EBB2133 Electrical Machine 1

Chapter 2: Transformer
Ideal Transformer

Lecturer:
Dr Zuhairi Baharudin
Room: 22-03-09 Ext: 7810
email: zuhairb@petronas.com.my

Outcomes
Students should be able to :

a) describe the operation and the different types of

transformers
b) describe the characteristic of an ideal transformer

c) analyze circuits containing ideal transformers

Transformers
What is a TRANSFORMER ?
It is a device that converts ac electric energy
at one level into ac electric energy at another
level (can be either voltage or current).

What do we use a transformer for ?

Transformers
In electric power generation and distribution
systems, transformers are used to :
make electricity generation possible at the most economic
generator voltage level
make electric power transmission take place at the most
economic transmission voltage
supply electric power to users at a safe and suitable voltage.

Load-Residential

Power Plant
Transmission line

Transformers
In electronic and communication systems,
transformers are used to :
match the impedance for maximum power transfer
isolate two electrical systems
transfer signals.

Construction of a Transformer
Primary
Connected to
voltage source /
generator

Windings, NP and NS

iP

iS

+
vP
_

Core
Laminated electrical steel
core

Secondary
Connected to load

+
NP

NS

vS
_

How does a Transformer Work ?

Primary coil NP excited by
an AC source, vP
Resulting current
produces total flux, ,
flowing through the core

Secondary coil NS
surrounds total flux,
An AC voltage, vS, is
induced in the second coil

iP

iS

+
vP
_

+
NP

NS

vS
_

Ideal Transformer
For ideal transformer, we assume that :
The permeability of the core, r normally large 10 000 to
50 000
Core losses are assumed zero
No resistance in the windings
No leakage flux
Therefore,

iP (t ) N S

iS (t ) N P

iP

iS

+
vP
_

+
NP

NS

vS
_

Transformer Schematic

Transformer schematic symbols:

iP(t)

NP

NS

iS(t)

vP(t)
_

vS(t)
_

iP(t)

NP

NS

iS(t)

vP(t)
_

vS(t)
_

How do we determine the

polarity of the secondary
voltage ?
We use the dot convention :
If vP is positive at the dotted end
of the winding with respect to the
undotted end, then vS will be
positive at the dotted end.
If iP flows into the dotted end of
the primary winding, iS will flow
out of the dotted end of the
secondary winding.
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Types of Transformers
Power transformers are built in one of 2 ways :
a)
b)

Shell-type transformer
Core-type transformer

iP

iS

+
vP
_

+
NP

NS

vS
_

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Types of Transformers
a) Shell-type transformer

Lower leakage flux

Lower voltage regulation

b) Core-type transformer

Large gap between primary

and secondary windings
Regular use in high voltage
applications
Simple to construct
Smaller in size
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Ideal Transformer
Since the power losses are ignored, the input power must be
equal to output power :

vP iP = vS iS

vP (t ) iS N P

a
or
vS (t ) iP N S

where a is called the turns ratio.

Voltage and current angles are unaffected by the ideal

transformer.
Pin = VP IP cos P
since P = S =

Pout = VSIS cos S

Pin = Pout

Therefore, NP and NS of an ideal transformer have the same

power factor.
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Ideal Transformer
Reactive power going into the primary winding is also equal
to reactive power going into the secondary winding.

Qin = VP IP sin = VS IS sin = Qout

The same relationship also applies to apparent power S.

Sin = VP IP = VS IS = Sout

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Ideal Transformer
Impedance Transformation through A Transformer
A transformer changes voltage or current levels. This also
changes the ratio between voltage and current.

VL
ZL
IL
The transformer has the ability to transform the apparent
impedance of an element.
How ?

15

Impedance Transformation

IP

IS

Z 'L

VP
IP

VP

ZL

IS

ZL

VS

The impedance of the load

is
V

However, the source sees

an impedance between the
primary terminals as

VP
Z 'L
IP

We know that VP = aVS and IP = IS /a, therefore

aVS
a 2 VS
Z 'L

a2ZL
IS / a
IS
the impedance seen by the source is a2 times the real
impedance.
16

Impedance Transformation
+

V
Z 'L P
IP

IP

IS
+
An

VP

ZL

VS
_

ideal transformer can

modify the value of any
component.

Example : A 1000 resistor placed across the secondary of an ideal

transformer with turns ratio of 1:5 will appear across the primary as
having a resistance of 1000 x (1/ 5)2 = 40 .

17

Introduction

Ideal Transformer
Important relationships
describing the ideal
transformer :
Voltage level

v P (t ) N P

a
vS (t ) N S
Current

iP (t ) N S 1

iS (t ) N P a

iP(t)

NP

NS

iS(t)

vP(t)
_

vS(t)
_

Apparent impedance seen

by the primary

Z 'L a 2 Z L
We will use these
relationships to analyze
circuit with ideal
transformer.
18

Example
A speaker of 9 resistive impedance is connected to a supply of
10V with internal resistive impedance of 1.
a) Determine the power absorbed by the speaker
b) To maximize the power transfer to the speaker, a transformer
of 1:3 turns ratio is used between source and speaker.
Determine the power absorbed by the speaker.

19

Exercise
A 1-phase two-winding transformer has 1000 turns on the
primary and 500 turns on the secondary. The primary winding is
connected to a 220V supply and the secondary winding is
connected to a 5 kVA load. The transformer can be considered
ideal.
a) Determine the load voltage
b) Determine the load impedance
c) Determine the load impedance referred to primary

20

Analysis of Ideal Transformer

The easiest way to analyze a circuit containing an ideal
transformer is to replace one side of the transformer by an
equivalent circuit with the other sides voltage level.

This process is known as referring or shifting the first side of

the transformer to the second side.
Using this method, values of voltages on the side being
replaced are scaled using VP / VS= a and values of
impedances are also scaled using ZL = a2ZL.

Lets look at an example !

21

Example

a) What is the load voltage for the system shown below?

b) What are the transmission losses of the system ?
60 53.1o

VG = 13.2
kV

0o

1:10

Zline

10:1

500 36.87o

Zload
T1

T2

22

Example
(continued)
c) If the generator is directly connected to the load, what is the
load voltage?
d)What are the transmission losses of this new system ?
60 53.1o

Zline
VG = 13.2 0o
kV

Zload 500 36.87o

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