximum of 15 sighting
The time limit
shots and 60 shots for match score from the prone position.
Sighting shots may only be fired
for this match is 2 hours and 30 minutes.
before and between 10 record shot strings.
- 86 -
The target that is used must be of a non-reflecting color and material

so that the black bullseye is clearly visible under all normal light conditions.
The black aiming mark measures 112-40 mm, the actual ten ring measures
12.4 mm.
In simpler terms, a shooter must, in order to hit the ten ring, hit
an area that is only 2/3 the size of a dime, at a distance of approximately
165 feet.
The English Match is fired at Olympic Games, World Championships, Pan

American Games and European Championships. The world record score in this
event is 599/600, fired by Ho Jun Li from North Korea at the 1972 Olympics
in Munich.
The stock is
The rifle is designed especially for the prone position.
generally longer than those used in other types of shooting.
It has a built
up cheek piece, to enable the competitor to maintain position over long periods of time.
The rifle must be of .22 calibre and may not weigh more than
17.64 pounds.
The sights are of the metallic type and have micrometer adjustments.
SECTION
1.
E:
RAPID FIRE PISTOL
Equipment
automatic pisAny type of officially approved 5,6 mm (0.22 Cal
or revolver with bullets made from lead or a similar substance.
)
tol
2.
Targets
Each target is 160 cm high and 45 cm wide, black in color with a
white 1 mm edge, and graduated from the centre is divided into 10 zones
with scoring value from 1 to 10 points.
Points are awarded according to
zones hit.
3.
Competition
Targets are placed in groups of five-75 cm apart in a line 25
metres from and parallel to the firing line.
Four sets of five targets
Upon signal
each will be in use during the 1978 Commonwealth Games.
from the Range Officer, the Targets turn simultaneously from a side on
to a face on position, presenting face on targets for a specified time
of 4,6, or 8 seconds, in which time each contestant is required to fire
60 shots, divided into 2 courses of 30 shots each.
Each course is divided into 2 series of 4 seconds, 2 series of 6 seconds and 2 series of
8 seconds.
Each competitor is required to fire 1 shot at each of the 5
The
targets facing him within the time limit periods indicated above.
winner is the competitor scoring the highest number of points.
Firearms considered to be most popular in firing the rapid fire match
are Semi -Automatic Pistols of Walther manufacture (Germany), Hammer!
manufacture (Swiss) followed by High Standard of American manufacture.
The average cost of such weapons varies from $400.00 to $600.00 each.
- 87 -
SECTION
F:
FREE PISTOL
All 5.6 mm (0.22 Cal.) pistols receiving official approval can be used.
Distance from the stationary target to the firing line is 50 mm and each
target is a white square with scoring rings valued from 1 to 10 points, 10
being the inner ring which is 5 cm in diameter.
The outside ring is 50 cm
The competition lasts 2\ hours with each contestant firing 60
in diameter.
shots in 6 series, the target being changed after each series of 10 shots.
FIREARMS considered to be most popular in firing the Free Pistol Match

are the Hammerli of Swiss Manufacture and the Vostok of Russian Manufacture.
Like other makes in this category, these firearms are precision and must be
carried in a special case in order to prevent damage to the mechanism during
transportation.
The average cost of such weapons varies from $500.00 to
$600,00 each.
A top level competitor in handgun competition is usually an abstainer,
he must be in top physical condition, and prepared to submit himself to
rigid sel f -disci pi ine and constant practice.
SECTION
1.
G:
INTERNATIONAL SKEET
History
Skeet is shooting at a moving target with a shotgun of 12 Gauge
calibre or smaller.
It originated from trapshooting in 1910 at Andover,
Mass.
Three men- the Davies (father and son) and a friend Wm. Foster,
wanted some wing shooting practice in between hunting seasons, so they
used clay targets and the regular throwing traps to simulate the flight
of birds.
The name "Skeet" is derived from the Scandinavian word meaning "shoot".
Competitive Championships were not held until 1935.
2.
Competitors
May be male or female.
It is the competitive spirit which keeps
the interest up.
It is necessary to keep in good physical condition.
3.
Arms and Ammunition

A 12 Gauge shotgun is used for International Skeet.
The ammunition used is 3\ dram equivalent of powder and no shot size larger than
7 is used.
4.
Targets
Are the same size and manufacture as for International Clay Pigeon
Shooting.
- 88 -
5.
Shooting Range
Skeet Shooting is conducted on a semi-circular field, approximately
37 metres along the base with seven shooting stations located equidistantly around its circumference and an eighth station at the centre.
(See
diagram) There are two traphouses, in each of which is located a target
throwing machine (trap). The target flight lines are fixed so that all
targets from both traphouses cross at a point 5.5 metres from Station 8
and 4.6 metres above the ground.
Only one shot is fired at each target.
6.
Procedure
Starting at Station 1 or the
A squad comprises five shooters.
left side of the field, each shooter in turn fires at a single target
from the left (high) traphouse, a single target from the right (low)
traphouse and then at two targets thrown simultaneously, one from each
traphouse.
When the squad has completed Station 1, the shooters move
on to Station 2 where this procedure is repeated.
At Station 3,4, and
For
5, no doubles are fired but they are included at Stations 6 and 7.
in
centre
of
the
field,
Station 8
the
each squad member fires at a
target from the low traphouse.
This totals 24 shots.
An extra shot is
taken as a repeat of the first target a shooter has missed.
If the
hit
all
24
is
fired
shooter has successfully
targets, the 25th shot
from Station 8 at a target from the lowhouse.
International rules require that the shooter's gun be held down from the shoulder with the
stock touching the shooter's waistline until the target appears. The
targets are released sporadically after the shooter has called for
This varies from instant release to a maximum delay of
the target.
three seconds.
The Commonwealth Games Competition comprises eight rounds
of 25 shots for a total of 200, spaced over three days.
- 89 -
HONORS WON FOR CANADA BY
CANADIAN SHOOTERS
1.
THE OLYMPICS
1968
Silver:
G.
Quell ette (Tied World Record)
1956
Gold:
Bronze:
G.
Oullette
Gil
1952
Gold:
Bronze:
G.
G.
Bca
Generoux
Gneroux
1924
Silver:
Canadian Trap Team
1908
Gold:
Silver:
Silver:
W.
Gold:
W.
1900
2.
S.
Ewing
Beattie
Canadian Trap Team
G.
Ewing
WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS
Gold:
Gold:
Silver
Susan Nattrass (Lady's Trap)

John Primrose
(Trap)
Canadian Trap Team
1974
Gold:
Susan Nattrass (Lady's Trap)
1967
Gold:
R.
1961
Silver:
Bronze:
B. Hartman
Canadian Skeet Team
1954
Gold:
Gil
1952
Silver:
G.
1975
McGarry
S.
Boa
Generoux
COMMONWEALTH GAMES
1974
1966
Gold:
Gold:
Gold:
Gold:
Silver:
Gold:
Gold:
Silver:
Bronze:
Rev. W. Hare (Pistol)

Dr. J. Sobrian (Pistol)
H. Willsie (Skeet
John Primrose (Trap)
Dr. J. Sobrian
S. Boa (Rifle)
Lee (Pistol)
Dr. J. Sobrian
G. McMahon
Gil
J.
- 90 -
PAN-AMERICAN GAMES
1975
Silver:
Silver:
Silver:
Bronze:
Bronze:
Canadian Pisto" Team

Canadian Trap Team
Dr. J. Sobrian
Canadian Rifle Team
Dr. J. Sobrian
1971
Silver:
Silver:
Bronze:
Bronze:
Gil S. Boa (Rifle)

A. Mayer (Rifle)
Canadian Rifle Team

Mayer (World Record)
Canadian Rifle Team
Canadian Rifle Team
G. Ouelette
Dr. J. Sobrian
1967
Gold:
Silver:
Silver:
Silver:
Silver:
Bronze:
A.
1963
Silver:
Silver:
Silver:
Silver:
Bronze:
Bronze:
Bronze:

Canadian Pistol Team
Canadian Rifle Team
G. McMahon
Canadian Skeet Team
B. Hartman
C. Dahl strom
1959
Gold:
Gold:
Silver:
Bronze:
Bronze:
Bronze:
Bronze:
Bronze:
Bronze:
Bronze:
Bronze:
Bronze:
Bronze:
Bronze:
G.
Ouelette
Canadian Rifle
G. Ouelette
Canadian Rifle
Canadian Rifle
Canadian Rifle
Canadian Rifle
Canadian Pistol
G. McMahon
C. White
C. White
G. Ouelette
G. Ouelette
B. Hartman
Team
Team
Team
Team
Team
Team
- 91 -
CANADIANA
PRINCIPAL PRIZES WON BY CANADIANS-WIMBLEDON/BISLEY

1872-1969 (inclusive)
Kolapore
1872-75-8L-84-89-96-1905-06
1925-1926-27-29-32-38-51-69
MacKinnon
1902-09-10-11-25-27-30-52-62-64-69
Empire Match
1953-1964
The King's/Queen Prize
Final Stage
Winner
1805
1904
1911
1913
1924
1929
1951
1960
1961
1966
1968
Runner-Up
Hayhurst, T.H. (B.M.)

Perry, S.J. (B.M.)
Clifford, S.J. (B.M.)
Hawkins, W.A. (B.M.)
Burke, D.T. (B.M.)
Blair, R.M. (B.M.) (B.C.)
Boa, G.S.
1927
1928
1929
1948
1953
1956
Burke, D.T. (B.M.)*

Burke, D.T. (B.M.) (B.C.)*
Burke, D.T. (B.M.) (B.C.)*
Steele, J. (Silver Medal and Badge)
Johnson, S. (Silver Medal and Badge)
Warner, E.L. (Silver Medal and Badge;
(B.M.)
Westling, G. (B.M.)
Beckett, N.L. (B.M.
Hampton, R. (B.M.)
Parks, A. (B.M.)
Second-Runner Up
)
(S.M.
(S.C.
1938 Gregory, T.+

1960 Warner, E. (Bronze Medal and Badge)
Second Stage
1921 Crowe, C.R. (S.M.)
1932 Houlden, J.W. (S.M.)
1950 Draper, J. (S.M.)

1961 Beckett, N.L. (B.M.)
(S.M.)
(S.C.)
- 92 -
First Stage
1911
1924
1928
1931
Trainor, J.
Burke, D.T. (B.M.)
Burke, D.T. (B.M.)
Regan, J.
1934 Martinson, P.J

1935 Penman, N.
(B.C.) 1936 Fraser, D.S.
(B.C.)
*Silver Medal and Badge not given for

runner-up till 1953.
+Bronze Medal and Badge not given for
second runner-up till 1953.
The Grand Aggregate
GOLD CROSS
1899
1908
1927
1928
1929
1931
1932
1934
1937
1965
Bertram, T.A. (B.C.)

Morris, F.H. (B.C.)
Parnell, A. (B.C.)
Burke, D.T. (B.M.) (B.C.)
Blair, R.M. (B.M.) (B.C.)
Regan, J.H. (B.C.)
Burke, D.T. (B.C. ) (B.C. 2)
Martinson, P.J. (B.C.)
Matchett, G.E. (B.C.)
Pitcairn, R. (B.C.)
SILVER CROSS
1910
1929
1931
1933
1959
(S.C.
Steele, J. A. (S.C.)
Collings, L. (S.C.)
Burke, D.T. (B.M. ) (B.C. ) (S.C. )
McLeod, N. (S.C.)
Beckett, N.L. (B.M. ) (S.M. ) (S.C.
)
SWIMMING
A.
An Introduction to Swimming
B.
Understanding the Sport of Swimming
C.
Physical Skills
D.
Technical Aspects
E.
Facilities and Equipment Requirements

for the Commonwealth Games
F.

