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MEL 806
Thermal System Simulation (2-0-2)
Dr. Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Delhi
Introduction
Example
p
Optimization
p
in design
g
Workable/Optimum
p
design
g
The optimum
p
design
g in a domain of
acceptable designs
Basic concepts
p of optimization
p
Objective function
Any optimization process requires specification of a
quantity or function that is to be minimized or maximized.
This function is known as the objective function, and it
represents the aspect or feature that is of particular
interest in a g
given circumstance.
Though the cost, including initial and maintenance costs,
and profit are the most commonly used quantities to be
optimized,
ti i d many others
th
aspects
t are employed
l
d ffor
optimization, depending on the system and the
application.
Examples
p of Objective
j
Function
The objective
j
functions that are optimized
p
for thermal systems
y
are frequently
q
y
based on the following characteristics:
1. Weight
2. Size or volume
3 Rate of energy consumption
3.
4. Heat transfer rate
5. Efficiency
6. Overall profit
7. Costs incurred
8. Environmental effects
9. Pressure head needed
10 Durability and dependability
10.
11. Safety
12. System performance
13. Output delivered
14. Product quality
Constraints
Equality
q
y Constraints
Inequality
q
y Constraints
Example
p
or
Mathematical Formulation
The various steps involved in the formulation of the problem are
1. Determination of the design variables, xi where i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n
2. Selection and definition of the objective function, U
3 Determination of the equality constraints
3.
constraints, Gi = 0,
0 where i = 1,
1 2
2, 3
3,
... , m
4. Determination of the inequality constraints, Hi or Ci, where i = 1,
2 3
2,
3, . .ll
5. Conversion of inequality constraints to equality constraints, if
appropriate
Therefore
Therefore, the general mathematical
formulation for the optimization of a
system may be written as
Optimization
p
methods
There are several methods that may be employed for solving
the mathematical problem to optimize a system or a process
process.
Each approach has its limitations and advantages over the
others. Thus, for a given optimization problem, a method may
b particularly
be
ti l l appropriate
i t while
hil some off th
the others
th
may nott
even be applicable.
The choice of method largely depends on the nature of the
equations representing the objective function and the
constraints.
Because of the complicated nature of typical thermal systems,
numerical solutions of the governing equations and
experimental results are often needed to study the behavior of
the objective function as the design variables are varied and
to monitor the constraints.
Calculus methods
Lagrange
g g multipliers
p
Example
p
From Stoecker
Search Methods
Dynamic
y
Programming
g
g
Dynamic
y
Programming
g
g
Therefore,, the result obtained from dynamic
y
programming is not a point where the objective function
is optimum but a curve or path over which the function is
optimized.
optimized
The optimum path is the one over which a given
objective function, say, total transportation cost, is
minimized.
Though unique optimal solutions are generally obtained
in practical systems
systems, multiple solutions are possible and
additional considerations, such as safety, convenience,
availability of items, etc., are used to choose the best
design
Geometric Programming
g
g
Other Optimization
p
Methods
Among the methods that may be
mentioned are genetic algorithms (GAs),
artificial neural networks (ANNs),
(ANNs) fuzzy
logic, and response surfaces.