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Catalyst
enzyme (immobilized)
Large Surface area
Fixed bed
surface area
To increase void fraction
Fixed bed
Fixed bed
Sphericity
Volume
Ap,
Vp
of particle = Vp
Surface Area of particle = Ap
Surface Area of sphere of same volume (Vs =Vp) = As
Sphericity = As/Ap
May be around 0.3 for particles used in packed beds
lower sphericity ==> larger surface area
As,
Vs
Fixed bed
/Vp
Minimal value for sphere
Some books use S to denote area (instead of A)
Assume all the particles are identical
Rings (Raschig,etc)
Tarus saddle
Pall Ring
Fixed bed
Fixed bed
Void fraction
VR VALL PARTICLES
VR
VR 1
Alternatively, if we know the reactor volume and void
N
fraction and the Vp, we can find the number of particles P
VP
Fixed bed
Fixed bed
Fixed bed
D2
4
D2
4
rR
Vp
Ap
=VR 1
r2
V Vmax 1 2
R
Ap
Vp
FLOW
Vmax 2 Vavg
R
R
VR 1
VR VP N P
VR
NP
8 Vavg
D
VR 1
VP
Wetted Area= N p Ap
VR 1
Vp
Ap
Hydraulic diameter
DH 4
Flow Area
ContactPerimeter
Flow volume
wetted area
4
Ap
1
V
p
Ap
8
V
1
8 Vavg
avg
Vp
DH
4
A
2 Vavg 1 p
Vp
V0
Q
D2
V0
2 Vavg 1 p
Vp
2 V0 1 p
Vp
D2
4
Ap
2
V
1
0
Vp
Ap
D2
VR 1
2
Vp
4
Ap
2 V0 1
Vp D 2
D2
L
2
4
4
2
VR
D2
4
Ap
2
V
1
V D2
0
D2
p
L
2
4
4
2
Pressure drop
P
2 LV0 1
Ap
Vp
Vp
6
Ap
Vp
Pressure drop
2 LV0 1
6
Dp
72 LV0 1
D p 2 3
150 LV0 1
D p 2 3
2A
25 LV0 1 p
Vp
6 3
D2
4
f
=constant
1 V 2
2 avg
2
=constant 1 Vavg
2
However
Vavg
Re
V0
=K
V02
VR 1
Vp
=VR 1
Vp
Force P
Contact area
Ap
V02
K 2 VR 1
Vp
Ap
Ap
D2
4
Ap
V02
P K 3 L 1
Vp
V02
6
P K 3 L 1
Dp
Ap
V02
P K 3 L 1
Vp
Ptotal
150 LV0 1
Dp 2 3
Dp
2
7 LV02 1
4 D p 3
PTurbulent
4 D p
150 LV0 1
Dp 2 3
7 LV02 1
4 D p 3
1 V 2
2 avg
laminar turbulent
f
1 V 2
2 avg
Ap
2 V0 1 V 7 V 2
p
2
2
24
f
1 V 2
2 avg
Ap
2 V0 1 V
V02
p
K 2
2
f
2
1 V0 2
2
Ap
4
V 7
V0
12
Ap
Ap
25
100 4 1 V 7
p
f
48
V0
12
3V0
7
12
Ap
25
Vp 7
f
3V0
12
6
25
Dp 7
3V0
12
Dp V0
Dp V0
Example
Fixed Bed
Packing uniformity
D pVo
In theory, the bed has a uniform filling and a constant void fraction
Practically, near the walls, the void fraction is more
A
B
f
n C
Re Re
0.8
0.4
0.2
Edge
Center
Edge
Fixed Bed
~0.4
Fixed Bed
P dependent variable
Dcolumn
Fluidized bed
When the fluid (moving from bottom of the column to the top) velocity is increased, the
particles begin to move at (and above) a certain velocity.
Fluidized bed
At fluidization,
D2
4
s f
s f
1 V
D2
4
V
n
Vt
Ar
p
2
Porosity increases
Bed height increases
Fluidization can be sustained until terminal velocity is reached
If the bed has a variety of particles (usually same material, but
different sizes)
Range of operability = R
Minimum fluidization velocity = incipient velocity (min range)
Maximum fluidization velocity = terminal velocity (max range)
Other parameters may limit the actual range further
e.g. Column may not withstand the pressure, may not be tall
enough etc
R = Vt/VOM
Theoretically R can range from 8.4 to 74
Range of operation
depends on Ar
40
100
104
Ar
108
D p
2
s
0.5
Particulate fluidization
Typically for low Ar numbers
More homogenous mixture