DIVING
A.
An Introduction to Diving
B.
Physical Skills
C.
Technical Aspects
D.
III.
9 swimming
&
diving
- 95 -
SPORT:
SWIMMING
SECTION A:
AN INTRODUCTION TO SWIMMING
The Canadian Amateur Swimming Association which started in 1909, governs

Canada's amateur swimming activities at a purely amateur level. The Canadian
association is affiliated with the International Federation (FINA) which governs all international competitions, (thru the Aquatic Federation of Canada).
The British Empire Games, changed in 1970 to the Commonwealth Games,
began in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada in 1930. Competitive swimming was one of
the sports in which athletes compete.
Historically, swimming has been an activity pursued by man for many years
Pierre Naukonm, in his search for the origins of man's relationship to the
seas, found data from mythology, paintings, engravings and ancient sculptures
to show that modern swimming styles owe a great deal to antiquity.
During the federal wars in the Middle Ages, brigades of soldiers attacked
enemy fortresses by swimming up to them and taking them by surprise.
Trained
to swim and scale walls, they were also adept at diving from them when escape
became necessary.
Japan was the first country to organize a national swimming organization

and in 1603, by imperial edict, swimming was added to school curricular.
The first swimming competitions are believed to have been held in 1837
and positive championship records date back to international events in Sydney
in 1846 and Melbourne in 1858.
In England, swimming became a popular excercise and sport more than two
centuries ago, and in 1891, Oxford and Cambridge met in their first water polo
contest.
A year later competitive swimming was added to the rivalry between
these two great universities.
- 96 -
SECTION
B:
UNDERSTANDING THE SPORT OF SWIMMING
Individual swimmers enter

Each country holds its own swimming trials.
Swimmers compete in individual events
as many events as they qualify for.
The events are as follows
as well as relays, composed of four team members.
WOMEN
MEN
100
200
400
1500
100
200
100
200
100
200
200
400
4x100
4x100
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
freestyle
freestyle
freestyle
freestyle
backstroke
backstroke
breaststroke
breaststroke
butterfly
butterfly
individual medley
individual medley
freestyle relay
medley relay
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
meters
4x100 meters
4x100 meters
100
200
400
800
100
200
100
200
100
200
200
400
freestyle
freestyle
freestyle
freestyle
backstroke
backstroke
breaststroke
breaststroke
butterfly
butterfly
individual medley
individual medley
freestyle relay
medley relay
Club coaches train individual swimmers until Canadian Team coaches take
Hopefully, Edmonton will host the trials for the
over the selected team.
Canadian Team selections in the new swimming complex in 1978.
It is expected
that the competitive swim teams from all countries will arrive in Edmonton one
week before the time of the competition in August. This will give the teams
time to acclimatize and familiarize themselves with the facilities.
Such
The Canadian Team coaches may be chosen several years in advance.
was the case for the Olympics of 1976.
The coaches will train and take each
Canadian team to World Championships for the intervening years.
Coaches may
attend other international competitions, but not in the capacity of coach.
- 97 -
SECTION
C:
PHYSICAL SKILLS
The four basic strokes are freestyle, commonly referred to as front crawl,
backstroke or back crawl, breaststroke and butterfly.
Individual medley refers to equal distance of the four strokes swam as

one event.
In other words, the I.M. as it is commonly referred to, consists
equal
distances
of
of butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and freestyle.
The
distances for the I.M.'s are 200 and 400 meters.
The medley consists of the four strokes but is a relay event consisting
Each member swims an equal distance of a different
of four team members.
stroke.
Therefore the team will use its strongest swimmer for each stroke.
The freestyle relays are again swam by four team members.
swims freestyle for one quarter of the total distance.
Each individual
From looking at the list of events it is easily noted that the majority
Distance races refer to any event 400 meters
are for the individual swimmer.
or longer.
The short races refer to the 100 and 200 meter events.
The strategy of pacing varies between the distance and sprint races.
The sprint races are an all-out effort throughout the race.
The distance
races use a different strategy because of the greater distance involved.
The
first 100 meters are fast because of the racing start. The last 100 meters of
the race are an all-out last effort.
The remaining meters are swam at a consistent pace. This consistent pace is determined by pacing and anticipating
the time in which the event is expected to be clocked.
Because of this anticipated time, swimmers can practice pacing at the speed needed long before the
Games arrive.
- 98 -
SECTION
1.
TECHNICAL ASPECTS
D:
Organization of
Swim Meet
It is not known to date how many countries will compete in swimming competition during the Commonwealth Games. One will have to wait until the deadline for entries.
The number of swimmers competing varies with every country involved.

Canada sent 26 swimmers to the '74 Games in Christchurch.
Canada will field
a larger number in Edmonton.
The swimming competition will take place on six days.
Officials used for an international swimming competition are numerous

and duties vary.
The list of officials are standard and set by an international
committee.
The officials set by the committee are:
2
2
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
Referee
Starter
Chief Timer
Chief Place Judge
Stroke Judges
Turn Judges per Lane - can act as Relay Take-Off Judge
Clerk of the Course
Marshalls
Recorders and Scorers
Custodian of Records
Announcer
Meet Manager
Medical Doctor
Public Relations Officer
The
The results of each event will go directly to the Results Centre.
This
results will immediately be shown over closed circuit television.
will facilitate speed and maximum viewing of results.
Stroke judges can disqualify swimmers for incorrect strokes. Turn judges
will watch the electronic touch pads during all turns; failure to finish each
lap in the proper manner may disqualify the swimmer.
Relay take-off judges
must watch that no swimmer leaves the starting block before the previous swimmer finishes.
False starts are called back and the race is restarted.
- 99 -
SECTION
E:
The new swimming complex to be built in Kinsmen Park for the 1978 Games,
with completion date the summer of 1977, is very impressive.
The complex houses four pools.

The important pool for competitive swimmers is the Olympic size pool used during competition.
The pool is 69 feet
wide, 50 meters long and facilitates 8 lanes. The depth of the pool is 5 ft.
11 in. to 7 ft. 6 in.
Each end of the pool will be equipped with electronically controlled touch pads to provide the time of swimmers during each lap.
The second pool which will be used for training sessions is 42 ft. wide
or 6 lanes, and 51 meters in length.
The reason for the unusual length is
due to the 1 meter movable bulkhead or walkway, which may be placed so that
two teams may train simultaneously in 25 meter pools.
The pool's depth varies
from 3 ft. 6 in. to 4 ft. 6 in.
The diving tank is 25 meters in width to enable competitive team practices as well as diving practices.
The depth of the pool is 16 ft.
The fourth pool is a warm-down pool.
It is a \/ery shallow pool-16 ft.
width and 42 ft. in length. The pool facilitates warm water surges and
is to be used for relaxation after strenous training sessions and races.
in
The City of Edmonton is in charge of this facility before and after

the Games.
The facilities are planned for maximum use.
Because the Olympic pool is of international standards, Edmonton will

then be able to host more international competitions and trials.
The pool
may be a training centre for competitive clubs.
It may be used for swimming
lessons and, because of its depth, the pool can be used for some aspects of
synchronized swimming.
The training pool of 51 meters again may remain as one pool or the bulkhead may be removed to form two pools of desired length.
The pool which
is equipped with a ramp to enable paraplegics to take swimming lessons, may
be used by competitive clubs, for recreational swimming and for swimming
lessons.
The diving tank, because of its width and depth, can be used for diving,
competitive training, instruction and synchronized swimming.
The shallow pool features warm water.

It may be used as a warm-down
pool after training sessions, as well as for instruction.
It is felt that
it will be a great help when teaching preschoolers.
During the Games, the Commonwealth Aquatic Centre will be able to facilitate all training sessions and competitions.
If necessary, Coronation, Bonnie
Doon and N.A.I.T. Pools may be used for training sessions.
The University of Alberta's pool is to be reserved for recreational swimming.
The Athletes' Village will be in the University Residences; therefore,
these pools will be readily accessible for all athletes involved in the Games.
-100 -
SECTION
F:
THE PARTICIPANTS'
POINT OF VIEW
Persons interested in swimming should take lessons to learn the basic

skills, a task often taken over by Red Cross and Royal Lifesaving Instructors.
The instruction takes place in city pools, private pools of private clubs,
in apartments and at lakes.
As the individual succeeds at passing the skills required at each level
he progresses to a higher level.
Young swimmers who have completed as much
as their age allows are often encouraged to join private competitive clubs.
Age restrictions are put on classes so that the student can competently
demonstrate the physical and mental skills required for the particular level.
Unfortunately a very small percentage of elementary students are introduced to swimming lessons in school; however a larger percentage of junior
and senior high students are involved in swimming during physical education
Swimmming lessons are most effective amongst young students who
classes.
have not developed fears of water and still have the desire to learn.
As we
now stand, our school system does not facilitate such practices.
After the individual has become a competent swimmer and is keenly interested in the sport, an athlete may be encouraged towards clubs for diving,
competitive swimming, synchronized swimming, or water polo.
Competitive swimming is very time consuming and most clubs provide training daily, seven days a week where swimmers are timed to qualify for the level
at which they will compete.
Competitions start at a local level progressing
to zone and provincial levels; at these levels, the swimmer will compete as
a representative of his own club.
At the national level, the swimmer may represent the individual clubs or his province. At the international level, the
athlete represents his country.
Regardless of the level, the swimmer is competing against other competitors and his own previous times.
Therefore, competitive swimming is a highly individualized sport.
In competitions each swimmer must submit his or her best performance time
so that the placements for heats and lanes can be made.
Hence, the fastest
swimmer will be placed in the last heat with the next fastest in the next to
last heat and so on.
Lanes are accorded by placing the fastest swimmer in
lane four (lane one is on the extreme right) and the next fastest swimmer on
his left, the next fastest swimmer on his right, continuing to alternate left
and right until all the lanes are filled.
As in all races, the start is important but in swimming, fast turns are equally vital to good performance.
-101 CANADIAN PLACEMENT IN COMMONWEALTH GAMES 1974
SWIMMING
MEN
100m Freestyle
2nd
3rd
Bruce Robertson
Brian Phillips
200m Freestyle
2nd
5th
Bruce Robertson
Ian McKenzie
400m Freestyle
7th
Jim Fowlie
1500m Freestyle
6th
7th
Jim Fowl ie
Bruce Rogers
100m Backstroke
2nd
4th
Steve Pickell
Ian McKenzie
200m Backstroke
5th
6th
7th
Ian McKenzie
Steve Hardy
Paul Hughes
100m Breaststroke
4th
Peter Hrdlitschka
200m Breaststroke
4th
7th
Bill
100m Butterfly
2nd
3rd
5th
Byron MacDonald
Bruce Robertson
Brian Phillips
200m Butterfly
4th
8th
Lome Kemmett
200m Individual Medley
3rd
7th
Gary MacDonald
Peter Hrdlitschka
4th
6th
7th
Jim Fowlie
Paul Hughes
Gary MacDonald
4x1 00m Freestyle Relay
1st
Canada
4x200m Freestyle Relay
3rd
Canada
4x1 00m Medley Relay
1st
Mahony
Peter Hrdlitschka
Byron MacDonald
Canada
WOMEN
100m Freestyle
200m Freestyle
2nd
3rd
4th
Gail Amundrud
Judy Wright
Anne Jardin
3rd
4th
6th
Gail
Amundrud
Wendy Quirk
Brenda Holmes
-102 -
400m Freestyle
2nd
7th
Wendy Quirk
Anne Jardin
800m Freestyle
5th
7th
Wendy Quirk
Brenda Holmes
100m Backstroke
1st
2nd
6th
Wendy Cook
Donna-Marie Gurr
Becky Smith
200m Backstroke
1st
3rd
Wendy Cook
Donna-Marie Gurr
100m Breaststroke
2nd
Marian Stuart
200m Breaststroke
6th
Marian Stuart
100m Butterfly
2nd
5th
6th
Patti Stenhouse
Wendy Quirk
Leslie Cliff
200m Butterfly
2nd
4th
5th
Patti
1st
2nd
7th
Leslie Cliff
Becky Smith
Brenda Holmes
1st
Canada.
1st
Canada
Stenhouse
Leslie Cliff
France Latendresse
- 103
COMMONWEALTH GAMES RECORDS FOR INDIVIDUAL EVENTS IN SWIMMING
MEN'S EVENTS
100m Freestyle
1974
Michael Wenden
(Aus.
200m Freestyle
1970
Michael Wenden
(Aus.
400m Freestyle
1974
John Kilasalu
(Aus.
1500m Freestyle
1974
Stephen Holland (Aus.
100m Backstroke
1974
Mark Tonelli
200m Backstroke
1974
Bradford Cooper (Aus.
100m Breaststroke
1974
David Leigh
(Eng.
200m Breaststroke
1974
David Wilkie
(Scot
100m Butterfly
1974
Neil
200m Butterfly
1974
Brian Brinkley
(Eng.
1974
David Wilkie
(Scot.
1974
Mark Treffers
(N.Z.)
1974
Canada
4x200m Freestyle Relay
1974
Australia
1974
Canada
Rogers
(Aus.
(Aus.
- 104
COMMONWEALTH GAMES RECORDS FOR INDIVIDUAL EVENTS IN SWIMMING
WOMEN'
EVENTS
100m Freestyle
1974
Sonya Gray
(Aus.)
200m Freestyle
1974
Sonya Gray
(Aus.)
400m Freestyle
1974
Jenny Turrall
(Aus.)
800m Freestyle
1974
Sally Lockyer
(Aus.)
100m Backstroke
1974
Wendy Cook
(Can.
200m Backstroke
1974
Wendy Cook
(Can.
100m Breaststroke
1974
Christine Gaskell
(Eng.)
200m Breaststroke
1974
Beverley Whitfield (Aus.)
100m Butterfly
1974
Wendy Quirk
(Can.
200m Butterfly
1974
Sandra Yost
(Aus.)
1974
Leslie Cliff
(Can.
1974
Leslie Cliff
(Can.
1974
Canada
1974
Canada
SPORT:
105 -
DIVING
SECTION A:
AN INTRODUCTION TO DIVING
The diving competition during the Commonwealth Games is held in conjunction with the swimming events.
Diving entered The Games in 1930.
In
previous Games, Canada has won numerous medals for diving.
SECTION
B:
PHYSICAL SKILLS
Dives are divided into five categories; all dives are classified within
one of these categories.
The categories are forward dives, backward dives,
reverse dives, inward dives and twist dives.
A.
Forward dives are characterized by the forward take-off from the

board to enter the water.
B.
Back dives are executed when take-off from the board is such that
the diver stands facing the board.
C.
Reverse dives have a forward take-off and then the dive rotates
backward toward the board, with basically the same technique as
a backward dive.
D.
Inward dives require a backward take-off, standing facing the board,

with the dive rotating forward like the basic forward dive.
E.
Twist dives are dives with a forward take-off executing a twist

movement, a turning movement about the longitudinal axis of the body.
SECTION
C:
TECHNICAL ASPECTS
All divers compete in preliminary trials and the top eight scorers
then compete in finals.
The preliminary and finals for each event usually
take place over one day.
Men and women's events may be held on different days
Each country represented may enter a maximum of 3 men and 3 women in

each event (springboard and platform) allowing the country a maximum of 12
competitors.
Often, the team is smaller than 12 because a diver may compete
in both events.
Each event awards a gold, silver and bronze medal
fore, a total of 12 medals are awarded.
Women's
Men's
Women's
Men's
in finals.
There-
Springboard
Springboard
Platform
Platform
The order of competition for divers is decided by a draw.

After preliminaries, the finalists are decided and the order is once again determined
- 106 -
In finals the preliminary scores are forgotten and divers start

from zero again.
by a draw.
1.
Organization of
Diving Meet
The diving competition will take place in the diving tank at the
Kinsmen Pool.
The tank facilitates a 3 meter springboard and a 10 meter
platform with a pool depth of 16 feet.
Competitors will do their practice sessions and competition in this

facility.
The practice sessions take place in the tank used in competition in order to familiarize the divers with the spring of the board and
the surrounding environment used in spotting their dives.
There are just two events in competitive diving; 3 meter springboard competition and 10 meter platform diving for men and women.
Each
event includes compulsory and optional dives.
At the 1978 Games, there will be diving at each of the twelve (12)
sessions, starting with Women's Springboard preliminary, finals, and
exhibition; Men's preliminary, finals, and exhibition. Then the Highboard Diving women's preliminary, men's preliminary, men's final, women's
final, and at the last session, an exhibition by both men and women.
In the 3 meter springboard competition, the women are required to
do 5 compulsory dives and 5 optional dives; one from each category listed previously.
In men's competition, the requirements state 5 compul-
sory dives and 6 optional dives; one dive from each category leaving one
personal choice in the optional dives.
The compulsory dives required are:

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Forward Dive
Backward Dive
Reverse Dive
Inward Dive
Twist Dive
(#101)
(#201)
(#301)
(#401)
(#5111)
forward h turn to enter water,

backward %. rotation to enter water,
forward movement reverse to enter water,
stand facing board h rotation to enter water,
forward * twist h turn rotation to enter
the water.
The degree of difficulty of the dive always remains the same for
compulsory dive. The only change allowed takes place in the position
of the body during the dive; layout, pike or tuck position.
In the 10 meter platform diving competition, the five categories of

dives are used in addition to a sixth category, the "handstand" position.
Again, the divers are required to do compulsory and optional dives. Women
must execute 5 compulsory (they have one choice since there are six categories) and 5 optional dives. The men must execute 6 compulsory dives and
5 optional dives; the compulsory dives may not be number one dives as stated above in the springboard competition and the degree of difficulty of
the dive is limited.
These limitations still allow the dives to be classified as compulsory.
- 107 -
2.
Scoring
Divers are scored on a half point basis to a maximum of ten points.
These points are awarded for execution of the dive; take-off from the
board; grace of the dive; technical skills executed in the dive; and
entry into the water.
These execution scores are the scores you see flashed by the judges
The general breakdown gives the layman an idea of how well the dive was
executed.
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.5
2.0
8.5
6.5
5.0
2.5
0.5
Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
Deficient
Unsatisfactory
Fail Dive
A fail dive is a dive that is executed at a different number than

Before the comthe number of dive which was stated before competition.
petition begins, each diver must give a written list of dives to the judges
stating the number of the dive, the position of the body and the value for
degree of difficulty.
After the scores

At international competiton, seven judges are used.
The remaining
are flashed, the highest and lowest score are eliminated.
This
five scores are totalled and three fifths of the score is determined.
new number is multiplied by the value given for degree of difficulty (the
highest possible difficulty value is 3.0 points). The final number is the
final score awarded to the diver for each individual dive.
Women and men then total all scores from each dive (compulsory and
The top eight final
optional) to arrive at a final aggregate score.
aggregate scores allow those divers to enter the finals. This method of
scoring puts pressure on the divers to execute each dive to perfection.
Rules
The divers must perform the exact dive which was stated in written
The referee will make judgement if the wrong dive
form for the judges.
is executed.
The only reason for a dive to be allowed to be re-done is that the
An example
dive was spoiled by unusual circumstances in the environment.
of an unusual circumstance is that the lights go off in the pool or there
If
is a sudden loud noise during the dive to cause loss of concentration.
such is the case, the diver or coach may immediately appeal to the referee.
A written appeal may be presented to a Jury of Appeal within 30 minutes
of the competition.
4.
108 -
Officiating
As stated before, international diving competitions use seven judges.
The only other official
A recorder is needed to determine the final score.
needed is a referee to signal the diver and to make judgement on a "fail
dive".
The seven judges used in competition are drawn by lot.

Each country
competing brings one judge then a draw is held to decide which judges are
used.
The same seven judges are used in the preliminary and final competition, therefore the judges do not represent the countries which have
divers in the finals.
SECTION
D:
THE PARTICIPANT'S POINT OF VIEW
Diving, like most competitive sports progresses from local to national

level.
The classifications vary with the level of competition.
to the international
The local and national levels sanction age group competition.

board diving, the groups are:
For spring-
10 years and under
11-12 years
13-14 years
15-16 years
17-18 years
Open.
For platform diving the groups are:

14 years and under
15-16 years
17-18 years
Open.
In
international competition, all divers are in the "open" class.
- 109 -
COMMONWEALTH GAMES RECORDS FOR DIVING COMPETITION
WOMEN
Sp ringboard
PI
1930
0.
Whitesett
(S.
1934
J.
Moss
1938
L.
1950
atform
Stoneham
1930
P.
(Canada)
1934
E.
McCready
(England)
Donnett
(Australia)
1938
L.
Hook
(Australia)
E.
Child
(England)
1950
E.
Child
(England)
1954
A.
Long
(England)
1954
B. E.
1958
C.
Welsh
(England)
1958
C.
Welsh
(England)
1962
S.
Knight
(Australia)
1962
S.
Knight
(Australia)
1966
K.
Rowlatt
(England)
1966
J.
Newman
(England)
1970
B.
Boys
(Canada)
1970
B.
Boys
(Canada)
1974
C.
Shatto
(Canada)
1974
B.
Boys
(Canada)
1930
A.
Phillips
(Canada)
1930
A.
Phillips
(Canada)
1934
J. B.
(England)
1934
T. J.
Mather
(England)
1938
R.
Master
(England)
1938
C. D.
Tomalin
(England)
1950
G.
Athans
(Canada)
1950
P.
Heatley
(Scotland)
1954
P.
Heatley
(Scotland)
1954
W.
Patrick
(Canada)
1958
K.
Colins
(England)
1958
P.
Heatley
(Scotland)
1962
B.
Phelps
(England)
1962
B.
Phelps
(England)
1966
B.
Phelps
(England)
1966
B.
Phelps
(England)
1970
D.
Wagstaff
(Australia)
1970
D.
Wagstaff
(Australia)
1974
D.
Wagstaff
(Australia)
1974
D.
Wagstaff
(Australia)
Africa)
McAuley
(Canada)
(Australia)
MEN
Ray
- 110 -
CANADIAN PLACEMENT IN COMMONWEALTH GAMES
WOMEN
Springboard
Platform
1st
Cindy Shatto
2nd
Bev Boys
3rd
Terri York
1st
Bev Boys
4th
Linda Cuthbert
5th
Terri York
2nd
Scott Cranham
4th
Rick Friesen
6th
Ken Armstrong
3rd
Scott Cranham
4th
Rick Friesen
5th
Glen Grout
MEN
Springboard
Platform
1974
A.
An Introduction to Weight! if ting
B.

Weightl if ting
C.
Physical Skills
D.
Technical Aspects
E.
F.
G.
Audio Visual Aids
111.10
weightlifting
SPORT:
WEIGHTLIFTING
SECTION A:
1.
113 -
AN INTRODUCTION TO WEIGHTLIFTING
History
It began thousands of years
Weightlifting did not begin as a sport.
struggle
against
the
forces
of nature.
part
of
man's
Perhaps the
ago as
of
weightlifters
world
would be
collection
the
has
ever
seen,
greatest
Pyramids.
those who built the
Many
The Europeans were the first to make a sport of weightlifting.
centuries ago, some villager probably boasted that he could lift more
A challenge was made, accepted, the contest was underway,
than another.
and the sport of weightlifting began.
Before regulating bodies such as the International Weightlifting
Federation standardized the strength tests, strong men performed lifting feats for their own enjoyment or professionally with carnivals and
During the late 1800's Louis Cyr, a 300 pound Canadian,
vaudeville shows.
Arthur Saxon and Eugene Sandow of Germany, and George Hackenschmidt of
Russia did much to popularize weightlifting.
Louis Cyr was a man of great strength and although he only stood
1.80 M he had massive upper arms 51 cm (20") and thighs 84 cm (33").
To demonstrate his strength, Cyr would place his back against the underHe was
side of a platform loaded to 196 kg (4300 lbs.) and raise it.
able to push a 136 kg (300 lbs.) barbell overhead with the strength of
his arms and shoulders.
After the reign of Louis Cyr, weightlifting drifted into the backIt was not until the late 1950's
ground of the Canadian Sports scene.
Born
that a Canadian weightlifter, Doug Hepburn, again made headlines.
with a crippled leg, Hepburn was determined to prove to others that he
Taking up lifting, Hepburn was successful in winning
was not a weakling.
the Heavyweight Championship in the United States (1949) and won the World
Championships held in Stockholm in 1953.
2.
History in the Commonwealth Games
Weightlifting has been included in the Games since 1950. Over the
Canyears the number of weight classes has increased from six to nine.
ada's performance in lifting has netted seven gold, three of which were
won in 1954 when Vancouver hosted the V Games.
The IX Games in Edinburgh, Scotland (1970) marked the entrance of
Prior
Russell Prior into the Canadian and World Weightlifting annals.
won the Heavyweight class with a new record in the Snatch, the Press,
and the Total
114 -
In the most recent Games in New Zealand, Prior again dominated the
Heavyweight class winning the Gold medal setting new Games records in
Canada's Yves Carignan 56 kg (123 lbs.) won a
all three categories.
Silver medal, another Canadian, Pierre Charbonneau holds the Commonwealth
records in the Snatch, Clean and Jerk and Total.
These three lifters
will probably form the nucleus of the Canadian Team in Edmonton in 1978.
SECTION
1.
B:
UNDERSTANDING THE SPORT OF WEIGHTLIFTING
Types of Weightlifting
Weightlifting is divided into four classifications. These include

weight training, body building, power lifting, and Olympic weightlifting.
2.
A.
Weight Training Weight training is the use of weight to train specific muscle groups, for increase in power and size.
Weight training routines are usually developed for each specific sport.
B.
Body Building Body building is a form of weight training and lifting in which the exercise is designed to improve the appearance,
size, and power of the individual body.
For the body builder the
development of overall body shape is the primary reason for lifting
weights.
C.
Power Lifting Power lifting is just that, and is divided into three
lifts:
the bench press, the squat and the dead lift.
Power lifting
is used to increase the power and size of the major muscle groups
that perform these movements.
D.
Olympic Weightlifting Olympic weightlifting is purer in form than

the other three styles of weigtlifting.
It consists of two lifts:
the two hands snatch and the two hands clean and jerk.
The total
of these two lifts determine the winner.
This is the style of weightlifting that will be used at the Commonwealth Games.
Weight Classifications
Lifters are categorized according to the following body weight,
1 kg = 2.2 lbs.)
(
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
Flyweight
Bantamweight
Featherweight
Light Welterweight
Middleweight
Light Heavyweight
Middle Heavyweight
Heavyweight
Super Heavyweight
-up
-up
-up
-up
-up
-up
-up
-up
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
52 kg
56 kg
60 kg
(114% lbs.)
67.5 kg
75 kg
82.5 kg
90 kg
110kg
-over 110 kg
(242% lbs.)
- 115 -
In most international competition, countries are limited to nine

competitors plus two alternates. The nine competitors may be spread
over the different categories with a maximum of two lifters per category
The Events
A.
SNATCH
The bar is placed horizontally in front of the
It should be grasped, palms downwards, and
lifter's legs.
pulled in a single movement from the ground to the full extent of both arms vertically above the head, while either
"splitting" or bending the legs. The bar shall pass with a
continuous movement along the body of which no part other than
the feet may touch the ground during the execution of the lift.
The weight which has been lifted must be maintained in the
final motionless position, the arms and legs extended, the feet
on the same line, until the referees signal to replace the bar
on the platform.
The turning of the wrists must not take place
The
until the bar has passed the top of the lifter's head.
lifter may recover in his own time, either from a "split" or
"squat."
:
"
B.
CLEAN AND JERK
1.
The bar shall be placed horizontally in front of

Clean:
the lifter's legs.
It shall be gripped palms downward, and
brought in a single movement from the ground to the shoulders,
while either "splitting" or bending the legs. The bar must
not touch the chest before the final position.
It shall
The
then rest on the clavicles or on the arms fully bent.
feet shall be returned to the same line, legs straight before performing the jerk.
The lifter may make his recovery
in his own time.
2.
Jerk:
Bend the legs and extend them as well as the arms

stretch of the arms
Return the feet to the same line,
vertically extended.
arms and legs extended and await the Referee's signal to
replace the bar on the platform. The referee's signal shall
be given as soon as the lifter becomes absolutely motionless in all parts of the body.
so as to bring the bar to the full
4.
The Basic Purpose-The Participant's Objective
The objective in weightlifting is to lift the maximum weight possible within the regulations as set by the International Weightlifting
Each lifter is allowed three attempts at each lift,
Federation (IWF).
should he fail in his first or second attempt.
The lifters best achievement at each lift is tallied to determine the winner.
- 116
SECTION
C:
PHYSICAL SKILLS
Success in weightlifting comes about as a result of

ssessing high degree of each of the following skills:
competitor po-
A.
Strength:
This is the most important physical skill and receives the majority of the athletes training attention.
Lifters
must develop an overall body strength rather than concentrate
on any one portion of the body.
B.
Concentration: Many lifters have the same physical capabilities

however, those that win usually do so as a result of their ability
to concentrate solely on the bar and task before them.
The concentration and psyche in weightlifting is the second most important quality.
C.
Speed:
Weightl ifters perform a task in a short time.
Of all
the Commonwealth sports, the fastest movement is in the two
hands snatch which is performed in 3.25 seconds.
Lifters must
therefore possess the quality known as "quickness."
D.
Reflexes:
Because of the speed involved the lifter must be able
to react to changes as the lift takes place.
Once the bar leaves
the ground, the mechanical advantage changes numerous times and the
body must react to compensate for each change.
E.
Balance:
The length of the bar combined with the weights require
the lifter to possess an exacting degree of balance.
F.
Co-ordination:
It is important that the lifter be able to coordinate the many body movements involved in the lift. A successful lift might be compared to a golf swing.
G.
Flexibility: The style of lift depicts the amount of flexibility

For example, the squat position for the Snatch
the lifter requires.
requires the lifter to be wery flexible through the lower body.
As weightlifting competitions are by weight class, a prospective lifter

need not be the "biggest boy on the street".
Any athlete who possesses a
measure of the preceeding skills can become a successful weightl ifter. To
allow for comparisons, charts are available whereby a featherweight can compare his achievements to that of a heavyweight.
This advantage is not afforded other weight classified sports such as boxing and wrestling.
SECTION D:
1.
TECHNICAL ASPECTS
Organization of
Weightlifting Meet
The weightlifting committee expects approximately 75 athletes

from 16 different countries.
The tournament is slated for the Jubilee
- 117 -
Auditorium, which the President of the International Weightlifting Federation attests, will be the most luxurious venue ever used to host a
weightlifting competition.
Weightlifting has been scheduled over five days; August 3rd to

7th, 1978 in the following format:
Session 1
Session 2
Session 3
Session 4
Session 5
2.
Aug. 3
Aug. 4
Aug. 5
Aug. 6
Aug. 7
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Monday
7:00
7:00
7:00
7:00
7:00
p.m
p.m
p.m
p.m
p.m
Flyweight and Bantamweight

Featherweight and Lightweight
Middleweight and Light Heavyweight
Middle Heavyweight
Heavy and Super Heavyweight
Scoring
Each lifter is allowed three attempts at each lift, three snatches
The best success in each lift is then added
and three clean and jerks.
together to obtain a total. The highest total in each weight class is
In case of a tie, the lighter man wins.
the winner.
The bar is increased in 2.5 kg increments except in the case of a

record attempt.
Each lifter must increase by at least 5 kg between his
first and second attempts and at least 2.5 kg between his second and
third attempts unless he is unsuccessful in which case he may repeat
the weight.
A visual scoreboard listing each competitor is posted behind the
platform.
The weight of each good lift is recorded on a white card
placed beside the competitor's name. A red card designates no lift.
There are only eleven rules in weightlifting.

condensed version of these rules:
The following is
A.
The technique of "hooking" is permitted.

(Covering the last
joint of the thumb with the other fingers of the same hand).
B.
In all
C.
Touching the bar against the legs below the knees shall render
the lift as "NO LIFT."
D.
The referee must count as "NO LIFT" any unfinished attempt in

which the bar has arrived at the height of the knees.
E.
If the bar touches the thighs with

render the attempt as "NO LIFT."
F.
Use of grease or oil on the thighs to facilitate the sliding

of the bar is forbidden.
G.
Touching the ground with any part of the body other than the
feet shall render the attempt "NO LIFT."
lifts, pulling from the "hang" is forbidden.
visible stop, it shall
- 118 -
3.
H.
Any clean in which the bar is placed on the chest before the
turning over of the elbows shall render the attempt "NO LIFT."
I.
touching the thighs or knees with the elbows or

upper arms shall render the attempt "NO LIFT."
J.
In the jerk, any apparent effort from the shoulders, if the

lift is not completed, must be counted as "NO LIFT." This
includes lowering the body or bending the knees.
K.
After the referee's signal to replace the bar, the lifter must
lower the bar and not let it drop deliberately or accidently.
The lifter must return both hands on the barbell until it is
replaced on the platform.
If one or both hands are removed
from the bar, this is considered dropping the bar, which shall
render the attempt "NO LIFT."
In any clean,
Officiating
Three referees are necessary for all international competitions.
One
They are seated in front of and to the sides of the platform.
the
signal
weight
on
the
Chief
Referee,
gives
to
replace
the
referee,
visual.
competition,
The signal must be
In international
the platform.
a system of lights must be used to indicate the referee's decision.
These lights, which are arranged horizontally in front of the judges,
must light up only when all switches are pressed by the three referees.
Overriding the referees, is a Jury of Appeal which has power to

replace the referee, or allow the lifter another attempt.
Besides judging the lifts, the referees must:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
check the platform,

check the weights to the barbell,
check the scales,
check that the lifters weigh in within the limits of their category,
and check that the costume and equipment conform to IWF regulations.
SECTION
1.
E:
THE PARTICIPANTS' POINT OF VIEW
Recreational
The major club in Edmonton is the Grierson Club which has been
operating since 1973 out of the lower floor of the old R.C.M.P. building.
The club has an active membership of 100 members who train, on
the average, three times a week.
Since its inception, the Club has
been very active in its promotion of Olympic style weightl ifting as
opposed to body building and weight training.
Besides the Grierson Club, two city High Schools in Edmonton,

W.P. Wagner and M.E. Lazerte, have Olympic style lifting clubs.
- 119 -
Numerous other high schools have weight training rooms and facilities,
but few specialize in Olympic style lifting.
The U. of A. has an active
group of both weight trainers and Olympic style lifters.
For those interested in the sport, there are clubs for them at all age levels.
At the recreational level,
following:
A.
B.
C.
D.
typical workout would consist of the
Cardiovascular work-stairs, rope skipping, jogging

Stretch joints and ligaments
Warmup on the equipment
Work on technique using part-whole techniques
These sessions would last
2.
to 1% hours two or three times a week.
Competitive
For those interested in the competitive weight! ifting, there are
competitions ewery six weeks organized by local clubs. These competitions lead up to the Provincial Finals in April, followed by the
Canadian Finals on the May 24th weekend.
Competitive lifters use a concentrated training program of 2-3

hour sessions four or five times per week.
This program would involve
not only technique work, but also power lifting to build muscle and
weight training to build structural muscle.
In lifting, it is not surprising to see men in their 40' s still
active in the sport, for Olympic style lifting, with its carry over
value to daily fitness, appears to be philosophy of life rather than
just a sport.
SECTION
F:
Contact:
A.
Larry Mather:
Chairman of the Wei ghtl ifting Committee,

Commonwealth Games Headquarters - 425-1978,
B.
Wes Sullivan:
Committee Member,
Commonwealth Games
474-2816
Literature:
Published by Canadian Olympic Style

Weightl ifting Association
(available through Larry Mather)
A.
Coaches Manual
B.
Official Newsletter
Canadian Weightl ifting Federation,

Editor:
George Allen,
41 Hi 11 crest Street
Truro, Nova Scotia
- 120 -
SECTION G:
AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
1.
Training Films
2.
Slides on competition
(both available through Larry Mather)
- 121 -
WEIGHTLIFTING-COMMONWEALTH GAMES RESULTS 1974
Name
Country
Total
(in kilograms)
Flyweight
1.
Precious McKenze
England
2.
Anil Mondal
India
3.
John McNiven
Scotland
215
200
192.5
Bantamweight
1.
2.
3.
Michael Adams
Yves Carignan
Shanmug Velliswamy
Australia
Canada
India
222.5
212.5
212.5
Australia
Australia
New Zealand
Canada
237.5
235
232.5
225
England
Wales
New Zealand
260
255
252.5
New Zealand
Trinidad
Wales
Canada
275
275
270
252.5
Featherweight
1.
2.
3.
5.
George Valsil iades

Gerald Hay
Brian Duffy
Doug Robertson
Lightweight
1.
2.
3.
George Newton
leuan Owen
Bruce Cameron
Middleweight
1.
2.
3.
6.
Tony Elbert
Stanley Bailey
Robert Wrench
Marcel Perron
- 122 -
WE I GHTL I FT I NG-COMMONWEALTH GAMES RESULTS 1974
Name
Country
Total
(in kilograms)
Light Heavyweight
1.
2.
3.
Tony Ford
Paul Wallwork
Michael Pearman
England
Western Samoa
England
302.5
300
292.5
Australia
New Zealand
Australia
Canada
330
315
310
277.5
Canada
New Zealand
New Zealand
Canada
352.5
340
320
310
New Zealand
England
Wales
342.5
337.5
330
Middle Heavyweight
1.
2.
3.
6.
Nicolo Cianco
Brian Marsden
Stephen Wyatt
Claude April
Heavyweiight
1.
2.
3.
5.
Russell Prior
John Bui ton
John Barrett
Claude Hardy
Su per Heavyweight
1.
2.
3.
Graham May
Andrew Kerr
Terry Perdue
- 123 -
Since 1950, Canada has won eight gold medals in Commonwealth Games
weightlifting competition.
Two weightl ifters, Gerald Gratton and Russ Prior, lead the way with
two golds each.
Gratton captured his first gold with a total lift of
785 pounds in 1950 while competing in the middleweight division.
Four
years later, he came back as a light heavyweight and walked off with the
honors after lifting 890 total pounds.
Prior has won twice in a row in the heavyweight division, lifting

The Commonwealth
1,079 3/4 lbs. in 1970 and 352.5 kilograms in 1974.
Games changed to metric measurement for the 1974 competitions.
Other Canadian gold medalists include Pierre St. Jean, winner of

the 1966 riddleweight competition with a total lift of 892^ lbs.; Jack
Varaleau, winner of the light heavyweight event in 1950 with lifts totalling 815 lbs.; Keevil Daly, middle heavyweight winner in 1954 with
880 lbs. and Doug Hepburn, winner of the 1954 heavyweight competition
with lifts totalling 1,040 lbs.
Gratton also holds Canada's only Olympic Games medal,
middleweight lifting in 1952.
silver in
Hepburn also won distinction when he became world champion in the

light heavyweight division in 1953.
A.
B.
An Introduction to Wrestling

of Wrestling
C.
Physical Skills
D.
Technical Aspects
E.

Commonwealth Games.
F.
G.
H.
Audio Visual Aids
111.11
wrestling
- 127 -
SPORT:
WRESTLING
SECTION A:
1.
AN INTRODUCTION TO WRESTLING
A Brief Statement of the History
The sport of wrestling is recognized as one of the oldest sports

Early Egyptian and Babylonian tablets dating from 3000 B.C.
known to man.
depict wrestlers using most of the holds known to the present day sport.
As a recognized Games sport, wrestling was first recorded as the finale
in the pentathlon in the Olympic Games of 720 B.C.
During the Middle Ages, wrestling remained popular and received

In
the partonage of many countries including France, Japan and England.
the mid nineteenth century, France codified the existing form of wrestling
which emphasized standing holds. This form became known as Greco-Roman.
In America, the colonists brought over many styles of wrestling, but the
style receiving the most support was catch-as-catch, which became known
This style is used for the Commonwealth Games.
as Freestyle.
Professional wrestling became a major spectator attraction in the
1880's when local champions displayed their prowess at fairs and carnivals,
Ed (Strangler) Lewis and Jim Londos were popular names of the time.
Exhibition wrestling (today's Professional bouts) originated when

promoters started to "fix" bouts in order to draw large crowds.
It was
then argued that legitimate wrestling with all its intricate mat maneuvers was too slow to watch and therefore the professionals emphasize
the exaggerated gestures and theatrics.
Amateur wrestling as carried on in the schools today, tries to

retain the grace and elegance of the sport as it was originally conceived
in the early Olympic Games.
2.
History in the Commonwealth Games
Wrestling competitions have been included in the Games since 1930.

first Games, Canadian wrestlers won every weight class.
Through
the next eight competitions, Canadians won six gold medals.
In 1970, the
Canadian team again reached the success of the 1930 team. The ten man
team won five gold, two silver and one bronze in finishing ahead of India.
In the
Wrestling is on the rebound after a tremendous high in 1970 followed

With the Games in Edmonton in 1978, it is hoped that
by a low in 1973.
some of the local talent however, will dedicate the extra time and effort
necessary to represent Canada at the Games.
SECTION B:
1.
128 -
UNDERSTANDING THE SPORT OF WRESTLING
Event
Currently, the World Wrestling Association recognizes three

Freestyle, Greco-Roman and Sambo.
In the 1978
styles of Wrestling:
Games only the Freestyle event will be held.
2.
Weight Classification
The competition will be held in ten weight classes with each
country allowed only one per class:
(kilograms)
48, 52, 57, 62, 68, 74, 82, 90, 100, 100
3.
The Basic Purpose
The Participant's Objective
Wrestling can be defined as a form of contest in athletics in which

two people participate, each attempting to overthrow the other for a
chance to score. The methods employed in the sport consist of innumerable body, arm, leg and head holds according to various rules.
The goal of any bout is for one opponent to force his opponent's
Should
shoulder blades against a mat and thereby gain a fall or pin.
this action not occur, the wrestlers grapple with each other performing
moves and countermoves which lead to a pinning situation.
Each action
on the part of the contestants is judged by a team of three officials
and a running score is kept.. Therefore, should the bout not end in a
pin, the winner is declared to be the opponent who has completed the
majority of the moves throughtout the nine minutes of the bout.
SECTION C:
PHYSICAL SKILLS
Basically, there are only five skills in wrestling.

The skills are:
Each skill
has
its own set-up and counters.

1.
Purpose - This type of move is designed to bring an opponent

Takedown
The wrestlers both
to his knees on the mat from a standing position.
attempt to take each other down and should either succeed, the offensive
man is awarded one point.
2.
Breakdowns
Purpose - Once the offensive man has the defensive man on
his hands and knees, he next attempts to maneuver his man flat on his
stomach.
For this action the offensive man receives no points but
places his man in a position of less advantage. The bottom man throughout need not remain passive, but is encouraged to either return to the
standing position or reverse positions with the top man.
3.
Pinning Combinations
Purpose - These skills or holds are employed to
turn the opponent over and in doing so, to expose the defensive man's
shoulders to the mat.
Should the shoulders be exposed for less than five
129 -
seconds, two points are awarded to

the defensive man be held for five
If in the act of exposing
scored.
top man can force the bottom man's
one second, the bout is over.
However, should
the offensive man.
seconds or more, three points are
the defensive man's shoulders, the
shoulder blades to touch the mat for
4.
Escape
Purpose - Once a wrestler has been taken down or is on his
back in a bridge, he is encouraged to try to escape to a neutral position.
That is, if on his back, he returns to his knees or if on knees, he starts
This aspect of wrestling makes the
to return to a standing position.
sport exciting for not only must the top man score points, he must also
do so while the bottom man attempts to escape.
5.
Purpose - To completely reverse position, he must go from

Reversal
being underneath on either knees, stomach or back to a position on top
This type of move is usually
of the man on his knees, stomach or back.
a countermove using one's opponent's strength or poor balance to his
In this case, the man performing the reversal scores one
disadvantage.
point.
In each of the above categories, numerous moves can be used.

These
moves plus the countermoves for each original move, produce a complex
matrix of tactics which a wrestler must master. Two evenly matched competitors will often work two moves ahead, as in chess, in order to gain an
advantage. To the spectator, these kinds of encounters are not that exciting.
However, for one wrestler to score even a takedown on an opponent, becomes a
tremendous achievement.
SECTION D:
1.
TECHNICAL ASPECTS
Organization of
Wrestling Meet
A wrestling meet is designed to select the best wrestler in each

After a wrestler has been weighed to determine his particular
class.
class, the competitors within a class are paired against each other.
Each wrestler then tries to eliminate his opponent.
Two losses retires
a competitor.
In New Zealand at the 1974 Games, 48 wrestlers representing six
countries competed. The bouts took place over three days with
approximately 80 bouts in all.
In the three days, there were four
sessions and no competitor had to compete more than four bouts.
For the 1978 Games, 60 wrestlers from seven countries are expected,
2.
Technical Aspects
a)
Weight Classes
International wrestlings there are ten classes.
competitor must be less than or equal to the limits:
48, 52, 57, 62, 74, 82, 90, 100, 100+ kilograms.
In
The
- 130
b)
Length of Bouts
As wrestlers grow older and stronger, the length of the bout
increases.
School age boys wrestle two, three minute rounds with
one minute rest, while in international competition the bouts go
three, three minute rounds with one minute rest between each round,
c)
Scoring
i)
Individual Bout: Two wrestlers compete, attempting to pin the

other's shoulder blades to the mat for one second. Although
this may not occur, each wrestler continues to attempt moves
that are judged for their value by a team of referees.
The
wrestler accumulating the most points wins.
Takedown
Shoulder Exposure (1 sec.)
(2-4 sec.)
(5 sec. or more)
Reversal
Correct Throw
Caution Points (passivity)
(illegal moves)
pt.
pts.
3 pts.
1 pt.
1 pt. bonus
1 pt.
1 pt.
1
ii) Tournament:
The method used is called a Black Mark System. The
object is to receive no bad points by pinning every opponent.
In each bout, the competitors split four bad points.
combinations are possible:
Winner
Pin
Decision (win by 12 or more points)

Decision (win by 8-11 points)
Decision (win by less than 8 pts.)
The following
Loser
4
4
3h
Once a competitor receives six or more bad points, he is eliminated

from the tournament. The elimination procedure continues until only
three competitors remain.
Those remaining enter a round robin in
which each wrestles the other two.
If the competitors have fought
previously in the tournament, the result of that bout is used for
the round robin,
(ie: you never wrestle the same person twice.)
The winner of the class is the competitor who accumulates the

fewest bad points in the round robin.
The other competitors are
ranked according to the bad points and the round in which they were
eliminated.
- 131 -
3.
Rules
a)
Dress
Each competitor must present himself in a one piece uniform
(singlet) with soft soled footwear.
He must be clean shaven, have
short nails and have no greasy material on his head or body.
b)
Start of Bout
The wrestlers are inspected by the referee and shake hands with
each other and also the referee.
Action starts at the signal of the
referee.
c)
Scoring of Points
The referee awards points as the action proceeds.
d)
Stopping the Bout

The referee stops the bout for the following reasons:
i)
ii)
Pin
Injury
iii) Out of bounds

iv) End of rounds
e)
any part touches the protection area
Rest Periods
Two rest periods of one minute each are allowed.

During that
time, the wrestler may be towelled dry, given advice from a coach,
given a massage or take a drink of water.
f)
End of Bout
The wrestlers return to the center of the mat and face the Mat
Chairman.
The result is announced and the referee raises the arm of
the winner.
g)
Illegal Moves
The referee constantly watches for illegal moves and should they
occur, the offending wrestler will be punished by either a warning or
caution (one point to the other wrestler).
- 132
4.
Officiating
Three officials are used for each bout; Referee, Judge and Mat
Chairman.
It is their job to evaluate the performance of the wrestlers
according to a set of rules established by F.I. A. A. (World Amateur
Wrestling Association) and interpreted by C.A.W.A. (Canadian Amateur
Wrestling Association).
In all cases, the three officials act as a team
If there is no action, they serve
to interpret the action on the mat.
penalize
least
of
competitors.
to
the
active
the
The following briefly
explains the role of each member of the team.
a)
Referee
(most obvious man on the mat)
Checks wrestlers for hygiene and clothing,

Has competitors shake hands,
iii) Starts bout by a whistle,
iv) Recommends points by raising his arm with the color matching
the wrestler who has received the points.
i)
ii)
Thumb - 1 point
Thumb and Index finger - 2 points
Thumb, Index and Middle finger - 3 points
Four fingers - 4 points
v) Indicates boundary lines and restarts action,
vi ) Signals end of rounds,
vii) Calls pins (use confirmation of another official),
viii) Raises hand of winner.
b)
Judge
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
c)
(sits on side of mat)
Acts independent of referee and awards points as the action

proceeds,
Indicates position when returning to mat.
Records tallys on the score sheet,
Acknowledges pins,
Raises paddle that corresponds with winner's color.
Mat Chairman
Senior Official
(sits opposite Judge)
Records score,
Co-ordinates timers and scores,
iii) Acknowledges pins,
iv) Makes final decision on discrepancies between referee and
judge,
v) Acknowledges winner by raising winner's colored paddle.
i)
ii)
_ 133
SECTION
1.
E:
Type of Equipment Needed for the Games

The
In the sport of wrestling, equipment requirements are minimal.
athlete must be attired in soft soled, high top shoes and a one piece
The major
singlet.
Both these items are supplied by the competitor.
piece of equipment for the Games will be the selection of a suitable
surface.
Due to the nature of the sport, a surface must be provided
that gives the competitors some measure of safety as they are brought to
For this reason, wrestling mats can be purchased according to
the mat.
density and in order to meet the international standards, the mat's density
must fall within a given range.
The competition mat for the venue site plus the three training mats
required, command the major portion of the Games wrestling budget.
2.
Location in Edmonton
The floor area in the Ice Arena on the Campus of the University of
Alberta has been selected as the venue. This site was chosen because of
its close proximity to the Games Village (Lister Hall), used successfully
as the site of the World Wrestling Championships in 1970.
The site is
also an excellent choice because of its easy access to training areas,
multiple committee rooms and lighting for television.
3.
Use of Equipment after the Games
The minor equipment such as stop watches, clerical supplies and

caretaking needs likely will go to the Amateur Wrestling Association in
Edmonton, however, the major equipment will remain the property of the
City of Edmonton.
The mat surface will likely be purchased by the Public or Separate
School Board or be retained by the City for the Parks and Recreation
Program.
Scoreboards and other electrical equipment will be either sold
to local Amateur sporting groups or again retained by the City for use
in existing recreation facilities.
SECTION
F:
THE PARTICIPANTS'
POINT OF VIEW
The sport of wrestling can appeal to those from the age of twelve years
Generally, due to its physical nature, the sport is too demandup to thirty.
ing to be competitive after the age of thirty, therefore, many former wrestlers
get involved in coaching or officiating.
The following are examples of programs that are available to those interested in the sport.
1.
Under Twelve (club, recreation group)

The emphasis at this level is definitely on the "game" idea.
Boys
are lead into the safety and sportsmanship of the sport through wrestling
games.
Elementary rules and basic techniques may be incorporated.
- 134 -
Physical education teachers in grade one to six often use such games
These types of
Indian wrestling and crab soccer.
activities are all related to the sport.
as tug-of-war,
At this stage, the time commitment would likely not exceed 1^-2
hours per week and a typical night's program might be:
15 minutes warmup
10 minutes warmup games
20 minutes review of previous material

5
minutes break
20 minutes new material

20 minutes team games - crest testing.
2.
Ages 12
a)
(recreation groups, P.E. Class, School Teams)
16
Recreation Groups
For the Junior High age group, the focus is primarily on the
technical aspect of the sport.
Correction and detection of errors
takes place but in a "casual" atmosphere.
There is plenty of
opportunity for exchange of ideas between competitor and instructor.
A typical timeThe basic moves will occupy the technical aspect.
table for a 2 hour per week club would be:
30 minutes warmup
20 minutes review (game situation)
5
minutes rest (philosophy or rules)
30 minutes technique (new material)

30 minutes competition
b)
P.E.
Class
In Edmonton, wrestling is taught in the majority of the Junior

High Schools and approximately 10 of the Separate Schools.
Calgary
has recently developed many excellent wrestlers through its in-class
program.
The sport is one of the core subjects as prescribed in the
Physical Education Handbook.
A unit consists of 60 minutes per week
for four weeks.
The programs generally are sequential in that grade
sevens work on down wrestling, grade eights work from knees, while
grade nines work from the standing position.
A typical 60 minute
class would be:
10 minutes warmup
15 minutes review
15 minutes new material
(technique, rules, officiating, history)

20 minutes team or individual practice or games.
c)
School Teams
The Junior High season is three months long (January 1 - March 30)
Teams practice 3 to 4 times a week for \-\h hours.
Because of the
- 135 -
length of the season, conditioning occupies the majority of the

early month, technique takes up the second and preparation for
finals occur in March.
The focus is on perfection of a limited number of skills plus
At this
the exposure to a discipline involving both mind and body.
level, the boys will work out between 3-6 hours per week.
Generally for those in the Junior High age bracket, it is

possible to become totally involved in the sport. That is, through
Recreation Groups, 2 hours per week; P. E.. Class and School Team,
Because
a boy could possibly spend a maximum of 9 hours per week.
of the various types of activities, many types of involvement exist.
The key point is that for this age group, the emphasis is
shifting away from the games approach and is moving more to the
technical side, along with increased time commitment.
3.
Age 16
a)
20 (School
teams, clubs)
High School Teams
The season increases to four months as compared to three in

Junior High. Through the four months, the emphasis is on set ups,
various moves, and also offensive moves of a defensive counter.
Practice sessions run for 1^-2 hours, four days per week.
Conditioning of the athletes is vital and, coupled with the

technique requirements, much of the work must be done outside of
the regular practice time.
Time commitments are usually eight hours
(usually on weekends) add to the preparation
per week and tournaments
time.
In
b)
1974, Calgary topped the province in High School wrestling.
Clubs
Wrestling clubs operate with the same objective as school teams;

however, they operate on a more concentrated basis.
Rather than a
daily workout, a club may have two, three hour sessions with the
athletes performing the necessary conditioning on his own time.
Job
commitments force some athletes to train early morning or late
evenings.
Because of the concentrated type of training, more dedication is required.
Wrestling in Canada is not known as one of the
pastime sports and, therefore, you find few people, once past 18, who
participate on a recreational basis.
4.
Over 20 (University or other clubs)

The
To be competitive nationally, one must train year round.
University provides the best facility for wrestlers in this category,
- 136 -
The season is five months and a member of staff serves as a full time
The emphasis is no longer on fun and games, but rather, the
coach.
pursuit of excellence in wrestling. This goal requires a time commitment of ten hours per week plus meet time on weekends. Those wrestlers
indicating national calibre are eligible for grants to assist in their
education and day to day expenses.
At this level, the better athletes usually gravitates to one
In Canada, Gord Garvie at
location to obtain the best in coaching.
Lake Head University in Thunder Bay, Ontario, has supplied leadership,
and as a result, Ontario now benefits from the number of excellent
Simon Fraser, in B.C. has hired Jim Pond, and has been
wrestlers.
allowed to recruit across Canada, thereby providing another centre f or
the cream of Canada's wrestlers.
Alberta once had this opportunity.

In 1970, the World Wrestling
Championships were held in Edmonton and many of Canada's best moved to
Edmonton to familiarize themselves with wrestling in the city.
Most
notable among the imports were Gord Bertie (Quebec) who was sixth in
the 1972 Olympics and third in Worlds in 1974.
Secondly, Michi Tanaka
(Japan), the former World Champion, also made Edmonton his home for two
years after the World Championships.
Recently, the Provincial Government has helped assist in sponsoring
clinics and tours to make wrestling possible year round.
In the summer
of 1975 such a team travelled through Denmark, Sweden and Hungary.
SECTION
G:
Ted Thresher:
434-8451
c/o Harry Ainlay
President, Edmonton Amateur Wrestling Association
Mike Eurchuk:
434-8402
c/o Avalon Junior High School
Top rated official in Western Canada.
John Barry:
432-3356
c/o P.E. Dept. University of Alberta
Head Coach, U. of A., former 4 time Canadian Champion.
Alex Roman iuk
c/o Lynwood School

Past President, Canadian Amateur Wrestling Association,
Dan McAffrey:
c/o Sacred Heart School

1975 High School City Champion.
Lome
c/o McCauley School

Technical Representative for Wrestling Committee,
XI Commonwealth Games.
Garner:
- 137 -
SECTION
H:
AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
16mm Film:
i)
ii)
Slide & Cassette:
8mm Film:
i)
i)
ii)
Slides:
i)
1971 Canadian Championships - Whitehorse.

John Barry, P.E. Dept. , II. of A.
Contact:
1970 World Championships - Edmonton.

Contact:
John Barry, P.E. Dept., U. of
A.
Sport of Wrestling.
John Barry, P.E. Dept.,
Contact:
of
A.
Clinic - Blaubagh - Winnipeg, 1974.

Contact:
A.
Clinic - Tanaka - Edmonton, 1973.

Contact:
A.
U.
1975 Pan-Am Games.
Contact:
Ted Thresher, Harry Ainlay High
School , Edmonton.
A.
An Introduction to Lacrosse
B.

of Lacrosse
C.
Physical Skills
D.
E.
Audio Visual Aids
111.12
lacrosse
- 141 -
SPORT:
LACROSSE
SECTION A:
1.
AN INTRODUCTION TO LACROSSE
History
Few games are historically more indigenous to Canada than is Lacrosse.
Speculation only could describe the early origins of lacrosse. There is
a strong probability that lacrosse type games were played as early as
In North America, a Nicolas Perrot (1665)
1200 A.D. in parts of Europe.
first recorded a "tribal ritual" as performed by the natives which they
Baggataway continued to make its mark on
referred to as BAGGATAWAY.
Canadian history as primarily an Indian game until the 1840's.
Eventually,
through the efforts of Dr. W.G. Beers, the India game Baggataway became
Through his efforts, natives and whites
the white man's game of lacrosse.
were matched in continual, though somewhat modified, contests.
By the
1870 's they competed on even terms.
The National Lacrosse Association was founded in our Confederation

Year, 1867.
The 1880's saw the expansion of lacrosse, with almost missionary zeal, to Western Canada, the United States and Great Britain.
Consequently, both Winnipeg and Edmonton had strong field lacrosse clubs
By the turn of the century, lacrosse was truly national
in the 1880's.
in scope and esteem.
This growth continued to almost professional status
during the early twentieth century. Unfortunately, circumstances led to
Roughness, induced by the
the demise of this uniquely Canadian pastime.
Fans seemed to suddenly
seriousness of the contests, became intolerable.
object to the prevailing viewing conditions; the weather was bad; because
of the large field, viewing the actual contest was difficult.
The rise
in popularity of hockey and baseball sped up its demise.
Finally, the
aborted attempt to provide lacrosse through the 1928 Amsterdam Olympics
failed miserably in that the three participating (demonstration sport)
countries played to a three way draw.
Shortly after the 1930's, in an effort to revive lacrosse, a totally

different game emerged.
Box! a, or box lacrosse, reduced the number of
It also made use of ice hockey facilities,
players in action at one time.
both indoors and outdoors, thus greatly enhancing spectator involvement.
This resurgence of lacrosse was especially strong in Ontario and British
Columbia.
During the past ten years, concerted efforts have been made to
again make lacrosse national in scope. Most parts of Canada today are
involved in lacrosse at what is considered to be the "B" level.
People, not
The game, properly played, deserves a second chance.
Through education the game
the game, were responsible for its demise.
can be restored to its position of promi nance in Canada.
Lacrosse, being the demonstration sport at the 1978 Commonwealth

It should be remembered that
Games has no Commonwealth Games history.
"field lacrosse" is being played in Australia, England and Canada.
- 142 -
SECTION
1.
B:
UNDERSTANDING THE SPORT OF LACROSSE
The Game of Lacrosse
Basically there are three types of lacrosse; each has its strengths,
its advantages, and its merits.
Best known internationally is "field lacrosse" which is played extensively in the United States, Great Britain and Australia. With the
re-appearance of international tournaments, Canada also has a field lacrosse team for such competitions.
In an effort to make the game of lacrosse more accessible to all
age groups of both sexes, a new version of the game called Soft Lacrosse
is being promoted with positive results.
This new version of lacrosse
requires wery little equipment, minimal structuring and little supervision.
It has tremendous merit for educational and recreational institutions where financial considerations and excessive body contact
Soft lacrosse offers the excitement
situations are always a problem.
and competition of both Box and Field Lacrosse, and it promotes physical
fitness through running and activity.
Though it was not always so, the game of lacrosse in Canada today
It
It has been called the fastest game on two feet.
is box lacrosse
is without rival as a means for developing skill, speed, stamina, and
dexterity.
It combines the skills of Basketball and Soccer with the
.
body contact of Football and Hockey.

A game of perpetual motion, through the use of such skills as running, passing and shooting; and such features as no off-sides, quick
ball turn-overs and the thirty second shot rule, it will often convert
both participants and fans on first exposure.
It is a team game of tactics and strategy through the use of offensive plays and varied defenses,
yet it permits the talented stick handler to be at his innovative best
through the use of isolation, freelance offences, picks and screens.
Box lacrosse is played in an ice hockey enclosure, with only minor

changes to that facility. The game involves three periods of play, with
Each team is permitted to dress
time varying, dependent on age level.
18 players, who are deployed throughout the contest through the use of
Six players are allowed on the
lines and/or playing combinations.
tender,
defencemen,
time,
a
goal
two
a centre and two forat
a
floor
Within specific lacrosse terminology these players are referred
wards.
to as goal tenders, point men, shooters and creasemen.
2.
Lacrosse and the Commonwealth Games

Few sports could better meet the criteria for selection as the
Commonwealth Games demonstration sport. That it is unfamiliar to most
participating countries, yet very prominent in Canada, both past and
present is without dispute.
- 143 -
The actual demonstration contests will take place over a two day
period in the Edmonton Coliseum. Additional practice sites and minor
demonstration sites will be Jasper Place and Coronation Arenas as well
as several outdoor boxes.
As a condition of selection as the demonstration sport, a major
national tournament will be held in Edmonton during 1977.
Such a
tournament will not be entirely new to Edmonton since in the past it has
twice hosted the Canadian Junior "B" Championships.
3.

Ice hockey rinks, sheels or arenas are readily adaptable to box
Virtually all hard or packed surfaces are usable. These
lacrosse.
range from packed clay to removable wooden flooring as found in the
larger multi-use arenas.
There are only three other minor

Modifying a Hockey Surface
alternations necessary to convert a hockey rink into a lacrosse box
as listed below:
:
Screening
Goals
For the protection of both the spectators and players,

the entire played area should be screened using either
a heavy guage mesh or pi exi -glass.
Goal posts are constructed of two inch pipes and are painted either black or white.
The posts are four feet apart
and the cross-bar is four feet above the surface.
All
measurements are taken inside the posts. The goal net is
drawn taut but left "baggy" to prevent rebounding balls
and is pegged four feet behind the goal line.
In some
instances it may be necessary to have adapters built to
fasten the posts to holes existing in the surface for hockey
goals.
Lacrosse nets are inexpensive and can be obtained
through most sporting goods suppliers.
In the introductory
stages it may be that substitutes could be used, (e.g. converted hockey nets, fish netting, etc.) until finances per-
mit proper installations.

Floor
Markings
Ideal floor area--200 feet x 90 feet

Floor Markings--2 inches wide, white
(See 9)
Goals--4 feet x 4 feet pegged 4 feet behind the goal line.
Centre Zone--two solid lines located 11 feet on each side
of the exact centre of the floor, and parallel to the end
boards. (See 3)
Centre Face-off Circle--a 2 inch spot at the exact centre of
the box, within a 2 foot radius circle within two lines eight
feet long and parallel to the side boards.
(See 3 and also
separate diagram)
Referees' Crease-- a semi-circle of 10 feet radius immediately
in front of the timekeepers' bench.
(See 6)
- 144 -
located 16 feet from the side

End Zone Face-off Circles
boards and 30 feet towards centre from the Goal Lines.
A
6 foot radius circle containing a 2 foot radius circle centered within two lines that join the outer circle and run
parallel to the side boards. (See 4)
Goal Line--a line 18 feet long and parallel to the end boards,
not less than 12 feet and not more than 15 feet from the end
boards.
The Goal Line divides the crease and forms its
radius (nine feet).
(See 10)
Goal Crease--a 9 foot radius circle centered on the Goal Line
6 feet (9 ft. maximum) from and parallel to the end boards.
(See 10)
Free Throw Line--a dotted semi -circular line 24 feet in radius, centered midway on the Goal Line, extending to points
6 feet (9 ft. maximum) from the end boards.
- 145 -
Player Equipment
Most essential to a lacrosse player's equipment
is his stick.
For private, individual use a wooden (2nd growth hickory)
hand carved and woven lacrosse stick is preferred by most people.
Each
stick becomes unique to its owner.
Often it is referred to as having
three personalities, that of the frame carver, the weaver and the player
who makes it his own.
For a more durable, less personal stick, several
plastic models are available. These are extremely suitable for institutional use.
:
In regular box lacrosse competition, full protective gear must be

This equipment consists of shoulder and arm pads, back pad, kidworn.
ney pad, gloves (palmless, to provide an accurate feel of the stick),
The helmet must provide head and facial protection
cup, and helmet.
through the use of a mouth guard, T-bar or face cage. Other equipment
necessary to play consists of running shoes, shorts, and a long sleeved
sweater.
Goal tenders, due to their unique dual role, of stopping shots and
initiating offense, require special equipment.
The stick is somewhat
wider (15") to permit stopping, of shots yet still allow the goaltender
to throw the ball.
Again, the head and face are protected by a face
Arm pads and
mask and helmet. A throat guard protects the throat.
shoulder pads of a slightly heavier nature combine with a "belly" pad
A cup and ice hockey pants protect the abto protect the upper body.
dominal area.
Legs are protected by wrap-around leg guards.
For field lacrosse, stick size varies according to the position

played.
The only other protection worn are arm guards and a full face
cage helmet.
In conjunction with its objectives for soft lacrosse, only sticks
are required.
4.
Types of Play
Box lacrosse is played competitively and recreational ly (houseleagues) by both sexes.
Competitional box lacrosse is played from
the very young right up to the senior levels.
Players are grouped
according to age and to some extent, ability within each age group.
With some exceptions most players can compete for two years in each
age group starting with Novice, and working their way through Peewee,
Bantam, Midget, Intermediate, Junior and Senior.
Each category has
rules and philosophical biases which will hopefully provide players
with a sound, positive experience.
Each age category is also split
into A, B and C levels of competition.
Play in most instances consists of league (round robin) play, playoffs, provincial championships,
regional playoffs, national championships or national invitational
tournaments.
- 146 -
The major Canadian championships are:
Senior
Senior
Junior
Junior
Midget
Bantam
Peewee
5.
"A"--Mann Cup
"B"--President s Cup
"A"--Minto Cup
"B"--Founder's Cup
Keith Tackaberry Invitational
National Invitational Tournaments (East and West)
Peewee National Invitational Tournament
'
Game Procedure and Rules of Play

Once each team has its initial lineup on the floor, the game is
started with a face-off.
Play continues through three periods of play
with short time periods given between each period.
Lines are changed
either during play or during stoppages in play.
Lines usually stay on
the floor from one to three minutes.
A team of two officials is responsible for the conduct of the game.
Play is interrupted either by technical infractions or the calling of
penalties.
Technical infractions result in a very rapid loss of ball
to the other team, which resumes play immediately.
The most frequent
calls resulting in loss of possession are interference, out of bounds,
and moving screens
Penalties will result in the offending team playing a man short for
the duration of the penalty or until a goal is scored.
Most penalties
are two minutes, but can go as high as game ejections.
The most frequently
called penalties are high sticking, slashing, cross checking, tripping, etc,
In all cases the strictness with which the rules are interpreted
should be in accordance with the ability and age level of the participants.
The prime object of the rules governing play is to ensure the
safety of the participants and to minimize the stoppages in play.
SECTION
C.
PHYSICAL SKILLS
In order to enjoy the lacrosse experience, players must have acquired

certain skills.
Without skills the game only breeds frustration, thus
adequate care and time must be taken to learn and develop the basic skills.
1.
Fundamentals
Passing and Catching
The most efficient and desirable method of
moving the ball is through the use of the short pass. This implies
being able to pass and catch the ball.
Of all the passes, the overOnce
hand pass provides a player with the earliest chance of success.
a more advanced level has been reached, then such passes as the sidearm
and over the shoulder pass can be used.
Catching the ball must be
Both long and short
mastered from both stationary and moving positions.
passes are essential to good play.
:
- 147 -
Pick-Ups
Pick ups play a very important role in the game of
lacrosse.
The ball is often loose on the floor, either bouncing or
rolling.
For a player to be successful he must be able to convert
loose balls to his possession both in the open and under pressure.
The basic principles involved are maintaining a good stable position
and concentration; with these, any of the following pick ups may be
used:
the scoop for stationary or balls that are rolling away;
the trap and roll back for slightly bouncing balls;
the Indian pick up for slightly bouncing balls or stationary
balls while the player is moving.
This last pick up is most difficult to master and is not recommended
for beginning players.
:
Cradling
It must be taught, yet
This skill is a contradiction.
should
it
as
little
Cradling
is a transition
players
use
as possible.
skill; it permits the player to move from a pick up to a passing or
It permits a player to maintain possession when
shooting position.
being checked.
Without cradling the ball will not remain in the pocket
either when catching or getting ready to shoot or pass.
:
Shooting is very much like passing. The key to scoring

Shooting
goals is consistant accuracy and knowing when to shoot.
As with the
pass the overhand shot provides the best opportunity to score.
What
this shot lacks in power it makes up for with quickness and accuracy.
For more power the experienced player will resort to the side arm and
underhand shot.
For fake shots an exaggerated cradling action can be
Other useful shots are the bounce shot and the over the shoulder shot.
used.
:
Checking
The main check in lacrosse is the crosscheck, which is
Ideally, the offensive and
applied from a solid, well balanced stance.
defensive player (checker) will match sticks, i.e. a left handed defenThis will greatly
sive player against a right handed offensive player.
hinder offensive passing and shooting. The object of the cross check is
not to bring the offensive player to a standstill, but to apply leverage
Another
in order to slide the attacker to the outside where he has no shot.
check in lacrosse is the stick check. This check should not be applied
from the cross checking position, since it often leaves players off balance.
The stick check is usually done from a double team situation where
one checker ties up the man, while a second checker moves in to play the
stick.
In such a situation the stick can either be checked up or down.
The preferred check is down, since it is safer and neutralizes the opponent's stick.
Another ideal stick checking situation occurs when the offensive player, who is moving towards the net, brings his stick back to shoot.
When an offensive player over powers a cross check then the defensive player slides the stick further down and uses the body check to exert pressure.
:
Through much practice and improvisation players

Individual Offense
develop individual moves, which they will use in combinations to get
One of the more effective moves is the body fake,
past their checkers.
where, by getting the defensive player to commit himself one way by faking,
The stick fake is often successthe offensive player can go the other way.
ful
for it will momentarily cause the defensive player to tense up thus
The roll or pivot is another excellent
giving the offensive player the edge.
:
- 148 -
move whereby the defensive player's physical pressure is used to pivot

to the inside of the floor for a more advantageous shooting or passing
position.
Goal tending
Goal tending is the key to any successful team.
It is
also a very difficult and challenging position to play, when one considers
he faces as many as eight possible shooting positions per player.
In
that he often initiates the attack, he has a dual role to play.
Not
only must he stop the ball, but he must retain possession and pass the
ball quickly to obtain maximum advantage on the fast break.
Thus a goaltender must learn to play the net and the angles for long shot, bounce
shots, crease shots, and breakaways.
He must control these shots and be
able to pass short and long.
A very challenging position.
:
Face-off
lacrosse game.
teammates.
Needless to say, face-offs play an important part in a

Centremen should learn to draw to himself as well as his
Team Formations
Eventually, all teams must work on basic offensive
and defensive formations as well as special situations.
:
In lacrosse, breakout patterns and systems are very crucial to starting the attack.
The short pass is most effective when breaking out.
A
definite system with specific position and responsibilities makes breaking out easier.
Once the defensive zone has been penetrated then the
Commonly
various offensive variables and the proper usage must be applied.
used are such maneuvers as the "give and go", pick and roll and the screen.
These
Such principles as extra man, overload, isolation, are also used.
skills can either be built into a set pattern or freelance offence.
Defensively, a team must learn to play "man to man". They must

also learn to play the man advantage.
Communication is essential when
"switching" to counteract pick and screens. A press, although difficult
to learn, can be devastating.
Special situations which every team must deal with are the man short
defenses, the man advantage (power play) situation, face-off formations
and methods of changing players.
Lacrosse and the Schools

Lacrosse, with its possible variations, makes an excellent addition
Rules can be adapted so as
to the school physical education curriculum.
Emphasis in
to limit the necessary outlay of equipment to sticks only.
such a program should be on skill development, not the actual contest.
Even isolated play against a wall is found most enjoyable by the majority
of students.
Any contest, without basic skills, becomes intolerable,
scrambly and dangerous; and the essence of the game, quick ball movement,
through passing is missing.
All that is reSoft lacrosse is ideally suited to most schools.
For those schools fortunate enough to
quired is a play area and sticks.
have access to an arena or box, an adapted boxla game is very popular.
- 149 -
The elimination of physical body contact and cross checking, combined

with making a trapped ball equal to possession permits the playing of
box lacrosse with sticks and helmets only.
Outside of schools, lacrosse clubs can be found in most major

centres.
Most clubs would be glad to accept new players into their ranks
SECTION
1.
D:
Contacts and references

For further contacts concerning lacrosse the Alberta Lacrosse AssociAt the national level, the
ation can be contacted through Sport Alberta.
Canadian Lacrosse Association can be contacted at 333 River Road, Ottawa,
Ontario.
Literature
Lacrosse--The Canadian Game-Canadian Lacrosse Association

333 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario
(3.00/year)
Lacrosse Magazine--c/o K. Wouters, R.R.I, Carvel, Alberta
TOE OHO
($2.00/year)
Box Lacrosse by Jim Hinkson--J .M. Dent and Sons (Canada) Ltd.
Official Rules of Box Lacrosse--C.L.A.
Clinic Instructors Handbook--C.L.A.
Fundamentals of Zone Defence--C.L.A.
The Father of Organized Lacrosse--Dr. George Wm. Beers-C.L.A.
Soft LacrosseOntario Lacrosse Association, 559 Jarvis St., Toronto
SECTION
E:
AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
Film and Loops are available through the Canadian Lacrosse Association
333 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario
IV.
appendix
A.
commonwealth games current

record holders -track events
1930-1974
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GV 225 A3 Z9 A32
1977
SCHOOLS/
BOOK FOR SECO OARt
|sT
;
000017575853*
GV 225 A3 Z9 A32 1977

Alberta. Dept. of Education.
Physical education resource
book for secondary schools /
39835575 CURR HIST
CURRICULUM GUIDE
For Reference
NOT TO BE TAKEN FROM THIS ROOM
IXCIEI WITH LIBRARIAN'S PERMISSION

Physical e Ducati o 00 Knud

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ULJJM

Digitized by the Internet Archive

2012 with funding from

University of Alberta Libraries

COMMONWEALTH GAMES CURRENT RECORD HOLDERS

The Physical Education Resource Book is designed

The value of this book will not decrease when the

various International Sports Governing Bodies

Hope Knudson, Edmonton Public School Board

We are indebted to the chairman of each of the

Sports Competitions Selected for

Understanding the Sport

Facilities and Equipment

The Participants' Point of View

Sources for Further Information

(TRACK AND FIELD)

Track and Field might be considered to be the foundation sport of the

Athletics in the first British Empire Games was limited to male

UNDERSTANDING THE SPORT OF ATHLETICS

100, 200 and 400 metre events every fraction of a second

Middle Distance Races

To develop the speed, strength and cardio-respiratory endurance

The Hurdle Event

Many spectators wonder whether the hurdlers are penalized for

3000 Metre Steeplechase

Each lap of the steeplechase consists of four barriers and a

In modern times the length of the marathon was calculated on the

To maintain the gruelling pace of this event is an energy-sapping

The 30 Kilometre Walk

The two longest races (Marathon and 30 km walk) on the Athletics

To combine maximum speed with maximum lift is the objective

Safe landing areas and the fibreglass pole have transformed

Strength, speed and timing are vital factors for success in

Throwing the discus is a great test of skill and accuracy. The

The delivery of the javelin is a pulling action rather than a

The events in Athletics focus on the three physical skills of running,

The many facets of Athletics focus on five main skills.

Many of the events in Athletics require a combination of the five skills

Track and Field Meet

consist of competitors ranked

three finishers and the next four fastest times.

3,000 metres Steeplechase (men)

3,000 metres Steeplechase (men)

Heats (if necessary)

Triple Jump (men)

Qualification (if necessary)

Winners in Athletics are determined by either:

Canadian Officials are rated by the National Officials Committee

Measurements for the Field Events will be done electronically.

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COMMONWELATH GAMES

The Athletics events are to be held in the Main Stadium located

The membership from the above clubs consists of approximately 500

-12 and 13 years

The Alberta Schools Athletic Association conducts a Provincial Track

High School competitors are classified according to their ages.

Senior - under 20 years on September 1st of current school year.

under 20 years on September 1st of current school year.

Competitors are limited to competition in one class at the A.S.A.A.

SOURCES FOR FURTHER INFORMATION

Booklets and Periodicals:

Canadian Track & Field Association Handbook and Internation Amateur

CP4981, Vancouver, B.C.

Runners World . Published by World Publications, California, U.S.A.

Track and Field News